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KAI\ LE/GOMEN O(/TI, @1 W(/SPER E# FWNA\S TOU= *PORFURI/OU E)N TH=| *EI)SAGWGH=| DIDA/-SKONTOS SKOPO\N E(/NA TOU= TOIOU/TOU BIBLI/OU OI( E)CHGOU/MENOI A)PODEDW/KASI, KAI\ W(/SPER IG# STA/SEWN DIAIRE/SEIS E)N TW=| *PERI\ STA/SEWN BIBLI/W| TOU= *(ERMOGE/NOUS DIDA/SKONTOS OI( TOU/TOU TOU= BIBLI/OU E)CHGHTAI\ E(/NA SKOPO\N DEDW/KASIN, O(MOI/WS KAI\ E)N TW=| *PERI\ TW=N EU(RE/SEWN EI(=S KAI\ E)N TW=| *PERI\ TW=N I)DEW=N EI(=S, OU(/TW KAI\ E)NTAU=QA OU)DE\N A)/TOPON, EI) EI(=S SKOPO\S A)PODI/DOTAI PLEIO/NWN O)/NTWN TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN. @*SKOPO/S E)STI TW=| *)AFQONI/W| E)N TH=| TW=N *PROGUMNASMA/TWN U(POQE/SEI PROASKH=SAI KAI\ PROEQI/SAI H(MA=S EI)S TA\ KATA\ TH\N R(HTORIKH\N EI)/DH KAI\ ME/RH, E)/TI DE\ KAI\ EI)S TA\ TOU= POLITIKOU= LO/GOU ME/RH. *(H TOI/NUN R(HTORIKH\ DIAIREI=TAI EI)S EI)/DH TRI/A, EI)S TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO/N, EI)S TO\ DIKANIKO\N KAI\ EI)S TO\ PANHGU-RIKO/N, E)PEIDH\ KAI\ OI( A)KROATAI\ H)\ DIKASO/MENOI SUNELHLU/-QASIN H)\ SUMBOULEUSO/MENOI H)\ PANHGURI/SONTES. A)/LLWS TE DE\ E)/DEI TH\N R(HTORIKH\N SUM[2PRO]2ELQOU=SAN TH=| TOU= A)NQRW/POU YUXH=| EI)S A)NALOGOU=NTA DIAIREQH=NAI TOI=S ME/RESI TH=S YUXH=S. E)/STI DE\ ME/RH TH=S YUXH=S LOGIKO/N, QUMIKO/N, E)PIQUMHTIKO/N. A)NALOGEI= OU)=N TW=| ME\N LOGIKW=| TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO/N: W(/SPER GA\R O( LO/GOS E)STI\N E)N H(MI=N DIA\ TO\ KUBERNA=N H(MA=S E)PI\ TA\ XRHSTA/, OU(/TW KAI\ TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO\N A)PO\ ME\N TW=N A)XRH/-STWN A)POTRE/PEI H(MA=S, EI)S DE\ TA\ XRHSTA\ DIEGEI/REI. TW=| DE\ QUMIKW=| A)NALOGEI= TO\ DIKANIKO/N: FASI\ GA\R EI)=NAI QUMO\N ZE/SIN TOU= PERI\ KARDI/AN AI(/MATOS DI' O)/RECIN A)NTILUPH/SEWS: O(MOI/WS DE\ KAI\ TO\ DIKANIKO/N E)STIN @"6A)/NDR' E)PAMU/NASQAI, O(/TE TIS PRO/TEROS XALEPH/NH|"6. @1 TO\ DE\ PANHGURIKO\N A)NALOGEI= TH=| E)PIQUMI/A|: H( GA\R E)PIQUMI/A TE/LOS E)/XEI TO\ KALO/N. E(/KASTON DE\ TOU/TWN TW=N EI)DW=N PA/LIN DIAIREI=TAI EI)S ME/RH DU/O: TO\ GA\R SUMBOULEUTIKO\N EI)S PRO-TROPH\N KAI\ A)POTROPH\N KAI\ TO\ DIKANIKO\N EI)S KATHGORI/AN KAI\ A)POLOGI/AN KAI\ TO\ PANHGURIKO\N EI)S E)GKW/MION KAI\ YO/GON. *TOU= DE\ POLITIKOU= LO/GOU ME/RH EI)SI\ D#, PROOI/MIA, DIHGH/SEIS, A)GW=NES, E)PI/LOGOI. *PROASKOU=SI TOI/NUN H(MA=S TA\ PROGU-MNA/SMATA EI)S ME\N TA\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S EI)/DH KAI\ ME/RH, KAQO\ TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN TA\ ME\N TOU= SUMBOULEUTIKOU= EI)SIN EI)/DOUS W(S O( MU=QOS KAI\ H( QE/SIS KAI\ H( XREI/A KAI\ H( GNW/MH, TA\ DE\ TOU= DIKANIKOU= W(S H( A)NASKEUH\ KAI\ KATASKEUH\ KAI\ O( KOINO\S TO/POS, TA\ DE\ TOU= PANHGURIKOU= W(S TO\ E)GKW/MION KAI\ O( YO/GOS KAI\ H( SU/GKRISIS. *PROGUMNA/ZEI DE\ KAI\ EI)S TA\ TOU= POLITIKOU= LO/GOU ME/RH: O( GA\R MU=QOS TAI=S PROOIMIAKAI=S E)NNOI/AIS H(MA=S E)GGUMNA/ZEI, TO\ DE\ DIH/GHMA KAI\ H( E)/KFRASIS TAI=S DIHGH/SESIN, H( DE\ A)NASKEUH\ KAI\ KATASKEUH\ TOI=S A)GW=-SIN, O( DE\ KOINO\S TO/POS E)PILO/GOIS. @*XRHSIMEU/EI DE\ H(MI=N EI)S TA\ KATA\ TH\N R(HTORIKH\N EI)/DH KAI\ ME/RH, E)/TI DE\ KAI\ EI)S TA\ TOU= POLITIKOU= LO/GOU ME/RH. @*(/OTI DE\ GNH/SION, E)K TH=S TW=N A(PA/NTWN SUMFWNI/AS KATA/-DHLON. @*TH\N DE\ TA/CIN ZHTOU=MEN TOU= PARO/NTOS BIBLI/OU TH\N PRO\S TA\ A)/LLA TH=S R(HTORIKH=S GUMNA/SMATA: KAI\ LE/GOMEN, O(/TI DIKAI/WS TW=N A)/LLWN PROTE/TAKTAI TOU=TO, EI)/ GE KAI\ EI)SA-GWGH/ E)STI PRO\S A(/PASAN TH\N R(HTORIKH/N, DE/ON O)\N TA\S EI)SA-GWGA\S TW=N PRO\S A(\ EI)SA/GOUSI PROTEREU/EIN. @1 @*PE/MPTON E)STI\ KEFA/LAION H( AI)TI/A TH=S E)PIGRAFH=S: E)N W(=| ZHTH=SAI O)FEI/LOMEN, O(POI=O/N TI/ E)STI TO\ *)AFQO/NIOS O)/NOMA, EI)=TA TI/ BOU/LETAI SHMAI/NEIN E)N TH=| PAROU/SH| E)PIGRAFH=| TO\ SOFISTH\S O)/NOMA KAI\ DIA\ TI/ *PROGUMNA/SMATA KAI\ OU)XI\ *PERI\ PROGUMNASMA/TWN KAI\ DIA\ TI/ OU)K EI)=PE *GUMNA/SMATA A)LLA\ *PROGUMNA/SMATA KAI\ TI/ TO\ GUMNA/ZESQAI KAI\ DIA\ TI/ A)ORI/-STWS *PROGUMNA/SMATA MH\ PROSQEI\S TO\ "3EI)S TH\N R(HTORI-KH/N"3. _*TO\ *)AFQO/NIOS O)/NOMA E)/STI ME\N KU/RION KAI\ PARA-GWGO/N, TA\ MA/LISTA DE\ OI)KEIO/TATON TW=| R(H/TORI PE/FUKE TW=| TE A)FQO/NWS EI)/TOUN PLOUSI/WS TA\ TOU= LO/GOU R(EI=QRA PRO-XE/EIN TW=| TE PA/QOUS E)KTO\S_DHLADH\ FQO/NOU_E)PANTLEI=N TOI=S MAQHTEUOME/NOIS TH=S DIDASKALI/AS TA\ NA/MATA. _*TO\ SOFI/ZW DITTW=S NOEI=TAI, POTE\ ME\N TO\ DIDA/SKW KAI\ SOFO/N TINA A)POTELW= PERI\ SOFI/AS AU)TW=| TH=S A)LHQESTA/THS DIALE-GO/MENOS, POTE\ DE\ KAI\ TO\ E)CAPATW= KAI\ PARALOGI/ZOMAI, W(S TO\ SOFI/SAI TINA\ PERI\ TH\N A)PO/DOSIN KAI\ SOFISTH\S EI)=NAI KATA\ TA\ AU)TA\ SHMAINO/MENA DIXW=S EI)/LHPTAI: LE/GETAI GA\R O(TE\ ME\N O( SOFI/ZWN TINA/S, W(/SPER KAI\ NU=N E)CENH/NEKTAI: SOFISTH\S GA\R H)=N TW=N FOITHTW=N O( *)AFQO/NIOS TA\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S TE/XNHS AU)TOI=S A)NAPTU/SSWN: O(TE\ DE\ O( A)PATEW\N KAI\ PLA/NOS KAI\ PARALOGISTH/S, W(S TO\ "6W)= SOFISTA\ KAKI/AS, PW=S TO\ E(CH=S U(PEKRA/THSAS;"6 _*PROGUMNA/SMATA DE\ KAI\ OU)XI\ *PERI\ PRO-GUMNASMA/TWN TO\ BIBLI/ON E)PE/GRAYEN, O(/TI SU/NHQE/S E)STI TO\ O)/NOMA, PERI\ OU(= O( LO/GOS, PROGRA/FEIN TOU= SUGGRA/MMATOS, W(S O( PERI\ *QEMISTOKLE/OUS LO/GOS *QEMISTOKLH=S E)PIGE/GRA-PTAI [*PLA/TWN] KAI\ O( PERI\ POLITEI/AS *POLITEI/A: A)/LLWS TE @1 *PROGUMNA/SMATA ME\N E)PIGRA/YAS E)DH/LWSEN O(/TI TOU=TO/ E)STI TO\ BIBLI/ON, DI' OU(= EI)S TH\N R(HTORIKH\N GUMNAZO/MEQA, *PERI\ PROGUMNASMA/TWN DE\ EI) E)PE/GRAYEN, E)DH/LWSEN O(/TI AU)TO\ ME\N OU) PROGUMNA/ZEI H(MA=S, SUMBA/LLETAI DE\ EI)S TO\ PROGU-MNA/ZEIN. H( ME\N GA\R EU)QEI=A PTW=SIS AU)TOU= TOU= PRA/GMATO/S E)STI DHLWTIKH/: DIO\ KAI\ OI( O(RISMOI\ TA\S FU/SEIS TW=N PRA-GMA/TWN SHMAI/NONTES DIA\ TH=S TOIAU/THS E)KFE/RONTAI PTW/-SEWS, AI( DE\ PLA/GIOI OU) TH\N OU)SI/AN DHLOU=SI TOU= PRA/GMATOS A)LLA/ TI TW=N PERI\ AU)TO/. _*GUMNA/ZESQAI KURI/WS E)STI\ TO\ GUMNO\S A)GWNI/ZESQAI KAI\ E)KMANQA/NEIN EI)/TE POLEMIKH\N A)/SKHSIN EI)/TE A(MILLHTHRI/OUS A)GW=NAS, DI/AULON TUXO\N H)\ PAGKRA/TION H)\ PUGMH\N H)\ PA/LHN H)/ TI E(/TERON TOIOUTO/TROPON, W(/SPER *CENOFW=N E)N TH=| *KU/ROU PAIDEI/A| TO\N *KU=RON AU)TO\N POIEI=N META\ TW=N E(TAI/RWN E)/GRAYEN A)SKOU/MENON TA\ POLE-MIKA/. E)KEI=QEN OU)=N EI)/LHPTAI TO\ GUMNA/ZESQAI KAI\ KATAXRH-STIKW=S E)KFE/RETAI E)PI\ PA/SHS PAIDEI/AS LOGIKH=S TE KAI\ PRA-KTIKH=S: KAI\ GUMNA/ZOMAI/ TIS EI)PW\N OU) TOU=TO A(PLW=S E)REI= TO\ GUMNO\S DIA/PEIRAN POIOU=MAI MAQH/MATOS_TOU=TO GA\R H( KURIOLECI/A E)STI/N_, A)LLA\ TO\ A(PLW=S E)KPAIDEU/OMAI/ TI. PROGU/MNASMA OU)=N TO\ PRO\ TH=S GUMNASI/AS FAME/N, W(S EI)=NAI GU/MNASMA ME\N KAI\ A)/SKHSIN KAI\ A)LHQH= PAI/DEUSIN R(HTORIKH=S AU)TA\ TA\ TOU= *(ERMOGE/NOUS BIBLI/A, TA\S *STA/-SEIS, TA\S *EU(RE/SEIS, TA\S *)IDE/AS KAI\ TO\ *PERI\ MEQO/DOU DEINO/THTOS: TA\ DE\ TOU= *)AFQONI/OU "3*PROGUMNA/SMATA"3 [2LE/GONTAI]2, EI)SAGWGH/ TIS O)/NTA PRO\S E)KEI=NA KAI\ OI(=ON A)NA/PTUCIS BRAXEI=A KAI/ TIS E)QISMO\S A)LEI/FWN KAI\ DIE-GEI/RWN TOU\S NE/OUS EI)S TH\N E)KEI/NWN E)CE/TASIN. _"3*PRO-GUMNA/SMATA"3 MO/NON EI)=PE MH\ PROSQEI\S "3EI)S TH\N R(HTORI- @1KH/N"3, OU)K A)LO/GWS: W(/SPER GA\R O( *PORFU/RIOS EI)S TH\N BASILIKWTA/THN TW=N E)PISTHMW=N [2TH\N]2 FILOSOFI/AN GRA/-FWN EI)SAGWGH\N "3*PORFURI/OU *EI)SAGWGH/"3 E)PE/GRAYE MH\ PROSQEI\S "3EI)S TH\N FILOSOFI/AN"3, A(/TE DH\ KAI\ SIWPHLW=S TOU= TOIOU/TOU DIA\ TO\ U(PERE/XON TH=S FILOSOFI/AS TO\ PRO\S TA\S A)/LLAS E)PISTH/MAS PROSUPAKOUME/NOU, OU(/TW KAI\ O( *)AFQO/NIOS EI)S TH\N MEGI/STHN KAI\ BIWFELESTE/RAN TW=N TE-XNW=N TEXNOLOGW=N GUMNASI/AS A)ORI/STWS TO\ BIBLI/ON *PRO-GUMNA/SMATA E)PE/GRAYEN. @*(H EI)S TA\ KEFA/LAIA DIAI/RESIS TE/MNEI TO\ PARO\N BI-BLI/ON EI)/S TE TA\S PRO\S TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO\N EI)=DOS GU-MNAZOU/SAS H(MA=S GUMNASI/AS KAI\ EI)S TA\S PRO\S TO\ DIKA-ΈNIKO\N KAI\ EI)S TA\S PRO\S TO\ PANHGURIKO/N, KAI\ PA/LIN EI)/S TE TA\S PROOIMI/OIS A)NALOGOU/SAS KAI\ EI)S TA\S SW|ZOU/SAS EI)KO/NA TH=S DIHGH/SEWS, E)/TI DE\ KAI\ EI)S TA\S A)GW/NWN KAI\ E)PILO/GWN XREI/AN A)NAPLHROU/SAS. @*DIDASKALIKW=N DE\ TRO/PWN O)/NTWN D#, DIAIRETIKOU=, O(RI-STIKOU=, A)PODEIKTIKOU=, A)NALUTIKOU=, DUSI\ MO/NOIS XRH=TAI O( *)AFQO/NIOS E)N TW=| PARO/NTI SUGGRA/MMATI, TW=| ME\N DIAIRE-TIKW=|, H(NI/KA DIAIREI= TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN E(/KASTON LE/-GWN O(/TI "6TOU= MU/QOU TO\ ME/N E)STI LOGIKO/N, TO\ DE\ H)QIKO/N, TO\ DE\ MIKTO/N"6 KAI\ O(/TI "6TOU= DIHGH/MATOS TO\ ME/N E)STI DRAMATIKO/N, TO\ DE\ I(STORIKO/N, TO\ DE\ POLITIKO/N"6 KAI\ E)PI\ TW=N A)/LLWN O(MOI/WS. TW=| DE\ O(RISTIKW=| XRH=TAI, H(NI/KA O(RI/-ZETAI TA\ PROGUMNA/SMATA LE/GWN TO\N ME\N MU=QON LO/GON YEUDH= EI)KONI/ZONTA A)LH/QEIAN, TO\ DE\ DIH/GHMA E)/KQESIN PRA/GMATOS GEGONO/TOS H)\ W(S GEGONO/TOS. _*TINE\S DE/ FASIN AU)TO\N KAI\ TW=| A)NALUTIKW=| XRH/SASQAI TRO/PW| E)N @1 TW=| LE/GEIN TOU= MU/QOU TO\ GE/NOS: A)PO\ GA\R TW=N KA/TW, FASI/, KAI\ U(STE/RWN PRO/EISIN E)PI\ TA\ A)/NW KAI\ PRW=TA H)/TOI A)PO\ TOU= MU/QOU E)PI\ TA\ PRO/SWPA TA\ E)C W(=N E)/SXE TH\N GE/-NESIN: TOU=TO DE\ I)/DIO/N E)STI TOU= A)NALUTIKOU= TRO/POU TO\ A)PO\ TW=N U(STE/RWN E)PI\ TA\ PRW=TA E)/RXESQAI, OI(=ON PRW=TA TA\ TE/SSARA STOIXEI=A, U(/STERON O( A)/NQRWPOS: A)NALU/ETAI OU)=N O( A)/NQRWPOS EI)S TAU=TA. @*)/OGDOON KEFA/LAION, DIA\ TI/ TA\ TOU= *)AFQONI/OU *PRO-GUMNA/SMATA TW=N *(ERMOGE/NOUS KAI\ TW=N LOIPW=N PRO-TETI/MHTAI: KAI/ FAMEN, W(S SAFE/STERA TW=N A)/LLWN KAI\ EU)LHPTO/TERA. O( ME\N GA\R *(ERMOGE/NHS KAI\ OI( LOIPOI\ MEQ-O/DOUS YILA\S XWRI\S PARADEIGMA/TWN E)KQE/MENOI DUS-XERH= TH\N TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN PRAGMATEI/AN TOI=S EI)SAGOME/NOIS E)POI/HSAN, O( DE\ *)AFQO/NIOS OU) MO/NON TA\S MEQO/DOUS W(S E)NH=N SAFW=S KAI\ DIHRQRWME/NWS POIH/SAS, A)LLA\ KAI\ PARADEI/GMASI FWTI/SAI BOULHQEI\S TA\ LEGO/MENA PROSFUE/STEROS TOI=S NE/OIS KAI\ OI)KEIO/TEROS E)/DOCE. @*TINE\S DE\ KAI\ TH\N U(PO\ TI/ ME/ROS A)NAFORA\N KAI\ E)PI\ TOU= PARO/NTOS BIBLI/OU ZHTOU=NTES A)NAFE/RESQAI/ FASIN AU)TO\ OU)/TE EI)S TO\ QEWRHTIKO/N, E)PEIDH\ MH\ FUSIOLOGEI= H)\ QEOLO-GEI= H)\ MAQHMATIKEU/ETAI, A)LL' OU)DE\ EI)S TO\ PRAKTIKO/N_ OU)DE\ GA\R PW=S DEI= KOSMEI=N TA\ H)/QH DIDA/SKEI_, A)LL' EI)S TO\ ME/SON TOU/TWN MEQODIKO\N KAI\ O)RGANIKO/N, E)/STI DE\ TOU=TO TO\ LOGIKO/N: KANO/NAS GA\R KAI\ MEQO/DOUS DIDA/SKEI. @*TINE\S DE\ KAI\ TO\N XARAKTH=RA ZHTOU=SIN. EI)SI\ DE\ TREI=S, A(DRO/S, TAPEINO/S, ME/SOS: A(DRO\S ME\N O( KOMPHRA\S E)/XWN LE/CEIS, NOU=N DE\ TAPEINO/N, W(S E)/XEI TA\ TOU= *LUKO/FRONOS: @1 TAPEINO\S DE\ O( NOU=N ME\N E)/XWN U(YHLO/N, LE/CEIS DE\ TAPEI-NA/S, W(S TA\ TOU= QEOLO/GOU: ME/SOS DE\ O( MH/TE NOU=N E)/XWN U(YHLO\N MH/TE LE/CEIS KOMPHRA/S, A)LL' A)MFO/TERA ME/TRIA, OI(=A/ EI)SIN W(S E)PI\ TO\ PLEI=STON TA\ TOU= *XRUSOSTO/MOU. XRH=TAI DE\ O( *)AFQO/NIOS KAI\ TOI=S TRISI/, TW=| ME\N A(DRW=| E)N TH=| H)QOPOII/A|, TW=| A)NEIME/NW| KAI\ TAPEINW=| E)N TH=| E)KFRA/-SEI, TW=| DE\ ME/SW| E)/N TISI TW=N A)/LLWN. @1 {1&INCERTI AUCTORIS PROLEGOMENA &IN PROGYMNASMATA$}1 @*(/APASA ZH/THSIS EI)S TAU=TA KAI\ MO/NA TA\ TE/SSARA PE-RII/STATAI, TO\ EI) E)/STI, TO\ TI/ E)STI, TO\ O(POI=O/N TI/ E)STI KAI\ TO\ DIA\ TI/ E)STIN. A(/PAS GA\R O( ZHTW=N H)\ TO\ EI) E)/STI ZHTEI=, OI(=ON EI) SFAIROEIDH\S O( OU)RANO\S H)\ OU)/, EI) POLLOI\ KO/SMOI, W(S E)/LEGEN O( *DHMO/KRITOS, H)\ EI(=S, KAQA\ TOI=S E)K TOU= *PERI-PA/TOU DOKEI=. H)\ PERI\ TOU= TI/ E)STIN H( ZH/THSIS GI/NETAI, W(S O(/TE ZHTOU=MEN, TI/ E)STIN A)/NQRWPOS H)\ I(/PPOS H)\ BOU=S H)/ TI E(/TERON. A)/LLOTE TO\ O(POI=O/N TI/ E)STI ZHTEI= O( ZHTW=N, OI(=ON EI) POLUPRAGMONEI=, O(POI=O/N TI ZW=|ON O( A)/NQRWPOS, O(/TI LO-GIKO/N, KAI\ O(POI=ON O( KO/RAC, O(/TI ME/LAN. H)\ PERI\ TOU= DIA\ TI/ E)STIN H( ZH/THSIS GI/NETAI, OI(=ON DIA\ TI/ H( MAGNH=TIS E(/LKEI TO\N SI/DHRON H)\ DIA\ TI/ TW=N H(MERW=N AI(\ ME\N MEI/ZOUS EI)SI/N, AI(\ DE\ E)LA/TTOUS. @*)EPI\ ME\N OU)=N TH=S R(HTORIKH=S OU) XRH\ TO\ EI) E)/STI ZHTEI=N @1 O(MOLOGOUME/NHN E)XOU/SHS TH\N U(/PARCIN: E)PEI\ DE/ TINES SOFI-ZO/MENOI TAU/THN A)NATRE/PEIN PEIRW=NTAI KAI\ TW=N MH\ O)/NTWN A)PODEIKNU/NAI, FE/RE PROQE/NTES EI)S ME/SON TOU\S E)KEI/NWN LO/GOUS E)LE/GCWMEN. *PRW=TOS ME\N OU)=N LO/GOS TW=N A)NATRE-PO/NTWN AU)TH\N TOIOU=TO/S E)STIN: "3H)=N O(/TE OU)D' O(/LWS H)=N H( R(HTORIKH/: EI) DE\ MH\ H)=N, OU)DE\ GE/GONEN, E)PEI\ OU)DE\N E)K TOU= MHDAMH=| MHDAMW=S GE/NOITO A)/N"3. KAI\ OU(=TOS ME\N O( PARALO-GISMO\S KAI\ TO\ SO/FISMA: E)LE/GXOUSI DE\ AU)TO\N OU(TWSI/: TOU= O)/NTOS DIPLOU=N U(PA/RXEI TO\ SHMAINO/MENON, TO\ ME\N GA\R E)PI\ TOU= DUNA/MEI LE/GETAI, W(S TO\ PAIDI/ON DUNA/MEI LE/GOMEN EI)=NAI GRAMMATIKO/N, TO\ DE\ E)PI\ TOU= E)NERGEI/A|, W(/SPER FAME\N GRAMMATIKO\N TO\N H)/DH METASXO/NTA TH=S TE/XNHS. O(/TAN OU)=N OI( SOFIZO/MENOI LE/GWSIN "3H)=N O(/TE OU)K H)=N H( R(H-TORIKH/"3, E)RWTW=MEN AU)TOU/S, PW=S OU)K H)=N H( R(HTORIKH\ PRO/TE-RON, DUNA/MEI H)\ E)NERGEI/A|. EI) ME\N OU)=N LE/GOUSIN E)NERGEI/A| PRO/TERON MH\ EI)=NAI AU)TH/N, KAI\ H(MEI=S AU)TOI=S SUNOMOLOGH/-SOMEN: KAI\ GA\R DUNA/MEI OU)=SA PRO/TERON H( R(HTORIKH\ U(/STE-RON E)KBE/BHKEN EI)S E)NE/RGEIAN: PA=SAI GA\R KAI\ AI( A)/LLAI TE/XNAI KAI\ E)PISTH=MAI OU(/TW GEGO/NASI, DUNA/MEI ME\N OU)=SAI PRO/TERON, U(/STERON DE\ PROKO/YASAI EI)S E)NE/RGEIAN: W(/STE OU) GE/GONE KAT' AU)TOU\S E)K TOU= MHDAMH=| MHDAMW=S, A)LL' E)K TOU= DUNA/MEI PROELH/LUQEN EI)S E)NE/RGEIAN. EI) DE/ FASI MHDE\ DUNA/MEI AU)TH\N EI)=NAI PRO/TERON, E)LE/GCOMEN AU)TOU\S YEUDO-ME/NOUS E)K TOU= O(RA=N AU)TH\N PROXWRH/SASAN EI)S E)NE/RGEIAN: EI) GA\R MH\ H)=N PRO/TERON DUNA/MEI, OU)K A)\N U(/STERON PROE/KO-YEN EI)S E)NE/RGEIAN: O(RA=TAI DE\ NU=N PROXWRH/SASA KAI\ TA\ E)/RGA TAU/THS E)N TAI=S POLITEI/AIS A)KMA/ZEI: EI) GA\R E)/RGA R(HTORIKH=S PROTRE/PEIN ME\N E)PI\ TO\ KALO/N, A)POTRE/PEIN DE\ TOU= KAKOU=, KAI\ KATHGOREI=N ME\N TW=N A)DIKOU/NTWN, U(PER-APOLOGEI=SQAI DE\ TW=N A)DIKOUME/NWN, KAI\ YE/GEIN ME\N TOU\S FAU/LOUS, TOU\S DE\ A)GAQOU\S A)CIOU=N E)GKWMI/WN, TAU=TA DE\ @1 PA/NTA POLITEU/ETAI SH/MERON KAI\ TOI=S A)NQRW/POIS EI)SI\ PERISPOU/DASTA, FANERO/N, O(/TI KAI\ H( R(HTORIKH\ E)NERGEI/A| TE/ E)STI KAI\ U(FE/STHKE. *TOIOU=TON ME\N TO\ PRW=TON SO/FISMA TW=N TH\N R(HTORIKH\N A)NATREPO/NTWN KAI\ TW=N MH\ O)/NTWN DEI-KNUO/NTWN AU)TH/N, TOIOU=TOS DE\ KAI\ O( TOU= SOFI/SMATOS AU)-TW=N KAQE/STHKEN E)/LEGXOS. @*DEU/TEROS PA/LIN LO/GOS A)NATREPTIKO\S TH=S R(HTORIKH=S TOIOU=-TO/S E)STIN: "3EI) E)/STIN H( R(HTORIKH/, H)\ PERI\ TA\ I)DIKA\ KATA-GI/NETAI H)\ PERI\ TA\ KOINA/. EI) ME\N OU)=N PERI\ TA\ I)DIKA/, OU)KE/TI PERI\ TA\ POLITIKA/: KOINA\ GA\R TA\ TH=S POLITEI/AS KAI\ OU)XI\ MERIKA/. EI) DE\ PERI\ TA\ KOINA\ KATAGI/NETAI, H)\ PERI\ E(\N H)\ PERI\ PA/NTA. A)LL' OU)DEMI/A TIS A)/LLH TE/XNH PERI\ E(/N TI PRA=-GMA A)EI\ KATAGINOME/NH EU(RI/SKETAI, OI(=ON O( TE/KTWN OU) PA/NTOTE KLI/NHN DHMIOURGEI=, A)LLA\ KAI\ QRO/NON KAI\ TRA/PE-ZAN: W(/STE KAI\ H( R(HTORIKH\ OU)K A)\N PERI\ E(/N TI PRA=GMA KATAGINOME/NH LEXQH/SETAI. EI) OU)=N PERI\ PA/NTA TA\ KOINA\ KATAGI/NETAI KAI\ TA\ TH=S POLITEI/AS SUNEKTIKA/, EI) ME\N W(S A)GNOOU=SA, OU)DEI\S AU)TH=| PROSE/CEI. EI) DE\ W(S E)PISTAME/NH, TW=| PERITTW=| KAI\ TW=| A)DUNA/TW| E)KBLHQH/SETAI, TW=| ME\N PERITTW=|, O(/TI H)\ AU(/TH PERITTH\ H)\ AI( A)/LLAI TE/XNAI KAI\ E)PISTH=MAI: A)LLA\ MH\N E)KEI=NAI OU) PERITTAI/, KAI\ TOU=TO DH=LON, O(/TI, E)A\N E)KEI=NAI A)NAIREQW=SIN, OU) DUNH/SETAI H( R(HTORIKH\ TA\ E)KEI/NWN DIAPRA/CASQAI E)/RGA, W(/STE AU)TH\ MA=LLO/N E)STI PERITTH/: TW=| DE\ A)DUNA/TW| PA/LIN E)KBA/L-LETAI, O(/TI A)DU/NATO/N E)STI TH\N R(HTORIKH\N MI/AN OU)=SAN TA\S A(PASW=N TW=N TEXNW=N KAI\ [TW=N] E)PISTHMW=N EI)DE/NAI MEQO/DOUS"3. @*(H DE\ DIAI/RESIS TOU= R(HQE/NTOS LO/GOU KAI\ H( KATAGRAFH\ TOIAU/TH E)STI/N: @1 <70<71H( R(HTORIKH/>71 <72H)\ PERI\ TA\ I)DIKA\ KATAGI/NETAI, KAI\ LOIPO\N OU)K E)/STI TE/XNH POLITIKH/: KOINA\ GA\R TA\ TH=S POLITEI/AS>72 <72H)\ PERI\ TA\ KOINA/>72 <73H)\ PERI\ E(/N: A)LL' OU)DE\ A)/LLH TIS TE/XNH PERI\ E(/N TI PRA=GMA A)EI\ KATAGI/NETAI>73 <73H)\ PERI\ PA/NTA>73 <74H)\ W(S A)GNOOU=SA, KAI\ OU)DEI\S AU)TH=| PROSE/CEI>74 <74H)\ W(S E)PISTAME/NH, KAI\ TW=| PERITTW=| KAI\ TW=| A)DUNA/TW| E)KBA/LLETAI>74>70 @*TOIOU=TO/N E)STI KAI\ TO\ DEU/TERON SO/FISMA. EU)DIA/LUTON DE\ KAI\ AU)TO/, KAI\ SXEDO\N H( PROGEGONUI=A PA=SA DIAI/RESIS KAKW=S E)/XEI KAI\ DIA\ TOU=TO A)NATREPOME/NH EU(RI/SKETAI. AU)-TI/KA TO\ LE/GEIN, O(/TI H( R(HTORIKH\ H)\ PERI\ TA\ I)DIKA\ KATAGI/-NETAI H)\ PERI\ TA\ KOINA/, YEU=DO/S E)STIN: OU)DE\ GA\R PERI\ E(\N TOU/TWN A)LLA\ PERI\ A)MFO/TERA KATAGI/NETAI: KAI\ GA\R O( R(H/-TWR POTE\ ME\N PERI\ I)DIKW=N DIALAMBA/NEI, O(/TAN TW=|DE/ TINI SUNHGORH/SH| TW=N POLITW=N H)\ SUMBOULEU/SHTAI, POTE\ DE\ DIALAMBA/NEI KAI\ PERI\ TW=N KOINW=N, O(/TAN U(PE\R A(PA/SHS LE/-GH| TH=S POLITEI/AS. A)LL' OU)DE\ TO\ E)FECH=S TH=S DIAIRE/SEWS A)/PTAISTON TO\ LE/GEIN "3EI) DE\ PERI\ TA\ KOINA\ KATAGI/NETAI H( R(HTORIKH/, H)\ PERI\ E(\N H)\ PERI\ PA/NTA"3, DIO/TI TW=| E(NI\ OU)XI\ TA\ PA/NTA, A)LLA\ TA\ POLLA/ EI)SIN A)NTIDIAIROU/MENA. W(/STE OU(/-TWS W)/FEILEN EI)PEI=N O( TH\N DIAI/RESIN E)RGAZO/MENOS O(/TI "3EI) PERI\ TA\ KOINA\ KATAGI/NETAI H( R(HTORIKH/, H)\ PERI\ E(\N H)\ PERI\ POLLA\ KATAGINOME/NH E)STI/"3. KAI\ H(MEI=S OU)=N OU(/TW FAME/N, O(/TI PERI\ POLLA\ H( R(HTORIKH\ KATAGI/NETAI: OU)DE\ GA\R PERI\ MIA=S KAI\ TH=S AU)TH=S U(POQE/SEWS A)EI\ DIALH/YETAI O( R(H/- @1TWR, A)LLA\ A)/LLOTE A)/LLOU PRA/GMATOS EU(RI/SKETAI PROI+STA/-MENOS. @*PRO\S DE\ TO\ E)/SXATON ME/ROS TH=S DIAIRE/SEWS TO\ LE/GON "3EI) DE\ PERI\ PA/NTA KATAGI/NETAI H( R(HTORIKH/, H)\ W(S A)GNOOU=SA H)\ W(S E)PISTAME/NH PERI\ AU)TW=N DIALH/YETAI, KAI\ EI) ME\N W(S A)GNOOU=SA, OU)DEI\S E)/STAI TAU/TH| PROSE/XWN, EI) DE\ W(S GI-NW/SKOUSA, TW=| PERITTW=| KAI\ TW=| A)DUNA/TW| E)KBLHQH/SETAI"3 TOIAU=TA/ FAMEN, O(/TI E)PI\ PA/SHS TE/XNHS KAI\ E)PISTH/MHS DU/O TEQEW/RHNTAI LO/GOI, O(\ ME\N PROTREPTIKO/S, O(\ DE\ MEQODIKO/S TE KAI\ TEXNIKO/S. TW=| ME\N OU)=N PROTREPTIKW=| E)N A(PA/SAIS TAI=S E)PISTH/MAIS KAI\ TE/XNAIS KE/XRHTAI H( R(HTORIKH\ PRO-TRE/POUSA TOU/TWN A)NTE/XESQAI: EI) MH\ GA\R EI)/H PROTROPH/ TIS KAI\ SUMBOULH/, OU)K A)\N O(\ ME\N TH/NDE TH\N E)PISTH/MHN, O(\ DE\ TH/NDE PROE/LOITO. W(/STE H( R(HTORIKH\ W(S ME\N PROTRE/-POUSA H)\ A)POTRE/POUSA PERI\ PA/SAS TA\S TE/XNAS TH=S POLI-TEI/AS QEWRHQH/SETAI, OU) MH\N KAI\ W(S TA\S MEQO/DOUS E)KEI/-NWN DIDA/SKOUSA: KAI\ DIA\ TOU=TO A)NAGKAI/A MA=LLON KAI\ OU)XI\ PERITTH\ KAI\ A)DU/NATOS EU(REQH/SETAI. *OI( ME\N OU)=N LO/-GOI TW=N A)NATREPO/NTWN TH\N R(HTORIKH\N OU(/TWS A)NESKEUA/-SQHSAN. @*(/OTI DE\ TW=N O)/NTWN E)STI\N H( R(HTORIKH\ KAI\ E)NU/PARKTOS, OI( ME\N A)PO\ MUQIKH=S I(STORI/AS KATASKEUA/ZOUSIN, OI(\ DE\ A)PO\ TH=S MARTURI/AS TW=N POIHTW=N. KAI\ OI( ME\N A)PO\ MUQIKH=S I(STORI/AS KATASKEUA/ZONTES OU(/TW FASI/N, O(/TI BOULHQEI\S O( DHMIOURGO\S E)C A)RXH=S TO\N KO/SMON PARAGAGEI=N PA/SAIS TAI=S U(P' AU)TO\N PROSE/TACE DUNA/MESIN, O(\ A)\N E(KA/STH KA/LLISTON E)/XH| SUMBALLO/MENON EI)S TH\N TOU= KO/SMOU SU/STASIN A)GA-GEI=N. *)AQHNA= ME\N OU)=N E)KO/MISE TH\N U(FANTIKH/N, *POSEIDW=N DE\ TO\ SKA/FOS E)PENOH/SATO PRO\S E)MPORI/AN TO\N A)/NQRWPON PROTREPO/MENOS, KAI\ *(/HFAISTOS TA\S BANAU/SOUS TE/XNAS @1 [KAI\] O(/SAI DIA\ PURO/S, KAI\ A)/LLOS TW=N QEW=N A)/LLO TI PROSEPENOH/SATO. *(ERMH=S DE\ TH\N R(HTORIKH\N E)FEU=RE, TW=| KALLI/STW| TW=N ZW/|WN TH\N KALLI/ONA TW=N TEXNW=N XARIZO/ME-NOS, KAI\ I(/NA ME\N TA\ A)GAQA\ E)PAINW=SIN OI( A)/NQRWPOI, YE/GWSI DE\ TA\ FAU=LA, TO\ PANHGURIKO\N E)DWRH/SATO, I(/NA DE\ PA/LIN TOI=S ME\N LUSITELOU=SI KAI\ W)FELI/MOIS PROSE/XWSI, TW=N DE\ BLABERW=N A)POTRE/XWSI, TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO\N PARADE/DWKE, KAI\ I(/NA PA/LIN TA\S PRO\S A)LLH/LOUS FILONEIKI/AS DIALU/WN-TAI, TO\ DIKANIKO\N E)TEXNH/SATO. *TAU=TA ME\N *(/ELLHNES FLH-NAFOU=SIN, E)K MUQIKH=S I(STORI/AS TH\N R(HTORIKH\N TW=N O)/N-TWN A)PODEIKNU/ONTES: A)PO\ DE\ TH=S TW=N POIHTW=N MARTURI/AS, O(/TI PARA/GOUSI TOU\S QEOU\S AU)TW=N POTE\ ME\N MAXOME/NOUS, POTE\ DE\ SUMBOULEUOME/NOUS KAI\ A)/LLOTE E)PAINOU=NTA/S TI H)\ YE/GONTAS. @*OI( DE\ A)LHQW=S LE/GONTES OU) MO/NON E)N A)NQRW/POIS EI)=NAI LE/GOUSI TH\N R(HTORIKH/N, A)LLA\ KAI\ AU)TO/N FASI TO\N QEO\N TAU/TH| XRH/SASQAI. *(/OTI ME\N OU)=N E)N A)NQRW/POIS E)STI\N H( R(HTORIKH/, OU)DEMI/AN E)/XEI TOU=TO A)MFIBOLI/AN: O(RW=MEN GA\R PROTROPH\N KAI\ A)POTROPH\N KAI\ KATHGORI/AN KAI\ A)POLOGI/AN KAI\ E)GKW/MION KAI\ YO/GON E)N TOI=S A)NQRW/POIS POLITEUO/-MENA, TAU=TA DE\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S PA/NTWS EI)SI/N: H(/ TE GA\R PROTROPH\ KAI\ A)POTROPH\ TOU= SUMBOULEUTIKOU= EI)/DOUS E)STI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S KAI\ H( KATHGORI/A KAI\ A)POLOGI/A TOU= DIKA-NIKOU= KAI\ TO\ E)GKW/MION KAI\ O( YO/GOS TOU= PANHGURIKOU=: W(/STE TOU/TWN E)N A)NQRW/POIS O)/NTWN E)/STI PA/NTWS KAI\ H( R(HTORIKH/. *(/OTI DE\ KAI\ QEO\S AU)TO\S E)XRH/SATO TH=| R(HTORIKH=|, DEIKNU/OUSIN OU(/TW: TW=| ME\N OU)=N SUMBOULEUTIKW=| FASI XRH/-SASQAI O(/TE E)/FH "6POIH/SWMEN A)/NQRWPON KAT' EI)KO/NA H(METE/-RAN KAI\ KAQ' O(MOI/WSIN"6, TW=| DE\ DIKANIKW=|, DI' W(=N PARA- @1BA/NTI TW=| *)ADA\M E)DIKA/SATO EI)PW\N "6TI/S SOI A)NH/GGEILEN, O(/TI GUMNO\S EI)=, EI) MH\ A)PO\ TOU= CU/LOU, OU(= E)NETEILA/MHN SOI TOU/TOU MO/NOU MH\ FAGEI=N, E)/FAGES;"6 TW=| DE\ PANHGURIKW=|, O(/TE I)DW\N TA\ U(P' AU)TOU= DHMIOURGHQE/NTA, O(/TI KALA/, TAU=TA E)PH/|NESEN, W(S H( GRAFH\ LE/GEI "6KAI\ EI)=DEN O( QEO\S PA/NTA, O(/SA E)POI/HSE, KAI\ I)DOU\ KALA\ LI/AN"6. *OU(/TW ME\N OU)=N E)DEI/XQH, O(/TI E)/STIN H( R(HTORIKH/. @*DEUTE/RA ZH/THSIS H)=N H( TOU= TI/ E)STI: ZHTHTE/ON OU)=N TAU/THN KAI\ E)PI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S. POLLW=N DE\ O)/NTWN TW=N O(RI-SMW=N AU)TH=S H(MEI=S TOU\S A)/LLOUS A)FE/NTES TO\N A)KRIBE/STERON EI)/PWMEN: E)/STIN OU)=N H( R(HTORIKH\ TE/XNH PERI\ LO/GOU DU/NAMIN E)N PRA/GMATI POLITIKW=|, TE/LOS E)/XOUSA TO\ PIQANW=S EI)PEI=N KATA\ TO\ E)NDEXO/MENON. E)PEI\ DE\ PA=S O(RISMO\S E)K GE/NOUS E)STI\ KAI\ SUSTATIKW=N DIAFORW=N, R(HTE/ON KAI\ E)N TOU/TW| TW=| O(RI-SMW=|, POI=ON ME\N TO\ GE/NOS, POI=AI DE\ AI( DIAFORAI/. E)/STI TOI/NUN TO\ ME\N "3TE/XNH"3 O)/NOMA W(S GE/NOS E)NTAU=QA KEI/MENON, TO\ DE\ "3PERI\ LO/GOU DU/NAMIN"3 DIAFORA\ XWRI/ZOUSA TH\N R(HTO-RIKH\N A)PO\ TW=N A)/LLWN TEXNW=N TW=N MH\ LOGIKW=N, OI(=ON TH=S TEKTONIKH=S, TH=S OI)KODOMIKH=S, TH=S LIQOCOI+KH=S KAI\ TW=N TOIOU/TWN: AU(=TAI GA\R OU)/K EI)SI PERI\ DU/NAMIN LO/GOU KATA-GINO/MENAI, TE/XNAI GA/R EI)SIN A)/LOGOI. E)/TI TO\ "3PERI\ LO/GOU DU/NAMIN"3 DEI/KNUSI TH\N R(HTORIKH/N, O(/TI PRA=GMA/ E)STIN E)N MESO/THTI QEWROU/MENON, W(=| E)/CESTI XRH/SASQAI KAI\ KALW=S KAI\ KAKW=S: DUNA/MEIS GA\R TA\ TOIAU=TA KATONOMA/ZOUSIN OI( PALAIOI/, A(\ OU)/TE A)GAQA\ OU)/TE FAU=LA/ EI)SI KATA\ TH\N E(AUTW=N FU/SIN, A)LLA\ ME/SA: OI(=ON O( PLOU=TOS KATA\ TH\N I)DI/AN FU/-SIN OU)/TE A)GAQO/N E)STIN OU)/TE KAKO/N, A)LLA\ DIA\ TO\N XRW/-MENON A)GAQO\S H)\ KAKO\S O( PLOU=TOS DOKEI=: EI) ME\N GA\R EI)S A)GAQA\S PRA/CEIS AU)TW=| TIS XRH/SAITO, A)GAQO\N KA)KEI=NOS @1 DOKEI=, EI) DE\ EI)S FAU/LAS KAI\ PONHRA/S, KAI\ O( PLOU=TOS FAU=-LON DOKEI=. TOIOU=TON KAI\ H( U(GEI/A KAI\ H( I)SXU\S KAI\ TO\ KA/L-LOS KAI\ TO\ CI/FOS KAI\ TA\ TOIAU=TA, DUNA/MEIS O)NOMAZO/MENA, DIO/TI DU/NATAI/ TIS AU)TOI=S XRH/SASQAI KAI\ EI)S TO\ EU)= KAI\ EI)S TO\ MH\ EU)=. TOIOU=TON KAI\ H( R(HTORIKH/: DU/NATAI GA/R TIS AU)-TH=| KAI\ E)N A)GAQOI=S XRH/SASQAI, O(/TAN SUNHGORH=| TOI=S A)DI-KOUME/NOIS KAI\ TW=N A)DIKOU/NTWN KATHGORH=|, KAI\ PROTRE/PH| ME\N EI)S TA\ A)GAQA/, A)POTRE/PH| DE\ TW=N KAKW=N, KAI\ TA\ ME\N A)GAQA\ E)GKWMIA/ZH|, YE/GH| DE\ TA\ FAU=LA KAI\ PONHRA/: DU/-NATAI/ TIS AU)TH=| XRH/SASQAI KAI\ KAKW=S, SUKOFANTW=N KAI\ TOI=S SUKOFA/NTAIS SUNHGORW=N KAI\ E)PI\ TA\ FAU=LA PROTRE-PO/MENOS KAI\ YE/GWN TA\ E)PAI/NWN A)/CIA KAI\ TA\ PONHRA\ E)PAINW=N. DIA\ TOU=TO "3DU/NAMIS"3 H( R(HTORIKH\ KAI\ "3TE/XNH PERI\ LO/GOU DU/NAMIN"3 O)NOMA/ZETAI. TO\ DE\ "3E)N PRA/GMATI POLI-TIKW=|"3 E(TE/RA E)STI\ DIAFORA\ XWRI/ZOUSA TH\N R(HTORIKH\N A)PO\ TH=S GRAMMATIKH=S KAI\ TH=S I)ATRIKH=S KAI\ TW=N LOIPW=N LOGIKW=N TEXNW=N: H( ME\N GA\R GRAMMATIKH\ KAI\ H( I)ATRIKH/, EI) KAI\ AU)TAI\ TE/XNAI EI)SI\ PERI\ LO/GOU DU/NAMIN, A)LL' OU)XI\ KAI\ PERI\ PRA/GMATA POLITIKA\ KATAGI/NONTAI: H(/ TE GA\R GRAMMATIKH\ PERI\ TO/NOUS KAI\ XRO/NOUS KAI\ PNEU/MATA KAI\ TA\ TOIAU=TA KATAGINOME/NH E)STI/N, H( DE\ I)ATRIKH\ PERI\ TA\ A)NQRW/PINA SW/MATA: MO/NH DE\ H( R(HTORIKH\ PERI\ TA\ SUSTATIKA\ TH=S POLITEI/AS KATAGI/NETAI PRA/GMATA: TO\ DE\ "3PIQANW=S EI)PEI=N KATA\ TO\ E)NDEXO/MENON"3 TO\ TE/LOS E)STI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S: DEI= GA\R TO\N R(H/TORA KAI\ E)N SUMBOULAI=S KAI\ E)N DIKASTHRI/OIS KAI\ O(/TAN E)GKWMIA/ZH| H)\ YE/GH| MH\ A)PI/QANA LE/GEIN A)LL' E)OIKO/TA KAI\ E)NDEXO/MENA: A)\N GA\R E)RH=| PIQANW=S, KA)\N OU) PEI/SH| TO\N A)KROATH/N, KAI\ OU(/TW R(H/TWR E)STI/N. W(S GA\R I)ATRO\N E)KEI=NO/N FAMEN OU) TO\N A)EI\ QERAPEU/ONTA, A)LLA\ KAI\ TO\N I)ATRIKW=S TO\N NOSOU=NTA META- @1XEIRIZO/MENON KAI\ KATA\ TO\ TH=S TE/XNHS E)NERGOU=NTA E)PA/G-GELMA_KAI\ GA\R E)/STIN O(/TE OU) QERAPEU/SEI, O(/TAN TO\ PA/QOS U(PE/RTERON TH=S TE/XNHS E)STI\ KAI\ QERAPEI/AN OU)K E)PIDE/XHTAI, A)LL' O(/MWS, KA)\N MH\ QERAPEU/SH|, I)ATRIKW=S DE\ TH\N NO/SON METAXEIRI/SAITO, KAI\ OU(/TWS I)ATRO/S E)STI/ TE KAI\ LE/GETAI_, OU(/TWS OU)=N KAI\ O( R(H/TWR, KA)\N MH\ PEI/SH|, O(/MWS DE\ PIQANW=S EI)/PH|, OU)DE\N H(=TTON R(H/TWR LEXQH/SETAI. DIA\ TOU=TO OU) KEI=TAI E)N TW=| O(RISMW=| "3TE/LOS E)/XOUSA TO\ PEI/-QEIN"3 A)LLA\ TO\ "3PIQANW=S EI)PEI=N"3. *OU(/TW ME\N OU)=N KAI\ TO\ TI/ E)STIN A)PODEDW/KAMEN E)PI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S. @*)APO\ DE\ TW=N H)/DH R(HQE/NTWN DH=LON KAI\ TO\ POI=O/N TI/ E)STIN H( R(HTORIKH/, O(/TI LOGIKH\ TE/XNH KAI\ TH=S POLITEI/AS SUSTATIKH\ KAI\ TOI=S A)NQRW/POIS W)FE/LIMOS "3E)N BOULAI=S KAI\ DIKASTHRI/OIS KAI\ PANTAXOU="3. @*ZHTHTE/ON DE\ KAI\ TO\ DIA\ TI/ E)STIN H( R(HTORIKH/. FASI\N OU)=N, O(/TI DI' E)KEI=NA/ E)STI TA\ O)/NTWS QEI=A KAI\ QAUMASTA/, KAI\ DI' W(=N MIMHTAI\ QEOU= OI( TAU/THN KALW=S METERXO/ME-NOI GI/NONTAI: E)PENOH/QH GA\R H( R(HTORIKH\ DIA\ TO\ TW=N ME\N KAKW=N A)POTRE/PEIN, PROTRE/PEIN DE\ EI)S TO\ A)GAQO/N, KAI\ DIA\ TO\ TOU\S ME\N FAU/LOUS TIMWREI=N, TOU\S DE\ A)GAQOU\S STEFANOU=N, KAI\ TOU\S ME\N PONHROU\S YE/GEIN, TIMA=N DE\ KAI\ E)GKWMIA/ZEIN TOU\S A)GAQOU/S. @*)ALL' E)PEI\ TA\ TE/SSARA TAU=TA, TO\ EI) E)/STI, TO\ TI/ E)STI, TO\ O(POI=O/N TI/ E)STI KAI\ TO\ DIA\ TI/ E)STIN, E)ZHTH/SAMEN E)PI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S, FE/RE KAI\ TA\ O)KTW\ KEFA/LAIA E)PI\ TOU= PROKEIME/NOU BIBLI/OU TW=N *PROGUMNASMA/TWN ZHTH/SWMEN, TO\N SKOPO\N LE/GW, TO\ XRH/SIMON, TO\ GNH/SION, TH\N TA/CIN TH=S A)NAGNW/SEWS, TH\N AI)TI/AN TH=S E)PIGRAFH=S, TH\N EI)S TA\ KEFA/LAIA DIAI/RESIN, TO\N DIDASKALIKO\N TRO/PON KAI\ TH\N U(PO\ TI/ ME/ROS A)NAFORA/N. @1 @*)/ESTI TOI/NUN O( SKOPO\S TW=| *)AFQONI/W| PROASKH=SAI H(MA=S EI)/S TE TA\ EI)/DH TH=S R(HTORIKH=S KAI\ EI)S TA\ ME/RH TOU= POLI-TIKOU= LO/GOU. KAI\ EI)/DH ME\N TH=S R(HTORIKH=S TRI/A, SUMBOU-LEUTIKO/N, DIKANIKO/N, PANHGURIKO/N: ME/RH DE\ TOU= POLITI-KOU= LO/GOU TE/SSARA, PROOI/MIA, DIHGH/SEIS, A)GW=NES KAI\ E)PI/LOGOI. DIAIREI=TAI DE\ PA/LIN E(/KASTON TW=N EI)DW=N TH=S R(HTORIKH=S EI)S DU/O, TO\ ME\N SUMBOULEUTIKO\N EI)S PROTRO-PH\N KAI\ A)POTROPH/N, TE/LOS DE\ AU)TOU= TO\ SUMFE/RON, TO\ DE\ DIKANIKO\N PA/LIN DIAIREI=TAI EI)S KATHGORI/AN KAI\ A)PO-LOGI/AN, TE/LOS DE\ AU)TOU= TO\ DI/KAION, TO\ DE\ PANHGURIKO\N EI)S E)GKW/MION KAI\ YO/GON, TE/LOS DE\ AU)TOU= TO\ KALO/N. *TOIOU=-TOS ME\N O( SKOPO\S TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN. @*)EK DE\ TOU= SKOPOU= DH=LON GE/GONE KAI\ TO\ XRH/SIMON: XRHSIMEU/OUSI GA\R TA\ PROGUMNA/SMATA EI)S TA\ TH=S R(HTO-RIKH=S EI)/DH KAI\ EI)S TA\ TOU= POLITIKOU= LO/GOU ME/RH. @*(/OTI DE\ GNH/SION TOU= *)AFQONI/OU TO\ TW=N *PROGUMNA-SMA/TWN BIBLI/ON, E)K TH=S TW=N E)CHGHSAME/NWN AU)TO\ SUMFW-NI/AS KATA/DHLON: A(/PANTES GA\R E)DE/CANTO TOU= *)AFQONI/OU EI)=NAI TA\ *PROGUMNA/SMATA: DIO\ KAI/ TI E)PI/GRAMMA TOU/-TOIS TOIOU=TO/N E)STIN E)PIGRAFO/MENON @"6*EI)/ SOI R(HTORIKH=S FI/LOS PO/QOS E)/MPESE QUMW=|, @MH/ SE/ GE GUMNASI/H *)AFQONI/OIO LA/QH|."6 @*(H DE\ TA/CIS TH=S A)NAGNW/SEWS TOIAU/TH. EI)KO/TWS TO\ TW=N *PROGUMNASMA/TWN BIBLI/ON TH=S R(HTORIKH=S A(PA/SHS PROTE/TAKTAI, DIO/TI EI)SAGWGH/ E)STI PRO\S AU)TH\N KAI\ PRO-PAI/DEUSIS: DEI= DE\ A)EI\ TA\S EI)SAGWGA\S TW=N U(POQE/SEWN PROMANQA/NESQAI, EI)S A(\S KAI\ EI)SA/GOUSIN. @*(H DE\ AI)TI/A TH=S E)PIGRAFH=S TOIAU/TH KAI\ AU)TH/ E)STIN. E)PIGE/GRAPTAI TO\ PARO\N BIBLI/ON "3*)AFQONI/OU SOFISTOU= *PROGUMNA/SMATA"3, KAI\ XRH\ H(MA=S SAFHNI/SAI, TI/ E)STI @1 PROGU/MNASMA. XRH\ TOI/NUN EI)DE/NAI, O(/TI TO\ PROGU/MNASMA KAQOLIKO/N E)STIN O)/NOMA, DIAIROU/MENON EI)S TA\ KAQ' E(KA/-STHN E)PISTH/MHN KAI\ TE/XNHN PROGUMNA/SMATA. O(RI/ZONTAI OU)=N TO\ ME\N KAQOLIKO\N PROGU/MNASMA OU(TWSI\ "3A)/SKHSIS METRI/WN PRO\S MEIZO/NWN E)PI/RRWSIN PRAGMA/TWN:"3 A(/PASA GA\R PROGUMNASI/A A)PO\ TW=N EU)XERW=N KAI\ METRIWTE/RWN EI)S TA\ MEI/ZW KAI\ DUSXERH= TO\N MANQA/NONTA E)PIRRW/NNUSIN. R(HTORIKO\N DE/ E)STI PROGU/MNASMA EI)SAGWGIKH\ TRIBH\ DIA\ LO/GOU TW=N KATA\ R(HTORIKH\N MERW=N H)\ EI)DW=N XRH/SIMA/ TINA PROASKOUME/NH: TRIBH\ GA/R E)STI KAI\ PROPAI/DEUSIS TO\ R(HTORIKO\N PROGU/MNASMA, PROPAIDEU/OUSA H(MA=S KAI\ PRO-ASKOU=SA EI)S TA\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S EI)/DH KAI\ EI)S TA\ ME/RH TOU= POLITIKOU= LO/GOU. _*PROGUMNA/SMATA DE\ TAU=TA LE/-GONTAI KAI\ OU)XI\ GUMNA/SMATA, DIO/TI KURI/WS GUMNA/SMA-TA/ EI)SI TA\ TH=S *(RHTORIKH=S BIBLI/A, A(\ SUNEGRA/YATO *(ER-MOGE/NHS, H)/GOUN AI( *STA/SEIS, AI( *EU(RE/SEIS, AI( *)IDE/AI KAI\ TO\ *PERI\ MEQO/DOU DEINO/THTOS: DI' E)KEI/NWN GA\R TA\S R(H-TORIKA\S MEQO/DOUS DIDASKO/MEQA: TA\ DE\ TOU= *)AFQONI/OU "3*PROGUMNA/SMATA"3 W)NOMA/SQHSAN, W(S PRO\ E)KEI/NWN TW=N GUMNASMA/TWN TASSO/MENA KAI\ PROMANQANO/MENA. _*TO\ DE\ SOFISTH\S O)/NOMA O(MW/NUMO/N E)STI: LE/GETAI GA\R SOFISTH\S KAI\ O( DIDA/SKWN TINA\ KAI\ SOFI/ZWN, LE/GETAI SOFISTH\S KAI\ O( FILO/SOFOS O( TO\ A)LHQE\S KAI\ TO\ KALO\N E)REUNW=N: LE/GETAI SOFISTH\S KAI\ O( YEU/STHS KAI\ A)PATEW/N: E)PI\ TOU/-TOIS O)NOMA/ZETAI SOFISTH\S KAI\ O( PLASMATOGRA/FOS KAI\ MH\ E)PI\ DIKASTHRI/OU A)GWNIZO/MENOS, OI(=OS H)=N KAI\ *LIBA/-NIOS: TOU=TO GA\R DIAFORA\ R(H/TORO/S TE KAI\ SOFISTOU=, O(/TI R(H/TWR ME/N E)STIN O( TOI=S A)LHQINOI=S A)GW=SIN E)GGUMNAZO/MENOS KAI\ E)N DIKASTHRI/OIS A)GWNIZO/MENOS, OI(=OS H)=N *AI)SXI/NHS KAI\ *DHMOSQE/NHS, SOFISTH\S DE\ O( PLASMATOGRA/FOS KAI\ MH\ E)PI\ @1 DIKASTHRI/OU A)GWNIZO/MENOS. O( TOI/NUN *)AFQO/NIOS SOFI-STH\S O)NOMA/ZETAI H)\ W(S DIDA/SKWN KAI\ PROBIBA/ZWN TOU\S NE/OUS EI)S TA\S R(HTORIKA\S MEQO/DOUS KAI\ OU(/TW SOFI/ZWN AU)TOU/S, H)\ KAI\ W(S PLASMATOGRA/FOS KAI\ MH\ E)N E)PHKO/W| SUGGUMNAZO/MENOS. @*ZHTHTE/ON DE\ KAI\ TH\N EI)S TA\ KEFA/LAIA DIAI/RESIN. DIAI-REI=TAI TO\ PARO\N BIBLI/ON TW=N *PROGUMNASMA/TWN EI)S TA\ GUMNA/ZONTA H(MA=S EI)S TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO\N EI)=DOS TH=S R(H-TORIKH=S KAI\ EI)S TA\ GUMNA/ZONTA EI)S TO\ DIKANIKO/N, O(MOI/WS KAI\ EI)S TA\ GUMNA/ZONTA EI)S TO\ PANHGURIKO/N: E)/TI DE\ KAI\ EI)S TA\ GUMNA/ZONTA EI)S PROOI/MION H)\ DIH/GHSIN H)\ A)GW=NAS H)\ E)PILO/GOUS. O( ME\N GA\R MU=QOS KAI\ H( XREI/A KAI\ H( GNW/MH KAI\ H( QE/SIS EI)S TO\ SUMBOULEUTIKO\N PROGUMNA/ZOUSIN, H( DE\ A)NASKEUH\ KAI\ KATASKEUH\ KAI\ O( KOINO\S TO/POS EI)S TO\ DIKANIKO/N, TO\ DE\ E)GKW/MION KAI\ O( YO/GOS KAI\ H( SU/GKRISIS EI)S TO\ PANHGURIKO/N. PA/LIN O( ME\N MU=QOS PROGUMNA/ZEI H(MA=S EI)S PROOI/MION, TO\ DE\ DIH/GHMA EI)S DIH/GHSIN, H( DE\ A)NASKEUH\ KAI\ H( KATASKEUH\ EI)S TOU\S A)GW=NAS, O( DE\ KOI-NO\S TO/POS EI)S TO\N E)PI/LOGON. @*DIDASKALIKOI\ DE\ TRO/POI EI)SI\ TE/SSARES, DIAIRETIKO/S, O(RISTIKO/S, A)PODEIKTIKO\S KAI\ A)NALUTIKO/S. XRH=TAI DE\ KU-RI/WS TOI=S DUSI\N O( *)AFQO/NIOS, TW=| ME\N DIAIRETIKW=|, H(NI/KA DIAIREI= TW=N PROGUMNASMA/TWN E(/KASTON LE/GWN "6TOU= MU/-QOU TO\ ME/N E)STI LOGIKO/N, TO\ DE\ H)QIKO/N, TO\ DE\ MIKTO/N"6, KAI\ "6TOU= DIHGH/MATOS TO\ ME\N DRAMATIKO/N, TO\ DE\ I(STORIKO/N, TO\ DE\ MIKTO/N"6 KAI\ E)PI\ TW=N LOIPW=N O(MOI/WS: TW=| DE\ O(RI-STIKW=| PA/LIN XRH=TAI, H(NI/KA O(RI/ZETAI TA\ PROGUMNA/SMATA, OI(=ON "6MU=QO/S E)STI LO/GOS YEUDH\S EI)KONI/ZWN A)LH/QEIAN"6 KAI\ "6DIH/GHMA/ E)STIN E)/KQESIS PRA/GMATOS GEGONO/TOS H)\ W(S GEGONO/TOS"6 KAI\ E)PI\ TW=N A)/LLWN PROGUMNASMA/TWN O(MOI/WS: @1 *)ANAFE/RETAI DE\ KAI\ TOU=TO TO\ BIBLI/ON U(PO\ TO\ LOGIKO\N O)/RGANON TH=S FILOSOFI/AS, W(S MEQO/DOUS LOGIKA\S KAI\ KA-NO/NAS DIDA/SKON. @@*DIAI/RESIS TH=S R(HTORIKH=S KAI\ TW=N EI)DW=N AU)TH=S: <70<71H( R(HTORIKH/>71 <72SUMBOULEUTIKO/N>72 <73PROTROPH/N>73 <73A)POTROPH/N>73 <72DIKANIKO/N>72 <73KATHGORI/AN>73 <73A)POLOGI/AN>73 <72PANHGURIKO/N>72 <73E)GKW/MION>73 <73YO/GON>73>70 @*TH=S YUXH=S ME/RH TRI/A, LOGIKO/N, QUMIKO/N, E)PIQUMHTI-KO/N: KAI\ TH=S R(HTORIKH=S EI)/DH TRI/A, SUMBOULEUTIKO/N, DIKA-NIKO/N, PANHGURIKO/N. A)NALOGEI= OU)=N TO\ ME\N SUMBOULEUTI-KO\N TW=| LOGIKW=|: W(S GA\R O( LO/GOS E)STI\N E)N H(MI=N DIA\ TO\ KUBERNA=N H(MA=S E)PI\ TA\ XRHSTA/, OU(/TW KAI\ TO\ SUMBOULEU-TIKO\N A)PO\ ME\N TW=N A)XRH/STWN A)POTRE/PEI, PROTRE/PEI DE\ E)PI\ TA\ XRHSTA/. TO\ DE\ DIKANIKO\N A)NALOGEI= TW=| QUMIKW=|: QUMO\S GA/R E)STI ZE/SIS TOU= PERI\ KARDI/AN AI(/MATOS DI' O)/RECIN A)NTILUPH/SEWS: KAI\ DIA\ TOU= DIKANIKOU= PA/LIN A)MU-NO/MEQA KAI\ A)NTILUPOU=MEN TOU\S PROLUPH/SANTAS H(MA=S KAI\ PROADIKH/SANTAS. TO\ DE\ PANHGURIKO\N A)NALOGEI= TW=| E)PI-QUMHTIKW=|: W(S GA\R H( E)PIQUMI/A TE/LOS E)/XEI TO\ KALO/N, OU(/TW KAI\ TOU= PANHGURIKOU= TE/LOS E)STI\ TO\ KALO/N. I(/NA DE\ TA\ LEXQE/NTA EU)SU/NOPTA H)=|, U(POKEI/SQW KAI\ H( DIAI/RESIS: <70<71H( YUXH/>71 <72LOGIKO/N>72 <72QUMIKO/N>72 72E)PIQUMHTIKO/N>72 <71H( R(HTORIKH/>71 <72SUMBOULEUTIKO/N>/72 <72DIKANIKO/N>72 <72PANHGURIKO/N>72>70@1