Index Br-Bz

Braadland, Birger (b. Jan. 26, 1879, Idd [now part of Halden], Smaalenenes amt [now in Viken fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 15, 1966, Halden), foreign minister (1931-33) and acting prime minister (1932) of Norway.

Braamcamp, Anselmo José (b. Oct. 23, 1819, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Nov. 13, 1885), prime minister of Portugal (1879-81). He was also minister of interior (1862-64), justice (1863), finance (1869-70), foreign affairs (1879-81), and marine and colonies (1880).

Brabec, Richard (b. July 5, 1966, Kladno, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister of the Czech Republic (2017-19). He was also minister of environment (2014-21).

Brabourne, Michael Herbert Rudolph Knatchbull, (5th) Baron, surname until 1919 Knatchbull-Hugessen (b. May 8, 1895 - d. Feb. 23, 1939), governor of Bombay (1933-37) and Bengal (1937-39). He succeeded as baron in 1933.

Bracht, Franz (b. Nov. 23, 1877, Berlin, Germany - d. Nov. 26, 1933, Berlin), interior minister of Germany (1932-33). He was also lord mayor of Essen (1924-32).

Bracks

Bracks, Steve, byname of Stephen Phillip Bracks (b. Oct. 15, 1954, Ballarat, Vic.), premier of Victoria (1999-2007).

Bradác, Bohumír (b. May 31, 1881, Zidovice, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. Oct. 20, 1935, Zidovice), defense minister of Czechoslovakia (1932-35). He was also minister of agriculture (1929-32).

Braden, George (b. 1949, Rosthern, Sask. - d. May 25, 2015, Ottawa, Ont.), government leader of the Northwest Territories (1980-84).

Bradford, Max(well Robert) (b. Jan. 19, 1942, Christchurch, N.Z.), defence minister of New Zealand (1997-99).

Bradford, William (b. 1590, Austerfield, Yorkshire, England - d. May 9, 1657, Plymouth [now in Mass.]), governor of Plymouth Colony (1621-33, 1635-36, 1637-38, 1639-44, 1645-57).

Bradford, William (b. Sept. 14, 1755, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - d. Aug. 23, 1795, near Philadelphia), U.S. attorney general (1794-95).

Bradley, Bill, byname of William Warren Bradley (b. July 28, 1943, Crystal City, Mo.), U.S. politician. A professional basketball player, he was senator from New Jersey (1979-97) and a candidate for the 2000 Democratic presidential nomination.

Bradley, Michael (John) (b. June 11, 1933, Belfast, Northern Ireland - d. Feb. 22, 2010, Beckington, Somerset, England), governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1987-93). He was also attorney general of the British Virgin Islands (1977-78), the Turks and Caicos Islands (1980-81), Montserrat (1981-82), and the Cayman Islands (1982-87).

Bradley, Omar N(elson) (b. Feb. 12, 1893, Clark, Mo. - d. April 8, 1981, New York City), U.S. veterans administrator (1945-47), chief of the Army Staff (1948-49), and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1949-53).

Bradley, Perin (Ainsworth) (b. Dec. 10, 1977, South Hill, Anguilla), deputy governor (2016- ) and acting governor (2017, 2020-21) of Anguilla.

T. Bradley

Bradley, Tom, byname of Thomas J. Bradley (b. Dec. 29, 1917, Calvert, Texas - d. Sept. 29, 1998, Los Angeles, Calif.), U.S. politician. He won a City Council seat in Los Angeles in 1963 and ran for mayor six years later, losing a bitter election tinged with racist rhetoric to Sam Yorty; the scars of the 1965 Watts riots were still fresh. In 1973, Bradley ran again and this time beat Yorty with 56% of the vote, becoming the first black mayor of Los Angeles. In 1981, Bradley, running as a Democrat, lost the governor's race to Republican George Deukmejian by less than 1 percentage point. He lost a second bid for governor in 1986. The five-term mayor (1973-93) was credited with opening city government to minorities and women, expanding social services to the urban poor, and spurring economic growth. Under his administration, Los Angeles surpassed San Francisco as the West Coast's economic power in Pacific Rim trading, symbolized by the downtown skyline that grew during his administration. The successful 1984 Olympic Games stood out as his crowning achievement. The economic ruin and traffic gridlock many feared never materialized. The low point was in 1992, when riots broke out after four white LAPD officers were acquitted in the beating of black motorist Rodney King. Bradley appealed for calm, but some said his angry denunciation of the verdicts may have provoked violence. He would later describe the violence that left 55 people dead as "the most painful experience of my life." He governed quietly, by building coalitions instead of using the bully pulpit. Beginning in 1989, Bradley became embroiled in a political scandal involving his acceptance of a fee for serving as an adviser for a bank doing business with the city. At 75, he announced his retirement, avoiding an election he probably could not have won.

Bradshaw

Bradshaw, Robert L(lewellyn) (b. Sept. 16, 1916, St. Paul's, St. Kitts - d. May 23, 1978, St. Kitts), West Indian politician. In 1940 he founded St. Kitts's trade and labour union and Labour Party. He became a member of the Legislative Council in 1946 and sat in the West Indies Federal Parliament as federal minister of finance (1958-62). When the federation dissolved, he returned to St. Kitts as minister without portfolio until 1966. After briefly serving as chief minister (1966-67), he became premier of St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967, when the three islands became an independent state in association with the U.K. He died in office. In 1998 he was posthumously awarded the Order of National Hero, giving him the title The Right Excellent Sir Robert Llewellyn Bradshaw, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of National Hero (K.G.N.H.).

Brady, Nicholas F(rederick) (b. April 11, 1930, New York City), U.S. treasury secretary (1988-93).

Brady, Vincent (b. March 14, 1936, Dublin, Ireland - d. Oct. 6, 2020, Dublin), defence minister of Ireland (1991-92).

Brady Roche, Herman (Julio) (b. Feb. 10, 1921, Santiago, Chile - d. May 16, 2011, Santiago), defense minister of Chile (1975-78). He was also chairman of the National Energy Commission (1978-90).

Braga, Antonio José Ferreira (b. Dec. 30, 1845, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 18, 1908, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Pará (1889) and governor of Paraná (1894).

Braga, Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes (b. Nov. 7, 1805, São Pedro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Feb. 26, 1875, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1834-35).

C.E. Braga

Braga, Carlos Eduardo de Souza (b. Dec. 6, 1960, Belém, Pará, Brazil), governor of Amazonas (2003-10). He was also mayor of Manaus (1994-97) and Brazilian minister of mines and energy (2015-16).

N.A. Braga

Braga, Ney Aminthas de Barros (b. July 25, 1917, Lapa, Paraná, Brazil - d. Oct. 16, 2000, Curitiba, Paraná), governor of Paraná (1961-65, 1979-82). He was also mayor of Curitiba (1954-58) and Brazilian minister of agriculture (1965-66) and education (1974-78).

Braga, Sebastião José de Magalhães (b. Oct. 13, 1855, Turiaçu, Maranhão, Brazil - d. July 21, 1927, São Luís, Maranhão), acting president of Maranhão (1898).

Braga, (Joaquim) Teófilo (Fernandes) (b. Feb. 24, 1843, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal - d. Jan. 28, 1924, Lisbon, Portugal), president of the Provisional Government (1910-11) and president (1915) of Portugal. He was also a noted writer.

Braga, Wilson Leite (b. July 18, 1931, Conceição, Paraíba, Brazil - d. May 17, 2020, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil), governor of Paraíba (1983-86). He was also mayor of João Pessoa (1989-90).

Bragança, Albertino (Homem dos Santos Sequeira) (b. March 9, 1944, São Tomé), defense minister (1991-92) and foreign minister (1992-94) of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Bragança (Neto), Raul (Vagner da Conceição) (b. 1946 - d. April 16, 2014, France), defense minister (1987-91) and prime minister (1996-99) of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Bragge Bathurst, Charles (baptized Feb. 28, 1754 - d. Aug. 13, 1831, Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, England), British secretary at war (1803-04). He was also chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1812-23) and president of the Board of Control (1821-22). He took the additional name of Bathurst in 1804.

Braghis

Braghis, Dumitru (Petru) (b. Dec. 28, 1957, Gratiesti, Moldavian S.S.R.), prime minister of Moldova (1999-2001). In 2015-17 he was ambassador to Russia; in 2020 he was appointed ambassador to China.

Braham, Maloum Ould (b. 1930, Mauritania), foreign minister of Mauritania (1966). He was also minister of rural economy (1966-67), commerce, transport, and tourism (1967-68), youth, cultural affairs, and information (1968), justice (1968-73, 1975-77), and crafts and tourism (1973-75).

Brahawi, Abdul Karim (b. 1955, Chahar Burjak district, Nimroz province, Afghanistan), Afghan politician. He was governor of Nimroz (2001-05, 2010-12) and minister of border and tribal affairs (2006-09) and refugees and repatriation (2009-10).

Brahem, Lotfi (b. Nov. 5, 1962, Sousse, Tunisia), interior minister of Tunisia (2017-18).

A. Brahimi

L. Brahimi

Brahimi, (Janu) Abdelhamid, Arabic `Abd al-Hamid al-Ibrahimi (b. April 2, 1936, Constantine, Algeria - d. Aug. 15, 2021, Algiers, Algeria), prime minister of Algeria (1984-88). He was also planning minister (1979-84).

Brahimi, Lakhdar, Arabic al-Akhdar al-Ibrahimi (b. Jan. 1, 1934, Aziza, Medea wilaya, Algeria), foreign minister of Algeria (1991-93). He was Algerian ambassador to Egypt and The Sudan (1963-70) and to the United Kingdom (1971-79) and UN special representative for South Africa (1993-94), Haiti (1994-96), Afghanistan (1997-99, 2001-03), and Syria (2012-14) and special adviser to the secretary-general (2004-05).

Braillard

Braillard Poccard, (Néstor) Pedro (b. April 8, 1954, Corrientes, Corrientes, Argentina), governor of Corrientes (1997-99).

Braithwaite, (Eustace) E(dward Adolphe) R(icardo) (b. June 27, 1912, Georgetown, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. Dec. 12, 2016, Rockville, Md.), Guyanese diplomat. Also known as an author, he was permanent representative to the United Nations (1967-68) and ambassador to Venezuela (1968-69).

Bråkenhielm, (Runa) Anita (Elisabet), née Ohlander (b. March 1, 1937, Jönköping, Sweden), governor of Kristianstad (1990-96) and Kalmar (1996-2002).

Bråkenhielm, Per Johan (b. Sept. 8, 1840, Malmö, Sweden - d. Oct. 27, 1910, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Uppsala (1895-1907).

Braklamy, José António Ferreira (b. July 18, 1780, Lagos, Portugal - d. May 21, 1847, Lisbon, Portugal), president of the Governing Junta of Alagoas (1822) and foreign, finance, interior, and justice minister of Portugal (1831).

Bramble, Percival Austin (b. Jan. 24, 1931), chief minister of Montserrat (1970-78); son of William Henry Bramble. He was also minister of communications and works (1966-69) and social services (1969-70).

Bramble, William Henry (b. Oct. 8, 1901 - d. Oct. 17, 1988), chief minister of Montserrat (1960-70).

Bramsen, Ludvig (Ernst) (b. Sept. 9, 1847, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. June 20, 1914, Frederiksberg, Denmark), interior minister of Denmark (1899-1901).

Bramsen, Trine (b. March 26, 1981, Svendborg, Denmark), defense minister of Denmark (2019-22). She has also been minister of transport (2022- ).

Bramsnæs, Carl Valdemar (b. June 12, 1879, Ågerup, Holbæk amt [now in Sjælland region], Denmark - d. Aug. 29, 1965, Frederiksberg, Denmark), finance minister of Denmark (1924-26, 1929-33).

Bramuglia, Juan Atilio (b. Jan. 1, 1903, Chascomús, Buenos Aires province, Argentina - d. Sept. 4, 1962, Buenos Aires, Argentina), federal interventor in Buenos Aires (1945) and foreign minister of Argentina (1946-49).

Branca, Ascanio (b. March 10, 1840, Potenza, Two Sicilies [now in Italy] - d. March 6, 1903, Naples, Italy), finance minister of Italy (1896-98). He was also minister of public works (1891-92, 1900-01) and posts and telegraphs (1891-92).

Branch, John (b. Nov. 4, 1782, Halifax, N.C. - d. Jan. 3, 1863, Enfield, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1817-20) and Florida (1844-45) and U.S. secretary of the Navy (1829-31).

Branco, Fernando Augusto (b. June 24, 1890 - d. Dec. 11, 1940, Lisbon, Portugal), foreign minister of Portugal (1930-32).

J.R. Branco

Branco, Joaquim Rafael (b. Sept. 7, 1953, São Tomé), foreign minister (2000-01) and prime minister (2008-10) of São Tomé and Príncipe. He was also minister of education and culture (1982-84), economic affairs (1994-96), and infrastructure, public works, natural resources, and the environment (2002-03), permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-92), and ambassador to the United States (1985-92).

Brâncoveanu, Constantin Pavel Basarab Cantacuzino (b. 1654 - d. [executed] Aug. 26 [Aug. 15, O.S.], 1714, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), prince of Walachia (1688-1714).

Brandão, Antônio de Freitas (b. Nov. 10, 1895, Laranjeiras, Sergipe, Brazil - d. Aug. 13, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Sergipe (1946-47).

C.O. Brandão

Brandão, Carlos Orleans, Júnior (b. June 2, 1958, Colinas, Maranhão, Brazil), governor of Maranhão (2022- ).

Brandão, Francisco de Carvalho Soares (b. Oct. 31, 1839, Jaboatão [now Jaboatão dos Guararapes], Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Sept. 1, 1899, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1883-84). He was also president of Alagoas (1878), Rio Grande do Sul (1881-82), and São Paulo (1882-83).

Brandão, Francisco Silviano de Almeida (b. Sept. 8, 1848, Santana do Sapucaí [now Silvianópolis], Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Sept. 25, 1902, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), president of Minas Gerais (1898-1902). He was elected vice president of Brazil in 1902 but died before taking office.

Brandão, Júlio Bueno (b. July 11, 1858, Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 21, 1931, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1908-09 [acting], 1910-14); cousin and brother-in-law of Francisco Silviano de Almeida Brandão. He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil (1920-21).

Brandão, Mário de Pimentel (b. Oct. 9, 1889, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Oct. 23, 1956, Rio de Janeiro), foreign minister of Brazil (1936-38 and [acting] 1953). He was also chargé d'affaires in Paraguay (1915-17, 1917) and Belgium (1919, 1919, 1925-26), minister to Turkey and Egypt (1931-34) and Bolivia (1934), and ambassador to the United States (1938-39), Belgium (1939-40), Spain (1944-46), the Soviet Union (1946-47), and West Germany (1950-51).

Brandariz (López Mujica), Ignacio A(ntonio) (b. July 31, 1891, Trujillo, Peru - d. Feb. 23, 1982, Lima, Peru), finance minister of Peru (1932-33). He was also president of the Senate (1941-43).

Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von (b. Jan. 24, 1792, Berlin, Prussia [Germany] - d. Nov. 6, 1850, Berlin), prime minister (1848-50) and foreign minister (1848, 1849) of Prussia; son of Friedrich Wilhelm II. He was made Graf (count) in 1794.

Brandenburg, (Friedrich Wilhelm) Gustav Graf von (b. Aug. 24, 1820, Berlin, Prussia [Germany] - d. March 9, 1909, Domanze, Germany [now Domanice, Poland]), Prussian/German diplomat; son of Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Brandenburg. He was minister to Portugal (1864-76) and Belgium (1876-86).

Brandenstein, Karl (Eduard Emil Franz Moritz Christoph Freiherr) von (b. Sept. 15, 1875, Pegau, Sachsen, Germany - d. July 23, 1946, Woltersdorf, Brandenburg, Germany), leading minister of state of Reuss Junior Line (1918-19) and co-minister of state of Reuss (1919-20).

Brandes, (Carl) Edvard (Cohen) (b. Oct. 21, 1847, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Dec. 20, 1931, Copenhagen), finance minister (1909-10, 1913-20) and acting foreign minister (1913) of Denmark. He was the brother of famous literary critic Georg Brandes.

Brandhof, Arend Evert Johannes van den (b. June 14, 1861, Wijk bij Duurstede, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. [drowned] June 13, 1910, off the eastern coast of Curaçao), administrator of Bonaire (1890-1910); son of Nicolaas van den Brandhof.

Brandhof, Nicolaas van den (b. May 8, 1834, Elst, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. March 2, 1904, The Hague), governor of Curaçao (1882-90).

D. Brandt

Brandt, David (Samuel), chief minister of Montserrat (1997-2001).

W. Brandt

Brandt, Willy, original name Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (b. Dec. 18, 1913, Lübeck, Germany - d. Oct. 8, 1992, Unkel, near Bonn, Germany), chancellor of West Germany (1969-74). When the Nazis came to power, his activities as a young Social Democrat brought him into conflict with the Gestapo, and he had to flee the country to escape arrest. He went to Norway (where he assumed the name Willy Brandt), and when the Germans occupied Norway he escaped to Sweden, where he remained for the duration of World War II. After the war he returned to Germany as a Norwegian citizen. Pressed to return to politics, he applied to renew his German citizenship in 1947 and was elected to the federal parliament in 1949. Later he became governing mayor of West Berlin (1957-66). He became chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1964 and campaigned for the office of chancellor three times (1961, 1965, 1969). When the grand coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was formed in 1966, Brandt became foreign minister and vice-chancellor. In 1969 his party formed a coalition with the small Free Democratic Party. The year following his election as chancellor, he concentrated on foreign affairs and particularly sought to improve relations with East Germany, other Communist nations in eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union, formulating a policy known as Ostpolitik ("eastern policy"). Although fortified by a great SPD victory in 1972, he resigned in May 1974 after his close aide Günter Guillaume was unmasked as an East German spy. He remained SPD chairman until 1987 and was also head of the Socialist International from 1976 to 1992. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971 for his continuing work toward reconciliation between West Germany and the Soviet bloc.

Brandt, Yoka, byname of Johanna Marie Geertrui Brandt (b. Jan. 30, 1958), Dutch diplomat. She has been ambassador to Eritrea (2000-04) and Uganda (2004-07) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2020- ).

Brañes Farmer, Raúl (b. March 27, 1903, Cuzco, Peru - d. March 31, 1991, San Antonio, Chile), Chilean politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1941 [provisional], 1949-50).

Brankovic, Nedzad (b. Dec. 28, 1962, Visegrad [now in Republika Srpska], Bosnia and Herzegovina), prime minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007-09).

Brannan

Brannan, Charles F(ranklin) (b. Aug. 23, 1903, Denver, Colo. - d. July 2, 1992, Denver), U.S. secretary of agriculture (1948-53). In 1935 he became assistant regional attorney of the Resettlement Administration, and later regional attorney in the Department of Agriculture's office of the solicitor. From November 1941 to April 1944 he was regional director of the Farm Security Administration for Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. He was named assistant secretary of agriculture in June 1944 and secretary of agriculture in June 1948. In 1949 Brannan put forward the "Brannan plan" for farm price supports to be based on a minimum farm purchasing power, which would be subsidized by government payments. This legislative proposal was not enacted by Congress, although Brannan and other administration leaders continued to press for it during 1950. He charged that failure to enact his plan was the cause of such occurrences as dumping millions of dollars of surplus agricultural products which had been purchased by the government. On Aug. 22, 1950, Brannan declared that the government had huge surpluses of dairy foods and dried eggs, in danger of spoiling if not given away. Under Pres. Harry S. Truman's defense mobilization plan announced Sept. 9, 1950, Brannan was given cognizance over food, farm equipment, and commercial fertilizer.

Branstad

Branstad, Terry E(dward) (b. Nov. 17, 1946, Leland, Iowa), governor of Iowa (1983-99, 2011-17). A Republican, he served in the Iowa House of Representatives (1973-79) and was lieutenant governor (1979-83). Benefiting from opponents' weaknesses, he won the governor's race with 53% in 1982 because his opponent had legally avoided paying her state taxes, with 52% in 1986 when his opponent backed a $400 million bond issue to be paid back from a lottery, and with 61% in 1990 against a weak winner of a multi-candidate primary. In 1994, he had primary opposition from Fred Grandy, familiar to TV viewers as Gopher in The Love Boat, but to Iowans as a hard-working, close-to-home congressman from the 5th District. Grandy called for a tax cut and attacked Branstad for "a pattern of abuse and mismanagement." Branstad won by only 52%-48%. In the general, Branstad never had a secure lead in polls over Attorney General Bonnie Campbell, who attacked her own party's platform as too liberal; Grandy was openly hostile, saying of Branstad, "I'll hold my nose and vote for the guy." But in the fall, with crime an issue, Branstad attacked Campbell for her opposition to the death penalty. And the strong Iowa economy evidently worked for the incumbent. Branstad won 58%-42%, carrying all but four counties. Des Moines, the most vibrantly growing part of the state, which voted against Branstad in 1982 and 1986, voted for him this time. Branstad, who had the strength to win when Iowa seemed mostly Democratic, now had the opportunity to lead when it was trending Republican. Incidentally, Branstad endorsed Bob Dole for president in 1996 - the first time he publicly endorsed a presidential candidate. In March 1997 he said he would not seek a fifth term. After a 12-year pause, however, he did so and defeated incumbent Democrat Chet Culver 53%-43% in 2010. In December 2015 he became the longest-serving governor in U.S. history, surpassing the tenure of almost 21 years of New York's George Clinton (1777-95, 1801-04). In 2017-20 he was ambassador to China.

Branting, Karl Hjalmar (b. Nov. 23, 1860, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Feb. 24, 1925, Stockholm), finance minister (1917-18), prime minister (1920, 1921-23, 1924-25), and foreign minister (1921-23) of Sweden. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1921 (jointly with Christian Lous Lange of Norway).

Brantley

Brantley, Mark (Anthony Graham) (b. Jan. 11, 1969, Gingerland, Nevis), foreign minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015-22) and premier of Nevis (2017- ).

Brantsen van de Zijp, Derk Willem Gerhard Johan Hendrik baron (b. March 26, 1801, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. ...), acting governor of Gelderland (1846-47).

Brar, (Sardar) Harcharan Singh (b. Jan. 22, 1922, Sarai Naga village, Punjab, India - d. Sept. 6, 2009, Sarai Naga), governor of Orissa (1977) and Haryana (1977-79) and chief minister of Punjab (1995-96).

Brasey, Louis Antoine Marie (b. May 31, 1891 - d. 19...), resident-superior of Laos (1941-45).

Brash

Brash, Don(ald Thomas) (b. Sept. 24, 1940, Wanganui, N.Z.), New Zealand politician. He was governor of the Reserve Bank (1988-2002) before entering parliament. In October 2003 he toppled Bill English as leader of the National Party. He was never a strong performer in the House and, although his apolitical image might initially have seemed an asset, doubts emerged about his political instincts. To the surprise of many observers, and indeed Brash himself, his Orewa speech in late January 2004 on race relations and separatism resonated strongly with the public. And he showed he had a ruthless streak in demoting the party's spokeswomen for Maori affairs (Georgina Te Heuheu) and welfare (Katherine Rich). But his political awkwardness persisted, as in his unconvincing denial of accusations in 2004 that he told United States officials that the nuclear propulsion ban would be "gone by lunchtime." In the elections of September 2005, on the back of an aggressive tax-cut policy, National gained 39% of the party vote, not enough to have a realistic chance of forming a government but a huge improvement on its miserable 21% return in the 2002 election. Just before the election Brash was placed on the back foot over alleged meetings between himself and the secretive Exclusive Brethren sect. His clumsy efforts to explain what he had or had not known about Brethren campaign pamphlets reawakened doubts about his political judgment and credibility. His gaffes became all too regular, the final straw being his handling of emails which he claimed were stolen from his computer and which were used by Nicky Hager in his book The Hollow Men. He resigned as leader and as MP in November 2006. In April 2011 he became leader of the ACT New Zealand party, but he stepped down after a poor result (1 seat) in the November 2011 elections.

Brasil, Ptolomeu de Assis (b. March 26, 1878, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Aug. 23, 1935. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Santa Catarina (1930-32).

Brasiliense, Odilon Pratagy (b. May 12, 1857 - d. September 1933), acting prefect of Alto Acre (1905).

Brassey, Thomas Brassey, (1st) Earl, (1st) Viscount Hythe (b. Feb. 11, 1836, Stafford, Staffordshire, England - d. Feb. 23, 1918, London, England), governor of Victoria (1895-1900). He was knighted in 1881 and created baron in 1886 and earl and viscount in 1911.

Bratakusumah, Raden Ukar (b. Sept. 17, 1911, Ciamis, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Barat, Indonesia] - d. March 12, 2003, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Jawa Barat (1948-50). He was also Indonesian minister of public works (1951-52).

Brathier, Pancras, interior minister of Benin (1989-90).

Brathwaite, Sir Nicholas (Alexander) (b. July 8, 1925, Carriacou island, Grenada - d. Oct. 28, 2016, St. George's, Grenada), prime minister (1983-84, 1990-95) and foreign minister (1990, 1991-92, 1992-95) of Grenada; knighted 1995.

Bratianu, Dimitrie C(onstantin) (b. 1818, Pitesti, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. June 8, 1892, Bucharest, Romania), prime minister and foreign minister of Romania (1881). He was also mayor of Bucharest (1866-67), minister of education (1867) and public works (1867), and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1881-82).

I.C. Bratianu

Bratianu, Ion C(onstantin) (b. June 2, 1821, Pitesti, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. May 16, 1891, Florica, Romania), prime minister (1868, 1876-81, 1881-88) and acting foreign minister (1885) of Romania; brother of Dimitrie C. Bratianu. He took part in the revolution of 1848 and became one of the four secretaries of the provisional government. He was one of the leaders of the party that rejected the Russian protectorate and the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, aspiring instead to make of Romania an independent democratic state. Having been proscribed for his activity in the revolutionary cause, Bratianu withdrew to Paris, where he continued to work for the union and autonomy of the principalities of Moldavia and Walachia. He returned home in 1856. With the principalities subsequently united as Romania under Prince Alexandru Ioan, Bratianu founded the Romanian Liberal Party with his brother Dimitrie and in 1866 figured prominently in the deposing of Alexandru and the election as prince of Romania of Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later (1881) King Carol I. He was finance minister (1866, 1867-68, 1876-77, 1877, 1880, 1880-81, 1881), interior minister (1867, 1867-68, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1880, 1882, 1887-88), war minister (1868, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1881-82, 1882-84, 1887-88), and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1868-69). As finance minister, he played an important role in designing the Romanian constitution of 1866. He was arrested following an abortive anti-dynastic coup in 1870 but was soon released. Aided by his longtime political ally C.A. Rosetti, Bratianu formed a Liberal government in 1876 and remained prime minister until 1888, except for a brief interval in 1881 when his brother took over the post. His autocratic, corrupt administration, which was redeemed somewhat by constitutional and land reforms and by his own personal character, was also marked by Romania's alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary (1883). He was compelled to resign in 1888 after a riotous outbreak in Bucharest, which was only suppressed after bloodshed.

I.I.C. Bratianu

V. Bratianu

Bratianu, Ion I(on) C(onstantin), byname Ionel Bratianu (b. Aug. 20, 1864, Florica, Romania - d. Nov. 24, 1927, Bucharest), interior minister (1907-08), prime minister (1909-11, 1914-18, 1918-19, 1922-26, 1927), foreign minister (1909, 1916-18, 1918-19, 1927), and war minister (1914-16, 1922) of Romania; son of Ion C. Bratianu.

Bratianu, Vintila (Ion Constantin) (b. Sept. 16, 1867, Bucharest, Romania - d. Dec. 22, 1930, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania), war minister (1916-17), finance minister (1922-26, 1927-28), and prime minister (1927-28) of Romania; son of Ion C. Bratianu; brother of Ion I.C. Bratianu. He was also mayor of Bucharest (1907-10) and minister of war materials (1917-18).

Bratlie, Jens Kristian Meinich (b. Jan. 17, 1856, Nordre Land, Christians amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. Sept. 15, 1939, Oslo, Norway), prime minister of Norway (1912-13). He was also president of the Storting (1910-13), chairman of the Conservative Party (1911-19), and minister of defense and auditing (1912-13).

Bratteli

Bratteli, Trygve (Martin) (b. Jan. 11, 1910, Nøtterøy, Norway - d. Nov. 20, 1984, Oslo), prime minister of Norway (1971-72, 1973-76). He joined the Labour Party and became editor (1934) of the party newspaper in Kirkenes. He was secretary (1934-40) and chairman (1945-46) of the party's youth section and edited its magazine. He remained in Norway after the German invasion (1940), joining the Resistance, but he was arrested in 1942 and spent the remainder of World War II in various concentration camps in Germany. After the war he became vice-chairman of the Labour Party (1945-65). He was elected to the Storting (parliament) in 1950 and under the premiership of Einar Gerhardsen served as finance minister (1951-55, 1956-60) and minister of transport and communications (1960-64). Bratteli succeeded as party leader in 1965, forming a minority government in March 1971. An advocate of Norwegian accession to the European Communities (EC), he resigned (October 1972) following the referendum by which EC membership was rejected. He returned to power a year later at the head of a coalition of the Labour and Socialist Alliance parties, but his defeat over the EC continued to cast a cloud over his political life, and eventually undermined his position. He resigned as chairman of the Labour Party (1975) and as prime minister (January 1976). He remained a member of parliament until 1981.

Bratusek

Bratusek, Alenka (b. March 31, 1970, Celje, Slovenia), prime minister of Slovenia (2013-14). In 2014 she was named a vice president of the European Commission but then withdrew her candidacy. She was minister of infrastructure and a deputy prime minister in 2018-20.

Brauer, Max (Julius Friedrich) (b. Sept. 3, 1887, Altona, Prussia [now part of Hamburg], Germany - d. Feb. 2, 1973, Hamburg, West Germany), first mayor of Hamburg (1946-53, 1957-61). He was also lord mayor of Altona (1924-33).

Braun, Andrey (Georgiyevich) (b. Feb. 14, 1937, Rundiviziya, Chernigov oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), first secretary of the party committee (1986-91) and head (1992-97) of Tselinograd/Akmola oblast.

Braun, Christian Frédéric (b. May 30, 1958), Luxembourg diplomat. He was ambassador to Austria and Slovenia (2005-07) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-21).

Braun, Harald (b. Sept. 11, 1952, Sindelfingen, West Germany), German diplomat. He was ambassador to Burundi (1991-92) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-17).

Braun, Magnus (Alexander Maximilian) Freiherr von (b. Feb. 7, 1878, Neucken, East Prussia, Germany [now Dubki, Kaliningrad oblast, Russia] - d. Aug. 29, 1972, Oberaudorf, West Germany), German food minister (1932-33).

Braun, Pierre (b. Jan. 5, 1872, Goeblange, Luxembourg - d. March 16, 1956, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), interior minister of Luxembourg (1910-15).

Braun, Sigismund Freiherr von (b. April 15, 1911, Berlin, Germany - d. July 13, 1998, Bonn, Germany), West German diplomat; son of Magnus Freiherr von Braun; brother of rocket engineer Wernher von Braun. He was permanent observer to the United Nations (1962-68) and ambassador to France (1968-70, 1972-76).

Braun, Wolfgang (b. July 27, 1939, Magdeburg, Germany - d. May 19, 2016, Magdeburg), Regierungsbevollmächtigter of Magdeburg (1990).

Brauner, Johan friherre (b. Nov. 5, 1668, Fagerhult, Kalmar, Sweden - d. July 10, 1743), governor of Kronoberg (1727-29) and Uppsala (1729-43). He was made friherre (baron) in 1731.

Bräutigam, Hans Otto (b. Feb. 6, 1931, Völklingen, Saargebiet [now Saarland, Germany]), German politician. He was West German permanent representative in East Germany (1982-89) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1989-90) and justice minister of Brandenburg (1990-99).

Brauw, Willem Maurits de (b. Aug. 24, 1838, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Dec. 18, 1898, The Hague), king's/queen's commissioner of Zeeland (1884-97). He was also Dutch minister of colonies (1882-83).

Braverman, Suella, byname of Sue-Ellen Cassiana Braverman, née Fernandes (b. April 3, 1980, London, England), British home secretary (2022, 2022- ). She was also attorney general (2020-22).

Bravo, Federico (Saturnino) (b. 1920? - d. Oct. 26, 2010), Argentine politician/diplomat; illegitimate son of Federico Cantoni; brother of Leopoldo Bravo. He was ambassador to the Soviet Union (1983-89).

L. Bravo

Brawand

Bravo, Leopoldo (b. March 15, 1919, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina - d. Aug. 4, 2006, San Juan, San Juan), governor of San Juan (1963-66, 1982, 1983-85); illegitimate son of Federico Cantoni. He was also Argentine ambassador to Romania (1948-50), Bulgaria (1950-51), the Soviet Union (1953-55, 1976-81), and Italy (1981-82).

Bravo, Leopoldo Alfredo, byname Polo Bravo (b. July 30, 1960 - d. Oct. 30, 2010, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina), Argentine politician/diplomat; son of Leopoldo Bravo. He was ambassador to Russia (2006-10).

Bravo Ahuja, Víctor (b. Feb. 20, 1918, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico - d. Sept. 2, 1990, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico), governor of Oaxaca (1968-70). He was also Mexican minister of education (1970-76).

Bravo Izquierdo, Donato (b. Nov. 5, 1890, Coxcatlán, Puebla, Mexico - d. Aug. 21, 1971), governor of Puebla (1927-29).

Bravo Murillo, Juan (b. June 9, 1803, Fregenal de la Sierra [now in Badajoz province], Spain - d. Jan. 10, 1873, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1851-52). He was also minister of justice (1847), commerce, education, and public works (1847-48), and finance (1849, 1849-50, 1851-52) and president of the Congress of Deputies (1858).

Bravo Ortiz, Enrique (b. Jan. 27, 1878, San Carlos, Chile - d. July 22, 1966), war minister of Chile (1931).

Bravo Pardo, Flavio (b. July 18, 1921, Havana, Cuba - d. Feb. 27, 1988, Havana), a vice premier of Cuba (1972-81). He was also president of the National Assembly (1981-88).

Brawand, Samuel (b. May 18, 1898, Grindelwald, Bern, Switzerland - d. July 11, 2001, Grindelwald), president of the government of Bern (1950-51, 1961-62). He began his political career as a municipal councillor of Grindelwald. Between 1933 and 1935, he was a member of the cantonal parliament representing the Social Democratic Party. He was a member of the National Council from 1935 until he was elected as a cantonal government minister in 1947. He headed the department for construction and railways for 15 years. In 1955-67, he was a member of the National Council again.

Brax, Tuija (Kaarina) (b. Jan. 6, 1965, Helsinki, Finland), justice minister of Finland (2007-11).

Brayko, Mikhail (Grigoryevich) (b. Aug. 13, 1784 - d. May 8, 1848, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Georgia province (1837-38).

Braz, Félix (b. March 16, 1966, Differdange, Luxembourg), justice minister (2013-19) and a deputy prime minister (2018-19) of Luxembourg.

Brazauskas

Brazauskas, Algirdas (Mykolas) (b. Sept. 22, 1932, Rokiskis, Lithuania - d. June 26, 2010, Vilnius, Lithuania), president (1992-98) and prime minister (2001-06) of Lithuania. He was minister of the building materials industry (1965-66), first secretary of the Communist Party (1988-89) and of the Independent Communist Party (1989-90), and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1990) of the Lithuanian S.S.R. In 1990 he transformed his party into the Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (LDDP). Helping lead the country towards independence, he became acting president after the LDDP won a majority of seats in the general election for the new parliament in 1992, then in 1993 he became the first elected president. He did not stand for reelection in 1998 and returned to parliament to lead the LDDP. He united the political left behind the A. Brazauskas Social Democratic Coalition, which went on to electoral success in October 2000. Although his claims to the right to try and form a government were overlooked by Pres. Valdas Adamkus, the subsequently-formed right-wing coalition collapsed in June 2001. Brazauskas, now chairman of the new Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (formed by the merger in January of his LDDP with the existing LSDP), was called upon to form a government. Like before as president, he promoted Lithuania's economic freedom and eventual membership in the EU and NATO. He resigned in 2006 amid accusations of economic corruption, and the next year he retired as leader of the LSDP. Brazauskas was awarded Russia's Order of Honour in 2010 for his diplomatic role in strengthening cooperation and relations between Russia and Lithuania.

Brazza

Brazza, Pierre (Paul François Camille) Savorgnan de, original name Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà (b. Jan. 26, 1852, Castel Gandolfo, Papal State [now in Lazio, Italy] - d. Sept. 14, 1905, Dakar, Senegal), commissioner-general of French Congo (1886-97). He became a naturalized French citizen on Aug. 12, 1874, adopting the French spelling of his name.

Breathitt, Edward T(hompson, Jr.), byname Ned Breathitt (b. Nov. 26, 1924, Hopkinsville, Ky. - d. Oct. 14, 2003, Lexington, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1963-67). He was elected to the Kentucky House in 1951, serving from 1952 to 1958. He worked for Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson in 1952 and was on the campaign staff that returned former vice president Alben Barkley to the U.S. Senate in 1954. Racial harmony was a theme of Breathitt's inaugural speech as governor on Dec. 10, 1963. But Congress was debating a civil rights bill at the time, and state lawmakers were unwilling to take the lead in enacting a state civil rights law. The Breathitt administration's bill was later killed in committee. Finally, in 1966, Kentucky became the first southern state to enact a civil rights law, which went farther than the federal law in prohibiting racial discrimination in hiring. "This is only a beginning," Breathitt said at the bill-signing ceremony. "Only in the human heart can justice win the final victory." Later governors appointed Breathitt to the Council on Higher Education and the governing boards of Morehead State University, Kentucky State University, and the University of Kentucky, where he spent seven more years as trustees chairman. He became the Southern Railway System's general counsel after leaving the governorship, moved to Washington, D.C., as a vice president in 1972 and was the company's top lobbyist for 20 years.

Breathitt, John (b. Sept. 9, 1786, Henry county, Va. - d. Feb. 21, 1834, Frankfort, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1832-34).

Brechalov

Brechalov, Aleksandr (Vladimirovich) (b. Nov. 18, 1973, Tlustenkhabl, Adygey autonomous oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of the republic of Udmurtia (2017- ).

Breckinridge, John (b. Dec. 2, 1760, near Staunton, Virginia - d. Dec. 14, 1806, near Lexington, Ky.), U.S. attorney general (1805-06). He was also a senator from Kentucky (1801-05).

J.C. Breckinridge

Breckinridge, John C(abell) (b. Jan. 21, 1821, near Lexington, Ky. - d. May 17, 1875, Lexington), U.S. vice president (1857-61); grandson of John Breckinridge. He began his political career in 1849 as a member of the Kentucky legislature. In 1851 he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. During this troubled antebellum period, he established his reputation as a faithful Democrat, and when his party nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania for president in 1856, Breckinridge was a natural choice to "balance the ticket" between North and South. Once in office, however, Buchanan and Breckinridge were unable to fend off the sectional conflict. Challenged by the newly formed Republican Party, which resisted extension of slavery into the territories, the Democrats broke apart at their national convention in the summer of 1860. The Northern wing nominated Stephen A. Douglas on a platform favouring popular sovereignty (local option), while the Southerners chose Breckinridge on a separate ticket demanding federal intervention in behalf of slave property in the territories. Defeated in the November election by Republican Abraham Lincoln, Breckinridge succeeded John J. Crittenden as U.S. senator from Kentucky in March 1861, but he resigned later that year. He never ceased working for accommodation and compromise, but after the firing on Ft. Sumter, S.C. (April 12), he maintained that the Union no longer existed. He was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army in November. After the Battle of Shiloh (April 6-7, 1862), in which he commanded the reserve, he was promoted to the rank of major general and thereafter took part in many campaigns. In the final months of the war, Breckinridge served as Confederate secretary of war.

Bredal, Johan Olaf (b. March 10, 1862, Laurvig [now Larvik], Jarlsberg og Laurvigs amt [now in Vestfold og Telemark fylke], Norway - d. April 26, 1948, Oslo, Norway), justice minister of Norway (1907-08).

Breder, Paul Peter Vilhelm (b. April 10, 1816, Fredrikshald, Smaalenenes amt [now Halden, Viken fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 15, 1890, Drammen, Buskerud [now in Viken], Norway), governor of Nordland (1854-58) and Buskerud (1858-82).

Bredt, Johann Victor (b. March 2, 1879, Barmen, Prussia [now part of Wuppertal, Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Dec. 1, 1940, Marburg, Prussia [now in Hessen], Germany), justice minister of Germany (1930).

Breen, Henry Heggart (b. 1805, Tabart, County Kerry, Ireland - d. Nov. 2, 1881), administrator of Saint Lucia (1857-62).

Brega

Brega, Gheorghe (b. Sept. 28, 1951, Drepcauti, Moldavian S.S.R.), acting prime minister of Moldova (2015-16). He was deputy prime minister for social issues (2015-17).

Breisky, Walter (b. July 8, 1871, Bern, Switzerland - d. Sept. 25, 1944, Klosterneuburg, Germany [now in Niederösterreich, Austria]), interior minister (1920, 1921, 1922), defense minister (1920, 1921), vice chancellor (1920-22), and chancellor and foreign minister (1922) of Austria.

Breitenstein, (Fredrik) Wilhelm (b. May 17, 1933, Tampere, Finland - d. June 6, 2005, Helsinki, Finland), Finnish diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-98).

Brejski, Jan (b. Feb. 20, 1863, Ponschau, Prussia [now Paczewo, near Starogard Gdanski, Poland] - d. Dec. 10, 1934, Torun, Poland), governor of Pomorskie województwo (1920-24).

Bremer

Bremer, Paul, in full Lewis Paul Bremer III (b. Sept. 30, 1941, Hartford, Conn.), head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003-04). He joined the U.S. diplomatic corps in 1967, serving at the embassies in Afghanistan, Malawi, and Norway, and as a special assistant to Henry Kissinger in 1972-76 and to Alexander Haig in the early 1980s. He was named ambassador to the Netherlands by Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1983, and ambassador-at-large for counterterrorism in 1986. On retiring from the foreign service in 1989, he became a managing director of the Kissinger Group, a consultancy on international issues, until 2000. He was appointed chair of the National Commission on Terrorism in 1999. In May 2003 he replaced Lt.Gen. Jay Garner as the top civilian administrator of occupied Iraq. Reporting to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Bremer's role was to oversee the U.S.-led occupation until such time as the transition could be made to Iraqi self-rule. He was empowered to issue decrees and oversee reconstruction efforts and the creation of new institutions and governing structures. The first orders he issued were to ban members of the Ba`th Party from holding public office, and to disband the Iraqi army; these decisions have been widely criticized as major causes of the insurgency in the course of which over 100,000 people were killed. In July 2003 he appointed an Iraqi interim governing council, but had veto powers over its proposals. He faced major challenges in restoring law and order and power supplies, and in dealing with insurgents. He remained in charge until the formal return of sovereignty to the interim Iraqi government on June 28, 2004.

Brende

Brende, Børge (b. Sept. 25, 1965, Odda, Hordaland [now in Vestland], Norway), foreign minister of Norway (2013-17). He was also minister of environment (2001-04) and industry and trade (2004-05).

Brenes Jarquín, Carlos Alberto (b. Dec. 2, 1884, Masaya, Nicaragua - d. Jan. 2, 1942, Managua, Nicaragua), acting president of Nicaragua (1936-37). He was also minister to the United States (1937).

Brennan, John (Owen) (b. Sept. 22, 1955, North Bergen, N.J.), director of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (2013-17).

Brennan, Peter J(oseph) (b. May 24, 1918, New York City - d. Oct. 2, 1996, Massapequa, Long Island, N.Y.), U.S. secretary of labor (1973-75). He served as a chief petty officer during World War II in a submarine in the Pacific, but when he returned to civilian life he quickly became more involved in union activities. In 1957, Brennan was elected president of the Building and Construction Trades Council of Greater New York, an umbrella organization of unions with 250,000 members at the time. He was also president of the council's New York State counterpart and served as vice president of the state AFL-CIO. Brennan rose to national prominence in 1970 when he organized 100,000 construction workers to rally for Pres. Richard Nixon's policies on the Vietnam War. A counterdemonstration by Vietnam War opponents led to a clash with the workers, and many antiwar protesters were beaten. Nixon thanked Brennan for the support by inviting him to the White House and presenting him with a white hard hat stamped with an American flag and the title "Commander in Chief." The links that Nixon formed with the rank and file of traditionally Democratic unions contributed to his landslide re-election in 1972. Nixon nominated Brennan as secretary of labor not long after the election, and Brennan held the post from Feb. 2, 1973, until Pres. Gerald Ford replaced him in 1975. During his tenure, he was credited with helping strengthen pension plan safeguards and worker safety enforcement. But he clashed with AFL-CIO President George Meany on minimum wage policy. Ford offered Brennan the post of ambassador to Ireland, but Brennan declined and returned to New York, where he resumed the presidency of the construction trades council.

Brenner, Ernst (b. Dec. 9, 1856, Basel, Switzerland - d. March 11, 1911, Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France), president of Switzerland (1901, 1908). He was also president of the government of Basel-Stadt (1887-88, 1894-95), president of the National Council (1894-95), president of the Liberal-Democratic Party (1896), and minister of justice and police (1897-1900, 1902-07, 1909-11) and finance and customs (acting, 1902).

Brentano

Brentano (di Tremezzo), Heinrich von (b. June 20, 1904, Offenbach, Germany - d. Nov. 14, 1964, Darmstadt, West Germany), foreign minister of West Germany (1955-61).

Brentford, William Joynson-Hicks, (1st) Viscount, byname Jix, original name William Hicks (b. June 23, 1865, London, England - d. June 8, 1932, Newick Park, Sussex, England), British home secretary (1924-29). He was also postmaster-general and paymaster-general (1923) and health minister (1923-24). He added the surname Joynson on marriage in 1895 and was created baronet in 1919 and viscount in 1929.

Bresani (del Villar), Federico (b. May 3, 1836, Lima, Peru - d. Nov. 1, 1910, Miraflores, Lima province, Peru), finance minister (1895) and second vice president (1899-1903) of Peru.

Bresis

Bresis, Vilnis Edvins (b. Jan. 30, 1938, Jelgava, Latvia - d. Oct. 25, 2017), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Latvian S.S.R. (1988-90).

Bressolles, Louis (Henri François Denis), acting governor of Ivory Coast (1938-39) and governor of Martinique (1940-41).

Bresson, Charles Joseph, comte (b. March 27, 1798, Épinal, France - d. Nov. 2, 1847, Naples, Two Sicilies [now in Italy]), foreign minister of France (1834). He was also minister to Hanover (1830-32), Bavaria (1832-33), Prussia (1833-43), and the Two Sicilies (1847) and ambassador to Spain (1843-47).

Bret, Charles Wangel (b. Feb. 24, 1791, Lyon, France - d. Sept. 14, 1860, Précieux, Loire, France), French administrator. He was prefect of the départements of Loire (1832-33, 1851-52), Haut-Rhin (1833-48), Haute-Garonne (1852), and Rhône (1852-53).

Bretas, Agostinho José Ferreira (baptized March 4, 1812, Vila Rica [now Ouro Preto], Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Sept. 27, 1905, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais), acting president of Minas Gerais (1870).

Breton, Thierry (b. Jan. 15, 1955, Paris, France), economy, finance, and industry minister of France (2005-07). He is also EU commissioner for internal market (2019- ).

Breugel Douglas, Casper baron van (b. Jan. 5, 1896, Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland - d. Aug. 10, 1982, Cannes, France), Dutch diplomat. He was ambassador to Greece (1937-41), China (1942-43), and the Soviet Union (1943-46).

Brevern, Ivan (Khristoforovich fon), German Johann von Brevern (b. Dec. 3, 1813, Jörden, Russia [now Juuru, Estonia] - d. April 29, 1885, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Courland (1858-68); son of Khristofor Brevern.

Brevern, Khristofor (Ivanovich fon), German Christoph Engelbrecht von Brevern (b. Dec. 17, 1782, Kostifer, Russia [now Kostivere, Estonia] - d. Jan. 4, 1863, Mitava, Russia [now Jelgava, Latvia]), governor of Courland (1827-53).

Brévié, (Joseph) Jules (b. March 12, 1880, Bagnères-de-Luchon, Haute-Garonne, France - d. March 12, 1964), commissioner (1921-22) and lieutenant governor (1922-29) of Niger, governor of Ivory Coast (1930), governor-general of French West Africa (1930-36) and French Indochina (1936-39), and French minister of colonies (1942-43).

Brewah, Luseni A(lfred) M(orlu) (b. April 21, 1924, Taiama, Sierra Leone - d. 1978, Freetown, Sierra Leone), foreign minister of Sierra Leone (1968-69). He was also minister of health (1969-71) and works (1974-76) and attorney general (1971-74).

Brewer, Jan, byname of Janice Kay Brewer, née Drinkwine (b. Sept. 26, 1944, Hollywood, Calif.), governor of Arizona (2009-15).

Brewster, Benjamin H(arris) (b. Oct. 13, 1816, Salem, N.J. - d. April 4, 1888, Philadelphia, Pa.), U.S. attorney general (1882-85); son-in-law of Robert J. Walker.

Brezhnev

Brezhnev, Leonid (Ilich) (b. Dec. 19, 1906, Kamenskoye, Russia [now Kamyanske, Ukraine] - d. Nov. 10, 1982, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet Communist Party leader (1964-82). He became a full member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1931. By 1939 he had become a secretary of the party committee of Dnepropetrovsk oblast. During World War II he served as a political commissar in the Red Army. He was first secretary of the party committees of Zaporozhye (1946-47) and Dnepropetrovsk (1947-50) oblasti. In 1950 he was sent to Moldavia as first secretary of the Moldavian Communist Party. In 1952 he became a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU and a candidate member of the Politburo, but he lost those posts after Stalin's death (March 1953). In 1955 he became first secretary of the Kazakhstan Communist Party, and in 1956 he was reelected to his posts on the CPSU Central Committee and the Politburo. A year later, Brezhnev was made a full member of the Politburo, and in 1960 he became chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (titular head of state). In July 1964 he resigned that post to become Nikita Khrushchev's assistant as second secretary of the Central Committee, by which time he was considered Khrushchev's heir apparent as party leader. Three months later, however, he helped lead the coalition that forced Khrushchev from power, and became (Oct. 15, 1964) first secretary of the CPSU (after 1966, general secretary). During the 1970s he attempted to normalize relations between West Germany and the Warsaw Pact and to ease tensions with the United States through the policy known as détente. He was elected chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in June 1977, thus becoming the first person in Soviet history to hold both the leadership of the party and of the state. He retained his hold on power to the end despite his frail health and growing feebleness.

Brezzo (Paredes), Luis (Andrés) (b. March 20, 1939, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Sept. 20, 2002, Montevideo), defense minister of Uruguay (2000-02). He was also minister of labour and social security (1989-90) and agriculture and fishing (1999-2000).

Briand

Briand, Aristide (Pierre Henri) (b. March 28, 1862, Nantes, France - d. March 7, 1932, Paris, France), prime minister (1909-11, 1913, 1915-17, 1921-22, 1925-26, 1929) and foreign minister (1915-17, 1921-22, 1925-26, 1926-32) of France. In 1894 he succeeded in getting the sharply divided French trade unionists to adopt the general strike as a political tactic at a workers' congress at Nantes. After three unsuccessful attempts (1889, 1893, and 1898) to be elected to the Chamber of Deputies, Briand became secretary-general of the Socialist Party in 1901. In 1902 he finally won election as a deputy from the Loire département and remained a member of the chamber until his death. Briand's first great success in government came with his work on the commission that drafted a law of separation of church and state in 1905. This achievement led to his appointment as minister of public instruction and fine arts (1906-08) and worship (1906-11), but his acceptance of a post in a bourgeois cabinet widened his break with Jean Jaurès and other Socialists. He also held the portfolios of justice (1908-09, 1912-13, 1914-15), interior (1909-11, 1913), and defense (interim, 1911). In 1909 he became premier for the first time. His successes were the Pact of Locarno (1925), in which he, Gustav Stresemann of Germany, and Austen Chamberlain of Britain sought to normalize relations between Germany and its former enemies; and the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Aug. 27, 1928), in which 60 nations agreed to outlaw war as an instrument of national policy. His efforts for international cooperation, the League of Nations, and world peace brought him the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1926, which he shared with Stresemann. In December 1930 Briand publicly, and boldly for the times, advocated a federal union of Europe. He finally retired in January 1932, after an unsuccessful campaign for the French presidency in 1931.

Briare, Bill, byname of William H. Briare (b. July 13, 1930, Long Beach, Calif. - d. Dec. 8, 2006), mayor of Las Vegas (1975-87).

Brice, James (b. Aug. 26, 1746, Annapolis, Maryland - d. July 11, 1801), mayor of Annapolis (1782-83, 1788-89) and acting governor of Maryland (1792); son of John Brice.

Brice, John (b. Nov. 4, 1705 - d. Sept. 26, 1766, Charles county, Maryland), mayor of Annapolis (1755-56, 1762-63).

Brice, John, III (b. Sept. 22, 1738, Annapolis, Maryland - d. July 20, 1820, Baltimore, Md.), mayor of Annapolis (1780-81); son of John Brice.

Briceño

Briceño, Johnny, byname of Juan Antonio Briceño, also known as John Briceño (b. July 17, 1960, Orange Walk, British Honduras [now Belize]), prime minister and finance minister of Belize (2020- ). He was also deputy prime minister (1998-2007) and minister of natural resources and environment (1998-2007) and commerce and industry (2000-04).

Briceño (Torrealba), José Gregorio (b. July 25, 1965), governor of Monagas (2004-12).

Briceño Iragorry, Mario (b. Sept. 15, 1897, Trujillo, Trujillo, Venezuela - d. June 6, 1958, Caracas, Venezuela), president of Carabobo (1928) and Bolívar (1943-44). He was also Venezuelan minister to Costa Rica and other Central American countries (1936-41), president of Congress (1945), and ambassador to Colombia (1949-50), besides being a noted writer.

Brick, Martin (b. March 18, 1939, Demmin, Prussia [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern], Germany), Regierungsbevollmächtigter of Neubrandenburg district (1990) and Landesbevollmächtigter of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1990).

Bricker, John W(illiam) (b. Sept. 6, 1893, near Mount Sterling, Ohio - d. March 22, 1986, Columbus, Ohio), governor of Ohio (1939-45). He was also Republican vice presidential nominee (1944) and a U.S. senator from Ohio (1947-59).

Bricq, Nicole (b. June 10, 1947, La Rochefoucauld, Charente, France - d. Aug. 6, 2017, Poitiers, Vienne, France), French politician. She was minister of ecology, sustainable development, and energy (2012) and external commerce (2012-14).

Brid (Lasso), Demetrio H(onorato) (b. Dec. 21, 1859, Panama City, Colombia [now in Panama] - d. May 27, 1917, Panama City), president of the Municipal Council of the District of Panama (1903). He was officially recognized as the "Primer Presidente del Estado de Facto" by a 1953 law.

Bridgeman, William Clive Bridgeman, (1st) Viscount (b. Dec. 31, 1864, London, England - d. Aug. 14, 1935, Leigh Manor, near Minsterley, Shropshire, England), British home secretary (1922-24) and first lord of the Admiralty (1924-29). He was also chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation (1935). He was created viscount in 1929.

Bridges, Harry, originally Alfred Bryant Renton Bridges (b. July 28, 1901, Kensington, near Melbourne, Vic. - d. March 30, 1990, San Francisco, Calif.), president of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (1937-77).

Bridges, (Henry) Styles (b. Sept. 9, 1898, West Pembroke, Maine - d. Nov. 26, 1961, Concord, N.H.), governor of New Hampshire (1935-37) and president pro tempore of the United States Senate (1953-55).

Bridges, Sir (George) Tom (Molesworth) (b. Aug. 20, 1871, Eltham, Kent, England - d. Nov. 26, 1939, Brighton, Sussex, England), governor of South Australia (1922-27); knighted 1919.

Brieba Arán, Luis (Felipe) (b. May 18, 1870, Copiapó, Chile - d. May 21, 1945, Santiago, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1924).

Brière, Ernest (Albert) (b. Dec. 16, 1848, Lieurey, Eure, France - d. Nov. 26, 1904, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), resident-superior of Tonkin (1889-91) and Annam (1891-97).

Brière de l'Isle, Louis (Alexandre Esprit Gaston) (b. June 4, 1827, Le François, Martinique - d. June 17, 1896, Saint-Leu-Taverny, Seine-et-Oise [now Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Val-d'Oise], France), governor of Senegal (1876-80).

Briey, Camille, comte de, baron de Landres (b. June 28, 1799, Ruette, France [now in Belgium] - d. June 3, 1877, Laclaireau castle, near Virton, Belgium), finance minister (1841) and foreign minister (1841-43) of Belgium. He was also minister to the German Confederation (1843-53) and Russia (1853-55).

Bright, John (b. Nov. 16, 1811, Rochdale, Lancashire, England - d. March 27, 1889, Rochdale), British politician. He was president of the Board of Trade (1868-71) and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1873-74, 1880-82).

Bright, Richard S.S. (b. Dec. 19, 1907, Monrovia, Liberia - d. ...), Liberian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1952-55).

Brilej, Joze, byname Bolko (b. Oct. 1, 1910, Planina, Austria [now in Slovenia] - d. May 8, 1981, Ljubljana, Slovenia), Yugoslav diplomat. He was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1950-52) and Egypt (1952-53, 1961-63) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1954-58).

Brilhante, Félix de Azambuja (b. Feb. 3, 1891 - d. Nov. 2?, 1968), governor of Fernando de Noronha (1944-45).

Brill, Hermann (Louis) (b. Feb. 9, 1895, Gräfenroda, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha [now in Thüringen], Germany - d. June 22, 1959, Wiesbaden, Hessen, West Germany), president of the government of Thüringen (1945).

Brin, Benedetto (b. May 17, 1833, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia [now in Italy] - d. May 24, 1898, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Italy (1892-93). He was also navy minister (1876-78, 1878, 1884-91, 1892, 1896-98).

Brin, Frants (Abramovich) (b. 1761 - d. Feb. 23, 1844, Moscow, Russia), governor of Smolensk (1805-07), Tomsk (1808-10), and Tobolsk (1810-21).

Brincat, Joseph (b. March 22, 1944), justice (and lands, housing, and parliamentary affairs) minister of Malta (1979-81).

Brincat, Leo (b. Sept. 26, 1949, Malta), finance minister of Malta (1997-98). He was also minister of commerce (1996-98) and sustainable development, environment, and climate change (2013-16).

Brinckman, Carl Gustaf friherre von (b. Feb. 24, 1764, Nacka, Stockholm county, Sweden - d. Dec. 25, 1847, Stockholm, Sweden), Swedish diplomat; cousin of Gustaf Anton af Brinkman. He was minister to Prussia (1807-08) and the United Kingdom (1808-10). He was made friherre (baron) in 1835.

Brinegar, Claude S(tout), original name Claude Rawles Stout (b. Dec. 16, 1926, Rockport, Calif. - d. March 13, 2009, Palo Alto, Calif.), U.S. secretary of transportation (1973-75).

Brink, Jan van den, byname of Johannes Roelof Maria van den Brink (b. April 12, 1915, Laren, Noord-Holland, Netherlands - d. July 19, 2006, Hilversum, Noord-Holland), economic affairs minister of the Netherlands (1948-52).

Brinkman, Gustaf Anton af, until 1817 Gustaf Anton von Brinckman (b. Feb. 8, 1760 - d. June 5, 1822, Copenhagen, Denmark), governor of Blekinge (1813-22).

Briones (Rojas), Ignacio (b. Dec. 12, 1972, Santiago, Chile), finance minister of Chile (2019-21).

Briones Dávila, Juan (Abraham) (b. Aug. 24, 1937, Lima, Peru), interior minister of Peru (1991-97).

Briones Luco, Ramón (b. July 6, 1872, Chimbarongo, Chile - d. Aug. 16, 1949, Santiago, Chile), foreign minister of Chile (1924). He was also minister to industry, public works, and railways (1918) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1918-20).

Briones Olivos, Carlos (Octavio) (b. June 9, 1914, Bulnes, Chile - d. Jan. 19, 2000), interior minister of Chile (1973).

Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall, (1st) Baronet, original name Thomas Brisbane (b. July 23, 1773, Brisbane House, near Largs, Ayrshire, Scotland - d. Jan. 27, 1860, Brisbane House), governor of New South Wales (1821-25). He was knighted in 1814, added Makdougall to his name in 1826, and was created a baronet in 1836. The capital of Queensland is named after him.

Brisset, André (b. Aug. 8, 1808, Angers, France - d. ...), commandant-particular of Gabon (1844-46, 1847-48), commandant of Sainte-Marie de Madagascar (1850-51) and Nossi-Bé (1853-54), and acting commandant-superior of Mayotte (1853-54).

Brisson, (Eugène) Henri (b. July 31, 1835, Bourges, France - d. April 14, 1912, Paris, France), prime minister of France (1885-86, 1898). He was also minister of justice (1885-86) and interior (1898) and chairman of the Chamber of Deputies (1881-85, 1894-98, 1904-05, 1906-12).

Bristol, George William Hervey, (2nd) Earl of (b. Aug. 3, 1721 - d. March 18, 1775, Bath, Somerset, England), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1766-67); son of John Hervey, Baron Hervey of Ickworth. He was also British minister to Sardinia (1755-58), ambassador to Spain (1758-61), and lord privy seal (1768-70). He succeeded as (3rd) Baron Hervey of Ickworth in 1743 and as Earl of Bristol in 1751.

Bristow, Benjamin H(elm) (b. June 20, 1832, Elkton, Ky. - d. June 22, 1896, New York City), U.S. solicitor general (1870-72) and secretary of the treasury (1874-76).

Brito, Antonio Elisiario de Miranda e (b. 1786, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Oct. 22, 1858), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1836, 1837-39).

Brito, Camillo Augusto Maria de (b. 1842, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. 1924), president of Goiás (1884).

Brito, Carlos (Eugénio Pereira de) (b. Nov. 19, 1935, Porto, Portugal), defense minister of Portugal (1990). He was also governor of Porto (1985-87).

Brito, Felizardo Toscano de (b. 1814, Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Nov. 29, 1876, Paraíba [now João Pessoa], Paraíba), acting president of Paraíba (1864, 1865-66).

Brito, Gratuliano da Costa (b. Sept. 6, 1905, São João do Cariri, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Jan. 28, 1982, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Paraíba (1932-34).

Brito, Joaquim Marcelino de (b. June 2, 1799, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. Jan. 26, 1879), principal minister of Brazil (1846-47). He was also president of Sergipe (1831-33) and Pernambuco (1844) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1840-41).

J. Brito

Brito, José (b. March 19, 1944, Dakar, Senegal), foreign minister of Cape Verde (2008-11). He was also ambassador to the United States, Canada, and Mexico (2001-06) and minister of economy, growth, and competitiveness (2006-08).

Brito, José Accioli de (b. 1852 - d. July 1889, aboard the La Plata en route from France to Brazil), president of Goiás (1884-85).

Brito, José Antonio Alves de, acting president of Minas Gerais (1884, 1885).

Brito, José Inácio Xavier de (b. Dec. 4, 1845, Goiás, Goiás, Brazil - d. Jan. 7, 1910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Goiás (1893-95).

Brito, Laurindo Abelardo de (b. Sept. 8, 1827, Montevideo, United Provinces of the Río de la Plata [now in Uruguay] - d. April 8, 1885, São Paulo, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1879-81).

Brito (Checchi), Mariano (Romeo) (b. Jan. 24, 1930 - d. Jan. 31, 2014), defense minister of Uruguay (1990-93).

Brito, Paulo José de Mello Azevedo e (b. 1779, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. Sept. 25, 1848, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Bahia (1840-41).

Britos, Oraldo (Norvel) (b. Aug. 24, 1933, Villa Mercedes, San Luis province, Argentina), labour minister of Argentina (2001).

Brittan

Brittan of Spennithorne, Leon Brittan, Baron (b. Sept. 25, 1939, London, England - d. Jan. 21, 2015, London), British politician. After two unsuccessful attempts to enter Parliament he became member for the Yorkshire constituency of Cleveland and Whitby in 1974. He was appointed minister of state at the Home Office when the Conservatives won power in 1979. Two years later he joined the cabinet as chief secretary to the Treasury. He was the youngest member of the cabinet formed after the June 1983 election. Appointed home secretary at the age of 43, he was the youngest to hold that office since Winston Churchill in 1910-11. He found himself somewhat uneasily poised between the reformist tradition of the old Conservative Party and the monetarists of the new right. In economics he was a convinced monetarist; as home secretary his instincts were for humane and rational reforms, which set him apart from the simplistic prejudices of some of the Tory right wing. Nevertheless, when the Commons debated (and rejected) restoration of capital punishment, favoured by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher among other Conservatives, his equivocal stance disappointed abolitionists. In 1985 he was appointed secretary of state for trade and industry. After four months, however, he was forced to resign. He was engaged in a battle with Michael Heseltine, the defense secretary, over a small, ailing helicopter company, Westland PLC. The issue was trivial but was inflated into a row that at one point threatened Thatcher's government. Heseltine was forced to resign in January 1986 - followed later that month by Brittan's resignation. On Thatcher's nomination he was knighted (1989) and became a member (for competition 1989-93, trade 1993-99, and external relations with North America and certain Pacific Rim countries 1995-99) and a vice president (1989-93, 1995-99) of the European Commission. In 2000 he was created a life peer.

Britto, Antônio, Filho (b. July 1, 1952, Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Sul (1995-99). He was also Brazilian minister of social welfare (1992-93).

Briz

Brizan

Briz Abularach, Jorge (b. Sept. 27, 1955, Guatemala City), foreign minister of Guatemala (2004-06).

Brizan, George (Ignatius) (b. Oct. 31, 1942, Windsor Forest, Grenada - d. Feb. 18, 2012, St. George's, Grenada), prime minister of Grenada (1995). He was minister of agriculture (1984-87, 1992-95), education and culture (1987-88), finance (1990-92), and trade and industry (1990-95).

Brizola

Brizola, Leonel (de Moura) (b. Jan. 22, 1922, Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. June 21, 2004, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio Grande do Sul (1959-63) and Rio de Janeiro (1983-87, 1991-94); brother-in-law of João Goulart. In 1947 he won a seat in the Rio Grande do Sul state legislature for the Brazilian Labor Party, which he had joined two years earlier. He rose quickly through the party ranks and in 1954 was elected to the federal congress. One year later he was elected mayor of Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. In 1958 he won the state's gubernatorial race and during his four-year tenure expropriated - without compensation - U.S.-owned utility companies. In 1962 he was again elected to the lower house Chamber of Deputies, this time for the state of Guanabara (now part of Rio de Janeiro). In 1964, the armed forces overthrew leftist president Goulart; he and Brizola went into exile. Brizola, one of Brazil's most skilled public speakers, was widely viewed as Goulart's successor in the presidential elections scheduled for 1965, and some observers said he was the real target of the coup, which ushered in a military dictatorship that lasted 21 years. Brizola organized the so-called "Groups of 11," armed cells designed to resist the dictatorship. After living in Uruguay, the U.S., and Portugal, he returned to Brazil in 1979, when Pres. João Figueiredo signed an amnesty law. He quickly returned to politics, founding the Democratic Labor Party and getting elected as governor of Rio de Janeiro in 1982 and 1990. He ran for president in 1989, but was narrowly edged out from the runoff by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola took another stab at the presidency in 1994 and lost and in 1998 was Lula's running mate in an election won by Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He ran for mayor of Rio de Janeiro in 2000 but got just 9% of the vote.

Brizuela (Boillat) de Ávila, María Eugenia (de Ávila by marriage), byname Mayu Brizuela (b. Oct. 31, 1956, San Salvador, El Salvador), foreign minister of El Salvador (1999-2004).

Brizuela del Moral, Eduardo (Segundo) (b. Aug. 20, 1944, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Catamarca, Argentina - d. Aug. 25, 2021, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca), governor of Catamarca (2003-11).

Brnabic

Brnabic, Ana (b. Sept. 28, 1975, Belgrade, Serbia), prime minister of Serbia (2017- ). She was also minister of public administration and local government (2016-17). She is Eastern Europe's first openly gay or lesbian head of government.

Broadbent

Broadbent, (John) Edward (b. March 21, 1936, Oshawa, Ontario), leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (1975-89). He was elected to parliament in 1968 where he served until he resigned in 1989. Under his leadership the NDP made modest gains as Canada's third party. From 1978 to 1982 he was also vice president of the Socialist International.

Broadley, Sir Herbert (b. Nov. 23, 1892 - d. June 2, 1983), acting director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (1956); knighted 1947. He entered the civil service in 1912 and served in the Military Department of the India Office from then until 1920. From 1920 he served in the Board of Trade but he resigned from the civil service in 1926. In 1939 he joined the Ministry of Food becoming a deputy secretary in 1941 and a second secretary in 1945. He was leader of the U.K. delegations to the international wheat conferences of 1947 and 1948. From 1948 to 1958 he was deputy director-general of the FAO, and he was also representative in Britain of UNICEF.

Broberg

Broberg, Pele (b. 1972, Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland), finance minister (2018) and foreign minister (2021) of Greenland. He has also been minister of industry, trade, and climate (2021- ).

Brochard, Victor (Jean), resident of Wallis and Futuna (1909-11, 1912-14) and governor of Réunion (1919-20).

Brock, William E(merson, III), byname Bill Brock (b. Nov. 23, 1930, Chattanooga, Tenn. - d. March 25, 2021, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1977-81) and U.S. trade representative (1981-85) and labor secretary (1985-87).

Brockdorff-Rantzau

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich Graf von (count of) (b. May 29, 1869, Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia - d. Sept. 8, 1928, Berlin, Germany), foreign minister of Germany (1918-19). In 1894 he entered the diplomatic service and in 1909 he was appointed consul-general at Budapest. As German minister in Copenhagen (1912-18), he supported the Danish policy of neutrality during World War I and was able to maintain German-Danish trade. In the later stages of the war he was widely regarded as the coming leader of German foreign policy, but his services were not called upon until, after the collapse, he was appointed foreign minister in the revolutionary government in December 1918, a post in which he was confirmed when, after the meeting of the National Assembly at Weimar in February 1919, the first republican government emerged. At the Paris peace conference he argued in vain for better conditions of peace for Germany. Unable to dissuade his government from ratifying the Treaty of Versailles, he resigned his post as foreign minister in June 1919. In 1922 he became the first German ambassador to the Soviet Union, where he and Soviet statesman Georgy Chicherin worked to consolidate the German-Soviet rapprochement inaugurated by the Treaty of Rapallo. The German-Soviet Treaty of Berlin (April 1926) counterbalanced the Locarno Pact of 1925, which had seemed to link Germany too closely with the Western powers.

Brocklehurst, George James (b. Sept. 25, 1906, Christchurch, N.Z. - d. September? 1987, Auckland, N.Z.), high commissioner of the Cook Islands (1972-74).

Bródi, Gábor (b. May 8, 1953, Vértes, Hungary), Hungarian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-09).

Brodin, Gunnar (b. June 1, 1931, Östersund, Jämtland, Sweden - d. Dec. 24, 2009), governor of Norrbotten (1992-95).

Broek, Hans van den (b. Dec. 11, 1936, Paris, France), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1982-93). He was also European commissioner for common foreign and security policy (1993-99), external political relations (1993-95), and external relations with certain European and Asian countries (1995-99).

Broek, Samuel Bartholomeus van den (b. 17... - d. Oct. 11, 1817), commander of Aruba (1806-...) and Bonaire (1815-17).

Broek-Laman Trip, Nicoline (Hobbine) van den (b. July 19, 1937, Eindhoven), acting queen's commissioner of Gelderland (1990-91).

Brofoss, Erik (b. June 21, 1908, Kongsberg, Norway - d. May 6, 1979, Oslo, Norway), finance minister of Norway (1945-47). He was also minister of trade and shipping (1947-54) and chief of the central bank (1954-70).

Brogli

Brogli, Roland (b. June 11, 1951, Zeiningen, Aargau, Switzerland - d. June 12, 2017), Landammann of Aargau (2004-05, 2009-10, 2014).

Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, (3^e) duc de (b. Nov. 28, 1785, Paris, France - d. Jan. 25, 1870, Paris), foreign minister (1832-34, 1835-36) and prime minister (1835-36) of France. He was also interior minister (1830), minister of public instruction and worship and minister presiding the Council of State (1830), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1847-48).

Broglie, (Jacques Victor) Albert, (4^e) duc de (b. June 13, 1821, Paris, France - d. Jan. 19, 1901, Paris), foreign minister (1873) and prime minister (1873-74, 1877) of France; son of Achille Charles Léonce Victor, duc de Broglie. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1871-72), interior minister (1873-74), and justice minister (1877).

Broich-Oppert, Georg von (b. Oct. 24, 1897, Berlin, Germany - d. Oct. 5, 1979, Bonn, West Germany), West German diplomat. He was minister (1951-55) and ambassador (1955-56) to Norway, permanent observer to the United Nations (1956-58), and ambassador to Turkey (1959-62).

Brok, Pyotr (Fyodorovich) (b. Sept. 1 [Aug. 20, O.S.], 1805, Moscow, Russia - d. Feb. 11 [Jan. 30, O.S.], 1875, St. Petersburg, Russia), finance minister of Russia (1852-58).

Broka, Baiba (b. Oct. 2, 1975, Madona, Latvian S.S.R.), justice minister of Latvia (2014).

Brokaj, Sabit (b. Jan. 7, 1942, Vlorë, Albania - d. Sept. 13, 2020), defense minister of Albania (1997-98). He was also minister of health (1991).

Brolo

Brolo (Vila), Pedro (b. 1981), foreign minister of Guatemala (2020-22).

Broman, Carl (b. Oct. 3, 1703 - d. April 17, 1784, Veckholm socken, Uppsala, Sweden), governor of Älvsborg (1749-51) and Stockholm (1751-62).

Bromet, Sir Geoffrey Rhodes (b. Aug. 28, 1891 - d. Nov. 16, 1983), lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1945-52); knighted 1945.

Brøndum, Erling (b. July 11, 1930, Århus [now Aarhus], Denmark - d. Aug. 4, 2017, Birkerød, Denmark), defense minister of Denmark (1973-75).

Bronevich, Valentina (Tadeyevna) (b. Jan. 25, 1956), chairman of the Executive Committee (1987-90) and governor (1996-2000) of Koryakia autonomous okrug.

Broniewski, Bohdan (b. 1855, Opatkowice, Poland - d. Oct. 4, 1922, Warsaw, Poland), acting prime minister of Poland (1918, 1918). He was also minister of industry (1918).

Brons, Johannes Cornelis (b. Aug. 6, 1884, The Hague, Netherlands - d. May 12, 1964, The Hague), acting governor-general (1935-36, 1938-39) and governor-general (1944-48) of Dutch Guiana. He was also chairman of the Staten (parliament) in 1930-35.

Bronzetti

Bronzetti, Denise (b. Dec. 12, 1972, San Marino, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2012-13).

C.J. Brooke

C.V. Brooke

J. Brooke

Brooke, Sir Charles (Anthoni) Johnson, original name (until 1852) Charles Anthoni Johnson (b. June 3, 1829, Berrow Vicarage, near Burnham, Somerset, England - d. May 17, 1917, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England), rajah of Sarawak (1868-1917); knighted 1888; nephew of Sir James Brooke.

Brooke, Sir Charles Vyner (de Windt) (b. Sept. 26, 1874, London, England - d. May 9, 1963, London), rajah of Sarawak (1917-46); knighted 1927; son of Sir Charles Johnson Brooke.

Brooke, Sir James (b. April 29, 1803, Benares [now Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh], India - d. June 11, 1868, Burrator House, near Sheepstor village, Devon, England), governor (1841-42) and rajah (1842-68) of Sarawak and governor of Labuan (1847-52); knighted 1848.

Brooke of Cumnor, Henry Brooke, Baron (b. April 9, 1903, Oxford, England - d. March 29, 1984, Mildenhall, Wiltshire, England), British politician. He entered Parliament in 1938 as a Conservative. He lost his seat in 1945 but was later adopted as candidate for Hampstead, returned to the House of Commons in 1950, and remained there until 1966, when he was made a life peer. Brooke's first ministerial appointment was in 1954, when he became financial secretary to the Treasury, and three years later he joined the cabinet as minister of housing and local government. There he was responsible for carrying through his predecessor's Rent Bill which was strongly criticized as being biased against tenants and in favour of landlords. In 1961 Brooke assumed the newly created post of chief secretary to the Treasury and a year later became home secretary (1962-64). A hardliner, he was a controversial figure who had to face strong opposition in Parliament, where his debating skills were not always effective. His decision to deport Chief Anthony Enahoro to face a treason charge in Nigeria, and his attitude on immigration made him the target of attack by liberals. Defeated in the 1966 general election, he later took an active role in the House of Lords. He was made a privy councillor in 1955 and a Companion of Honour in 1964.

Brooke-Popham, Sir (Henry) Robert (Moore) (b. Sept. 18, 1878, Mendlesham, Hartismere, Suffolk, England - d. Oct. 20, 1953, Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England), governor of Kenya (1937-39); knighted 1927. His original surname was Brooke, but he added Popham in 1904 by royal warrant in memory of an admired ancestor.

Brooks, Sir (Reginald Alexander) Dallas (b. Aug. 22, 1896, Cambridge, England - d. March 22, 1966, Frankston, Melbourne, Vic.), governor of Victoria (1949-63) and acting governor-general of Australia (1961); knighted 1948. He was also commandant-general of the (British) Royal Marines (1946-49).

Brooks, Mary (Elizabeth Thomas Peavey), née Thomas (b. Nov. 1, 1907, Colby, Kan. - d. Feb. 11, 2002, Twin Falls, Idaho), director of the U.S. Mint (1969-77). In Washington, D.C., where her father was serving as a U.S. senator from Idaho, she met Illinois Sen. C. Wayland "Curly" Brooks (1897-1957), whom she married in 1945. After Brooks left the Senate in 1948, the couple moved to Chicago. She became an Illinois Republican National Committee woman and in 1960 was elected vice chairwoman of the National Committee. In 1963, she returned to Idaho where she was appointed to the state Senate. She returned to Washington in 1969 after she was chosen U.S. Mint director by Pres. Richard Nixon. She was responsible for the historic changing of the faces on the dollar to Eisenhower, the half-dollar to Kennedy, and the flip side of the quarter to the Bicentennial motif.

Brooks-Randolph

Brooks-Randolph, Angie (Elizabeth), née Brooks (b. Aug. 24, 1916, Virginia, Liberia - d. Sept. 9, 2007, Houston, Texas), president of the UN General Assembly (1969-70). She was also Liberia's permanent representative to the United Nations (1975-78).

Broome, Sir Frederick Napier (b. Nov. 18, 1842, Canada - d. Nov. 26, 1896, London, England), governor of Mauritius (1878-79 [acting], 1880-83), Western Australia (1883-89), and Trinidad and Tobago (1891-96); knighted 1884.

Broqueville, Charles (Marie Pierre Albert), baron (from 1920, comte) de (b. Dec. 4, 1860, Postel, near Mol, Belgium - d. Sept. 5, 1940, Brussels, Belgium), prime minister (1911-18, 1932-34) and foreign minister (1917-18) of Belgium. He was also minister of railways, posts, and telegraphs (1910-12), war (1912, 1912-17), and reconstruction (1918) and was responsible for the Belgian mobilization on the eve of World War I in 1914. He headed the government in exile during the war. He resigned the premiership in December 1917 when it became known that, without informing his cabinet, he had taken part in a negotiation for a separate peace with Austria-Hungary. He subsequently held various ministerial appointments, including interior (1918-19) and national defense (1926-31), and finally was again prime minister at the head of a Catholic-Liberal coalition.

Brorsen, Søren (b. July 1, 1875, Nørre Farup, near Ribe, Denmark - d. Feb. 17, 1961, Copenhagen, Denmark), defense minister of Denmark (1922-24, 1926-29, 1940-45).

Brosio

Brosio, Manlio (Giovanni) (b. July 10, 1897, Turin, Italy - d. March 14, 1980, Turin), secretary-general of NATO (1964-71). Brosio opposed fascism as a member of the Liberal Party, and after Benito Mussolini's fall in 1943 he joined the clandestine resistance to German occupation. During the postwar coalition governments of Ivanoe Bonomi and Alcide De Gasperi, he was secretary of the Liberal Party until becoming ambassador to Moscow (1947-51). He then served successively as ambassador to London (1952-55), Washington (1955-61), and Paris (1961-64). As NATO secretary-general he was profoundly concerned by France's decision to withdraw its forces from the organization and faced additional problems when the U.S.S.R. invaded Czechoslovakia. In 1972 he was elected senator for Turin.

Brossard (de Souza Pinto), Paulo (b. Oct. 23, 1924, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. April 12, 2015, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul), justice minister of Brazil (1986-89). He was also president of the Superior Electoral Court (1992-93).

Brossard de Corbigny, Jules (Marcel) (b. April 14, 1841, Orléans, France - d. Dec. 16, 1934, Meung-sur-Loire, Loiret, France), acting French representative in Cambodia (1870-71).

Brot

Brot, Jean-Jacques (b. Jan. 27, 1956, Paris, France), prefect of Mayotte (2002-05) and Guadeloupe (2006-07) and high commissioner of New Caledonia (2013-14). He has also been prefect of the départements of Deux-Sèvres (2005-06), Eure-et-Loir (2007-10), Vendée (2010-11), Finistère (2011-13), and Yvelines (2018- ).

Brotero, João Dabney de Avellar (b. Dec. 24, 1826, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 1, 1859, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Sergipe (1857-59).

Brouckère, Charles de (b. Oct. 6, 1757, Torhout, Austrian Netherlands [now Belgium] - d. April 3, 1850, Bruges, Belgium), governor of Limburg (1815-28).

Brouckère, Charles Marie (Joseph Ghislain) de (b. Jan. 18, 1796, Bruges, France [now in Belgium] - d. April 20, 1860, Brussels, Belgium), cabinet chief (1831, 1832), finance minister (1831), interior minister (1831), and war minister (1831-32) of Belgium; son of Charles de Brouckère. He was also mayor of Brussels (1848-60).

Brouckère, Henri (Ghislain Joseph Marie) de (b. Jan. 25, 1801, Bruges, France [now in Belgium] - d. Jan. 25, 1891, Brussels, Belgium), cabinet chief and foreign minister of Belgium (1852-55); brother of Charles Marie de Brouckère. He was also governor of Antwerp (1840-44) and Liége (1844-46) and ambassador to the Papal State (1850).

Brougham and Vaux, Henry (Peter) Brougham, (1st) Baron (b. Sept. 19, 1778, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. May 7, 1868, Cannes, France), British lord chancellor (1830-34). He was created baron in 1830.

Broughton, John Cam Hobhouse, (1st) Baron (b. June 27, 1786, Redland, Gloucestershire [now part of Bristol], England - d. June 3, 1869, London, England), British secretary at war (1832-33). He was also chief secretary for Ireland (1833), commissioner of woods and forests (1834), and president of the Board of Control (1835-41, 1846-52). He succeeded as (2nd) Baronet in 1831 and was created Baron Broughton in 1851.

Broulis

Broulis, Pascal (b. April 3, 1965, Sainte-Croix, Vaud, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Vaud (2006, 2007-12).

Broun, Graf Yury (Yuryevich), English George Browne (b. June 15, 1698, Limerick, Ireland - d. Sept. 29 [Sept. 18, O.S.], 1792, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia]), governor-general of Riga (1762-92); son-in-law of Graf Pyotr Lassi. He was made Graf (count) in 1774.

Brovikov, Vladimir (Ignatyevich) (b. May 12, 1931, Vetka, Gomel oblast, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. Feb. 10, 1992, Moscow, Russia), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1983-86). He was also Soviet ambassador to Poland (1986-90).

A. Brovko

Brovtsev

Brovko, Anatoly (Grigoryevich) (b. Aug. 22, 1966, Dnepropetrovsk oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), head of the administration of Volgograd oblast (2010-12).

Brovko, Fyodor (Grigoryevich) (b. May 16 [May 3, O.S.], 1904, Popenki, Bessarabia, Russia [now Popencu, Moldova] - d. Jan. 24, 1960, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1938-40) and the Moldavian S.S.R. (1940-51).

Brovtsev, Vadim (Vladimirovich) (b. July 26, 1969, Chelyabinsk-65 [now Ozersk], Chelyabinsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister (2009-12) and acting president (2011-12) of South Ossetia.

Browder, Earl (Russell) (b. May 20, 1891, Wichita, Kan. - d. June 27, 1973, Princeton, N.J.), U.S. politician. As a result of his opposition to the entrance of the U.S. into World War I, he was imprisoned in 1919-20. He became a member of the U.S. Communist Party in 1921, served as its general secretary from 1930 to 1944, and was the party's candidate for the U.S. presidency in 1936 and 1940. Under his leadership the party achieved a membership peak of 100,000 and enjoyed influence far beyond its numbers. In 1940 he was sentenced to prison for 4 years for passport irregularities, but he was released after serving 14 months. In 1944 he was removed from his position as party secretary for declaring that capitalism and socialism could peacefully coexist. He was expelled from the Communist Party in 1946 and three years later was named in "treason trials" in Budapest and Prague as originator of the heresy of "Browderism."

Brown, Aaron V(enable) (b. Aug. 15, 1795, Brunswick county, Va. - d. March 8, 1859, Washington, D.C.), governor of Tennessee (1845-47) and U.S. postmaster general (1857-59).

Brown, Arnold (b. Dec. 13, 1913, London, England - d. June 26, 2002, Toronto, Ont.), general of the Salvation Army (1977-81).

Brown, B(enjamin) Gratz (b. May 28, 1826, Lexington, Ky. - d. Dec. 13, 1885, St. Louis, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1871-73); cousin of Montgomery Blair.

Brown, Byron (William) (b. Sept. 24, 1958, New York City), mayor of Buffalo (2006- ).

D. Brown

E.G. Brown

Brown, Dean (Craig) (b. Aug. 5, 1943, Adelaide, South Australia), premier (1993-96) and deputy premier (2001-02) of South Australia.

Brown, Edmund G(erald), byname Pat Brown (b. April 21, 1905, San Francisco, Calif. - d. Feb. 16, 1996, Beverly Hills, Calif.), U.S. politician. As two-term governor of California (1959-67) he was credited with helping facilitate the rapid growth of the nation's most populous state by shepherding the expansion of its roads, public universities and water supply. He also instituted civil rights laws and consumer-protection measures. Brown retired from politics after losing a bid for a third term to Ronald Reagan. His son Jerry Brown was also governor of California. Daughter Kathleen Brown was state treasurer and made her own unsuccessful run for governor in 1994.

Brown, Ethan A(llen) (b. July 4, 1776, Darien, Conn. - d. Feb. 24, 1852, Indianapolis, Ind.), governor of Ohio (1818-22). He was also U.S. chargé d'affaires in Brazil (1831-34).

Ewart Brown

Brown, Ewart (Frederick) (b. May 17, 1946, Bermuda), premier of Bermuda (2006-10).

G. Brown

Brown, (James) Gordon (b. Feb. 20, 1951, Glasgow, Scotland), British prime minister (2007-10). In 1974 he helped organize the campaign to elect Robin Cook to Parliament. By the time the two men entered the cabinet together 23 years later (with Cook as foreign secretary), they had become rivals. Their hostility dated from the ill-fated 1979 campaign for limited self-government for Scotland, when they fought on opposite sides - Brown supporting a "yes" vote in that year's referendum, and Cook opting for "no." (In 1998, after a successful vote on devolution, Brown campaigned against the extreme Scottish Nationalists.) Brown entered Parliament in 1983 for Dunfermline East, an industrial constituency near Glasgow. He became friends with Tony Blair, another new MP, and the two soon found themselves at the forefront of the campaign to modernize Labour's political philosophy, replacing the dream of state socialism with a more pragmatic, market-friendly strategy. Brown, two years older than Blair, was widely regarded as the senior half of the partnership and the one more likely eventually to become party leader. By the time leader John Smith died in 1994, however, Blair had overtaken Brown as the favoured candidate of party activists and the wider public. Brown reluctantly agreed to step aside and allow Blair to run as the "modernizer" candidate. After Blair won, he reappointed Brown shadow chancellor of the exchequer (a post that Smith had first given him two years earlier). Labour's landslide victory in the 1997 general election propelled Brown into the treasury, where he immediately made his mark by ceding the power to set interest rates to the Bank of England. Brown swiftly established himself as the cabinet's second most important member. When Blair announced his resignation in 2007, Brown emerged as the uncontested successor. After losing 91 seats in the 2010 general election, he quit as Labour leader.

Brown, Harold (b. Sept. 19, 1927, New York City - d. Jan. 4, 2019, Rancho Santa Fe, Calif.), U.S. air force secretary (1965-69) and defense secretary (1977-81).

Brown, James (b. Sept. 11, 1766, near Staunton, Va. - d. April 7, 1835, Philadelphia, Pa.), U.S. politician/diplomat; brother-in-law of Henry Clay. He was a U.S. senator from Louisiana (1813-17, 1819-23) and minister to France (1824-29).

Brown, Jerry, byname of Edmund G(erald) Brown, Jr. (b. April 7, 1938, San Francisco, Calif.), governor of California (1975-83, 2011-19); son of Edmund G. Brown. He served as California secretary of state (1971-75) and became an effective foe of political corruption. Elected governor in 1974 and reelected in 1978, he both held down spending and supported consumer and environmental legislation, including alternative energy technologies and preservation of the state's coastal land. His decision to live in an inexpensive apartment rather than the governor's mansion cemented his reputation as an unconventional politician. In 1976 and 1980 he unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination. In 1976 he was also given the nickname "Governor Moonbeam" by Chicago journalist Mike Royko, in reference to his idealistic streak; the sobriquet would prove to be near-unshakeable throughout Brown's career. At the close of his second term in 1982, Brown pursued a Senate seat but lost to a Republican candidate. He then took a long sabbatical from politics and travelled abroad, including working with Mother Teresa in India. In 1989, a year after his return to the United States, he was elected chairman of California's Democratic Party. He resigned in 1991 and sought the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination, losing to Bill Clinton. From the mid-1990s he operated the political organization We the People, which sponsored programs and initiatives aimed at education and sustainable food production, including a daily radio program hosted by Brown. It was also the base for a successful campaign for mayor of Oakland. He served two terms (1999-2007) and was considered instrumental in the turnaround of the city, pushing through numerous development deals and spurring the growth of a local arts scene. Next he was elected attorney general of California (2007-11) and in March 2010 he announced his candidacy for governor again. He easily won the primary and defeated Republican Meg Whitman in the general election in November; he was reelected in 2014, defeating Republican Neel Kashkari.

Jesse Brown

Brown, Jesse (b. March 27, 1944, Detroit, Mich. - d. Aug. 15, 2002, Warrenton, Va.), U.S. veterans affairs secretary (1993-97). In 1963 he enlisted in the Marines and two years later he was seriously wounded while on patrol in Da Nang, Vietnam. That injury left his right arm partially paralyzed and became the motivating factor for his life's work. In 1967 he returned to Chicago to work for Disabled American Veterans, a 1.4 million-member advocacy group for vets with service-connected disabilities. He moved to DAV headquarters in 1973. In 1988 he became its executive director. He became a familiar figure on Capitol Hill, pushing Congress to support legislation ensuring that veterans receive their entitled health care services and benefits programs. He was appointed veterans affairs secretary by Pres. Bill Clinton in January 1993 - an ideal choice for Clinton, who was distrusted by many in the military because of his efforts to avoid the draft during the Vietnam War and other issues. In Brown, one of four blacks in the original Clinton cabinet, veterans groups knew they had a man who would stand up for their interests. Brown opposed proposals to reduce some veterans' benefits as a way to help cut the federal budget deficit. The savings "would be used to pay for the out-of-control expenses of Medicaid and Medicare programs," he wrote in November 1992. "Can you imagine cutting the compensation of a 100% disabled veteran to pay for free medical care under Medicaid for persons who have made no contributions to their country's service?" He also accused pharmaceutical companies of "gouging" the VA on drug purchases. "It's a moral outrage that drug companies are lining their pockets with money Congress intended for direct medical care to America's disabled veterans," he wrote.

Brown, John C(alvin) (b. Jan. 6, 1827, Giles county, Tenn. - d. Aug. 17, 1889, Red Boiling Springs, Tenn.), governor of Tennessee (1871-75); brother of Neill S. Brown.

Brown, John Y(oung), Jr. (b. Dec. 28, 1933, Lexington, Ky. - d. Nov. 22, 2022), governor of Kentucky (1979-83).

Brown, John Young (b. June 28, 1835, Elizabethtown, Ky. - d. Jan. 11, 1904, Henderson, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1891-95).

Brown, Joseph E(merson) (b. April 15, 1821, Long Creek, S.C. - d. Nov. 30, 1894, Atlanta, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1857-65).

Brown, Joseph M(ackey) (b. Dec. 28, 1851, Canton, Ga. - d. March 3, 1932, Marietta, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1909-11, 1912-13); son of Joseph E. Brown.

Brown, Kate (b. June 21, 1960, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain), governor of Oregon (2015-23). She was the United States' first openly bisexual governor.

Brown, Lewis (Garseedah, II) (b. 1965), foreign minister of Liberia (2003). He was also minister of information, cultural affairs, and tourism (2012-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-18).

Lynne Brown

M. Brown

Brown, Lynne (b. Sept. 26, 1961, Cape Town, South Africa), premier of Western Cape (2008-09). She was also South African minister of public enterprises (2014-18).

Brown, Mark (Stephen), finance minister (2010- ) and prime minister and foreign minister (2020- ) of the Cook Islands. He was also deputy prime minister (2018-20).

Brown, Neill S(mith) (b. April 18, 1810, Giles county, Tenn. - d. Jan. 30, 1886, Nashville, Tenn.), governor of Tennessee (1847-49). He was also U.S. minister to Russia (1850-53).

R. Brown

Brown, Ron(ald Harmon) (b. Aug. 1, 1941, Washington, D.C. - d. April 3, 1996, near Dubrovnik, Croatia), U.S. secretary of commerce (1993-96). In 1971 Brown was elected district leader of the Democratic Party in Mount Vernon, N.Y. In 1972 the Urban League sent him to Washington as its spokesman, and by 1978 he held the position of vice president of the Urban League's Washington operations. The following year he became deputy manager of the presidential campaign of Sen. Edward Kennedy (Dem., Mass.). In 1980 Brown was named chief counsel to the Senate Judiciary Committee. In 1982 he became deputy chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). For three months in 1988 Brown worked in Rev. Jesse Jackson's presidential campaign, serving as its manager at the Democratic national convention. Five months after the convention Paul G. Kirk, Jr., announced that he would not seek a second term as DNC chairman. Brown decided to run, and in the final week of January 1989 he had gained enough significant endorsements to persuade his opponents to withdraw from the race, and on February 10 he was elected by acclamation and became the first African-American to head one of the two major political parties. He tried to dispel the perception that he would fuel an image of liberalism that many in the party wanted to combat. His skill at mediating among political factions is widely credited with uniting Democrats behind Bill Clinton in 1992. A prominent member of Clinton's cabinet, he wielded heavy influence in international trade but was criticized for alleged misdealings in his personal finances. Traveling widely, he secured trading partners in emerging nations. He was on such a trip when he was killed in a plane crash along with a score of U.S. corporate executives.

T. Brown

Brown, Tony, byname of James Anthony Brown (b. Jan. 5, 1950, Isle of Man), chief minister of the Isle of Man (2006-11). He was speaker of the House of Keys in 2001-06.

Brown, Walter Xavier (b. Nov. 9, 1931, Portage, Wis. - d. July 23, 1998), archbishop of the Old Catholic Church of America (1963-97).

W. Brown

A. Browne

G. Browne

Brown, Willie (Lewis, Jr.) (b. March 20, 1934, Mineola, Texas), mayor of San Francisco (1996-2004).

Brownback, Sam(uel Dale) (b. Sept. 12, 1956, Garnett, Kan.), governor of Kansas (2011-18). He was also a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995-96) and Senate (1996-2011) and a candidate for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination.

Browne, Amery, foreign minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2020- ).

Browne, Gaston (Alphonso) (b. Feb. 9, 1967, Potters, Antigua), prime minister and finance minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2014- ); nephew-in-law of Sir Lester Bird. He was also minister of planning, implementation, and public service affairs (1999-2004), trade (2002-04), and economic development and investment promotion (2003-04).

H. Browne

Mike Browne

Browne, Harry (b. June 17, 1933, New York City - d. March 1, 2006, Franklin, Tenn.), U.S. Libertarian Party presidential candidate (1996, 2000).

Browne, Kenneth A(llison) (b. Jan. 22, 1952), home affairs minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1983). He was also minister of cooperatives, community development, and housing (1983-84).

Browne, Maria (Vanessa), née Bird (b. 1991?), Antigua and Barbuda politician; niece of Sir Lester Bird; granddaughter of Sir Vere Cornwall Bird; wife of Gaston Browne. She has been minister of housing, lands, and urban renewal (2018- ).

Browne, Mike, byname of Michael Rayfield Cornelius Browne (b. Sept. 28, 1948, Layou, Saint Vincent), foreign minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2005). He was also minister of education, youth affairs, and sports (2001-05) and national mobilization, social development, local government, gender affairs, family affairs, persons with disabilities, and non-governmental organizations (2005-10).

Browne, Noel (Christopher) (b. Dec. 20, 1915, Waterford, Ireland - d. May 22, 1997, Galway, Ireland), health minister of Ireland (1948-51).

Browne of Ladyton, Des(mond Henry) Browne, Baron (b. March 22, 1952, Stevenston, Ayrshire, Scotland), British defence secretary (2006-08). He was also secretary of state for Scotland (2007-08). He was made a life peer in 2010.

Brownell, Herbert, Jr. (b. Feb. 20, 1904, Peru, Neb. - d. May 1, 1996, New York City), U.S. attorney general (1953-57).

G. Brownlee

Brownlee, Gerry, byname of Gerard Anthony Brownlee (b. Feb. 4, 1956, Christchurch, N.Z.), defence minister (2014-17) and foreign minister (2017) of New Zealand. He was also minister of economic development, energy, and resources (2008-11), Canterbury earthquake recovery (2010-16), transport (2011-14), and Greater Christchurch regeneration (2016-17).

J.E. Brownlee

Brownlee, J(ohn) E(dward) (b. Aug. 27, 1883, Port Ryerse, Ont. - d. July 15, 1961, Calgary, Alta.), premier of Alberta (1925-34). After working as general counsel to the United Farmers Party in Alberta, he was appointed the province's attorney general (1921) and shortly thereafter was elected to the legislature in a by-election. He remained in his cabinet post until 1924, then succeeded to the office of premier of Alberta in 1925. During his administration he acquired provincial control of Alberta's resources and sold the local railways to the federal systems. He resigned from office in 1934.

Brownlee, Les, byname of Romie Leslie Brownlee (b. July 11, 1939, Pampa, Texas), acting U.S. secretary of the Army (2003-04).

Brownlow, William G(annaway) (b. Aug. 29, 1805, Wythe county, Va. - d. April 29, 1877, Knoxville, Tenn.), governor of Tennessee (1865-69). He was also a U.S. senator from Tennessee (1869-75).

Browse, Sir Norman (Leslie) (b. Dec. 1, 1931 - d. September 2019), president of the States of Alderney (2002-11); knighted 1994.

Broydo, Grigory (Isaakovich) (b. Nov. 7, 1883, Vilna, Russia [now Vilnius, Lithuania] - d. May 23, 1956, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Tadzhik S.S.R. (1933-35).

Broz, Aleksandar, byname Miso Broz (b. May 1941, Zagreb, Croatia), Croatian diplomat; son of Josip Broz Tito. He was ambassador to Indonesia (2004-09).

Bruat, Armand Joseph (b. May 26, 1796, Colmar, France - d. Nov. 19, 1855, aboard Le Montebello), governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1843-47) and of Martinique (1848-51).

Brucan, Silviu, original name Saul Bruckner (b. Jan. 18, 1916, Bucharest, Romania - d. Sept. 14, 2006, Bucharest), member of the Council of the National Salvation Front of Romania (1989). He was previously ambassador to the United States (1955) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1959-62).

Bruce, Anders de, originally Anders Bruce (b. April 19, 1723 - d. June 27, 1787, Tavastehus [now Häme], Finland), governor of Nyland och Tavastehus (1777-87); nephew of Anders Johan Nordenskiöld.

Bruce, David K(irkpatrick) E(ste) (b. Feb. 12, 1898, Baltimore, Md. - d. Dec. 5, 1977, Washington, D.C.), U.S. diplomat; brother of James Cabell Bruce; son-in-law of Andrew W. Mellon. He was ambassador to France (1949-52), West Germany (1957-59), and the United Kingdom (1961-69) and head of the U.S. Liaison Office in China (1973-74).

Bruce, George Isaäc (b. Oct. 9, 1803, Deventer, Batavian Republic [now Netherlands] - d. Dec. 30, 1850, on board the corvette Sumatra, Nieuwe Diep, near Den Helder, Netherlands), governor of Overijssel (1847-50). He was appointed governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies in 1850 but died before departing from the Netherlands.

Bruce, James Cabell (b. Dec. 23, 1892, Baltimore, Md. - d. July 17, 1980, New York City), U.S. diplomat; nephew of Thomas Nelson Page. He was ambassador to Argentina (1947-49).

Bruce, John (b. July 25, 1808, Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland - d. Nov. 5, 1870, Western Australia), acting governor of Western Australia (1862, 1868-69).

Bruce, Miguel Ignacio dos Santos Freire e (b. Maranhão captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. c. 1834), president of Maranhão (1823-24).

S.M. Bruce

Bruce (of Melbourne), Stanley Melbourne Bruce, (1st) Viscount (b. April 15, 1883, Melbourne, Victoria - d. Aug. 25, 1967, London, England), prime minister of Australia (1923-29). After serving in the British army during World War I, he entered the Australian parliament as a Nationalist in a by-election in 1918 and was his country's representative to the League of Nations in 1921. After serving as federal treasurer from 1921 to 1923, he became prime minister upon the resignation of William Morris Hughes, forming a coalition of the National and Country parties. He was also minister of external affairs and at times took the portfolios of health (1927-28), trade and customs (1928), and the territories (1928-29). During his administration, Bruce strove to develop the Australian economy, especially by integrating it with that of Great Britain. He fostered research in public health and applied science. His government was returned with a comfortable majority in 1925 but in 1929 it was defeated, and he himself lost his seat. In 1931 he regained his seat and served as minister without portfolio. As Australia's minister to England in 1932 and Australian high commissioner from 1933 to 1945, he successfully lobbied for the lowering of interest rates for Australia during the Great Depression. As the Australian representative to the British war cabinet (also minister to the Netherlands exile government in London) from 1942 to 1945, he opposed British prime minister Winston Churchill in arguing for lenient postwar treatment of Germany. In 1947-57 he was chairman of Britain's Finance Corporation for Industry, which contributed to postwar recovery in Britain. In 1947-51 he was also chairman of the World Food Council. Awarded a viscountcy in 1947, he was the first Australian to be so honoured. There were no children from his marriage, and the viscountcy lapsed.

Brücker(-von Dach), Josef (b. April 14, 1923, Altdorf, Uri, Switzerland - d. Dec. 23, 2013), Landammann of Uri (1972-74, 1978-80, 1984-86).

Brucker

Brucker, Wilber M(arion) (b. June 23, 1894, Saginaw, Mich. - d. Dec. 28, 1968, Grosse Pointe Farms, Mich.), governor of Michigan (1931-33) and U.S. secretary of the Army (1955-61). He served with the U.S. National Guard in the Mexican expedition of 1916 and was an infantry officer with the American expeditionary forces in World War I, receiving the silver star. From 1923 to 1927 he was prosecuting attorney for Saginaw county and from 1927 to 1928 assistant attorney general of Michigan; in 1928 he became attorney general of the state, serving until 1930. A Republican, he was elected governor of Michigan in 1930 but was defeated for reelection in 1932. He was a candidate for U.S. senator from Michigan in 1936. In April 1954, Brucker was nominated general counsel of the federal Department of Defense. When Robert T. Stevens resigned as secretary of the army, Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower on June 22, 1955, nominated Brucker to succeed him in that office. In 1957 he was in charge of the deployment of federal troops ordered by Eisenhower to halt obstruction of school integration in Little Rock, Ark. Brucker opposed moves, including those of the Eisenhower administration, to reduce the size of the army while he was in office. In June 1958 he expressed disagreement with the administration's proposal to cut army personnel to 870,000, but said he would bow to the "decision of ... superiors." Congress voted to fix army manpower at 900,000. In late August he held conferences with Gen. Chiang Kai-shek at Taipei, Taiwan, on defense against Red China's threatened invasion of Quemoy and other Nationalist-held islands in Formosa Strait.

Brückner, Helmuth (b. May 7, 1896, Peilau, Prussia, Germany [now Pilawa, Poland] - d. [in Soviet captivity] Jan. 12, 1951?, Siberia), Oberpräsident of Niederschlesien and Oberschlesien (1933-34).

Brudzinski, Joachim (b. Feb. 4, 1968, Swierklaniec, Poland), interior minister of Poland (2018-19).

Brue, Joseph Louis Michel (b. March 16, 1782 - d. 18...), commandant and administrator of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1828-39).

Brue, Paul Claude Nicolas (b. June 11, 1808, Berlin, Germany - d. ...), commandant-particular of Gabon (1861-63).

Bruere, George (b. 1744 - d. Sept. 2, 1786, Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland), governor of Bermuda (1780-81); son of George James Bruere.

Bruere, George James (b. 1721? - d. Sept. 10, 1780, St. George's, Bermuda), governor of Bermuda (1764-80).

Brugger

Brugger, Ernst (b. March 10, 1914, Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland - d. June 21, 1998, Grüningen, Zürich, Switzerland), Swiss politician. He served on Zürich's state government with the centrist Radical Party before being elected in 1969 to the country's ruling seven-member coalition cabinet, the Federal Council. As economy minister (1970-78) he concluded a free trade agreement between Switzerland and the European Economic Community. He was president in 1974 (the Swiss presidency rotates each year among the seven cabinet members). Brugger, also a major in the Swiss army, retired from the Swiss government in 1978.

Brühl, Heinrich Graf von (b. Aug. 13, 1700, Gangloffsömmern, Saxony [now in Thüringen, Germany] - d. Oct. 28, 1763, Dresden, Saxony [Germany]), foreign minister (1731-63) and prime minister (1746-63) of Saxony. He was raised from Freiherr (baron) to Graf (count) in 1737.

Bruijne, Matty de, byname of Matthijs de Bruijne (b. Oct. 2, 1932, Vlaardingen, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands - d. May 29, 1991, Arnhem, Gelderland), queen's commissioner of Gelderland (1983-91).

Brulys, Nicolas (Jean) Ernault (de Rignac) des (b. Aug. 7, 1757, Brive-la-Gaillarde [now in Corrèze département], France - d. [suicide] Sept. 25, 1809, Saint-Denis, Île Bonaparte [now Réunion]), governor of Île Bonaparte (1806-09).

Brum

Brum (Rodríguez), Baltasar (de) (b. June 18, 1883, Salto, Uruguay - d. March 31, 1933, Montevideo), Uruguayan politician. Brum's first major posts were as minister of public education (1913-15) and minister of foreign affairs (1914-15, 1916-19). He served on the commission that revised the Uruguayan constitution (April-June 1917) and was the first president of the country under the new constitution (1919-23). He became director of the prominent publication El Día (1923-29; "The Day") and was president of the National Council of Administration (1929-31). He was responsible for instituting free and compulsory primary education, for founding public libraries, and for distributing free food to the unemployed and destitute, in addition to enhancing his country's prestige in the field of foreign relations. After the suspension of the Uruguayan constitution and assumption of dictatorial powers by Pres. Gabriel Terra, Brum remained so firmly dedicated to democracy that he shot himself rather than surrender to police whom Terra had sent to arrest all Council members and all congressmen who were opposing him.

Brumby

Brumby, John (Mansfield) (b. April 21, 1953, Melbourne, Vic.), premier of Victoria (2007-10).

Brumskine, Charles (Walker) (b. April 27, 1951, Grand Bassa county, Liberia - d. Nov. 20, 2019, U.S.), Liberian presidential candidate (2005, 2011, 2017). He was also president pro tempore of the Senate (1997-99).

Brun, Charles (b. Feb. 16, 1866, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Jan. 28, 1919, Aalborg, Denmark), finance minister of Denmark (1908-09).

Brundage, Avery (b. Sept. 28, 1887, Detroit, Mich. - d. May 8, 1975, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany), president of the International Olympic Committee (1952-72).

Brundtland

Brundtland, Gro Harlem, née Harlem (b. April 20, 1939, Oslo, Norway), prime minister of Norway (1981, 1986-89, 1990-96); daughter of Gudmund Harlem. In September 1974, she was invited to become environment minister in the Labour government. In October 1979 she left that job to become deputy chairman of Labour's parliamentary group and chairman of the important Foreign Affairs Committee of the Storting (parliament). She made history in February 1981 when she became Norway's first woman prime minister and the first woman to lead its largest political party. Her first spell in office was brief. She replaced Odvar Nordli, forced to retire by ill health, at a time when Labour was split on many issues, its fortunes fading, and parliamentary elections only seven months away. Under her firm leadership, party unity improved, but there was too much ground to be made up in the opinion polls, and in the September 1981 elections Labour lost office. She started her second stint as prime minister in May 1986, following the resignation of the Conservative-led minority coalition. Again she faced serious problems on taking office. The collapse of world petroleum prices had removed the main support of Norway's prosperity, with disastrous consequences for both government revenues and the balance of trade. She warned that austerity was "an inadequate term for the vast economic restructuring" that the country needed. Labour, she added, would have to discard the program of expansion on which it had campaigned half a year earlier, before the oil price slide. The cabinet she appointed was radical in only two respects - it contained a record number of women (8 out of 18), and its members had an average age of only 46.5 years. She resigned as leader of the Labour Party in 1992 and as prime minister in 1996. In 1998-2003 she was director-general of the World Health Organization.

Brune, Charles (b. July 31, 1891, Arbois, Jura, France - d. Jan. 13, 1956, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1951-53). He was also minister of posts, telegraphs, and telephones (1950-51).

Brunel, Jacques (b. April 28, 1909, Algiers, Algeria - d. July 28, 1964, Paris, France), prefect of Guadeloupe (1952-54). He was also prefect of the French départements of Yonne (1946-52) and Charente-Maritime (1955-56).

Brunello, Duilio (Antonio Rafael) (b. May 30, 1925, Catamarca, Argentina - d. May 9, 2021), federal interventor in Córdoba (1974).

Brunet, Auguste (Charles Désiré Emmanuel) (b. Jan. 4, 1878, Saint-Benoît, Réunion - d. Oct. 6, 1957, Toulon, France), acting governor of Dahomey (1908), governor of New Caledonia (1913-14), lieutenant governor of Haut-Sénégal-Niger (1918-19), and acting governor-general of French West Africa (1919) and of Madagascar (1923-24).

Brunet, Emile (Lucien) (b. June 8, 1863, Brussels, Belgium - d. May 10, 1945), chairman of the Chamber of Representatives of Belgium (1919-28).

Brunet-Millet, Joseph Henri (b. Sept. 25, 1821, Paris, France - d. July 2, 1885), commandant-particular of Gabon (1866-67) and commandant of the French Settlements in Oceania (1877).

Brunhart

Brunhart, Hans (b. March 28, 1945, Balzers, Liechtenstein), head of government, foreign minister, and finance minister of Liechtenstein (1978-93).

Brüning

Brüning, Heinrich (Aloysius Maria Elisabeth) (b. Nov. 26, 1885, Münster [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. March 30, 1970, Norwich, Vt.), chancellor of Germany (1930-32). He was a member of the (Catholic) Centre Party and from 1924 represented Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) in the Reichstag (lower house). He came to be known as a financial and economic expert, and in 1929 he became the leader of his party in the Reichstag. Upon the fall of the coalition government of the Social Democrat Hermann Müller, Brüning was called on to form a new, more conservative ministry on March 28, 1930, without a Reichstag majority. His policies, formed in response to the Great Depression, involved increased taxation, reduced government expenditure, and high tariffs on foreign agricultural products. His austerity measures prevented any renewal of inflation, but they also paralyzed the economy and resulted in skyrocketing unemployment and a drastic fall in German workers' standard of living. On July 16, 1930, after the Reichstag rejected a major part of his plans, he began governing by presidential emergency decree, using Article 48 of the Weimar constitution as a basis for this step. On July 18 he dissolved the Reichstag, which returned after new elections in September 1930 with Nazi representation greatly increased. To accommodate this shift to the right, he enacted a more nationalistic foreign policy. In October 1931, he took over the foreign ministry while retaining the chancellorship. He helped Pres. Paul von Hindenburg win reelection in the spring of 1932, but on May 30 of that year Brüning resigned when his project to partition several bankrupt East Elbian estates was considered Bolshevism by Hindenburg, himself an eastern landowner. Brüning left Germany in 1934 and ultimately ended up in the United States.

Brunner, Guido (b. May 27, 1930, Madrid, Spain - d. Dec. 2, 1997, Madrid), German politician. He was European commissioner for research, science, and education (1974-81) and energy (1977-81) and (West) German ambassador to Spain (1982-92).

Brunon, Pierre (Mathieu) (b. Feb. 23, 1922, Cusset, Allier, France - d. Sept. 18, 2000, Paris, France), prefect of Guadeloupe (1969-73). He was also prefect of the French départements of Ardennes (1967-69) and Aisne (1973-75).

Brunot, Richard (Edmond Maurice Édouard) (b. April 9, 1883, Saint-Ciers-du-Taillon, Charente-Inférieure [now Charente-Maritime], France - d. June 22, 1958, Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, France), acting governor of Ivory Coast (1924-25), lieutenant-governor of Chad (1933-34) and Mauritania (1934-35), governor-delegate of Oubangui-Chari (1935-36), commissioner of French Cameroons (1938-40), and governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1941). He was appointed (Sept. 7, 1931) but not installed as governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

Brunschwig

Brunschwig Graf, Martine (b. March 16, 1950, Fribourg, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Genève (1998-99, 2004-05).

Brunswijk

Brunswijk, Ronnie (b. March 7, 1962, Moengotapoe, Suriname), vice president of Suriname (2020- ). He was also leader of the guerrilla Surinamese Liberation Army (1986-92) and chairman of parliament (2020).

Bruschke, Werner (b. Aug. 18, 1898, Magdeburg, Prussia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt], Germany - d. Feb. 17, 1995, Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany), minister-president of Sachsen-Anhalt (1949-52) and chairman of the District Commission (1952) and District Council (1952-54) of Halle.

Brush Noel, Óscar (b. Aug. 19, 1925, Callao, Peru - d. ...), war minister (1983-84) and interior minister (1984-85) of Peru.

Brusilov, Nikolay (Ivanovich) (b. 1754 - d. May 2, 1828), governor of Poltava (1806-08) and Vilna (1808-10).

Bruslé, Prosper Benony (b. Feb. 14, 1802, Brest, France - d. ...), interim commandant of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1849-50).

Brusque, Francisco Carlos de Araújo (b. May 24, 1822, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Sept. 23, 1886, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul), war minister of Brazil (1864). He was also president of Santa Catarina (1859-61) and Pará (1861-63) and navy minister (1864).

Bruton

Bruton, John (Gerard), Irish Seán de Briotún (b. May 18, 1947, Dublin, Ireland), prime minister of Ireland (1994-97). He joined the centrist political party Fine Gael in 1965, and he was elected to the Dáil (parliament) in 1969 for Meath. He was a parliamentary secretary in the government of Liam Cosgrave (1973-77) and was made finance minister under Garret FitzGerald in 1981. His budget proposal to impose a value-added tax on children's shoes led to the fall of the government in 1982. He also served as minister for industry and energy (1982-83), as minister for industry, trade, commerce, and tourism (1983-86), and again as minister for finance (1986-87). A controversial budget submitted by Bruton in 1987 was an important factor in the fall of the FitzGerald government. In 1990 Bruton was named to succeed FitzGerald as leader of the Fine Gael. He returned his party to power in December 1994 by forming a coalition government with the Labour Party and the Democratic Left Party, after the collapse of Albert Reynolds' Fianna Fáil-Labour government. He pledged himself to the continuation of the Anglo-Irish peace process as pursued by his predecessor. He left office after the 1997 elections, when a Fianna Fáil-Progressive Democrats government was formed. In 2004-09 he was ambassador of the European Union to the United States.

D. Brutus

Brutus, (Pierre) Duly, foreign minister of Haiti (2014-15).

Brutus, Edner (b. April 20, 1911, Jérémie, Haiti - d. Nov. 6, 1980, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), foreign minister of Haiti (1974-78). He was also ambassador to Brazil (1958-65) and the Netherlands (1965-70) and education minister (1970-74).

Brutus, (César Jean-Baptiste) Thimoléon (b. March 23, 1886, Port-au-Prince, Haiti - d. July 12, 1971, Port-au-Prince), foreign minister of Haiti (1948-49). He was also minister of public works and commerce (1934).

A. Bryan

Bryan, Albert, (Jr.) (b. Feb. 21, 1968, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands), governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands (2019- ).

Bryan, Charles Wayland (b. Feb. 10, 1867, Salem, Ill. - d. March 4, 1945, Lincoln, Neb.), mayor of Lincoln (1915-17, 1935-37), governor of Nebraska (1923-25, 1931-35), and U.S. vice presidential candidate (1924); brother of William Jennings Bryan.

Bryan, Gerald Jackson (b. April 2, 1921, Belfast, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. March 21, 2018, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England), administrator of the British Virgin Islands (1959-62) and Saint Lucia (1962-67).

W.J. Bryan

Bryan, William Jennings (b. March 19, 1860, Salem, Ill. - d. July 26, 1925, Dayton, Tenn.), U.S. presidential candidate (1896, 1900, 1908). From Lincoln, Neb., the Democrat was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1890. Renowned as a gifted debater, he came to be considered the national leader of the Free Silver Movement (bimetallism) as opposed to the "hard money" policy of the Eastern bankers and industrialists, who favoured the gold standard. Defeated for the U.S. Senate in 1894, the climax of Bryan's career was undoubtedly the 1896 presidential campaign. At the Democratic convention in Chicago, his famous "Cross of Gold" speech (July 8) won him the nomination at the age of 36. His panacea for the depressed economy after the Panic of 1893 was an "easy money" policy based on the unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio to gold of 16 to 1. In the ensuing campaign, he travelled more than 18,000 miles and attracted a large and enthusiastic following, but the well-financed Republican machine won 271 electoral votes for William McKinley, to Bryan's 176. Bryan lost to McKinley again in 1900 and to William Howard Taft in 1908. In recognition of his role in securing the Democratic nomination for Woodrow Wilson in 1912, Bryan was appointed secretary of state the following year. An avowed pacifist, Bryan resigned over Wilson's second note to Germany (June 8, 1915) protesting the sinking of the Lusitania. Nonetheless, he urged loyal support of the war when it was finally declared. A firm believer in a literal interpretation of the Bible, Bryan went to Dayton, Tenn., to assist in the prosecution of a schoolteacher accused of teaching Darwinism (July 1925). Soon after the trial, Bryan fell ill and died.

F. Bryant

Bryant, (Cecil) Farris (b. July 26, 1914, Ocala, Fla. - d. March 1, 2002, Jacksonville, Fla.), governor of Florida (1961-65). In 1946 he won his first term in the Florida legislature as a representative from Marion County and went on to serve five terms in the legislature, including one term in 1953 as speaker of the House. Elected governor in 1960, he urged expansion of the higher education system so Florida residents could win high-tech jobs beginning to locate in the Orlando-Cape Canaveral area around the burgeoning space program. With a rapidly growing population and the emergence of Florida as a major state for tourism, Bryant also concentrated on expansion of the state highway system. Although elected on a conservative segregation platform, his administration witnessed the rapid desegregation of Florida's public schools and the integration of public accommodations. In 1966, he was appointed by Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson as director of the Office of Emergency Planning and a member of the National Security Council. In 1967, Johnson named Bryant chairman of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernment Relations. Bryant was defeated in 1970 by Lawton Chiles in a Democratic runoff for the U.S. Senate.

G. Bryant

Bryant, (Charles) Gyude (b. Jan. 17, 1949, Monrovia, Liberia - d. March 16, 2014, Monrovia), chairman of the National Transitional Government of Liberia (2003-06). He was briefly arrested in December 2007 after he failed to appear in court to face corruption charges. In April 2009 he was acquitted in one corruption case, and other charges were dropped in September 2010.

Bryce, James Bryce, (1st) Viscount (b. May 10, 1838, Belfast, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Jan. 22, 1922, Sidmouth, Devon, England), British politician. He was chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1892-94), president of the Board of Trade (1894-95), chief secretary for Ireland (1905-07), and ambassador to the United States (1907-13). He was created viscount in 1914.

Bryce, Lloyd (Stephens) (b. Sept. 4, 1851, Flushing [now part of New York City], N.Y. - d. April 2, 1917, New York City), U.S. diplomat; son-in-law of Peter Cooper. He was minister to the Netherlands and Luxembourg (1911-13).

Bryce (y Vivero), Luis N(icasio) (b. 1847?, Callao, Peru - d. Nov. 13, 1909, Lima, Peru), finance minister of Peru (1886).

Q. Bryce

Bryce, Dame Quentin (Alice Louise), née Strachan (b. Dec. 23, 1942, Longreach, Queensland), governor of Queensland (2003-08) and governor-general of Australia (2008-14); knighted 2014.

Brynkin, Vitaly (Alekseyevich) (b. Feb. 1, 1944, Zernograd, Rostov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of Torgay oblast (1995-97). He was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Kzyl-Orda oblast (1989-91) and mayor of Leninsk (1992-94).

Bryntsalov, Vladimir (Alekseyevich) (b. Nov. 23, 1946, Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkess autonomous oblast, Stavropol kray, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Karachayevo-Cherkessia, Russia]), Russian politician. He was chairman of the Russian Socialist Party (1996-2001) and a minor presidential candidate (1996).

Bryukhanov, Nikolay (Pavlovich) (b. Dec. 28 [Dec. 16, O.S.], 1878, Simbirsk, Russia - d. [executed] Sept. 1, 1938, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet people's commissar of finance (1926-30). He was also Russian/Soviet people's commissar of food (1921-24).

Bryus, Graf Yakov (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1732 - d. Dec. 14 [Dec. 3, O.S.], 1791), governor-general of Tver and Novgorod (1781-84), Moscow (1784-86), and St. Petersburg (1786-91); grandnephew of Graf Yakov (Vilimovich) Bryus.

Bryus, Graf Yakov (Vilimovich), originally James Daniel Bruce (b. May 11 [May 1, O.S.], 1669, Pskov or Moscow, Russia - d. April 30 [April 19, O.S.], 1735, Glinki estate [now part of Losino-Petrovsky, Moscow oblast], Russia), Russian official. He was president of the Collegium of Manufacturing (1717-22) and the Collegium of Mining (1719-26). He was made Graf (count) in 1721.

Brzezinski, Mark (Francis) (b. April 7, 1965, New York City), U.S. diplomat; son of Zbigniew Brzezinski. He has been ambassador to Sweden (2011-15) and Poland (2022- ).

Brzezinski, Zbigniew (Kazimierz) (b. March 28, 1928, Warsaw, Poland - d. May 26, 2017, Falls Church, Va.), U.S. national security advisor (1977-81); grandnephew-in-law of Edvard Benes.

Buachidze, Samuil (Grigoryevich) (b. June 17 [June 5, O.S.], 1882, Partskhnali, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. [assassinated] June 20, 1918, Vladikavkaz, Russia), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Terek People's Soviet Republic (1918).

Buaiz, Vitor (b. Aug. 19, 1943, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil), governor of Espírito Santo (1995-99). He was also mayor of Vitória (1989-93).

Buallay, Jassim Muhammad (b. March 15, 1942, Muharraq, Bahrain), Bahraini diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires (1975-76) and ambassador (1976-79) to France, ambassador to Tunisia, Morocco, and Algeria (1987-94), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-2003).

Buarque

Buarque, Cristovam (Ricardo Cavalcanti) (b. Feb. 20, 1944, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil), governor of the Distrito Federal (1995-99) and education minister of Brazil (2003-04).

Bubiriza, Pascal (b. Nov. 20, 1932, Rugari, Burundi - d. [executed] April 30, 1972, Bujumbura, Burundi), interior minister of Burundi (1963-64). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-63), ambassador to Ethiopia and Sudan (1965-67) and the Soviet Union (1967-69), and minister of communications (1969-72).

Bublan, Frantisek (b. Jan. 13, 1951, Trebíc, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), interior minister of the Czech Republic (2004-06).

Bubnov, Andriy (Serhiyovych), Russian Andrey (Sergeyevich) Bubnov (b. April 3 [March 22, O.S.], 1884, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Vladimir province [now Ivanovo, Ivanovo oblast], Russia - d. [executed] Aug. 1, 1938), member of the All-Ukrainian Bureau for Directing the Partisan Resistance Against the German Occupiers (1918). He was also chairman of the revolutionary committee (1918-19) and executive committee (1919) of Kiev province and people's commissar of internal affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1919) and of education of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1929-37).

Bubyakin, Nikolay (Vasilyevich) (b. 1898, 2nd Nakhar nasleg [village], Yakutsk oblast [now in Sakha republic], Russia - d. May 12, 1942), chairman of the Central Executive Committee and of the Council of People's Commissars of the Yakut A.S.S.R. (1928-29). He was also people's commissar of agriculture (1929-30?) and mayor of Yakutsk (1932-35).

Bucaram (Elmhalim), Asaad, Asaad also spelled Assad (b. 1916 - d. Nov. 5, 1981, Guayaquil, Ecuador), Ecuadorian politician. He was twice elected mayor of Guayaquil (1962-63, 1967-70) and then prefect of Guayas province (1970). Later in 1970 he was arrested on charges of "subversion" and deported to Panama. He returned in January 1972. In 1978 an electoral law laid down that presidential candidates must be of Ecuadorian parentage, thus excluding Bucaram, who was of Lebanese parentage but had been widely favoured to win the election. Jaime Roldós Aguilera then stood in for him as candidate of the Concentration of Popular Forces. Roldós won, but differences arose between the two, and Bucaram then obstructed Roldós in Congress, forming an alliance with the Conservative Party to pass a series of controversial bills, many of which were, however, vetoed by Roldós. Bucaram sprinkled his speeches with such rough language that political opponents called him a "churl" and "the sewer that talks." His followers responded that he was "a churl with a noble heart."

Bucaram (Záccida), Averroes (b. Oct. 14, 1954, Guayaquil, Ecuador - d. Dec. 1, 2018, Florida), Ecuadorian politician; son of Asaad Bucaram. He was president of the National Congress (1985-86, 1990) and a minor presidential candidate (1992).

Abdalá Bucaram

Bucaram Ortiz, Abdalá (Jaime)¹ (b. Feb. 20, 1952, Guayaquil, Ecuador), president of Ecuador (1996-97); brother of Jacobo Bucaram Ortiz; nephew of Asaad Bucaram. In 1982 he founded the leftist Ecuadorian Roldosist Party, and two years later he was elected mayor of Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest city. In 1985 he said that the military was good only for marching in parades, which resulted in a warrant for his arrest. To escape the slander charges, he fled to Panama, where he was arrested for cocaine possession but was not convicted. He claimed that rivals had planted the drugs on him. In 1987 he was allowed to return to Ecuador, but another two-year exile from criminal charges came in 1988 when he was accused of misappropriating public funds while serving as Guayaquil's mayor. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in 1988 and 1992, but won a surprisingly large number of votes. Campaigning in 1996 under the name El Loco ("The Madman"), he traveled with a rock band, often singing "Jailhouse Rock," a song associated with Elvis Presley, before his speeches. He criticized the "oligarchy," which he defined as wealthy businesses and banks, and campaigned for social welfare programs and the construction of new housing. In a country where 67% of the people were poor, it was a popular platform. In the May 19 election, Bucaram and Jaime Nebot of the Social Christian Party qualified for a runoff. Nebot, who was supported by businesses and banks, was favoured to win, but Bucaram's promise of change galvanized much of the electorate, and he won the July 7 runoff with 54.5% of the votes. But after six months in office, parliament deposed him for "mental incapacity" on Feb. 6, 1997; two days later, he again fled to Panama, which granted him political asylum. The government of Pres. Fabián Alarcón filed lawsuits against Bucaram for alleged mishandling and illegal appropriation of public funds. After Pres. Lucio Gutiérrez appointed to the head of the Supreme Court a close friend of Bucaram's, the court cleared him of the charges on March 31, 2005, and he returned from his exile on April 2. But soon afterwards Gutiérrez was ousted, the charges were reinstated, and he fled back to Panama, returning only in 2017 when the charges expired.
¹ According to researcher Eduardo Estrada, Bucaram says his name is Abdala, without accent; in practice, however, it is always written Abdalá.

Bucaram Ortiz, Jacobo (b. Aug. 4, 1947, Guayaquil, Ecuador), Ecuadorian presidential candidate (2002). He was also mayor of Milagro (2000-02).

Bucaram Pulley, Abdalá (Jaime), byname Dalo Bucaram (b. March 25, 1982, Guayaquil, Ecuador), Ecuadorian presidential candidate (2017); son of Abdalá Bucaram Ortiz.

Búcaro

Búcaro (Flores), Mario (Adolfo) (b. 1977, Guatemala City, Guatemala), foreign minister of Guatemala (2022- ). He was also ambassador to Israel (2018-20) and Mexico (2020-22).

Bucci, Maurizio (b. Aug. 29, 1923, Sant'Angelo del Pesco, Molise, Italy), Italian diplomat. He was ambassador to Syria (1973-76) and Brazil (1976-79) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-88).

J. Buchanan

Buchanan, James (b. April 23, 1791, near Mercersburg, Pa. - d. June 1, 1868, near Lancaster, Pa.), president of the United States (1857-61). As a Federalist, Buchanan served in the Pennsylvania legislature (1814-16) and in the U.S. House of Representatives (1821-31). When his party disintegrated in the 1820s, Buchanan associated himself with the emerging Democratic Party. He served as U.S. minister to St. Petersburg (1831-33), U.S. senator (1834-45), and secretary of state (1845-49) in the cabinet of Pres. James K. Polk. Failing to receive the presidential nomination in 1848, Buchanan retired from public service until 1853, when he was appointed minister to Great Britain. He was nominated for president in 1856 and was elected over Republican John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore, the American (Know-Nothing) Party candidate. Although well endowed with legal knowledge and experience in government, Buchanan lacked the soundness of judgment and moral courage to deal effectively with the slavery crisis. His strategy for the preservation of the Union consisted in the prevention of Northern anti-slavery agitation and the enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act (1850). His position was weakened by a split within the Democratic Party, which opened the way for the election of the Republican Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860. By February 1861 seven Southern states had seceded from the Union. Buchanan denounced secession but admitted that he could find no means to stop it. The president refused to surrender any of the federal forts that he could hold, however, and he ordered reinforcements (January 1861) sent to Fort Sumter at Charleston, S.C. Upon leaving office (March 4), Buchanan retired to his home near Lancaster, where he actively supported the Union cause until his death.

Buchanan, James M(adison) (b. May 1803, Baltimore, Md. - d. Aug. 23, 1876, Baltimore), U.S. diplomat; cousin of James Buchanan. He was minister resident to Denmark (1858-61).

John M. Buchanan

P. Buchanan

Buchanan, John M(acLennan) (b. April 22, 1931, Sydney, N.S. - d. Oct. 3, 2019), premier of Nova Scotia (1978-90).

Buchanan, Pat(rick Joseph) (b. Nov. 2, 1938, Washington, D.C.), U.S. political figure. He was candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996 and presidential candidate of the Reform Party in 2000.

Büchel

Büchel, Markus (b. May 14, 1959 - d. July 9, 2013, Ruggell, Liechtenstein), head of government of Liechtenstein (1993). He lost the confidence of his own Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP) soon after taking office. He is not to be confused with another Markus Büchel (b. Jan. 14, 1953; no personal relation), who was speaker of the FBP group in the Landtag in 2003-09.

Bucher, Ewald (b. July 19, 1914, Rottenburg, Württemberg [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany - d. Oct. 31, 1991, Mutlangen, Baden-Württemberg), justice minister of West Germany (1962-65). He was also minister of construction (1965-66).

Buchez, Philippe Joseph Benjamin (b. March 31, 1796, Matagne-la-Petite, Ardennes, France [now in Belgium] - d. Aug. 12, 1865, Rodez, Aveyron, France), president of the National Constituent Assembly of France (1848).

Büchi (Buc), Hernán (Alberto) (b. March 6, 1949, Iquique, Chile), finance minister of Chile (1985-89). He was also minister of planning (1983-84) and a presidential candidate (1989).

Büchler, Jean-Pierre (b. July 6, 1908, Haller, Luxembourg - d. Sept. 7, 1993, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He was minister of agriculture (1967-72), viticulture (1967-74), the middle classes (1967-69), public works (1969-74), and family, social housing, and social solidarity (1972-74).

Büchting Palma, Francisco (b. 1913?), defense minister of Nicaragua (1967-72).

Buck, C(layton) Douglass (b. March 21, 1890, Buena Vista estate, New Castle county, Del. - d. Jan. 27, 1965, New Castle, Del.), governor of Delaware (1929-37); great-grandnephew of John M. Clayton.

Buckhorn, Bob, byname of Robert Francis Buckhorn, Jr. (b. July 29, 1958, Evanston, Ill.), mayor of Tampa (2011-19).

Buckingham, George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, (1st) Marquess of, original name George Grenville (b. June 17, 1753, London, England - d. Feb. 11, 1813, Stowe House, Buckinghamshire, England), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1782-83, 1787-90) and British foreign and home secretary (1783); son of George Grenville. He succeeded as (2nd) Earl Temple in 1779 (shortly afterward prefixing the names Nugent-Temple to his surname) and was created Marquess of Buckingham in 1784.

Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, (2nd) Earl of (b. Aug. 17, 1723, Greenwich, Kent [now part of London], England - d. Sept. 3, 1793, Blickling Hall, Norfolk, England), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1777-80). He was also British ambassador to Russia (1762-65). He succeeded as earl in 1756.

Buckinghamshire, Robert Hobart, (4th) Earl of (b. May 6, 1760 - d. Feb. 4, 1816, London, England), governor of Madras (1794-98) and British secretary of state for war and colonies (1801-04); half-nephew of John Hobart, Earl of Buckinghamshire. He was also chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1805, 1812), joint postmaster-general (1806-07), and president of the Board of Control (1812-16). He assumed his father's subsidiary title of Baron Hobart by writ in acceleration in 1798 and succeeded him as earl in 1804.

Buckland, Sir Robert (James) (b. Sept. 22, 1968, Llanelli, Wales), British justice secretary (2019-21); knighted 2021. He was also Wales secretary (2022).

Buckley-Mathew, Sir George, until 1835 George Byam Mathew, 1835-65 George Benvenuto Mathew (b. 1807 - d. Oct. 22, 1879, London, England), governor of the Bahamas (1844-49); knighted May 1879. He was also British minister to Colombia (1865-66), Argentina (1866-67), and Brazil (1867-79).

Buckmaster, Stanley (Owen) Buckmaster, (1st) Viscount (b. Jan. 9, 1861, London, England - d. Dec. 5, 1934, London), British lord chancellor (1915-16). He was also solicitor general (1913-15). He was knighted in 1913 and created Baron Buckmaster in 1915 and viscount in 1933.

Buckovski

Buckovski, Vlado (b. Dec. 2, 1962, Skopje), defense minister (2001, 2002-04) and prime minister (2004-06) of Macedonia. In December 2008 he was sentenced to 3½ years in jail after he was found guilty of abuse of power while serving as defense minister during an armed conflict in 2001.

Buconjic, Ivica (b. July 22, 1960, Osijek, Croatia), acting interior minister of Croatia (2008).

Bud, János (b. May 30, 1880, Dragomérfalva, Hungary [now Dragomiresti, Romania] - d. Aug. 7, 1950, Budapest, Hungary), finance minister of Hungary (1924-28). He was also minister of commerce (1929-31).

Budak, Mile (b. Aug. 30, 1889, Sveti Rok village, Lovinac municipality, Lika region, central Croatia - d. [executed] June 7, 1945, Zagreb, Croatia), foreign minister of Croatia (1943). He was also education minister (1941) and ambassador to Germany (1942-43).

Budargin

Budargin, Oleg (Mikhailovich) (b. Nov. 16, 1960), governor of Taymyr autonomous okrug (2003-06).

Budberg, Aleksandr (Ivanovich), German in full Alexander Theodor Freiherr von Budberg gen. Bönninghausen (b. Nov. 21, 1797, Noistfer, Russia [now in Paide municipality, Estonia] - d. Dec. 27, 1876, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian administrator of Moldavia and Walachia (1853-54); nephew of Graf Andrey Budberg.

Budberg, Baron Andrey (Andreyevich), German in full Joseph Andreas Johann Maria Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen (b. June 12, 1836, Gemauert-Poniemon, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Dec. 24, 1916, Ouchy, Lausanne, Switzerland), Russian diplomat; nephew of Aleksandr Budberg. He was minister-resident to Saxe-Weimar (1897-1902) and minister to Württemberg (1902-06).

Budberg, Baron Andrey (Fyodorovich), German in full Andreas Ludwig Karl Theodor Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen (b. Jan. 8, 1817, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Jan. 28, 1881, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian diplomat; grandson of Graf Andrey Budberg; nephew of Baron Bogdan Budberg. He was minister to Prussia (1851-56, 1858-62) and ambassador to Austria (1856-58) and France (1862-68).

Budberg, Graf (Count) Andrey (Yakovlevich), German Andreas (Eberhard) Freiherr von Budberg (b. July 10, 1750, Magnushof, near Riga, Russia [now Manguli, Latvia] - d. Sept. 13 [Sept. 1, O.S.], 1812, St. Petersburg, Russia), foreign minister of Russia (1806-07). He was also minister to Sweden (1796-1803).

Budberg, Baron Bogdan (Vasilyevich), German in full Gotthard Wilhelm Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen (b. July 9 [June 28, O.S.], 1766, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Aug. 10 [July 29, O.S.], 1832, Budbergshof, near Riga), governor of Estonia (1819-32); son-in-law of Baron Baltazar (Ivanovich) Kampengauzen. He was also Russian chargé d'affaires in Sweden (1795-96) and the Two Sicilies (1812).

Budberg, Baron Fyodor (Andreyevich), German in full Theodor Paul Andreas Freiherr von Budberg-Bönninghausen (b. Nov. 19, 1851, Berlin, Prussia [now in Germany] - d. Feb. 23, 1916, Madrid, Spain), Russian diplomat; son of Baron Andrey (Fyodorovich) Budberg. He was minister to Sweden (1904-10) and ambassador to Spain (1910-16).

Budbergyte, Rasa (b. May 8, 1960, Plunge, Lithuanian S.S.R.), finance minister of Lithuania (2016).

Buddhadasa, A(ththintha) M(arakalage), chief minister of Uva (2001-04).

Budianschi, Dumitru (b. Sept. 2, 1961, Moldavian S.S.R.), finance minister of Moldova (2021-23).

Budimir

Budimir, Zivko (b. Nov. 20, 1962), president of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011-15).

Budinszky, László (b. Oct. 24, 1895, Budapest, Hungary - d. March 9, 1946, Budapest), justice minister of Hungary (1944-45; government of Ferenc Szálasi).

Budisa

Budisa, Drazen (b. July 25, 1948, Drnis, near Split, Croatia), Croatian politician. A student leader during the "Croatian Spring" of 1971, he later spent four years in prison in Communist Yugoslavia. He was minister without portfolio in Croatia from August 1991 to February 1992 and was presidential candidate twice, in 1992 and 2000. In 2000 he was the candidate of the two major parties in the ruling coalition - the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP). He was chairman of the HSLS in 1990-96 and 1997-2001; he stepped down after the government's decision to fully cooperate with the international war crimes court in The Hague in 2001. But months later he decided to return to politics sharply criticizing the government and demanding more power for his party. On Feb. 2, 2002, he was again elected HSLS leader, and on March 21 he became first deputy prime minister, but his party was out of government again in July. He was replaced as party leader in December 2003.

Budisteanu, Constantin (b. Sept. 21 or Nov. 4, 1838 - d. Nov. 7, 1911), war minister of Romania (1895-96). He was also president of the Senate (1909-11).

Budka, Borys (Piotr) (b. March 11, 1978, Czeladz, Poland), justice minister of Poland (2015). He is chairman of the Civic Platform (2020- ).

Budo, Halim (b. July 15, 1913, Gjirokastër, Albania), Albanian diplomat. He was minister to East Germany (1952-53) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1961-70).

Budzhiashvili, Konstantin (Dmitriyevich) (b. 1904 - d. ...), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Tbilisi oblast (1952-53).

Buendía Gutiérrez, (Ricardo) Armando (b. June 19, 1924, Palpa, Ica, Peru - d. April 6, 2019, Lima, Peru), justice minister of Peru (1982-83).

Buendía Noriega, Juan (b. 1816, Lima, Peru - d. May 27, 1895, Lima), prime minister of Peru (1877-78). He was also prefect of Lambayeque (1875-76) and minister of war and the navy (1876-77) and interior, police, and public works (1877-78).

Bueno, Antonio Dino da Costa (b. Dec. 15, 1854, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Feb. 27, 1931, São Paulo, Brazil), acting president of São Paulo (1927).

Bueno (Aguilera), Bruno (b. 1814, Arequipa, Peru - d. June 16, 1889, Lima, Peru), interior, police, and public works minister of Peru (1878). He was also minister to Bolivia (1877-78).

Bueno, Francisco Antonio Pimenta (b. Nov. 10, 1836, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil - d. Dec. 7, 1888, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Amazonas (1888); son of José Antonio Pimenta Bueno, marquês de São Vicente.

Bueno, Jerônimo Coimbra (b. May 19, 1910, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil - d. Sept. 17, 1996), governor of Goiás (1947-50).

Buffet, Louis Joseph (b. Oct. 26, 1818, Mirecourt, Vosges, France - d. July 7, 1898, Paris, France), vice chairman of the Council of Ministers of France (1875-76). He was also minister of agriculture (1848-49, 1851), finance (1870, 1871), and interior (1875-76) and president of the National Assembly (1873-75).

Buffett, David (b. May 27, 1827, Pitcairn Island - d. Aug. 7, 1924, Norfolk Island), chief magistrate of Norfolk Island (1871); brother of John Buffett, Robert Pitcairn Buffett, and Thomas Buffett.

D.E. Buffett

Buffett, David Ernest (b. Oct. 17, 1942, Sydney, Australia), chief minister (1979-86, 2006-07, 2010-13) and president of the Legislative Assembly (1989-92) of Norfolk Island; great-grandson of David Buffett; great-grandnephew of John Buffett, Robert Pitcairn Buffett, and Thomas Buffett. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly from its inception in 1979 to its abolition in 2015, except in 2007-10, and was its speaker in 2000-06 and 2013-15.

Buffett, Henry Seymour (b. May 7, 1847, Pitcairn Island - d. May 1, 1931, Norfolk Island), chief magistrate of Norfolk Island (1888); son of John Buffett; nephew of David Buffett, Robert Pitcairn Buffett, and Thomas Buffett.

Buffett, John (b. July 21, 1826, Pitcairn Island - d. June 23, 1906, Norfolk Island), chief magistrate of Norfolk Island (1867-70, 1881-82); brother of David Buffett, Robert Pitcairn Buffett, and Thomas Buffett.

Buffett, Robert Pitcairn (b. March 26, 1830, Pitcairn Island - buried Jan. 23, 1916, Pitcairn Island), chief magistrate of Pitcairn Island (1868); brother of David Buffett, John Buffett, and Thomas Buffett.

Buffett, Thomas (b. Jan. 3, 1825, Pitcairn Island - d. Oct. 18, 1900, Norfolk Island), chief magistrate of Norfolk Island (1860-61); brother of David Buffett, John Buffett, and Robert Pitcairn Buffett.

Buffi, Giuseppe (b. Sept. 26, 1938, Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland - d. July 20, 2000, Chioggia, Veneto, Italy), president of the Council of State of Ticino (1989-90, 1993-94, 1997-98, 2000).

Bufi, Ylli (Sokrat) (b. May 25, 1948, Tiranë, Albania), prime minister of Albania (1991). He was minister of the foodstuff industry in 1990-91 and of food and light industry in 1991.

Bugallal, Gabino Bugallal Araújo, conde de (b. Feb. 19, 1861, Puenteáreas, Pontevedra province, Spain - d. May 31, 1932, Paris, France), prime minister of Spain (1921). He was also minister of education and fine arts (1903, 1914-15), finance (1913-15, 1917, 1919-20), justice (1920), interior (1920-21), and national economy (1931).

Bugdayev

Bugdayev, Ilya (Erdniyevich) (b. Oct. 28, 1938, Malye Derbety, Kalmyk A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Jan. 11, 2011), chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Kalmykia (1992-93).

Bugeaud, Thomas Robert, marquis de la Piconnerie, duc (duke) d'Isly (b. Oct. 15, 1784, Limoges, France - d. June 10, 1849, Paris, France), governor-general of Algeria (1841-47). He joined Napoléon's imperial guard in 1804, with which he took part in the Austerlitz campaign of the following year. He later distinguished himself during the Peninsular War. At the First Restoration (1814) he was made a colonel, but his troops forced him to side with Napoléon during the Hundred Days (1815). For fifteen years after the fall of Napoléon he was not re-employed, but the July Revolution of 1830 allowed him to resume his military career. Sent to Algeria for a short period in 1836, Bugeaud defeated Abd-el-Kader, emir of Mascara and hero of the Arab resistance, at Sikkah (July 6). Critical of the traditional cumbersome French military tactics used in Algeria, Bugeaud successfully developed techniques more suited to conditions of irregular warfare. In 1841, when he returned to Algeria as governor-general, his new tactics won early successes over the Algerians. In 1843 he was made a marshal of France. After crushing Abd-el-Kader's Moroccan allies at the Battle of Isly (Aug. 14, 1844), Bugeaud received his ducal title. He returned to Algeria for short periods in 1845 and 1847 but resigned as governor-general in September 1847 in protest over the government's neglect of his plans for military colonization. When revolution broke out in Paris in 1848, Bugeaud commanded Louis-Philippe's troops in the city but failed to save the monarchy. He was asked, but eventually refused, to be a candidate for the presidency in opposition to Louis-Napoléon. Under the Second Republic he published many antisocialist pamphlets and accepted command of the Army of the Alps.

Buggia, Jean-Jacques (Nicolas) (b. Jan. 1, 1925), governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1967-71).

Bughici, Simion (b. Dec. 25, 1914, Iasi, Romania - d. Feb. 1, 1997, Bucharest, Romania), foreign minister of Romania (1952-55). He was also ambassador to the Soviet Union, Finland, and Mongolia (1949-52), a deputy premier (1955-57), and minister of food industry (1969).

Bugli, Pietro (b. Oct. 21, 1954), captain-regent of San Marino (1996).

Bugotu, Francis (b. June 27, 1937, Guadalcanal island, Solomon Islands - d. July 9, 1992, Honiara, Solomon Islands), secretary-general of the South Pacific Commission (1982-86). He was also Solomon Islands permanent representative to the United Nations (1978-82, 1990-92) and ambassador to the United States (1979-82, 1991-92).

Bugti, Sardar (Mohammad) Akbar Khan, also called Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti (b. July 12, 1927, Barkhan, Baluchistan, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Aug. 26, 2006, Kohlu district, Balochistan, Pakistan), governor (1973-74) and chief minister (1989-90) of Balochistan. He was the hereditary ruler of the Bugti tribe and an articulate spokesman for the Baloch cause for decades. The Baloch rebellion has been running off-and-on for decades, but Bugti was not always an anti-establishment figure. He was appointed governor of Balochistan in 1973, but resigned after a few months after disagreeing with federal government policies. In 1989, he was elected the province's chief minister; little more than a year later he again resigned. On other occasions he was elected as lawmaker. Hostilities escalated again in December 2005 when militants fired rockets that landed about 300 yards from Pres. Pervez Musharraf while he was visiting the town of Kohlu. The government then launched an offensive against the Bugti and Marri tribes, and Bugti was killed by security forces in a 2006 operation.

Buha

Buha, Aleksa (b. Nov. 21, 1940, Gacko, Herzegovina, Yugoslavia [now in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina]), Bosnian politician. He was foreign minister of the Republika Srpska in 1992-98. He was picked as chairman of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) when Radovan Karadzic was forced from office in July 1996. He was a loyal Karadzic supporter whose constant theme in speeches and writing was the impossibility of coexistence among Bosnia's Serbs, Croats, and Muslims.

Buhagiar

Buhagiar, Francesco (b. Sept. 7, 1876, Qrendi, Malta - d. June 27, 1934, St. Julian's, Malta), prime minister of Malta (1923-24). After Malta was granted self-government Buhagiar was returned to the Legislative Assembly in the elections of 1921 and 1924 in the interests of the Unione Popolare Maltese (UPM). On Oct. 13, 1922, he was appointed minister of justice in succession to Alfredo Caruana Gatto and exactly a year later he succeeded Sen. Joseph Howard as prime minister. The UPM coalition with the Labour Party came to an end on Jan. 2, 1924, but Buhagiar led a minority government until parliament was dissolved in April. After the June 1924 elections, the UPM returned only 10 members to the Legislative Assembly but Buhagiar was still asked to form a government. He led a minority government until Sept. 22, 1924, when he resigned his seat and was appointed a judge of the Superior Courts. A gentleman and a democrat, Buhagiar was highly respected by all, even his political opponents. His career on the bench was a distinguished one, earning him a reputation as an eminent practical man and an accomplished jurist.

Buhamba Hamba, Déogratias (b. Sept. 19, 1952, Costermansville, Belgian Congo [now Bukavu, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. July 30, 2018, Kinshasa, Congo), governor of Sud-Kivu (2005-07).

Buhari

Buhari, Muhammadu (b. Dec. 17, 1942, Dumurkol [now in Katsina state], Nigeria), chairman of the Supreme Military Council (1983-85) and president (2015- ) of Nigeria. He was a Fulani from Daura in the northern state of Kaduna. He joined the Nigerian army in 1962 and was commissioned in 1963. By 1975 he was a lieutenant colonel and was one of the movers in the coup that ousted Gen. Yakubu Gowon, head of the military government from 1966 to 1975. Buhari served as military governor of the former North Eastern state (at Maiduguri) in 1975-76 and briefly of Borno state (1976) before he was appointed federal commissioner for petroleum resources by Lt.Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, who succeeded Brig. Murtala Mohammed after the latter's assassination. When this office joined the Nigerian National Oil Corporation to form the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation in 1977, Buhari became chairman. At the same time, he was moved to the job of military secretary (army) at Supreme Military Headquarters - the seat of the government. In 1979 he returned to full military duties and in 1980 was appointed general officer commanding, 4th Division; later he became general officer commanding, 1st Mechanized Division at Jos, Plateau state, where he remained until December 1983. On the last day of 1983 the Nigerian army once more took power, ousting the civilian government elected less than four months earlier, and Major General Buhari emerged as the new head of state. During his New Year's broadcast as head of state, he listed the many failings of former president Alhaji Shehu Shagari's regime - corruption, immorality and impropriety, forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and other crimes - and thereby set high standards for himself and his new government. In 1985 he was deposed by Ibrahim Babangida. In 2003, 2007, and 2011 he was an unsuccessful presidential candidate, before defeating incumbent Goodluck Jonathan in 2015. He was reelected in 2019. He was also chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (1985, 2018-19).

Bühl

Bühl, Herbert (b. Aug. 7, 1956, Schaffhausen, Switzerland), president of the government of Schaffhausen (2002).

Buhl

Buhl, Vilhelm (b. Oct. 16, 1881, Fredericia, Denmark - d. Dec. 18, 1954, Copenhagen, Denmark), prime minister of Denmark (1942, 1945). He was employed in the Copenhagen Tax Department and in 1924 became its director. In 1937, five years after he was first elected to parliament as a Social Democrat, he was made finance minister under Thorvald Stauning in Denmark's first Social Democratic government and carried through important tax reforms. He was a member of the coalition government formed in 1940 during the German occupation. A determined opponent of Denmark's forced adherence to the renewed Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941, Buhl became prime minister on Stauning's death in May 1942. Buhl's opposition to cooperation with Nazi Germany resulted in his dismissal by the Germans in November 1942. Buhl again became prime minister of the first postwar government (1945). In the minority Social Democratic government of Hans Hedtoft, he served as minister without portfolio (economic coordination) (1947-50) and justice (acting, 1950).

Buhot-Launay, Émile (b. June 12, 1881 - d. May 1, 1970), governor of French Guiana (1927-28), acting lieutenant governor (1929-30) and acting commandant (1938) of Chad, acting lieutenant governor of Middle Congo (1932), and acting governor-delegate of Oubangui-Chari (1936).

Bui T.S.

Bui Thanh Son (b. Oct. 16, 1962, Hanoi, North Vietnam [now in Vietnam]), foreign minister of Vietnam (2021- ).

Bui Xuan Nhat, Vietnamese diplomat. He was acting permanent representative to the United Nations (1986-88).

Buiskool, Johannes A(te) E(ildert) (b. Sept. 15, 1899, Koedijk, Noord-Holland, Netherlands - d. Oct. 30, 1960, Gorssel, Gelderland, Netherlands), prime minister of Suriname (1951-52).

Buitrago (Sandoval y Benavent), Pablo (Sánchez de) (b. Jan. 25, 1807, León [now in Nicaragua] - d. July 22, 1882, Santa Tecla, El Salvador), director of Nicaragua (1841-43).

Buitrago Aja, Mariano (b. Aug. 5, 1912, Managua, Nicaragua), interior minister of Nicaragua (1969-72).

Bukejlovic

Bukele

Bukejlovic, Pero (b. Aug. 9, 1946, Busletic village, near Doboj [now in Republika Srpska], Bosnia and Herzegovina), prime minister of the Republika Srpska (2005-06).

Bukele (Ortez), Nayib (Armando) (b. July 24, 1981, San Salvador, El Salvador), president of El Salvador (2019- ). He was also mayor of San Salvador (2015-18).

Buketi Bukayi, (Denis-Henry), foreign minister of Zaire (1991). He was also minister of international cooperation (1990-91, 1991-92, 1993).

Bukhari, Nasuhi (Salim) al- (b. c. 1881 - d. 1961), prime minister (1939) and acting president (1939) of Syria.

Bukharin

Bukharin, Nikolay (Ivanovich) (b. Oct. 9 [Sept. 27, O.S.], 1888, Moscow, Russia - d. March 14, 1938, Moscow), prominent leader of the Communist International (Comintern). In 1906 he joined the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and in 1908 became a member of the Moscow committee of the party's Bolshevik wing. He was arrested and deported to Onega (a region near the White Sea) in 1911 but escaped to western Europe, where he met the Bolshevik leader Lenin in Kraków (1912) and worked with him on the party's newspaper Pravda. In October 1916 he went to New York, where he edited a Leninist newspaper, Novy Mir. After the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia. He was elected to his party's central committee in August, and, after the Bolsheviks seized power, he became editor of Pravda. In March 1919 he became a member of the Comintern's executive committee. After Lenin's death in 1924, Bukharin became a full member of the Politburo. In 1926 he succeeded Grigory Zinovyev as chairman of the Comintern's executive committee. In 1928 Stalin denounced Bukharin for opposing enforced collectivization. Bukharin lost his Comintern post in April 1929 and was expelled from the Politburo in November. He recanted his views and was partially reinstated in the party. He was made editor of Izvestiya, the official government newspaper, in 1934 and participated in writing the 1936 Soviet constitution. But in January 1937 he was secretly arrested and was expelled from the Communist Party for being a "Trotskyite." In March 1938 he was a defendant in the last public purge trial, falsely accused of counterrevolutionary activities and of espionage, found guilty, and executed. He was posthumously reinstated as a party member in 1988.

Bukoshi, Bujar (b. May 13, 1947, Suva Reka, Kosovo, Serbia), prime minister of the self-declared Republic of Kosovo (1991-2000). In 1993-99 he lived in exile in Bonn, Germany.

Buksgevden, Graf Fyodor (Fyodorovich), German Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Buxhoeveden (b. Sept. 13 [Sept. 2, O.S.], 1750, Magnusdal, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Sept. 4 [Aug. 23, O.S.], 1811, Lohde, Russia [now in Estonia]), military governor of St. Petersburg (1797-98) and governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1803-06, 1808-09). He was also commander of the Russian army that conquered Finland in 1808. He was made a Prussian Graf (count) in 1795 and a Russian one in 1797.

Bukuru, Melchiade, Burundian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1994-95).

Bulajic, Zarko (b. July 22, 1922, Vilusi, Yugoslavia [now in Montenegro] - d. Jan. 1, 2009, Belgrade, Serbia), chairman of the Executive Council of Montenegro (1969-74).

Bulashev, Zinatulla (Gizatovich), surname until 1919 Gizatullin (b. April 7 [March 26, O.S.], 1894, Novye Karashidy, Ufa province [now in Bashkortostan republic], Russia - d. [executed] July 11, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1930-37).

Bulat, Gurgen (Osipovich) (b. 1900 - d. ...), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1933-35). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Chechen autonomous oblast (1927-29) and first secretary of the party committee of Stalinsk city (1936-37).

Bulatov, Fokion (Yevstafyevich) (b. Dec. 2 [Nov. 20, O.S.], 1823 - d. Jan. 7, 1896 [Dec. 26, 1895, O.S.]), governor of Yelizavetpol (1868-76).

Bulatov, Vladimir (Semyonovich) (b. Jan. 20 [Jan. 7, O.S.], 1910, Kostroma, Russia - d. 1999), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Crimea (1939-44).

M. Bulatovic

P. Bulatovic

Bulatovic, Momir (b. Sept. 21, 1956, Belgrade, Serbia - d. June 30, 2019), secretary of the League of Communists (1989-91) and president (1990-98) of Montenegro and prime minister of Yugoslavia (1998-2000).

Bulatovic, Pavle (b. Dec. 13, 1948, Gornji Rovci, northern Montenegro - d. Feb. 7, 2000, Belgrade, Serbia), Yugoslav politician. He was defense minister from 1993, and prior to that, interior minister of Montenegro (1991-92) and Yugoslav interior minister (1992-93). He was shot through the window of a restaurant while he was dining in Belgrade's borough of Banjica.

Bulatsev

Bulavin

Bulatsev, Aslanbek (Soltanovich) (b. 1963), prime minister of South Ossetia (2008-09).

Bulavin, Vladimir (Ivanovich) (b. Feb. 11, 1953, Lipetsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), plenipotentiary of the president in Severo-Zapadny federal district (2013-16).

Bulc, Violeta, née Bunc (b. Jan. 24, 1964, Novo Mesto, Slovenia), Slovenian politician. She was a deputy prime minister (2014) and EU commissioner for transport (2014-19).

Buldayev, Sergey (Nikolayevich) (b. March 6, 1934, Ulan-Ude, Buryat-Mongol A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now Buryatia, Russia]), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1987-90) and of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1990-91) of the Buryat A.S.S.R. He was also first deputy premier (1984-87).

Bulekpayev, Yermaganbet (Kabdulovich) (b. Sept. 2, 1975, Uspenka, Karaganda oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Karaganda oblast (2022- ). He was also mayor of Karaganda (2020-22).

Bulgak, Vladimir (Borisovich) (b. May 9, 1941, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1997-98, 1998-99). He was also minister of communications (1990-97) and science and technology (1998).

Bulgakov, Yakov (Ivanovich) (b. Oct. 26 [Oct. 15, O.S.], 1743, Moscow, Russia - d. July 19 [July 7, O.S.], 1809, Moscow), governor of Vilna (1797-99). He was also Russian minister to the Ottoman Empire (1781-87) and ambassador to Poland (1790-92).

Bulganin

Bulganin, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. June 11 [May 30, O.S.], 1895, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia - d. Feb. 24, 1975, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), premier of the Soviet Union (1955-58). In 1917 he joined the Bolshevik party. In 1918-22 he held a leading post in the Cheka (secret police). He was made chairman of the Moscow Soviet in 1931 and was mayor of Moscow in 1931-37. He then became premier of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1937-38), chairman of the Soviet Union's state bank (1938-41), deputy premier of the Soviet Union (1938-41), and a full member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1939). After serving in Iosif Stalin's elite war cabinet, the State Defense Committee (1944), he resumed the post of deputy premier of the Soviet Union (1947-49), succeeded Stalin as minister of the armed forces (1947-49), with the rank of marshal of the Soviet Union, and became a full member of the Politburo of the Central Committee (1948). After Stalin's death (March 5, 1953), he became deputy premier and defense minister in the government of Georgy Malenkov. But during the power struggle between Malenkov and Nikita Khrushchev, Bulganin supported Khrushchev. Khrushchev won, and Bulganin on Feb. 8, 1955, replaced Malenkov as chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier). He came to be closely identified with Khrushchev, but he joined an "anti-party group" trying to oust Khrushchev in June 1957. Although the group failed and its leaders were expelled from the Central Committee and its Presidium (July 1957), Bulganin remained premier until March 27, 1958, and a member of the Presidium until Sept. 5, 1958; only at the end of 1958 was he formally associated with the "anti-party" group. He was then given an obscure party position, and in 1961 he lost his membership on the Central Committee.

Bulhões, Octávio Gouvêa de (b. Jan. 7, 1906, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Oct. 13, 1990, Rio de Janeiro), finance minister of Brazil (1964-67); grandnephew of José Leopoldo de Bulhões Jardim.

Buljevic, Josip (b. April 2, 1971, Split, Croatia), defense minister of Croatia (2016). In 2017 he became ambassador to Finland.

Bulkeley, John Duncan (b. Aug. 19, 1911, New York City - d. April 6, 1996, Silver Spring, Md.), commander of the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base (1963-66).

Bull, Brynjulf Friis (b. Oct. 17, 1906, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. May 19, 1993, Oslo), mayor of Oslo (1951-55, 1960-61, 1964-75).

Bull, Edvard (b. Dec. 4, 1881, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Aug. 26, 1932, Oslo), foreign minister of Norway (1928). He was also a notable historian.

Bull, Edvard Hagerup (b. Jan. 23, 1855, Bergen, Norway - d. March 25, 1938, Bærum, Norway), finance minister of Norway (1889 [acting], 1905-06, 1920-21); grandson of Edvard Hagerup. A cousin of composer Edvard Grieg, he was also minister of justice and police (1905).

Bull, Georg Jacob (b. Aug. 1, 1785, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Dec. 12, 1854, Christiania), governor of Jarlsberg og Laurvigs amt (1821-29), Søndre Bergenhus amt (1829-31), and Bergen stift (1829-34); son of Johan Randulf Bull. He was also Norwegian state secretary (1834-36) and chief justice of the Supreme Court (1836-54).

Bull, Johan Randulf (b. April 29, 1749, Rein [now in Steinkjer municipality], Nordre Trondhjems amt [now in Trøndelag fylke], Norway - d. Feb. 28, 1829, Laurvig [now Larvik], Norway), governor of Bergen stift and Søndre Bergenhus amt (1802-14). He was also chief justice of the Supreme Court of Norway (1814-27).

Bull, Lyder Døscher (b. March 15, 1881, Bergen, Norway - d. 1959), governor of Østfold (1940-51).

Bull, William V(acanarat) S(hadrach) (b. Oct. 11, 1946, Monrovia, Liberia), Liberian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in the United States (1979-80, 1980-81), permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-98), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1998-2000) and the United States (2000-02, 2010-12).

Bullard, Sir Julian (Leonard) (b. March 8, 1928, Athens, Greece - d. May 25, 2006, Oxford, England), British political agent in the Trucial States (1968-70); knighted 1982. He was also ambassador to West Germany (1984-88).

Bulle, Frits (Khristianovich), Latvian Fricis Bulle (b. July 16 [July 4, O.S.], 1883, Tukum, Courland, Russia [now Tukums, Latvia] - d. 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Terek People's Soviet Republic (1918).

Bullock, Steve, byname of Stephen Clark Bullock (b. April 11, 1966, Missoula, Mont.), governor of Montana (2013-21). In May 2019 he joined the already crowded field of candidates for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination, but made no mark and dropped out in December.

Bulnes

Bulnes (Prieto), Manuel (b. Dec. 25, 1799, Concepción, Chile - d. Oct. 18, 1866, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1841-51); son-in-law of Francisco Antonio Pinto; nephew of Joaquín Prieto; cousin of José María de la Cruz. His military victory against the Bolivian-Peruvian Confederation in 1839 assured his election to the presidency. He reduced the size of the military and solidified its loyalty to the central government in the face of provincial uprisings. As a southerner, he was able to defuse regional resentment of the dominant Santiago area. Although Bulnes staffed his two administrations mainly with Conservatives, he conciliated his opponents by including some Liberals. Social and political stability made Chile a haven for many intellectual refugees from other dictatorships. The new interest in learning produced a generation of young intellectuals who openly opposed the oligarchical domination that Bulnes represented. Faced with growing discontent, Bulnes named his successor, Manuel Montt, and had him duly elected; he was obliged, however, to resort to military action to quell a brief but bitter civil war before Montt's tenure was secured.

Bulnes Pinto, Manuel (Francisco) (b. June 10, 1842, Santiago, Chile - d. April 18, 1899, Santiago), war and marine minister of Chile (1896); son of Manuel Bulnes; grandson of Francisco Antonio Pinto.

Bulnes Riquelme, Wenceslao (b. 1833, Chillán, Chile - d. May 17, 1908, Santiago, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1901); son of Manuel Bulnes.

Bulnes Sanfuentes, Francisco (Enrique María) (b. Aug. 8, 1917, Santiago, Chile - d. Oct. 28, 1999, Santiago), Chilean diplomat; brother of Manuel Bulnes Sanfuentes; grandson of Juan Luis Sanfuentes; great-grandson of Manuel Bulnes; great-great-grandson of Francisco Antonio Pinto. He was ambassador to Peru (1975-79).

Bulnes Sanfuentes, (Juan Gonzalo Francisco) Manuel (b. May 1, 1911, Santiago, Chile - d. June 2, 1975, Santiago), defense minister of Chile (1946-47); grandson of Juan Luis Sanfuentes; great-grandson of Manuel Bulnes; great-great-grandson of Francisco Antonio Pinto.

Bulnes Serrano, Felipe (b. May 27, 1969, Santiago, Chile), justice minister of Chile (2010-11). He was also minister of education (2011) and ambassador to the United States (2012-14).

Bulovas

Bulovas, Virgilijus (Vladislovas) (b. Nov. 6, 1939, Kaunas, Lithuania), interior minister of Lithuania (1996, 2003-04). He was also ambassador to Kazakhstan (1997-2001).

Fürst von Bülow

Bülow, Bernhard (Heinrich Martin Karl) Fürst von, formerly (Sept. 22, 1899-Sept. 6, 1905) Bernhard Graf von Bülow (b. May 3, 1849, Klein-Flottbek, near Altona [now part of Hamburg], Germany - d. Oct. 28, 1929, Rome, Italy), chancellor of Germany and prime minister of Prussia (1900-09); son of Bernhard (Ernst) von Bülow. He entered the German foreign service in 1874. He held a number of diplomatic posts, including minister to Romania (1888-93) and ambassador to Italy (1893-97). His real rise to power occurred in June 1897, when Emperor Wilhelm II appointed him state secretary for the Foreign Department. He quickly became a more potent force than the chancellor, Chlodwig Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, and after three years he succeeded to the chancellorship. He was expected to satisfy the widespread desire for an aggressive foreign policy while preventing the impetuous emperor from making a fool of himself. In his foreign policy, he employed what he understood as Bismarckian Realpolitik to advance Wilhelm II's policy of a "place in the sun" for the Reich among world powers. As state secretary, he scored some gains in the Pacific, acquiring Kiaochow, China; the Caroline Islands; and Samoa (1897-1900). He actively promoted building the Baghdad Railway to make Germany a power in the Middle East. In domestic affairs he relied on the support of the Conservatives and Centrists and, at times, the National Liberals. Though he did not repress the Social Democrats, he made sure that they gained no real political power. Wilhelm II's indiscreet remarks printed in The Daily Telegraph of London in 1908 led to Bülow's resignation in 1909. Bülow admitted that he had not read the proof of the article that the newspaper had submitted to him before publication; Wilhelm believed Bülow had approved the article so that the emperor would be humiliated.

Bülow, Bernhard (Ernst) von (b. Aug. 2, 1815, Cismar, Holstein [now in Germany] - d. Oct. 20, 1879, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), foreign minister of Germany (1873-79); nephew of Heinrich Freiherr von Bülow. He was also Danish chargé d'affaires in the Hanseatic cities (1847-48) and minister to the German Confederation (1850-62) and minister of state of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1862-68).

Bülow, Hans Adolf Karl Graf von (b. Feb. 10, 1807, Essenrode, Hanover [now part of Lehre, Niedersachsen, Germany] - d. Feb. 12, 1869, Nimmersath, Prussia [now part of Bolków, Poland]), acting foreign minister of Prussia (1848-49) and president of the state ministry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1850-58); son of Ludwig Friedrich Viktor Hans Graf von Bülow.

Bülow, Heinrich (Ulrich Wilhelm) Freiherr von (b. Sept. 4, 1791, Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Schwerin [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany] - d. Feb. 6, 1846, Berlin, Prussia [Germany]), foreign minister of Prussia (1842-45); son-in-law of Wilhelm von Humboldt. He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1827-41) and the German Confederation (1841-42).

Bülow, Ludwig Friedrich Viktor Hans Graf von (b. July 14, 1774, Essenrode, Hanover [now part of Lehre, Niedersachsen, Germany] - d. Aug. 11, 1825, Landeck, Prussia [now Ladek-Zdrój, Poland]), finance minister of Westphalia (1808-11) and Prussia (1813-17) and Oberpräsident of Schlesien (1825). He was also Prussian minister of trade (1818-25). He was made Graf (count) in 1810.

Bultrikova, Balzhan (Bultrikovna) (b. 1921, Kasyk, Russia [in present Zhambyl oblast, Kazakhstan] - d. May 14, 1998, Almaty, Kazakhstan), foreign minister of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1966-71). She was also minister of social security (1955-66) and education (1971-80) and a deputy premier (1966-71).

Bulukungu Bera-Kay, Nicolas (b. Oct. 17, 1950), acting governor of Kwilu (2017).

Bulundwe (Kitongo Penga Mali), Édouard (b. Nov. 29, 1932), president of Katanga Oriental (1963-65), governor of Équateur (1969) and Orientale (1969-70), and interior minister of Congo (Kinshasa)/Zaire (1970-72).

Bulwer, Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne (b. Dec. 11, 1836, Heydon, Norfolk, England - d. Sept. 30, 1914), lieutenant governor of Dominica (1867-69), governor of Labuan (1871-75), lieutenant governor (1875-80) and governor (1882-85) of Natal, and high commissioner of Cyprus (1886-92); knighted 1874; nephew of Henry Lytton Earle Bulwer, Baron Dalling and Bulwer.

Bulygin, Aleksandr (Grigoryevich) (b. Aug. 6, 1851, Ryazan province, Russia - d. Sept. 5, 1919, Ryazan province), interior minister of Russia (1905). He was also governor of Kaluga (1888-93) and Moscow (1893-1902).

Bumaya, André (Habib), foreign minister of Rwanda (2000-02). He was also ambassador to Libya (1994-2000) and minister of public service and labour (2002-06).

Bumçi

Bumçi, Aldo (Tonin) (b. June 11, 1974, Tiranë, Albania), justice minister (2005-07) and foreign minister (2013) of Albania. He was also minister of tourism, culture, youth, and sports (2011-13).

Bundhun, (Abdool) Raouf (b. Jan. 14, 1937, Amaury, Rivière du Rempart district, northern Mauritius), vice president (2002-07) and acting president (2003) of Mauritius. He was also minister of power, fuel, and energy (1976) and ambassador to France (2000-02).

Bundu, Abass (Chernor) (b. June 3, 1948, Gbinti, Port Loko district, Sierra Leone), executive secretary of the Economic Community of West African States (1989-93) and foreign minister of Sierra Leone (1994-95). He has also been agriculture minister (1982-85), a presidential candidate (1996; 2.9% of the vote), and speaker of parliament (2018- ).

Bundy, McGeorge (b. March 30, 1919, Boston, Mass. - d. Sept. 16, 1996, Boston), U.S. national security advisor (1961-66). He was also president of the Ford Foundation (1966-79).

Bune, Poseci (Waqalevu), Fijian diplomat/politician. He was ambassador to Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, and Italy (1985-87), permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-99), and minister of agriculture, fisheries, and forests (1999-2000), environment (2006), and public service (2007-08).

Bunge, Carl friherre (b. Aug. 4, 1734 - d. April 14, 1816, Häggeby socken, Uppsala, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1778-96).

Bunge, Nikolay (Khristianovich) (b. Nov. 23 [Nov. 11, O.S.], 1823, Kiev, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. June 15 [June 3, O.S.], 1895, Tsarskoye Selo palace, near Saint Petersburg, Russia), finance minister (1881-87) and chairman of the Committee of Ministers (1887-95) of Russia. He was also rector of St. Vladimir University (Kiev) (1859-62, 1871-75, 1878-80).

Buniatzade, Dadash (Khodzha ogly) (b. April 8, 1888, Baku province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] April 21, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. (1928-32). He was also people's commissar for education and workers' and peasants' inspection (1920-22) and food and agriculture (1920s) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. and people's commissar of agriculture of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1932-36).

Bunster (Villagra), José Onofre (b. April 2, 1861, Nacimiento, Chile - d. Feb. 13, 1934, Viña del Mar, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1922-23).

Bunwaree, Vasant Kumar (b. April 7, 1947, Port Louis, Mauritius), finance minister of Mauritius (1996-2000). He was also minister of labour and industrial relations (2005-08), education and human resources (2008-14), and culture (2008-10).

Bunyoni

Bunyoni, Alain Guillaume (b. Jan. 2, 1972, Kanyosha, Burundi), prime minister of Burundi (2020-22). He was also minister of public security (2007-11, 2015-20).

Buol-Schauenstein, Johann Anton Rudolf Graf von (b. Nov. 21, 1763, Vienna, Austria - d. March 12, 1834, Vienna), Austrian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in the Netherlands (1790-92) and minister to Switzerland (1792-94), the Holy Roman Empire (1794-95), the Hanseatic cities (1796-1801), Bavaria (1801-05), Würzburg (1807-14), Tuscany (1814-15), Hanover and Hesse-Kassel (1815-16), and the German Confederation (1815-23). He was raised from Freiherr (baron) to Graf (count) in 1805.

Buol-Schauenstein, Karl Ferdinand Graf von (b. May 17, 1797, Vienna, Austria - d. Oct. 28, 1865, Vienna), prime minister and foreign minister of Austria (1852-59); son of Johann Anton Rudolf Graf von Buol-Schauenstein; brother-in-law of Baron Pyotr Meyendorf. He was also minister to Baden (1828-37), Württemberg (1838-44), Sardinia (1844-48), Russia (1848-51), and the United Kingdom (1851-52).

Bur

Bur, Dominique (b. Dec. 28, 1947, Monswiller, Bas-Rhin, France), high commissioner of New Caledonia (1995-99). He has also been prefect of the French départements of Loire (1999-2000), Haute-Vienne (2004-07), Côte-d'Or (2007-08), Haute-Garonne (2008-11), and Nord (2011-14).

Buraukin, Henadz (Mikalayevich) (b. Aug. 28, 1936, Shulyatsina, Vitebsk oblast, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. May 30, 2014, Minsk, Belarus), Belarusian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-93). He was also known as a poet.

Burbrook, (John) Peter (Cyprian) (b. Sept. 25, 1922), official representative in the Cocos Islands (1968-69).

Burbulis, Gennady (Eduardovich) (b. Aug. 4, 1945, Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. June 19, 2022, Baku, Azerbaijan), a first deputy prime minister of Russia (1991-92). He was also secretary of state (1991-92).

Burbury, Sir Stanley Charles (b. Dec. 2, 1909, Perth, W.Aus. - d. April 24, 1995, Hobart, Tas.), governor of Tasmania (1958-59 [acting], 1963 [acting], 1968 [acting], 1973-82); knighted 1958. He was chief justice in 1956-73.

Bürckel

Bürckel, Josef (b. March 30, 1895, Lingenfeld, Bayern [now in Rheinland-Pfalz], Germany - d. [suicide] Sept. 28, 1944, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Bayern [now in Rheinland-Pfalz]), German Nazi official. He was in charge of the Saarland after its 1935 reincorporation into Germany, holding the titles of Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes (1935-36), Reichskommissar für das Saarland (1936-40), Reichskommissar für die Saarpfalz (1940-41), and Reichsstatthalter in der Westmark (1941-44). From 1926 he had been Gauleiter (party district leader) of Rheinpfalz, which in 1935 merged with the Saarland to form the Gau Pfalz-Saar (later renamed Saarpfalz and then Westmark), with him remaining as Gauleiter. After the annexation of Austria he was Reichskommissar für die Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich (1938-40) and Reichskommissar (1939-40) and Reichsstatthalter (1940) of Wien. After the occupation of Lorraine he was chief of civil administration in that territory (1940-44).

Burchard, Franz Emil Emanuel von (b. Aug. 8, 1836, Königsberg, Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia] - d. April 25, 1901, Charlottenburg [now part of Berlin], Germany), finance minister of Germany (1882-86). He acquired the "von" in 1883.

Burckhardt(-Schazmann), Carl Christoph (b. Dec. 5, 1862, Basel - d. Feb. 19, 1915, Birsfelden, Basel-Land), president of the government of Basel-Stadt (1908-09).

Burckhardt-Iselin, Karl (b. July 2, 1830, Basel - d. Aug. 24, 1893, Basel), mayor (1868, 1870, 1872, 1874) and president of the government (1875-76, 1877-78, 1881-82, 1885-86, 1889-90) of Basel-Stadt.

Burdeau, Auguste (Laurent) (b. Sept. 10, 1851, Lyon, France - d. Dec. 12, 1894, Paris, France), finance minister of France (1893-94). He was also minister of marine and colonies (1892-93) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1894).

Burdyugov

Burdyugov, Anatoliy (Fedorovych) (b. Nov. 9, 1958, Odessa oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), prime minister of Crimea (2005-06).

Bure, Jacob (b. 16... - d. 1709), governor of Åbo och Björneborg (1698-1706) and Kopparberg (1706-09).

Burege, Esorom (b. June 27, 1952, Lungalunga, Papua and New Guinea [now Papua New Guinea]), home affairs (and youth) minister of Papua New Guinea (1987-88).

Burelli Rivas, Miguel Ángel (b. July 8, 1922, La Puerta, Trujillo, Venezuela - d. Oct. 22, 2003, Washington, D.C.), foreign minister of Venezuela (1994-99). He was also justice minister (1964-65), ambassador to Colombia (1965-67), the United Kingdom (1967-68), and the United States (1974-76), and a presidential candidate (1968).

Burelli Rivas, Régulo (b. Jan. 8, 1917, Monte Carmelo, Trujillo, Venezuela - d. Nov. 21, 1984), Venezuelan diplomat; brother of Miguel Ángel Burelli Rivas. He was ambassador to West Germany (1958-61), Belgium (1961-64), Poland (1964-68), the Soviet Union (1971-78), and China (1979-83).

Burensköld, Jacob friherre, also spelled Burenskiöld (b. Dec. 25, 1655, Stockholm, Sweden - d. March 12, 1738, Fyllingarum, Östergötland, Sweden), governor of Östergötland (1706-10) and Skåne (1711-16). He was made friherre (baron) in 1706.

D. Bures

Buresch

Bures, Doris (b. Aug. 3, 1962, Vienna, Austria), Austrian politician. She was minister of women, media, and public service (2007-08) and transport, innovation, and technology (2008-14) and president of the National Council (2014-17).

Bures, Jaroslav (b. May 8, 1954, Mimon, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), justice minister of the Czech Republic (2001-02). He was also minister without portfolio (2004-05).

Buresch, Karl (b. Oct. 12, 1878, Gross-Enzersdorf, Lower Austria - d. [suicide?] Sept. 16, 1936, Vienna, Austria), Landeshauptmann of Niederösterreich (1922-31, 1932-33) and chancellor (1931-32), finance minister (1931, 1933-35), and foreign minister (1932) of Austria.

Buresová, Dagmar, née Kubistová (b. Oct. 19, 1929, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. June 30, 2018, Prague), justice minister (1989-90) and chairperson of the National Council (1990-92) of the Czech Republic.

Burford

Burford, Anne (Irene McGill) Gorsuch, née McGill, before second marriage (1983) known as Anne M. Gorsuch (b. April 21, 1942, Casper, Wyo. - d. July 18, 2004, Aurora, Colo.), administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1981-83). In 1976, she was elected to the first of two terms in the Colorado House of Representatives, where she was a member of a group that called itself the Crazies for its members' passionate devotion to states' rights and opposition to federal energy and environmental policies. She was named outstanding freshman legislator and worked on legislation concerning hazardous wastes and vehicle emissions. In appointing her EPA administrator, Pres. Ronald Reagan made her a leader in his effort to bring economic discipline to environmental cleanup and to give the states greater enforcement powers on matters like clean air and water. Critics contended that the policies weakened federal environmental enforcement to please polluting industries. This fundamental difference in perspective reached a climax in a battle between a subcommittee of the House of Representatives, which demanded thousands of pages of documents relating to toxic waste cleanup, and Gorsuch, who refused to hand them over. She said she would go to jail rather than surrender them to Congress. Eventually, the White House gave up its claim of executive privilege to keep the documents secret, and she resigned on March 9, 1983. She was the second-ranking woman in the Reagan administration, after United Nations Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick. Environmentalists like Gaylord Nelson, chairman of the Wilderness Society, accused her of "a wholesale dismantling" of environmental advances, but she insisted that she was bringing cost-effective market forces to the regulation of pollution. Her son Neil Gorsuch became an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 2017.

A. Burg

Burg, Avraham (b. Jan. 19, 1955, Jerusalem), Israeli politician; son of Josef Burg. He was speaker of the Knesset in 1999-2003 and served as interim president of Israel in 2000.

J. Burg

Burg, Josef (Salomon) (b. Jan. 31, 1909, Dresden, Germany - d. Oct. 15, 1999, Jerusalem), Israeli politician. He arrived in British-mandated Palestine just before the outbreak of World War II in 1939. An ordained rabbi, he became a political kingmaker during his 35 years as a cabinet minister (1951-86). He spent some 40 years in parliament after Israel's establishment in 1948 and was minister of health (1951-52), postal services (1952-58), welfare (1959-70, 1975), interior (1970-74, 1974-76, 1977-84), and religious affairs (1981-84, 1984-86). He served under every Israeli prime minister until his retirement from politics in 1986. To many Israelis, Burg, who never lost his heavy German accent, symbolized the Ashkenazi elite of European Jews who long dominated politics in the Jewish state. He was a founding member (1956) of the National Religious Party (Mafdal), which spearheaded Jewish settlement efforts in the occupied West Bank and Gaza, areas Israel captured in the 1967 Middle East war. Burg, however, was widely regarded as a dove among hawks in the party. After Israel's 1979 peace treaty with Egypt, Burg led a Palestinian Autonomy Committee that failed to make progress on self-rule, later established under a 1993 interim peace deal between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Burgener

Burger

Burgener, Thomas (b. Aug. 11, 1954, Visp, Valais, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Valais (2002-03, 2006-07).

Bürger, Kurt, original name Karl Wilhelm Ganz (b. Aug. 27, 1894, Karlsruhe, Baden [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany - d. July 28, 1951, Schwerin, Mecklenburg, East Germany [now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany]), first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party (1946-51) and minister-president (1951) of Mecklenburg.

Burger, Warren E(arl) (b. Sept. 17, 1907, St. Paul, Minn. - d. June 25, 1995, Washington, D.C.), chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1969-86).

Burgess

Burgess, Harry (b. Feb. 22, 1872, Starkville, Miss. - d. March 18, 1933, Hot Springs, Ark.), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1928-32). He served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers advancing in rank to colonel on July 1, 1920. He was in charge of surveys and design of Muscle Shoals power development and Panama Canal maintenance engineer from 1924 to 1928. During his term as governor, canal traffic increased in volume rapidly and steadily until it reached a peak in 1929. This emphasized the need, foreseen by his predecessor Meriwether L. Walker, of providing for a greater future traffic, and much of Governor Burgess' efforts were directed toward this end. Following Walker's lead, he saw that substantial preliminary work was done toward increasing canal capacity, namely, that of constructing a dam for impounding additional water storage for lockages and maintenance of an optimal water level in Gatun Lake. Governor Burgess took great interest in the lives of the people who carried out the work of canal operations and maintenance, and undoubtedly identified more closely with the workers than they themselves realized. For example, he worked hard for, and was largely instrumental in, obtaining the rights of the Canal Zone Retirement Act, which affected favourably every employee of the "Big Ditch." Burgess also planned the construction of school buildings, bachelors and nurses quarters and established a public library and the Canal Zone Junior College. Unlike Walker, he was inclined to be impatient with details, but saw to it that every problem put to him had been well studied and carefully analyzed then acted with quick decision and sound judgment.

Burggraeff, Jan (b. 16... - d. Jan. 14, 1714), commander of Bonaire (1690-95, 1699-1705).

Burgos (Varela), Jorge (Alfonso) (b. June 24, 1956, Santiago, Chile), defense minister (2014-15) and interior minister (2015-16) of Chile. He was also ambassador to Ecuador (1996-2000).

Burgos Figueroa, Gregorio (b. 1850, Concepción, Chile - d. January 1922, Santiago, Chile), Chilean politician. He was mayor of Concepción (1891-94) and intendant of Concepción province (1905-11).

Burgstaller

Burgstaller, Gabi, byname of Gabriele Burgstaller (b. May 23, 1963, Penetzdorf, Niederthalheim, Oberösterreich, Austria), Landeshauptfrau of Salzburg (2004-13).

Burhan

Burhan, Abdel Fattah (Abdel Rahman) (b. 1960, Gandatu, north of Khartoum, The Sudan), chairman of the Transitional Military Council (2019) and of the Sovereignty Council (2019-21, 2021- ) of The Sudan.

Burian, Peter (b. March 21, 1959), Slovak diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2004-08) and ambassador to the United States (2008-12).

Burián von Rajecz, Stefan Graf (b. Jan. 16, 1851, Stomfa, Hungary, Austrian Empire [now Stupava, Slovakia] - d. Oct. 20, 1922, Vienna, Austria), finance minister (1903-12, 1916-18) and foreign minister (1915-16, 1918) of Austria-Hungary. He was also consul-general to Bulgaria (1887-95) and minister to Württemberg (1896-97) and Greece (1897-1903) and Hungarian minister a latere (1913-15). He was made a Freiherr (baron) in 1900 and a Graf (count) in 1918.

Burity, Tarcísio de Miranda (b. Nov. 28, 1938, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil - d. July 8, 2003, São Paulo), governor of Paraíba (1979-82, 1987-91).

Burjanadze

Burjanadze, Nino (Anzoris asuli), also spelled Nino (Anzorovna) Burdzhanadze (b. July 16, 1964, Kutaisi, Georgian S.S.R.), acting president of Georgia (2003-04, 2007-08). She was speaker of parliament in 2001-03, 2004-07, and 2008 and a presidential candidate in 2013.

Burke, Brian (Thomas) (b. Feb. 25, 1947, Perth, Western Australia), premier of Western Australia (1983-88).

D. Burke

Burke, Denis (Gabriel) (b. Sept. 22, 1948, Queensland, Australia), chief minister of the Northern Territory (1999-2001).

Burke, Edmund (b. Jan. 12 [Jan. 1, O.S.], 1730?, Dublin, Ireland - d. July 9, 1797, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England), British statesman. In the 1750s he acquired some reputation for philosophical writings. In agreement with the publisher Robert Dodsley, he also initiated the Annual Register, a yearly survey of world affairs which survived into the 21st century; the first volume, covering the year 1758, appeared under his (unacknowledged) editorship, and he retained this connection for about 30 years. In 1765 he became secretary to the Marquess of Rockingham, leader of one of the Whig groups in Parliament, and he entered the House of Commons that year for the pocket borough of Wendover. Burke remained Rockingham's secretary until the latter's death in 1782. In 1774 Burke was elected a member of Parliament for Bristol, then the second city of the kingdom and an open constituency requiring a genuine election contest. He held this seat for six years but failed to retain the confidence of his constituents. For the rest of his parliamentary career he was member for Malton, a pocket borough of Lord Rockingham's. He briefly held office as paymaster general of the forces in 1782-83. He instigated the impeachment of Warren Hastings, former governor-general of India (1774-85). In 1794, at the conclusion of the trial of Hastings (who was acquitted), Burke retired from Parliament. Important in the history of political theory, although he never systematized his political philosophy (his writings dealt with current political problems), Burke essentially championed conservatism (a term not used until the 19th century), notably expressed in opposition to Jacobinism in his major work, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).

Burke, Ray, byname of Raphael Patrick Damian Burke, Irish Rae de Búrca (b. Sept. 30, 1943, Dublin), minister of the environment (1980-81, 1982), communications (1987-91), energy (1987-88), industry and commerce (1988-89), justice (1989-92), and foreign affairs (1997) of Ireland.

Burke, Richard (b. March 29, 1932, New York City - d. March 15, 2016), Irish politician. He was education minister (1973-76), European commissioner for taxation, consumer affairs, transport, and parliamentary relations (1977-81) and inter-institutional relations and administration (1982-85), and a vice president of the European Commission (1984-85).

Burkhalter

Burkhalter, Didier (Eric) (b. April 17, 1960, Neuchâtel, Switzerland), interior minister (2009-11), foreign minister (2012-17), and president (2014) of Switzerland.

Bürki(-Weber), Gotthelf (Karl) (b. 1925, Worb, Bern, Switzerland - d. Sept. 29, 2006, Köniz, Bern), president of the government of Bern (1981-82).

Burki, Shahid Javed (b. Sept. 14, 1938, Simla [now Shimla, Himachal Pradesh], India), finance advisor of Pakistan (1996-97). He was also a vice president of the World Bank (1994-99).

Burkov

Burkov, Aleksandr (Leonidovich) (b. April 23, 1967, Kushva, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Omsk oblast (2017- ).

Burlakov, Pavlo (Mykolayovych) (b. June 19, 1963, Donetsk, Ukrainian S.S.R.), acting prime minister of Crimea (2011).

Burlamaqui, Polydoro Cesar (b. June 15, 1836, Oeiras, Piauí, Brazil - d. July 3, 1894, Teresina, Piauí), president of Paraná (1866-67) and Piauí (1867-68).

Burleigh, A(lbert) Peter (b. March 7, 1942, Los Angeles, Calif.), acting U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1998-99). He was also ambassador to Sri Lanka and Maldives (1996-97) and chargé d'affaires in India (2009, 2011-12).

Burlet, Jules Philippe Marie de (b. April 10, 1844, Ixelles, Belgium - d. March 1, 1897, Nivelles, Belgium), interior minister (1891-95), cabinet chief (1894-96), and foreign minister (1895-96) of Belgium. He was also minister to Portugal (1896-97).

Burman, Ingrid (Kristina) (b. Nov. 4, 1952, Skellefteå, Västerbotten, Sweden), governor of Kronoberg (2017-19).

Burmania Rengers, Egbert Sjuck Gerrold Juckema van, heer van Cammingaburg (b. March 21, 1745, IJsbrechtum, Friesland, Netherlands - d. Feb. 24, 1806, The Hague), member (1801-05) and chairman (1802) of the Staatsbewind of the Batavian Republic.

Burmistenko, Mikhail (Alekseyevich) (b. Nov. 22 [Nov. 9, O.S.], 1902 - d. [in combat in World War II] September 1941), chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1938).

Burmov, Todor (Stoyanov) (b. Jan. 14 [Jan. 2, O.S.], 1834, Gabrovo, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. Nov. 7 [Oct. 25, O.S.], 1906, Sofia, Bulgaria), prime minister and interior minister (1879) and finance minister (1883, 1886) of Bulgaria.

Burnel, (Étienne Laurent) Pierre (b. 1762, Rennes, France - d. ...), governor of French Guiana (1798-99).

Burneo (Farfán), Kurt (Johnny) (b. Feb. 26, 1961, Callao, Peru), economy and finance minister of Peru (2022). He was also minister of production (2011).

Burnet, David G(ouverneur) (b. April 14, 1788, Newark, N.J. - d. Dec. 5, 1870, Galveston, Texas), president of the ad-interim government (1836), vice president (1838-41), and acting secretary of state (1839, 1839-40) of Texas. He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1841.

L.E. Burney

Burney, LeRoy Edgar (b. Dec. 31, 1906, Burney, Ind. - d. July 31, 1998, Park Ridge, Ill.), U.S. surgeon general (1956-61). He made the first federal government statement identifying smoking as a cause of lung cancer. The statement declared that an "increasing and consistent body of evidence" indicated "excessive cigarette smoking is one of the causative factors in lung cancer." Two years later, Burney wrote: "The weight of evidence at present implicates smoking as the principal factor in the increased incidence of lung cancer." His statements helped pave the way for the more famous 1964 Surgeon General's report linking smoking to cancer. Burney also served as president of the World Health Organization in 1958.

Burney, S(ayed) M(uzaffar) H(usain) (b. Aug. 14, 1923, Bulandshahr, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Feb. 7, 2014), governor of Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura (1981-84) and of Haryana (1984-88).

F. Burnham

Burnham, (Linden) Forbes (Sampson) (b. Feb. 20, 1923, Kitty, East Demerara, British Guiana - d. Aug. 6, 1985, Georgetown, Guyana), prime minister (1964-80) and president (1980-85) of Guyana (until 1966, British Guiana). In 1950 he formed the People's Progressive Party together with Cheddi Jagan, the left-wing labour leader. In 1953 he was education minister. He split with Jagan in 1955 to form the more moderate People's National Congress. After Jagan's party won control of the colonial legislature in two successive elections (1957 and 1961), the British, acting to halt the leftward momentum of the government under Jagan, changed the constitution in 1964 so that Burnham could form a coalition government with a small right-wing party. When Guyana became independent in May 1966, Burnham was well established as the new state's first head of government. Until 1970, Burnham steered a moderate course, seeking foreign investment and keeping his distance from Cuba and the Socialist countries. In 1970, however, he veered sharply to the left, declaring Guyana a "Cooperative Republic," establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba, the Soviet Union, and other Communist countries, and seeking a position of leadership among Third World nations. In a referendum held in July 1978 and with electoral results widely believed to have been fraudulent, Burnham sought to strengthen his party's nearly total control of the government. By 1979 his policies of nationalization had reduced the private sector's share in the economy to 10%. In 1980 a constitutional change replaced the premiership with a more powerful presidency, and Burnham was declared the winner of the presidential election of 1980 (which was also internationally condemned as fraudulent). He died in office.

Burnham, Viola (Victorine), née Harper (b. Nov. 26, 1930, New Amsterdam, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. Oct. 10, 2003, Miami, Fla.), vice president and deputy prime minister of Guyana (1985-91); widow of Forbes Burnham. She also served as the head of the women's branch of the People's National Congress party and was in the vanguard of a movement to make Guyana self-reliant in food and clothing production.

A.F. Burns

Burns, Arthur F(rank), originally Arthur Burnzeig (b. April 27, 1904, Stanislau, Austria [now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine] - d. June 26, 1987, Baltimore, Md.), chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board (1970-78). He began his longtime government service in 1953 when he became chairman of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers. A pragmatist, Burns shifted his policy from advocating tight money to doubling the money supply as inflation either increased or decreased. In 1974, when inflation was at double-digit levels, Burns, who had the responsibility for devising the central banking system's interest-rate policies, escalated the rates, a move that caused him to be blamed for helping plunge the U.S. into a recession that same year. In 1969 he was economic adviser to Pres. Richard M. Nixon and later served under Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. In 1980 he was founding chairman of the Committee to Fight Inflation, and from 1981 to 1985 he served as ambassador to West Germany.

C.H. Burns

Burns, Clarence H(enry), byname Clarence Du Burns (b. Sept. 17, 1918, Baltimore, Md. - d. Jan. 12, 2003, Baltimore), mayor of Baltimore (1987). At 19 - though not of the then-legal voting age of 21 - he registered as a Democrat and became the first black member of the 7th Ward's powerful Bohemian Club. The young Burns began corralling votes for members while building his own political base. He was hired as a locker room attendant at Dunbar High School through City Hall connections, and with political acumen, charm, and personal warmth, ascended from that modest job to the city's highest office. He got the nickname "Du" in the 1940s when he was knee-deep in local politics - always doing things for people. Among his many deeds was delivering votes for Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro, Jr., the task that helped him land the locker room job. He learned the ins and outs of politics through his own political club, which evolved into the Eastside Democratic Organization. From that platform, he launched his campaign for City Council from the 2nd District in 1971 - and won. For the next 17 years he worked at City Hall, making urban renewal the centrepiece of his efforts. By 1986, he had risen to council president, and he went on to become the city's first black mayor in January 1987, when William D. Schaefer left to become Maryland's governor. But he served as mayor for only 11 months - going down to defeat in the 1987 mayoral primary to state attorney Kurt L. Schmoke. Burns ran again in 1991, only to lose again to Schmoke. In his first eight months as mayor, Burns created the first city program to help the homeless, started several housing initiatives, found money to keep five imperiled library branches from closing, and increased school funding.

S. Burns

Burns, Sean (Gilbert Peter) (b. Feb. 19, 1961 - d. March 16, 2023, aboard RV Meteor, en route from Tristan da Cunha to Cape Town, South Africa), administrator of Tristan da Cunha (2010-13, 2016-20, 2022-23) and Ascension (2020-22) and acting governor of Saint Helena (2016).

Burns, William (Joseph) (b. April 4, 1956, Fort Bragg, N.C.), U.S. acting secretary of state (2009) and director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2021- ). He was also ambassador to Jordan (1998-2001) and Russia (2005-08).

Burokevicius, Mykolas (Martynovich) (b. Oct. 7, 1927, Alytus, Lithuania - d. Jan. 20, 2016, Vilnius, Lithuania), first secretary of the Lithuanian Communist Party (CPSU Platform) (1989-91). He was named as one of the perpetrators in Vilnius' tragic events on Jan. 13, 1991, when 14 people were killed and hundreds were injured during an attempt by Soviet troops and the KGB to overthrow Lithuania's authorities which had declared independence in 1990. Burokevicius and his subordinate Juozas Jermalavicius were detained in Belarus in 1994 and taken to Lithuania. In August 1999, the Vilnius District Court sentenced Burokevicius to 12 years in prison for organizing murder and grievous bodily harm, establishing anti-state organizations, and committing other crimes. He had been awaiting his ruling in prison, so by the time the ruling was handed down, he had already served half of his sentence. He was released on Jan. 13, 2006.

Buron, Robert (Albert Gaston) (b. Feb. 27, 1910, Paris, France - d. April 28, 1973, Paris), finance minister of France (1955). He was also minister of information (1951-52), economic affairs (1952, 1953, 1955), overseas France (1954-55), plan (1955), tourism (1958-59), and public works and transport (1958-62).

Burov, Atanas (Dimitrov) (b. Jan. 30, 1875, Gorna Oryahovitsa, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. May 15, 1954, Pazardzhik, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1926-31). He was also minister of trade, industry, and labour (1913, 1919-20).

Burr

Burr, Aaron (b. Feb. 6, 1756, Newark, New Jersey - d. Sept. 14, 1836, Port Richmond, N.Y.), U.S. vice president (1801-05). He served on Gen. George Washington's staff during the Revolutionary War (1775-83) but was transferred after antagonizing Washington. In 1784 and 1785 he was elected to the New York state assembly, and in 1789 he was appointed attorney general by Gov. George Clinton. By 1791 he had built a successful coalition against Gen. Philip Schuyler, father-in-law of Alexander Hamilton, and won election to the U.S. Senate, incurring the enmity of Hamilton. Burr failed to be reelected in 1797 and spent the next two years in state politics. In 1800 he won the Republican (Jeffersonian) vice presidential nomination. Under the procedures then prevailing, the electors cast their votes for both Thomas Jefferson and Burr without indicating who should be president and who vice president. Hamilton's determined opposition to Burr finally resulted in Jefferson's election. In February 1804 Burr's friends in the New York legislature nominated him for the governorship. Again Hamilton helped to bring about Burr's defeat, and shortly thereafter Clinton replaced him as the Republican vice presidential candidate. Once again he felt himself to be the victim of Hamilton's animosity, and they fought a duel (July 11, 1804) at Weehawken, N.J., in which Hamilton was killed. With warrants out for his arrest in two states, Burr fled to Philadelphia, where he contacted his friend Gen. James Wilkinson. They conspired to invade Mexico, but Wilkinson betrayed Burr to President Jefferson. Trying to escape to Spanish territory, Burr was arrested and returned for trial at Richmond, Va. (May 1807). He was tried for treason, and although he was acquitted, he remained under a cloud of suspicion.

Burrenchobay, Sir Dayendranath (b. March 24, 1919, Plaine Magnien, Mauritius - d. March 29, 1999), governor-general of Mauritius (1978-83); knighted 1978.

Burrowes, Hugh (b. Dec. 16, 1909, London, England - d. 1998), commissioner of Montserrat (1946-49) and administrator of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1949-56).

Burrows, Sir Bernard (Alexander Brocas) (b. July 3, 1910 - d. May 7, 2002), chief political resident of the Persian Gulf (1953-58); knighted 1955. He was also British ambassador to Turkey (1958-62).

Bursík, Martin (b. Aug. 12, 1959, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister of the Czech Republic (2007-09). He was also minister of environment (1998, 2007-09) and education, youth, and sports (acting, 2007) and chairman of the Green Party (2005-09).

Burský, Oldrich (b. Oct. 17, 1933, Kyjov, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1989-90). He was also minister of agriculture and food (1989-90).

D. Burt

Burt, (Edward) David (b. November 1978), premier (2017- ) and finance minister (2017-18) of Bermuda. He is leader of the Progressive Labour Party (2016- ).

F. Burt

Burzan

Burt, Sir Francis (Theodore Page) (b. June 14, 1918, Perth, W.Aus. - d. Sept. 8, 2004, Perth), acting governor (1980, 1983-84, 1989-90) and governor (1990-93) of Western Australia.

Burtica, Cornel (b. Sept. 3, 1931, Zegujani, Mehedinti county, Romania - d. June 11, 2013), a deputy prime minister of Romania (1977-82). He was also ambassador to Italy and Morocco (1966-69) and Malta (1968-69), minister of external trade (1969-72, 1978-82) and international economic cooperation (1978-82), and chairman of the National Broadcasting Council (1973-76).

Burton, Henry (b. June 2, 1866, Cape Town, Cape Colony [now in South Africa] - d. Dec. 25, 1935, London, England), finance minister of South Africa (1916-17, 1920-24). He was also minister of native affairs (1910-12) and railways and harbours (1912-20).

Burton, (Richard) Mark (b. Jan. 16, 1956, Northampton, England), internal affairs minister (1999-2000) and defence minister (1999-2005) of New Zealand. He was also minister of tourism (1999-2005), veterans' affairs (1999-2002), state-owned enterprises (1999-2004), and justice and local government (2005-07).

Bury, Leslie Harry Ernest (b. Feb. 25, 1913, London, England - d. Sept. 7, 1986, Vaucluse, Sydney, N.S.W.), foreign minister of Australia (1971).

Burzan, Dragisa (b. 1950, Titograd [now Podgorica], Montenegro), foreign minister of Montenegro (2003-04). He has also been a deputy prime minister (1998-2001), minister of labour and social care (2001-02), and ambassador of Serbia and Montenegro to the United Kingdom (2004-06).

Bus de Warnaffe, Charles (Paul Marie Léon) du (b. Sept. 16, 1894, Brussels, Belgium - d. Oct. 23, 1965), interior minister (1935-36) and justice minister (1937-38, 1945, 1952-54) of Belgium.

Busaidi

Busaidi, Badr ibn Hamad ibn Hamoud Al (b. May 30, 1960, Muscat, Muscat and Oman [now Oman]), foreign minister of Oman (2020- ).

Busairi, Abdul Salam al- (b. 1898, Tripoli, Ottoman Empire [now in Libya] - d. ...), foreign minister of Libya (1954). He was also governor of Tripolitania (1954-55), head of the royal cabinet (1955-58), ambassador to the United Kingdom (1958-64), the Netherlands (1960-64), and Turkey (1964-65, 1966-70), and minister of industries (1965-66).

Busargin

Busargin, Roman (Viktorovich) (b. July 29, 1981, Bolshaya Sakma, Saratov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government (2020-22) and governor (2022- ) of Saratov oblast.

Busbee, George (Dekle) (b. Aug. 7, 1927, Vienna, Ga. - d. July 16, 2004, Savannah, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1975-83). He won the Democratic nomination for governor in 1974 over better-known rivals including Lt.Gov. Lester Maddox. While he was in office, voters approved a constitutional amendment that allowed him to become the state's first governor to serve two consecutive four-year terms. He launched the state's first kindergarten program and steered Georgia through two recessions. Seeing the demise of agriculture and textiles as the state's leading industries, he worked to attract emerging high technology businesses that propelled Georgia's growth in the 1990s.

Busca (Arconati Visconti), Antonio (b. Feb. 17, 1767, Milan - d. May 19, 1834, Milan), acting grand master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1821-34).

Busch, Clemens (August) (b. May 20, 1834, Cologne, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany] - d. Nov. 25, 1895, Bern, Switzerland), acting foreign minister of Germany (1881). He was also minister to Romania (1885-88), Sweden (1888-92), and Switzerland (1892-95).

Busch (Becerra), Germán (b. March 23, 1903, San Javier, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia - d. Aug. 23, 1939, La Paz, Bolivia), president of Bolivia (1937-39). A hero of the Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay, he afterwards served as commander of the cavalry brigade and as chief of the general staff. He played a prominent part in the 1936 coup which deposed Pres. José Luis Tejada Sorzano and installed Col. José David Toro as chairman of the Government Junta. In 1937 Toro resigned at the demand of a group of army officers and Socialist leaders and Colonel Busch took up his place. He restored the 1880 constitution which had been suspended by Toro. Inspired by Dionisio Foianini, he confiscated the $17,000,000 investment of the Standard Oil Company on March 15, 1937. Foianini became his minister of mines and petroleum in May 1938 after the Congress legalized the seizure. That month a constituent assembly elected Busch president. Busch and Foianini hoped to rebuild Bolivia's collapsed economic structure on the foundation of its oil wealth. Labour troubles and bitter political friction among rival factions, however, continued to harass the country. In April 1939, Busch, whose army included 5,000 German-trained soldiers, established a totalitarian state. He dissolved Congress and the courts, suspended the constitution, and established absolute control over financial and political activities. He was careful to explain that his regime was entirely Bolivian in character and was not allied to the totalitarian ideology of any European state. On Aug. 23, 1939, he died of a bullet wound. The official announcement said he shot himself at his own home during a birthday party for his brother-in-law and that he had been suffering from a severe depression.

Buschmann, Marco (b. Aug. 1, 1977, Gelsenkirchen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), justice minister of Germany (2021- ).

Buschor

Buschor, Ernst (b. July 12, 1943, Dübendorf, Zürich, Switzerland), president of the government of Zürich (1997-98, 2002-03).

Busek, Erhard (b. March 25, 1941, Vienna, Germany [now in Austria] - d. March 13, 2022), vice chancellor of Austria (1991-95). He was also minister of science and research (1989-94) and education and art (1994-95) and chairman of the Austrian People's Party (1991-95).

Busevics, Ansis (b. Nov. 22, 1878, Pope parish, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Aug. 10, 1942, Omsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), finance minister of Latvia (1923).

G. Bush

Bush, George (Herbert Walker)¹ (b. June 12, 1924, Milton, Mass. - d. Nov. 30, 2018, Houston, Texas), president of the United States (1989-93). The son of Sen. Prescott Bush (1895-1972), he became active in the Republican Party in Houston in 1959, and, after losing a campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1964, he was elected (1966) to the House of Representatives from a safely Republican Texas district. He gave up the seat in 1970 to run again, unsuccessfully, for the Senate. Pres. Richard Nixon chose him to serve as UN ambassador (1971-73). He was chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973-74. Pres. Gerald Ford appointed him chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing in 1974. He also served as CIA director (1976-77). In 1980 he mounted a campaign for the Republican presidential nomination but abandoned it in May to support Ronald Reagan, who chose Bush as his running mate. They won the 1980 election and were reelected in 1984 for a second term. Bush secured the 1988 presidential nomination and defeated the Democratic candidate, Michael Dukakis. In December 1989 Bush ordered a brief military invasion of Panama, which toppled that country's leader, Gen. Manuel Noriega, who had been indicted in the U.S. on drug-trafficking charges. When Iraq occupied Kuwait in August 1990, Bush built up an international coalition against Iraq and, over the objections of those who favoured giving an embargo more time to work, increased the U.S. military presence in the region to about 500,000 troops within a few months. After Iraq failed to withdraw from Kuwait, Bush authorized a U.S.-led offensive that began on Jan. 16-17, 1991, which restored Kuwait to independence, at a cost of at least 100,000 Iraqi lives. Bush's popularity dissipated when an economic recession that began late in 1990 persisted into 1992. He lost his reelection bid in 1992 to Democrat Bill Clinton.
¹ While during his presidency he was commonly just called George Bush, he later came to be often called George H.W. Bush, to more clearly distinguish him from George W. Bush.

G.W. Bush

Bush, George W(alker) (b. July 6, 1946, New Haven, Conn.), president of the United States (2001-09); son of George Bush. A Republican, he ran unsuccessfully for Congress in 1978. In 1995-2000 he was governor of Texas; he defeated incumbent Democrat Ann Richards by a greater than expected 53%-46% in 1994, and after being reelected in 1998, he was increasingly seen as the likely Republican presidential candidate in 2000. On June 12, 1999, he formally announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination. He described himself as a "compassionate conservative." By March 7, 2000, so-called Super Tuesday, when Bush took 9 of 13 contests, it was clear that he would win the nomination. He took a strong lead in the opinion polls over Vice Pres. Al Gore, the Democratic nominee, but then the gap in the polls between Bush and Gore narrowed to the closest in any election in 40 years. Although Bush lost the nationwide popular vote by 500,000 votes out of 105 million cast on November 7, the presidency hinged on Florida's 25 electoral votes. The result in Florida was so close that for five weeks after election day, Florida and federal courts weighed the legal challenges until the U.S. Supreme Court effectively awarded the presidency to Bush. By winning Florida, Bush narrowly won the electoral vote over Gore by 271 to 266. With his inauguration, Bush became only the second son of a president to assume the nation's highest office; the other was John Quincy Adams (1825-29), the son of John Adams (1797-1801). After attacks by Islamic extremists on the U.S. on Sept. 11, 2001, Bush called for a global war on terrorism. The U.S. subsequently toppled the regimes of Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003). The latter campaign was widely opposed internationally even among allies like Germany and France. He was reelected in 2004, defeating Democrat John Kerry 51%-48%. After the poor handling of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the financial crisis of 2008, among other factors, he left office as one of the most unpopular presidents in history.

J. Bush

Bush, Jeb, byname of John Ellis Bush (b. Feb. 11, 1953, Midland, Texas), governor of Florida (1999-2007); son of George Bush; brother of George W. Bush. After he lost the 1994 race for governor to the Democratic incumbent, Lawton Chiles, by barely 60,000 votes - the closest governor's race in Florida history - he almost immediately began to reshape his image. He polished some rough political edges and courted new constituencies: Jews, the elderly, and black leaders. While he changed some things, Bush retained his tough stands on crime and opposition to abortion except in instances of rape, incest, or where the mother's health is in danger. He won an easy victory in 1998, collecting 55% of the vote to 45% for Democratic lieutenant governor Buddy MacKay. After the 2000 presidential election, Jeb Bush and Florida secretary of state Katherine Harris were accused of helping to deliver the state to George W. Bush by disenfranchising thousands of mostly black voters, supposedly felons or ex-felons, but in fact including many non-felons whose name, gender, birth date, and race matched - or nearly matched - one of the tens of millions of ex-felons in the United States. In June 2015 he declared his candidacy for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination; he gave up in February 2016 after a disappointing showing in the South Carolina primary.

M. Bush

D. Bushati

Bush, (William) McKeeva (b. Jan. 20, 1955, West Bay, Cayman Islands), leader of government business (2001-05, 2009) and premier (2009-12) of the Cayman Islands. He was also minister of health and human services (1992-94), community development, sports, women's and youth affairs, and culture (1994-97), tourism, environment, and transport (2000-01), tourism, environment, development, and commerce (2001-05), and finance, tourism, and development (2009-12). In 2017 he became speaker of the Legislative Assembly.

Bushati, Ditmir (Sulejman) (b. March 24, 1977, Shkodër, Albania), foreign minister of Albania (2013-19).

Bushati, Maliq (Bej) (b. Feb. 8, 1880, Shkodër, Albania - d. [executed] Feb. 14, 1946, Kodër e Priftit [now part of Tiranë], Albania), interior minister (1939-41) and prime minister (1943) of Albania.

Bushuyev, Pavel (Ivanovich) (b. Jan. 20 [Jan. 8, O.S.], 1890, Gnezdovo, Tver province, Russia - d. [executed] Sept. 9, 1937, Leningrad, Russian S.F.S.R. [now St. Petersburg, Russia]), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Karelian A.S.S.R. (1935-37). He was also executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Vyatka province (1926-28).

Busia

Busia, Kofi (Abrefa) (b. July 11, 1913, Ashanti, Gold Coast [now Ghana] - d. Aug. 28, 1978, Oxford, England), prime minister of Ghana (1969-72). He entered the Gold Coast legislature in 1951, led the opposition to Kwame Nkrumah in Ashanti, and in 1957 headed the National United Party opposition in Ghana's National Assembly before seeking voluntary exile in the Netherlands and Britain (1959-66). After Nkrumah's overthrow he returned to head the interim military government's advisory committees. Following elections, he became prime minister on Sept. 30, 1969, but his government's economic difficulties led to a military coup (Jan. 13, 1972) while he was visiting England that brought an end to democratic rule. Busia, informed of the coup, chose to remain in England.

Busignani, Patrizia (b. May 11, 1959, San Marino, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (1993).

Busquin, Philippe (b. Jan. 6, 1941, Feluy, Belgium), interior minister of Belgium (1981). He was also minister of Francophone education (1980-81) and social affairs (1988-92), leader of the (Walloon) Socialist Party (1992-99), and EU commissioner for research (1999-2004).

Buss, Andrey (Andreyevich) (b. 1911 - d. 1980), acting chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1978-79).

Bussi, Antonio Domingo (b. Jan. 17, 1926, Victoria, Entre Ríos, Argentina - d. Nov. 24, 2011, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina), governor of Tucumán (1976-77, 1995-99). He was one of the military's most hardline leaders during the 1976-83 dictatorship. Human rights groups say Bussi was among officers who tortured and killed dissidents, and that at least 400 people vanished in Tucumán alone while Bussi commanded forces there. Life after the dictatorship brought legal troubles for the junta leaders, but Bussi parlayed his military ties into years of political success. Disillusionment with a series of post-dictatorship leaders helped him win the governorship of Tucumán, and in July 2003 he won the mayoral race in San Miguel de Tucumán, the province's capital. The same month he was ordered held under house arrest as part of an extradition request by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, but it was later dropped by Spain's government and Bussi was freed after 45 days of house arrest.

Bussière, Amédée (Félix) (b. Dec. 12, 1886, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, France - d. Jan. 18, 1953, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1942-44). He was also prefect of the départements of Corse (1929-30), Calvados (1930-34), Oise (1934-38), and Pas-de-Calais (1940-42).

Alexander Bustamante

Bustamante, Sir (William) Alexander, original name William Alexander Clarke (b. Feb. 24, 1884, Blenheim, Hanover parish, Jamaica - d. Aug. 6, 1977, Irish Town, Jamaica), chief minister (1953-55) and prime minister (1962-67) of Jamaica; cousin of Norman Manley. After traveling across Latin America and the Mediterranean, he returned to Jamaica in the early 1930s with the name Bustamante (he officially changed his name by deed poll in 1944). A labour organizer in the 1930s, he founded the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union, Jamaica's largest union. Subsequently he formed (1943) the moderate Jamaica Labour Party to counteract Manley's more radical People's National Party. His party won the 1944 elections, and he became minister of communications and unofficial head of government, until in 1953 he became chief minister and minister of local government. After his party's defeat in 1955, he led the opposition. He was president of the West Indies Democratic Labour Party from 1958 to 1960, but resigned to campaign for Jamaica's withdrawal from the federation. Becoming prime minister in April 1962, he presided over Jamaica's acquisition of independence (August 1962) and then also took over the ministries of external affairs and defense. He initiated extensive public works programs and land reform. He was knighted in June 1955.

Bustamante (Ponce), Fernando (Xavier) (b. Dec. 25, 1950, New York City), interior minister of Ecuador (2007-09). He was also minister coordinator of external and internal security (2007-08).

Bustamante (Bustamante), José Javier (b. 1785, Santiago, Chile - d. 1846), war and marine minister of Chile (1834-35). He was also intendant of Talca (1834).

Bustamante (Cevallos), José Rafael (b. Aug. 19, 1881, Quito, Ecuador - d. April 14, 1961, Quito), foreign minister (1924, 1925), interior minister (1934, 1938), and vice-president (1947-48) of Ecuador. He was also chargé d'affaires (1919-20) and minister (1923-24) to Chile.

Alberto Bustamante

Alfonso Bustamante

Bustamante Belaúnde, (José) Alberto (b. Sept. 12, 1950, Arequipa, Peru - d. Feb. 7, 2008, Lima, Peru), prime minister and justice minister of Peru (1999-2000).

Bustamante Romero, Jorge (Alberto) (b. April 13, 1935, Arequipa, Peru), justice minister of Peru (1999).

Bustamante y Bustamante, Alfonso (b. Nov. 12, 1941, Arequipa, Peru), prime minister of Peru (1993-94). He was also minister of industry, commerce, tourism, integration, and international trade negotiations (1993-94).

J.L. Bustamante

Bustamante y Rivero, José Luis (Pablo) (b. Jan. 15, 1894, Arequipa, Peru - d. Jan. 11, 1989, Lima, Peru), president of Peru (1945-48). He was justice and education minister (1930-31), minister to Bolivia (1934-38) and Uruguay (1939-42), and ambassador to Bolivia (1942-45). During his tenure as president he extended Peruvian sovereignty to 200 mi out to sea, a law that was widely adopted by dozens of nations. He was ousted in a coup in 1948 led by his minister of the interior, Manuel Odría. In 1961 he became a judge at the International Court of Justice in The Hague, Netherlands, and from 1967 to 1970 he served as its president. A skilled diplomat, Bustamante served as mediator in 1977 between El Salvador and Honduras, which were at war. The two countries signed a peace accord in 1980.

Bustamante y Santisteban, Pedro, finance minister of Peru (1931).

Busti

F. Bustillo

Busti, Jorge (Pedro) (b. Oct. 18, 1947, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina - d. Dec. 20, 2021, Buenos Aires, Argentina), governor of Entre Ríos (1987-91, 1995-99, 2003-07).

Bustillo (Bonasso), Francisco (Carlos) (b. April 1, 1960, Montevideo, Uruguay), foreign minister of Uruguay (2020- ). He was also ambassador to Ecuador (2004-05), Argentina (2005-10), and Spain (2013-20).

Bustillo (Montesinos), (Mariano) Rafael (b. Oct. 23, 1813, Potosí, Viceroyalty of La Plata [now in Bolivia] - d. Aug. 21, 1873), finance minister (1849-51, 1861, 1873), foreign minister (1852-54, 1861, 1863-64), and interior minister (1863-64) of Bolivia. He was also prefect of Oruro (1848-49) and Cochabamba (1851-52), minister of education (1852-54) and industry (1873), and minister to Argentina (1861-63) and Chile (1871-72).

Butagira, Francis K(amujanduzi) (b. Nov. 22, 1942, Bugamba, Uganda), Ugandan diplomat. He was ambassador to Ethiopia (1998-99), the Vatican (2009-12), and Germany (2010-12), high commissioner to Kenya (1999-2000), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-09).

Butayev, Kazbek (Savvich) (b. Dec. 4 [Nov. 22, O.S.], 1893, Salugardan, Terek oblast [now part of Alagir, North Ossetia-Alania], Russia - d. [executed] 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of North Ossetian autonomous oblast (1934-36). He was also people's commissar of education (1921) and food (1922) of the Mountain A.S.S.R.

Butba

Butba, Beslan (Tikovich) (b. Feb. 7, 1960, Chlou, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Abkhazia (2014-15). He was a presidential candidate in 2009.

Bute, John Stuart, (3rd) Earl of (b. May 25, 1713, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. March 10, 1792, London, England), British prime minister (1762-63). He was also secretary of state for the Northern Department (1761-62). He succeeded as earl in 1723.

Butenin, Nikolay (Fyodorovich), original name Nikolay (Mikhailovich) Miklishev (b. March 14 [March 2, O.S.], 1884, Abdayevo, Kazan province [now in Mari El republic], Russia - d. [executed] March 10, 1938), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee (1921-22) and chairman of the Executive Committee (1924-28) of Mari autonomous oblast. He was also mayor of Yoshkar-Ola (1927-28).

Buthelezi

Buthelezi, (Ashpenaz Nathan) Mangosuthu (Gatsha) (b. Aug. 27, 1928, Mahlabatini, Natal [now in KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa), South African politician; grandson of Dinuzulu and great-grandson of Cetshwayo (kings of kwaZulu). He was a member of the Youth League of the African National Congress (ANC). He assumed his role as the hereditary chief of the Buthelezi clan of Zulus in 1953 and was accepted in that role by white authorities about four years later. Though he initially opposed the creation of black homelands (then called Bantustans), Buthelezi won election as chief minister of the non-independent black state of KwaZulu in 1972. In 1974, having broken with the ANC, Buthelezi revived Inkatha yeNkululeko yeSizwe, a movement founded in 1924 by his grandfather, King Dinizulu, as a Zulu cultural movement. Buthelezi rejected full independence for KwaZulu and continued to work within the white establishment to end apartheid. After the South African government lifted its ban on the ANC in 1990 and began signaling its willingness to disband the apartheid system, Buthelezi became engaged in a fierce struggle for political leadership with the ANC and its allies for the allegiance of black South Africans. As a result, thousands were killed in clashes between Inkatha and ANC supporters in Natal in the years 1990-94. Meanwhile, Buthelezi converted his cultural movement into a political party, the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), in order to compete in South Africa's first all-race parliamentary elections in 1994. His party received 10.5% of the total vote, and Buthelezi was appointed minister of home affairs in a coalition government formed by ANC leader Nelson Mandela. In June 1999 he was offered the post of deputy president by the new president Thabo Mbeki, but Buthelezi refused. He remained home affairs minister until 2004.

Butime, Tom (Rwakaikara) (b. Nov. 15, 1947), internal affairs minister (1996-99) and acting foreign minister (2004-05) of Uganda.

Al. Butkevicius

Butkevicius, Algirdas (b. Nov. 19, 1958, Paezeriai village, Radviliskis region, Lithuanian S.S.R.), finance minister (2004-05) and prime minister (2012-16) of Lithuania. He was also minister of transport and communications (2006-08), chairman of the Social Democratic Party (2009-17), and a presidential candidate (2009).

Butkevicius, Audrius (b. Sept. 24, 1960, Kaunas, Lithuanian S.S.R.), defense minister of Lithuania (1991-93).

Butkov, Vladimir (Petrovich) (b. April 22 [April 10, O.S.], 1813, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. April 9 [March 28, O.S.], 1881, Moscow, Russia), Russian secretary of state (1853-65).

Butler, Sir Arlington (Griffith) (b. Jan. 2, 1938, Nassau, Bahamas - d. Nov. 9, 2017, Nassau), Bahamian politician; knighted 1996. He was speaker of the House of Assembly (1972-77), minister of public safety (1992-95), immigration (1992-93), transport (1993-96), and public works, aviation, and local government (1995-96), and ambassador to the United States (1996-2000).

Butler, Benjamin F(ranklin) (b. Dec. 14, 1795, Columbia county, N.Y. - d. Nov. 8, 1858, Paris, France), U.S. attorney general (1833-38) and acting secretary of war (1836-37).

Butler (1818-1893)

Butler, Benjamin F(ranklin) (b. Nov. 5, 1818, Deerfield, N.H. - d. Jan. 11, 1893, Washington, D.C.), U.S. presidential candidate (1884). In 1853 he was elected by the Democrats to the Massachusetts legislature, and remained a member of that body until 1860, distinguishing himself by vigorously supporting the cause of labour and of naturalized citizens. Though he was affiliated with the Southern wing of the Democratic Party in the 1860 elections, he strongly supported the Union after the Civil War broke out. He was appointed a Union officer for political reasons, and his military career was mercurial and often controversial. He became a strong opponent of slavery and refused to return fugitive slaves. He was also one of the few military commanders who favoured the recruitment of black regiments. After the war, he became a Radical Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives (1867-75, 1877-79), supporting firm Reconstruction measures toward the South and playing a leading role in the impeachment trial of Pres. Andrew Johnson. Although a staunch supporter of Pres. Ulysses S. Grant after 1868, he broke with the party in 1878 because of his sympathy with the inflationary Greenback Movement. After two unsuccessful tries, he was elected Democratic governor of Massachusetts in 1882 and two years later became the presidential candidate of the Greenback Labor Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party. He advocated the eight-hour day and national control of interstate commerce but failed to win a single electoral vote. At various times in his career Butler was accused of corruption, but no charges against him were ever proved.

Butler, John D(avid) (b. Aug. 4, 1915, San Diego, Calif. - d. Feb. 9, 2010, San Diego), mayor of San Diego (1951-55).

Butler, Sir Milo (Boughton) (b. Aug. 11, 1906, New Providence island, Bahamas - d. Jan. 22, 1979, Nassau, Bahamas), governor-general of The Bahamas (1973-79); knighted 1973.

Butler, Sir Montagu Sherard Dawes (b. May 19, 1873, Harrow, Middlesex [now part of London], England - d. Nov. 7, 1952, Cambridge, England), governor of the Central Provinces (1925-33) and lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1933-37); knighted 1924.

Butler, Sir Richard (b. Dec. 3, 1850, Stadhampton, near Oxford, England - d. April 28, 1925, Addiscombe, Surrey [now part of London], England), premier of South Australia (1905); knighted 1913.

R. (W.) Butler

Butler, Richard (William) (b. May 13, 1942, Coolah, N.S.W.), governor of Tasmania (2003-04). He was Australian ambassador to the United Nations in 1992-97 and chief weapons inspector in Iraq in 1997-99. An avowed republican, he opted to waive the title of "His Excellency" for himself though he recited the standard oath to "well and truly serve Her Majesty the Queen of Australia in the Office of Governor, in and over Her Majesty's state of Tasmania and its dependencies." He resigned in 2004, claiming to have been the victim of a malicious campaign of denigration.

Butler, Richard E(dmund) (b. March 25, 1926, Melbourne, Vic. - d. June 23, 2012), secretary-general of the International Telecommunication Union (1983-89).

Butler, Sir Richard Layton (b. March 31, 1885, Yattalunga Station, near Onetree Hill, South Australia - d. Jan. 21, 1966, Adelaide), premier of South Australia (1927-30, 1933-38); knighted 1939; son of Sir Richard Butler.

Butler of Saffron Walden, Richard Austen Butler, Baron, byname Rab Butler (b. Dec. 9, 1902, Attock Serai, India - d. March 8, 1982, Great Yeldham, Essex, England), British politician; son of Sir Montagu Butler. He was elected to Parliament as a Conservative in 1929 and represented Saffron Walden throughout his parliamentary career. He served as private secretary to Sir Samuel Hoare and helped draw up the Government of India Act, 1935. In 1938, as undersecretary of state at the Foreign Office, he became one of the main defenders in the House of Commons of the policy of appeasement, and this had an adverse effect later on in his career. He was moved to the Board of Education (1941-45) and reorganized the educational system. In 1951-55 he was chancellor of the exchequer and presided over a period of economic expansion that allowed him to make considerable tax concessions in his last budget. These proved, however, to have been overoptimistic. In 1955-59 he was lord privy seal. He suffered a further setback in 1956 because of his outspoken and inflexible line during the Suez crisis. This probably explained his failure to be chosen as successor to the prime ministership when Anthony Eden resigned. He served as home secretary (1957-62) and deputy prime minister (1962-63) under Harold Macmillan. As head of the Central African Office, he played a major role in the 1963 conference that ultimately led to the independence of Zambia and Malawi. In October 1963 Macmillan resigned, but once more, Butler failed in his bid for the party leadership. He served as foreign secretary under Sir Alec Douglas-Home until the Conservative defeat in 1964, was appointed in 1965 as a life peer, and remained an active member of the House of Lords until a few years before his death.

Butov, Vladimir (Yakovlevich) (b. April 10, 1958), head of the administration of Nenets autonomous okrug (1996-2005).

Butsayev, Denis (Petrovich) (b. March 7, 1977, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting governor of Belgorod oblast (2020).

Butte, George C(harles) (b. May 9, 1877, San Francisco, Calif. - d. Jan. 18, 1940, Mexico City, Mexico), acting governor-general of the Philippines (1932).

A. Buttigieg

Buttolo

Buttigieg, Anton (b. Feb. 19, 1912, Qala, Gozo, Malta - d. May 5, 1983, Pietà, Malta), president of Malta (1976-82). He was also known as a poet and was president of the Gozo Civic Council (1964-65) and minister of justice and parliamentary affairs (1971-76).

Buttigieg, Pete(r Paul Montgomery) (b. Jan. 19, 1982, South Bend, Ind.), U.S. transportation secretary (2021- ). He was also mayor of South Bend (2012-20) and a candidate for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination (April 2019-March 2020). He is the first openly gay U.S. cabinet secretary.

Buttolo, Albrecht (b. Sept. 1, 1947, Langenrinne, Sachsen, Germany), Regierungsbevollmächtigter of Chemnitz (1990).

Butyrin, Yakov (Petrovich) (b. 1884, Kozlovka, Voronezh province, Russia - d. Feb. 24, 1919, Guli, Terek oblast [now in Ingushetia], Russia), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Terek People's Soviet Republic (1918-19) and chairman of the Council of Terek oblast (1919). He was also people's commissar of interior (1918, 1918), military affairs (1918), and food (1918).

Butz, Earl L(auer) (b. July 3, 1909, Albion, Ind. - d. Feb. 2, 2008, Washington, D.C.), U.S. agriculture secretary (1971-76).

Buvik, Martin (Johannes Toralf) (b. Jan. 14, 1923, Trondenes [now part of Harstad municipality], Troms [now in Troms og Finnmark], Norway - d. Feb. 17, 2018), governor of Troms (1977-91).

Buxton, Sydney Charles Buxton, (1st) Earl (b. Oct. 25, 1853, London, England - d. Oct. 15, 1934, near Hassocks, Sussex, England), governor-general of South Africa (1914-20). He was also British postmaster-general (1905-10) and president of the Board of Trade (1910-14). He was created Viscount Buxton in 1914 and earl in 1920.

Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell, (3rd) Baronet (b. Jan. 26, 1837, West Ham, Essex [now part of London], England - d. Oct. 28, 1915, Cromer, Norfolk, England), governor of South Australia (1895-98). He succeeded as baronet in 1858.

Buyan-Badyrgy, Mongush (b. April 25, 1892, Ayangaty, China [now in Tuva, Russia] - d. [executed] on or after March 22, 1932), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1923-24) and finance minister (1926-28) of Tannu Tuva and first secretary of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party (1926-27).

Buyoya

Buyoya, Pierre (b. Nov. 24, 1949, Rutovu, Burundi - d. Dec. 17, 2020, Paris, France), president of Burundi (1987-93, 1996-2003). Buyoya trained as an army officer in Belgium. He belonged to the same Tutsi group as both his predecessors, Michel Micombero and Jean-Baptiste Bagaza. The Tutsi, who made up some 15% of the population, dominated the majority Hutu people since independence. On Sept. 3, 1987, the unknown army officer seized power in a bloodless coup when Bagaza was attending a conference of heads of state of French-speaking nations in Quebec. The reasons Buyoya advanced for the coup were almost identical to those that had been advanced by Bagaza when he overthrew Micombero in 1976. Buyoya denounced the corruption and fraud of the Bagaza regime and promised to respect human rights, religious freedom, and constitutional government. His immediate aim was to bring to an end the struggle that had been taking place for some time between the state and the Roman Catholic Church. He promised that his regime would be more liberal than that of his predecessor and that it would be relaxed in its approach to tribal, religious, and political policies. In his takeover speech immediately after the coup, he said that those who had plotted the coup - which appeared to have been instigated solely by the military - had objected to the acquisition of too much power by one person (Bagaza had been head of state, chief of the armed forces, and leader of the ruling party, UPRONA). Buyoya also condemned the institutional inertia, the "constant violation of the constitution," and the "incoherent" economic policy of his predecessor's regime. He promised religious freedom for all and immediately reopened Roman Catholic places of worship that had been closed down during the church-state row of the preceding year. He stepped down in 1993 in the country's first democratic elections in which Melchior Ndadaye, a Hutu, resoundingly beat him. Hardline ethnic Tutsi soldiers killed Ndadaye within months, plunging Burundi into civil war. Buyoya became president again after a new coup in 1996. In 2000, he signed the Arusha Accords, an agreement aimed at ending the civil war; he stepped down in 2003 in line with the accords.

Buza, Barna (b. Jan. 1, 1873, Tolcsva, Hungary - d. May 2, 1944, Budapest, Hungary), Hungarian politician. He was minister of agriculture (1918-19) and justice (acting, 1918).

Buzaid, Alfredo (b. July 20, 1914, Jabuticabal, São Paulo, Brazil - d. July 9, 1991, São Paulo, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (1969-74).

Buzdar, (Sardar) Usman (Ahmad Khan) (b. May 1969, Dera Ghazi Khan district, West Pakistan [now in Punjab], Pakistan), chief minister of Punjab (Pakistan) (2018-22 and [acting] 2022).

Buzek

Buzek, Jerzy (Karol) (b. July 3, 1940, Smilowice, Slaskie województwo, Poland [now Smilovice, Czech Republic]), prime minister of Poland (1997-2001). He joined Solidarity when it arose in 1980 as the Soviet bloc's first free trade union and steered its underground structure in Silesia after Communist authorities declared martial law to crush it in December 1981. He oversaw the drafting of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) programme but was little-known until 1997. In that year the AWS won elections and the tall, greying Buzek was selected as prime minister owing to his ties with AWS leader Marian Krzaklewski, who did not want to be prime minister but planned to steer policy as head of the AWS caucus. The AWS ruled in coalition with the smaller Freedom Union. He was elected a member of the European Parliament in 2004 and was its president (the first Eastern European to hold the post) in 2009-12.

Buzhor, Mikhail (Georgiyevich), Romanian Mihai (Gheorghiu) Bujor (b. Nov. 8, 1881, Iasi, Romania - d. June 17, 1964, Bucharest, Romania), foreign commissar of the Bessarabian S.S.R. (1919).

Buzinskas, Gintautas (b. March 22, 1960, Kaltanenai, Lithuanian S.S.R.), justice minister of Lithuania (2004-06).

Bwakira, Melchior (b. Dec. 13, 1937 - d. 2009), foreign minister of Burundi (1975-76). He was also minister of communications (1972-75) and aviation (1974-75), ambassador to Ethiopia (1978-81, 1997-2001), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-86).

Bwanali, Edward (Chitsulo Isaac) (b. April 23, 1946, Nthache village, Blantyre district, Nyasaland [now Malawi] - d. Oct. 22, 1998), finance minister (1978-80, 1984-86) and foreign minister (1994-96) of Malawi. He was also minister of health (1975-76, 1987-90), trade, industry, and tourism (1976-78), transport and communications (1983-84, 1986-87), local government (1990), irrigation and water development (1996-97), and water development (1997-98).

Byaje, Jeanne d'Arc, Rwandan diplomat. She has been chargée d'affaires at the United Nations (2016) and permanent observer for the Economic Community of Central African States to the UN (2019- ).

Byam, Edward (b. Jan. 9, 1662 - d. Dec. 4, 1741, Antigua), deputy governor of Antigua (1715-41).

Byambasüren, Dashiyn (b. June 20, 1942, Binder district, Hentii province, Mongolia), prime minister of Mongolia (1990-92).

Byatt, Robin, byname of Ronald Archer Campbell Byatt (b. Nov. 14, 1930), governor of Pitcairn Island (1987-90). He was also high commissioner to Zimbabwe (1980-83) and New Zealand and Western Samoa (1987-90) and ambassador to Morocco (1985-87).

Bychkovskaya, Zinaida (Mikhailovna) (b. Jan. 15, 1941, Kalachi, Minsk oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), joint acting chairwoman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1976-77).

Bykin, Yakov (Borisovich) (b. 1888, Krestovoy, Vitebsk province, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. [executed] Feb. 10, 1938), executive/first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1930-37). He was also executive secretary of the party committees of Voronezh (1922-25) and Yaroslavl (1927-29) provinces and Yaroslavl okrug (1929).

Bykov, Fyodor (Aleksandrovich) (b. 18... - d. 1915), governor of Tiflis (1897-99).

Bykov, Fyodor (Petrovich) (b. 1901, Shatilovo, Oryol province, Russia - d. June 1980, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. (1937-40).

Bylandt, Eugène Jean Alexandre graaf van (b. July 1, 1807, The Hague, Holland [now Netherlands] - d. Feb. 21, 1876, The Hague), governor/king's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1848-53) and Overijssel (1864-68).

Bylinsky, Ivan (Semyonovich), original surname Kobylinsky (b. Jan. 28, 1903, Yakubovka, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. May 10, 1976), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1940-44). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Polesye oblast (1944-46).

Byman, Leif (Erik) (b. Sept. 22, 1946, Sundsvall, Västernorrland, Sweden), acting governor of Uppsala (2009-10).

Byng

Byng of Vimy (of Thorpe-le-Soken), Julian Hedworth George Byng, (1st) Viscount, also called (1919-28) Baron Byng of Vimy (of Thorpe-le-Soken) (b. Sept. 11, 1862, Wrotham Park, Middlesex, England - d. June 6, 1935, Thorpe Hall, Essex), governor general of Canada (1921-26). A career soldier from 1883, Byng was promoted to major general in 1909. As commander of the Canadian Corps in France (from May 1916), he was responsible for one of the most famous Canadian victories in either world war, the capture of Vimy Ridge, north of Arras (April 9, 1917). As commander of the British 3rd Army (from June 1917) he conducted the first large scale attack by tanks in history (at Cambrai, Nov. 20, 1917). His army broke the German Hindenburg Line on Sept. 27, 1918. Byng was promoted to full general in 1917 and was made a field marshal in 1932. After World War I he served as governor general of Canada (1921-26) and commissioner of London police (1928-31). He was created a baron in 1919 and a viscount in 1928.

Bynoe

Bynoe, Dame Hilda (Louisa), née Gibbs (b. Nov. 18, 1921, Crochu village, Grenada - d. April 6, 2013, Trinidad and Tobago), governor of Grenada (1968-74); knighted 1969.

Bynum, G.T., in full George Theron Bynum IV (b. Aug. 28, 1977, Tulsa, Okla.), mayor of Tulsa (2016- ); great-great-grandson of R.N. Bynum; grandson of Robert J. LaFortune; cousin of Bill LaFortune.

Bynum, R(obert) N(ewton) (b. 1857 - d. January 1927), mayor of Tulsa (1899-1900).

Byrd, Robert C(arlyle), originally Cornelius Calvin Sale, Jr. (b. Nov. 20, 1917, North Wilkesboro, N.C. - d. June 28, 2010, Falls Church, Va.), U.S. politician. A member of the House of Representatives (1953-59) and of the Senate (1959-2010), he became in 2009 the longest-serving member of Congress in U.S. history. He served as Senate majority leader (1977-81, 1987-89) and president pro tempore (1989-95, 2001, 2001-03, 2007-10).

Byrka, Wladyslaw (b. June 4, 1878, Sambor, Austria [now Sambir, Ukraine] - d. Sept. 27, 1945, Edinburgh, Scotland), acting finance minister of Poland (1918-19). He was also president of the Bank Polski (1936-41).

Byrne, David (b. April 26, 1947), Irish politician. He was attorney-general (1997-99) and EU commissioner for health and consumer protection (1999-2004).

J.M. Byrne

Byrne, Jane M(argaret), née Burke (b. May 24, 1933, Chicago, Ill. - d. Nov. 14, 2014, Chicago), mayor of Chicago (1979-83). Democrat Byrne entered politics as a Chicago volunteer in John F. Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign. Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, another Kennedy supporter, was impressed with her firm, no-nonsense style. Beginning in 1964 he appointed her to several relatively minor city hall jobs. In 1974 Daley named her co-chairman of the Cook County, Ill., Democratic Party. Since Byrne's position in the party hierarchy depended almost entirely on Daley's sponsorship, Daley's death in 1976 seemed a serious blow to her career. The Daley machine's handpicked new mayor, Michael Bilandic, stripped her of her position in the party, although she kept her job as Chicago's commissioner of consumer sales, weights and measures. Then Byrne, in a remarkable reversal, turned against the machine her mentor had created. In 1977, using her consumer job as a platform, she accused Bilandic and others of attempting to "grease" the way for a taxi-fare increase. Bilandic promptly fired her. Suddenly, Byrne had become a symbol of reform in Chicago and, ultimately, a candidate for mayor. Aided by a massive snowstorm that Chicagoans believed was dealt with poorly by the Bilandic administration, Byrne narrowly defeated Bilandic in the February 1979 Democratic mayoral primary and went on to a landslide victory in the April 3 general election. Whereas Daley was known by a single nickname - "Hizzoner" - Byrne had a number of nicknames. To some she was "Ayatollah Jane" or "Calamity Jane"; to others, she was "Miss Bossy" or "Mommy Mayor."

Byrnes, James F(rancis) (b. May 2, 1879, Charleston, S.C. - d. April 9, 1972, Columbia, S.C.), U.S. secretary of state (1945-47) and governor of South Carolina (1951-55). He was also a Supreme Court justice (1941-42), director of economic stabilization (1942-43), and head of the Office of War Mobilization (1943-45).

Byron

Bzhania

Byron, Vincent (Fitzgerald, Jr.), attorney general and justice minister (2015-22) and foreign minister (2022) of Saint Kitts and Nevis. He was also minister of communications (2015-20).

Bystryakov, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. July 1900, Energesola, Kazan province, Russia - d. [executed] Sept. 27, 1938), chairman of the Executive Committee of Soviets of the Mari A.S.S.R. (193...-38).

Byunting, Nikolay (Georgiyevich), German Nikolai von Bünting (b. July 15, 1861, Pskov province, Russia - d. [assassinated] March 2, 1917, Tver, Russia), governor of Arkhangelsk (1904-05), Estonia (1905-06), and Tver (1906-17).

Bzhania, Aslan (Georgiyevich) (b. April 6, 1963, Tamysh, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), president of Abkhazia (2020- ). He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2014.