Index Ma-Mam

Ma Hongbin (b. Sept. 14, 1884, Linxia, Gansu, China - d. Oct. 20, 1960, Lanzhou, Gansu), governor (1921-28) and chairman of the government (1930) of Ningxia and chairman of the Provincial Council of Gansu (1930-31); nephew of Ma Fuxiang. A Muslim, he followed Ma Fuxiang and later Feng Yuxiang in the army. Upon his cooperation with Chiang Kai-shek, he was named commander of the 22nd Division, 24th Army, within the National Revolutionary Army. He became the commander of the 81st Army during World War II. After the war, he became a senior adviser within the Northwestern Army Headquarters. In 1949 when the People's Liberation Army was approaching northwestward, Ma led his 81st Army to cross over to the Communist Party. He was named vice-chairman (later restyled vice-governor) of Gansu province. He was also vice-director of the Commission of Ethnic Affairs as well as a member of the National Defense Commission of the People's Republic of China.

Ma Hongkui

Ma Hongkui, Wade-Giles Ma Hung-k'uei (b. March 9, 1892, Linxia, Gansu, China - d. Jan. 14, 1970, Los Angeles, Calif.), chairman of the government of Ningxia (1932-49); son of Ma Fuxiang. A Muslim, he graduated from Lanzhou Military Academy and was nominated commander of the Ningxia Modern Army and commander of the 7th Division (after the founding of the republic). In 1927, he and Feng Yuxiang led their troops to Tongguan, Shaanxi, and countered the Northern Expedition. However, he betrayed Feng and turned to Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, being nominated as commander of the 11th Army and the 15th Route Army. During World War II, he took over the 17th Group Army. He was also the vice-commander of the 8th War Zone. He fled to Taiwan in 1949. However, he was accused of "frustrating the fulfillment of the military plan" by the Taiwanese Supervisory Committee, as he failed to defeat the Communist forces in his defense area. He then moved to the U.S.

Ma Lianjia (b. 1864, Donghai, Jiangsu, China - d. 1924, Nanjing, Jiangsu), military governor (1922-24) and civil governor (1923-24) of Anhui. His military life started in the late Qing dynasty. After the republic was founded, his forces were ordered to garrison in Fuyang, Anhui. He was a pro-Yuan Shikai general as his army went south to fight against the revolutionary army led by Sun Yat-sen (and Bai Wenwei in Anhui). He was named the commander of the 1st composite brigade, and Anhui governor in 1922. In 1924, failing in the war against Zhang Zuolin, the Zhili military group lost its control over the Beijing government to Zhang. He stepped down upon the great nationwide reshuffle that followed.

Ma Lin (b. Feb. 20, 1875, Linxia, Gansu, China - d. Jan. 26, 1945), chairman of the government of Qinghai (1931-38); brother of Ma Qi. A Muslim, he mainly succeeded to the posts of his brother, being general of southeastern Gansu province, as well as councillor of the Qinghai provincial government and acting head of the Construction Bureau of Qinghai province.

Ma Qi (b. Sept. 23, 1869, Daohe [now part of Linxia], Gansu, China - d. Aug. 5, 1931, Xian, Shaanxi, China), governor (1915-28) and chairman of the government (1929-31) of Qinghai. A Muslim, he was a senior commander in the Qinghai-Gansu region ever since the late Qing times, and after Chiang Kai-shek gained control nationwide, he became a brigade commander, and then was promoted to commander of the 26th Division of the National Revolutionary Army in the northwestern region. His civil posts also included member of the Gansu Provincial Council and director of the Gansu Bureau of Construction.

Ma Xulun (b. April 27, 1885, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China - d. May 4, 1970, Beijing, China), education minister of China (1924-25). He joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance when studying in Japan. After his return, he served as the chief editor of the newspaper "Republic Daily" in Shanghai. He was a professor of both Tsinghua and Peking University before being named as director of the Zhejiang Education Bureau. He spared no effort to fight against the Japanese, disagreeing with Chiang Kai-shek's policy. He organized the Chinese Democracy Promotion Commission (CDPC; now one of the "democratic parties within the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party") in Shanghai in 1946. On June 23, 1946, as a member of the "Anti-Civil War Petition Delegation in Shanghai," he went to Nanjing, where he was attacked by a team of Kuomintang secret agents and severely wounded in a demonstration. After the foundation of the People's Republic, he took up the education ministry once again. He was also vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and chairman of the CDPC.

Ma Ying-jeou

Ma Ying-jeou, Pinyin Ma Yingjiu (b. July 13, 1950, Hong Kong), president of Taiwan (2008-16). He was justice minister (1993-96), mayor of Taipei (1998-2006), and chairman of the Kuomintang (2005-07, 2009-14).

Ma Yubao (b. 1864, Mengcheng, Anhui, China - d. Feb. 8, 1933), military governor of Jiangxi (1911-12). He was a graduate from the Beiyang Military College and a brigade commander in Qing times, stationing himself in Jiujiang city in Jiangxi. He participated in the uprising in 1911 and took office as the military governor of Jiujiang city and then the whole province, but resigned soon. He was then named as a senior adviser of the president's office.

Ma Zhanshan (b. Nov. 30, 1885, Huaide [now Gongzhuling], Jilin, China - d. Nov. 29, 1950, Beijing, China), chairman of the government of Heilongjiang (1931-32, 1940-45). He started his military career in Zhang Zuolin's northeastern army, serving as a brigade commander. He was promoted after Zhang's death in 1928 and nominated commander of the armed forces against the outlaws as well as commander of the cavalry units. In November 1931, he launched and conducted the "Jiangqiao Campaign," which was the first battle against Japanese invaders since the latter gained control over the whole northeastern region in September 1931. From then he kept fighting against Japanese forces. He crossed over to the Communist Party in January 1949 together with Gen. Fu Zuoyi and Deng Baoshan in Beijing, so that Beijing could be taken bloodlessly by the Communists.

Ma Zhaoxu (b. September 1963, Harbin, China), Chinese diplomat. He was ambassador to Australia (2013-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2018-19).

Maalouf

Maalouf, Nasri, Arabic Nasri Ma`luf (b. 1911, Mashrae, northeast of Beirut, Lebanon - d. April 2, 2005, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates), Lebanese politician. He served as a minister in various governments between 1951 and 1992, holding the portfolios of finance (1956-57), defense (1973-74), justice (1992), foreign affairs (1992), as well as economy, labour, social affairs, and tourism. He was first elected a member of parliament representing Beirut in 1968, again in 1972, and he held the post until 1992 as the legislature repeatedly extended its four-year term because elections could not be held due to the 1975-90 civil war. A Greek Catholic known for his moderate stands in Lebanon's complex sectarian politics, he was one of the Christian legislators who traveled to the Saudi mountain resort of al-Ta´if in 1989 to sign an Arab-brokered peace accord with Muslim lawmakers that ended the civil war. In 1995, he was elected to fill a parliamentary seat vacated by the death of lawmaker Joseph Mukhaizal.

Maamau

Maamau, Taneti (b. Sept. 16, 1960), president of Kiribati (2016- ).

Maamun, Annas (b. April 17, 1940, Bagan Siapi-api, Riau, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia]), governor of Riau (2014-16).

Maarouf, Taha Mohieddin (b. 1924, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq - d. Aug. 7, 2009, Amman, Jordan), vice president of Iraq (1974-2003). He was also minister of public works and housing (1968), a minister of state (1968-70), and ambassador to Italy, Malta, and Albania (1970-74).

Maarseveen, Johannes Henricus van (b. Aug. 3, 1894, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. Nov. 18, 1951, Utrecht), interior minister of the Netherlands (1948-49, 1951). He was also minister of justice (1946-48 and [acting] 1950), overseas territories (1949), and union affairs and overseas parts of the realm (1949-51).

Maas

Maas, Heiko (Josef) (b. Sept. 19, 1966, Saarlouis, West Germany), justice minister (2013-18) and foreign minister (2018-21) of Germany.

Määttä, Kaarle (Nikolai), byname Kalle Määttä (b. Aug. 1, 1900, Oulu, Finland - d. Oct. 31, 1985, Oulu), governor of Oulu (1949-67).

Mabenze Gbey Benz, Jean-Claude (b. July 18, 1964, Budjala, Ubangi [now in Sud-Ubangi], Congo [Léopoldville (now Kinshasa)]), governor of Sud-Ubangi (2019- ).

Mabi Mulumba, (Évariste) (b. April 22, 1941), finance minister (1986-87) and prime minister (1987-88) of Zaire.

Mabika-Kalanda, Auguste (b. Nov. 26, 1932, Mikalayi, Kasaï, Belgian Congo [now in Kasaï Oriental, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. May 20, 1995, Kinshasa, Congo [Kinshasa]), foreign minister of Congo (Léopoldville) (1963). He was also minister of external trade (1981) and scientific research (1981-83).

Mabilangan, Felipe (H.) (b. Feb. 15, 1936, Manila, Philippines), Philippine diplomat. He was ambassador to France and Portugal (1979-88) and China and Mongolia (1989-94) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-2001).

Mabini, Apolinario (b. July 23, 1864, Talaga [now part of Mabini, Batangas province], Philippines - d. May 13, 1903, Manila, Philippines), prime minister of the Philippine Republic (1899).

Mabote

Mabote, Sebastião (Chinguane) Marcos (b. May 18, 1941, Chicumbane, Gaza province, Mozambique - d. Jan. 27, 2001, Bilene, Gaza), Mozambican politician. He joined Frelimo in 1963 and was one of the top commanders of its guerrilla army during the war of independence. In the closing years of the war he was Frelimo's chief of operations. After independence in 1975, he became deputy defense minister, and chief of staff of the Mozambican armed forces. When ranks were introduced into the army, Mabote was promoted to colonel-general. He was arrested in June 1991 and went on trial before the Supreme Court in August 1992, accused of conspiring to overthrow the government. After a three-week trial, the Supreme Court acquitted Mabote, who claimed that "right-wing opportunists" in the armed forces had tried to destroy him. He retired from the armed forces during the 1994 demobilization. In the general elections of that year, he was elected a Frelimo deputy from his home province of Gaza, and was reelected in 1999. Mabote was also head of the Frelimo Defense and Security Department. He drowned in an accident on Bilene lagoon.

Mabri

Mabrouk

Mabri, (Abdallah) Albert Toikeusse (b. Dec. 8, 1962, Boueneu, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), foreign minister of Côte d'Ivoire (2016). He was also minister of health and population (2003-05), cooperation and African integration (2005-07), transport (2007-10), planning and development (2010-16), and higher education and scientific research (2018-20). He was a presidential candidate in 2010.

Mabrouk, Hédi (b. April 7, 1921 - d. June 16, 2000, Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia), foreign minister of Tunisia (1986-87). He was also governor of Sbeitla (1956-58), Gafsa (1958-60), and Le Kef (1960-62) and ambassador to France (1973-86).

Mabus, Ray(mond Edwin, Jr.) (b. Oct. 11, 1948, Ackerman, Miss.), governor of Mississippi (1988-92) and U.S. navy secretary (2009-17). He was ambassador to Saudi Arabia in 1994-96.

Mabuyane, (Lubabalo) Oscar (b. Feb. 24, 1974, Deberha village, Ngcobo, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa), premier of Eastern Cape (2019- ).

C. Mabuza

D. Mabuza

Mabuza, Catherine (Manana) (b. Sept. 29, 1945, Pietersburg, Transvaal [now in Limpopo province], South Africa), acting premier of Limpopo (2004).

Mabuza, David (Dabede) (b. Aug. 25, 1960, Brondal, Transvaal [now in Mpumalanga province], South Africa), premier of Mpumalanga (2009-18) and deputy president of South Africa (2018-23).

Mac Donald, Henry Leonard (b. Aug. 3, 1963, Nickerie district, Suriname), Surinamese diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in the United States (2000-01) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-15, 2016-19).

Mac-Dowell, Samuel Wallace (b. May 26, 1843, Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Aug. 16, 1908, Paris, France), navy minister (1886-87) and justice minister (1887-88) of Brazil.

Mac-Iver (Rodríguez), Enrique (b. July 15, 1845, Constitución, Chile - d. Aug. 21, 1922, Santiago, Chile), finance minister (1892-93, 1895) and interior minister (1894) of Chile.

Mac-Mahon

Mac-Mahon, Patrice Maurice de, in full Marie Edme Patrice Maurice, comte de (count of) Mac-Mahon, duc de (duke of) Magenta (b. July 13, 1808, Sully, Saône-et-Loire, France - d. Oct. 17, 1893, Montcresson, Loiret, France), president of France (1873-79). Beginning his army career in Algeria, he distinguished himself in the storming of Constantine (1837) and later in the Crimean War (1853-56) and in the Italian campaign of 1859 with his victory at Magenta, for which he was made marshal of France and given the title duc de Magenta. In 1864-70 he was governor-general of Algeria (where he had already served as commander in 1858-59), but his rule there was not a success. During the Franco-German War (1870-71), he commanded the I Army Corps in Alsace and was wounded and defeated at the Battle of Wörth. After the war he was appointed head of the Versailles army, which defeated the Paris Commune revolt in May 1871. When Adolphe Thiers resigned as president of the republic in May 1873, the National Assembly elected Mac-Mahon as his successor. On Nov. 20, 1873, the Assembly passed the Law of the Septennate, fixing the term of the presidency at seven years. From this time he and the Assembly were constantly working at cross purposes, and he was widely seen, despite his protestations, as the instrument of anti-republican forces who sought to reestablish the empire. On May 16 (le seize mai), 1877, Mac-Mahon posted a letter of reproach to Prime Minister Jules Simon that compelled him to resign, precipitating the crisis of le seize mai. New elections brought a republican victory, and the constitutional crisis was resolved in favour of parliamentary as against presidential control; after Mac-Mahon's resignation in 1879 the office of president in the Third Republic became largely an honorific post.

Macaé, José Carlos Pereira de Almeida Torres, visconde de (b. 1799, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. April 25, 1850, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister (1844-46) and chairman of the Council of Ministers and interior minister (1848) of Brazil. He was also president of São Paulo (1829-30, 1842-43) and Rio Grande do Sul (1831) and justice minister (1845). He was made viscount in 1829.

Macaire

Macamo

Macan

Macaire, Jean-François (Marie) (b. June 8, 1956, Poitiers, Vienne, France), president of the Regional Council of Poitou-Charentes (2014-15).

Macamo Dlhovo, Verónica (Nataniel) (b. Nov. 13, 1957, Bilene district, Gaza province, Mozambique), foreign minister of Mozambique (2020- ). She was also president of the Assembly of the Republic (2010-20).

Macan, Tom, byname of Thomas Townley Macan (b. Nov. 14, 1946, Manchester, England), governor of the British Virgin Islands (2002-06). He was also British ambassador to Lithuania (1995-98).

Macapagal

Macapagal, Diosdado (Pañgan) (b. Sept. 28, 1910, Lubao, Philippines - d. April 21, 1997, Makati, Philippines), president of the Philippines (1961-65). In 1949 he was elected to a seat in the House of Representatives from his home province of Pampanga (north of Manila), serving until 1956. During this time he was Philippine representative to the United Nations General Assembly three times. A member of the Liberal Party, he was elected vice president in 1957, serving under Nacionalista president Carlos Garcia. In the 1961 elections, he ran for president, forging a coalition of the Liberal and Progressive parties and making a crusade against corruption a principal element of his platform. He defeated Garcia by a wide margin. He worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the economy. He placed the peso on the free currency-exchange market, encouraged exports, and sought to curb income tax evasion, particularly by the wealthiest families. He was also responsible for changing the date of Philippine independence day to June 12, when revolutionaries declared their independence from Spanish rule in 1898, instead of July 4 when the United States declared Philippine independence in 1946. Describing himself as the "president of the poor," he initiated land reforms, but they were largely ineffectual. His reforms were crippled by a House of Representatives and Senate dominated by the Nacionalistas, and he was defeated in the 1965 elections by Ferdinand Marcos. In 1972 he chaired the convention that drafted the 1973 constitution only to question in 1981 the validity of its ratification. In 1979 he organized the National Union for Liberation as an opposition party to the Marcos regime.

Macapagal-Arroyo

Macapagal-Arroyo, (Maria) Gloria (Macaraeg) (b. April 5, 1947, San Juan, near Manila, Philippines), president of the Philippines (2001-10); daughter of Diosdado Macapagal. Pres. Corazon Aquino appointed her undersecretary of trade and industry in 1986. She won a seat in the Senate in 1992, was reelected in 1995 by a record 16 million votes, and was named several times by the media as the country's outstanding senator. In 1998 she was elected vice president; her 13 million votes (50%) were the largest mandate ever in a Philippines presidential or vice presidential race. Joseph Estrada, who won the presidency with fewer votes, named her secretary of social welfare and development, an unusual second job for a vice president. As scandal began to envelop Estrada, she resigned the cabinet post on Oct. 12, 2000, to rally opposition against him. Demonstrations were sparked by the Senate's halting of Estrada's impeachment trial on corruption charges. Finally, angry protesters drove Estrada from the presidential palace, the armed forces withdrew support from him, the Supreme Court declared the presidency to be vacant, and Arroyo assumed power. Estrada later claimed he had not relinquished the presidency, but the Supreme Court ruled her government legitimate. A member of the wealthy elite, she sought to win over the masses who had supported the charismatic Estrada, adopting a more informal style on visits to poor areas. Unusual for Philippines politics, she had not been known by a nickname, but her publicists encouraged the use of Ate Glo ("Big Sister Gloria"). In 2004 she won reelection with 40% of the vote. In June 2005 she was accused of election fraud by her opponents, but she survived a political turbulence which followed by foiling an impeachment process against her at the Congress and fending off months of protests in the streets. In 2010 she was elected to the House of Representatives. She was arrested in November 2011 on charges of electoral fraud, but released on bail in July 2012. In October 2012 she was arrested on charges of plunder, a non-bailable offense. In 2016 the case was dismissed "for insufficiency of evidence." In 2018-19 she was speaker of the House of Representatives.

MacArthur, Arthur (b. Jan. 26, 1815, Glasgow, Scotland - d. Aug. 26, 1896, Atlantic City, N.J.), governor of Wisconsin (1856).

MacArthur, Arthur (b. June 2, 1845, Chicopee Falls [now part of Chicopee], Mass. - d. Sept. 5, 1912, Milwaukee, Wis.), governor of the Philippines (1900-01); son of Arthur MacArthur (1815-96).

D. MacArthur

MacArthur, Douglas (b. Jan. 26, 1880, Little Rock, Ark. - d. April 5, 1964, Washington, D.C.), U.S. general; son of Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912). Graduating from West Point in 1903, he advanced in rank to brigadier general in 1918 and to major general in 1925. He was promoted to general when he was selected as army chief of staff in 1930. He was widely criticized in mid-1932 when he sent regular troops to oust the Bonus Army of veterans from Washington. He retired from the U.S. Army in December 1937. Recalled to active duty in July 1941, he conducted a valiant delaying action against the Japanese in the Philippines after war erupted in December. He was ordered to Australia on March 17, 1942, to command Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific Theater. He was promoted to General of the Army in December 1944 and was appointed commander of all U.S. army forces in the Pacific four months later. He was in charge of the surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay on Sept. 2, 1945. As Allied commander of the Japanese occupation in 1945-51, he effectively if autocratically directed the demobilization of Japanese military forces, the expurgation of militarists, the restoration of the economy, and the drafting of a liberal constitution. When the Korean War began in 1950, he was soon selected to command United Nations forces there. On April 11, 1951, Pres. Harry S. Truman relieved MacArthur of his commands because of the general's insubordination and unwillingness to conduct a limited war. Returning to the United States, he at first received widespread popular support; the excitement waned after a publicized Senate investigation of his dismissal. In 1944, 1948, and 1952, conservative Republican groups tried in vain to obtain MacArthur's nomination for the presidency.

MacArthur, Douglas, II (b. July 5, 1909, Bryn Mawr, Pa. - d. Nov. 15, 1997, Washington, D.C.), U.S. diplomat; nephew of Douglas MacArthur; grandson of Arthur MacArthur (1845-1912); son-in-law of Alben W. Barkley. He was ambassador to Japan (1957-61), Belgium (1961-65), Austria (1967-69), and Iran (1969-72).

Macarthur, Sir Edward (b. March 16, 1789, Bath, Somerset, England - d. Jan. 4, 1872, London, England), acting governor of Victoria (1855-56); knighted 1862.

Macas (Ambuludí), Luis (Alberto) (b. June 3, 1950, Saraguro, Loja, Ecuador), Ecuadorian politician. He was minister of agriculture (2003) and a minor presidential candidate (2006).

MacAulay, John (Alexander) (b. May 29, 1895, Morden, Man. - d. Nov. 6, 1978, Winnipeg, Man.), chairman of the League of Red Cross Societies (1959-65).

Macaulay, Thomas Babington Macaulay, (1st) Baron (b. Oct. 25, 1800, Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, England - d. Dec. 28, 1859, London, England), British secretary at war (1839-41). Also known as a historian, he was created baron in 1857.

MacBride

MacBride, Seán, Irish Seán Mac Giolla Bhríghde (b. Jan. 26, 1904, Paris, France - d. Jan. 15, 1988, Dublin, Ireland), Irish politician. When his father was executed by the British for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising, MacBride and his mother returned to Ireland, where he joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA). While working as a journalist for a conservative London newspaper, he secretly fought in the Irish rebellion, becoming IRA chief of staff in 1936. Although he continued to oppose the partition of Ireland, he accepted the constitution of 1937 (which loosened Ireland's ties with the Commonwealth) and quit the IRA. He was elected to the Dáil (lower house of parliament) in 1947 as a member of the Clann na Poblachta (Republican Party), which he had founded the previous year. He was foreign minister (1948-51) in the coalition government that severed Ireland's last links with the Commonwealth and declared the country a republic in 1949. He served as president (1950) of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Council of Europe and vice-president (1948-51) of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation. After losing his seat in the Dáil in 1957, he was co-founder (1961) and chairman (1961-75) of Amnesty International, secretary-general (1963-70) of the International Commission of Jurists, and chairman (1972-85) of the International Peace Bureau. He was named assistant secretary-general of the UN and UN commissioner for Namibia in 1973. In 1977 he was appointed chairman of a UNESCO commission studying world communications problems, and from 1982 to 1984 he chaired an international committee studying Israeli actions in Lebanon. He was the only person ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1974), the Lenin Peace Prize (1977), and the American Medal of Justice (1978).

Maccioni, Pierre-Henry (b. May 4, 1948, Saint-Denis, Réunion), prefect of Réunion (2006-10). He was also prefect of the départements of Dordogne (1997-2001), Saône-et-Loire (2001-04), Côtes-d'Armor (2004-06), Val-d'Oise (2010-13), and Seine-Maritime (2013-15).

Macclesfield, Thomas Parker, (1st) Earl of (b. July 23, 1666, Leek, Staffordshire, England - d. April 28, 1732, London, England), British lord chancellor (1718-25). He was created Baron Parker of Macclesfield in 1716 and Earl of Macclesfield and Viscount Parker of Ewelm in 1721.

MacDonald, (Herbert) Bruce, administrator of Norfolk Island (1989-92).

Macdonald, Donald (Stovel) (b. March 1, 1932, Ottawa, Ont. - d. Oct. 14, 2018, Toronto, Ont.), defense minister (1970-72) and finance minister (1975-77) of Canada. He was also minister without portfolio (1968), minister of energy, mines, and resources (1972-75), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1988-91).

Macdonald, Edward Mortimer (b. Aug. 16, 1865, Pictou, Nova Scotia - d. May 25, 1940, Pictou), defence minister of Canada (1923-26). He was also minister without portfolio (1923).

F. MacDonald

MacDonald, Flora (Isabel) (b. June 3, 1926, North Sydney, N.S. - d. July 26, 2015, Ottawa, Ont.), foreign minister of Canada (1979-80). Hired as a secretary at the Progressive Conservative national headquarters, she soon became executive director and "the operational centre of the party." In 1965 she worked for the ouster of John Diefenbaker as party leader, and in retaliation Diefenbaker had her fired in 1966. In 1972 she was first elected to the House of Commons for the federal riding of Kingston and the Islands. Foreign affairs had also always fascinated her, and in 1972 she became the first woman to graduate from the National Defence College. She tried for the party leadership herself at the 1976 convention, running a populist campaign in which she asked supporters to contribute a dollar each. Defeated after the second ballot, she threw her support behind Joe Clark, the eventual winner. When Clark became prime minister in May 1979, she was rewarded with the cabinet post of secretary of state for external affairs. The first Canadian woman to hold a cabinet seat of such importance, MacDonald was proving equal to the task. At the international meeting on the Vietnamese refugee problem held in Geneva in July 1979, she was commended by other delegates for her tough stance toward the Vietnamese government. She later was minister of employment and immigration (1984-86) and communications (1986-88).

MacDonald, Forbes Ross (d. 1799, Madras, India), superintendent of Penang (1795-99).

Macdonald, Sir Hugh John (b. March 13, 1850, Kingston, Canada West [now Ontario] - d. March 29, 1929, Winnipeg, Manitoba), interior minister of Canada (1896) and premier of Manitoba (1900); son of Sir John A. Macdonald; knighted 1913.

J.A. MacDonald

Macdonald, Sir John A(lexander) (b. Jan. 11, 1815, Glasgow, Scotland - d. June 6, 1891, Ottawa, Ont.), prime minister of Canada (1867-73, 1878-91). He emigrated from Scotland to Kingston, in what is now Ontario, in 1820. After Upper and Lower Canada were amalgamated in 1841, he was elected to the assembly of the Province of Canada as a Conservative for Kingston in 1844 and entered the cabinet as receiver-general in 1847. In 1848-54, while his party was in opposition, he worked at promoting the British America League, designed to unify Canada and strengthen its ties to Great Britain. In 1854 he helped bring about a new political alliance with George Étienne Cartier, leader of Canada East (now Quebec), out of which developed the Liberal-Conservative Party, with Macdonald its leader. He was joint premier of the Province of Canada in 1856-58, 1858-62, and 1864-67. In June 1864 Macdonald reluctantly agreed to join with Cartier and George Brown to further the scheme of confederation of British North America. He played a central role in the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences in 1864 and chaired the meetings at the London conference in 1866-67. The British North America Act, passed in 1867, created the Dominion of Canada, and Macdonald became its first prime minister. That year he was also created Knight Commander of the Bath. Under his leadership, the dominion quickly expanded to include the provinces of Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873). The Pacific Scandal, in which the government was accused of taking bribes in regard to the Pacific railway contract, forced him to resign in 1873, but he returned as prime minister five years later and served until his death. He was also minister of justice (1867-73), interior (1878-83), and railways and canals (1889-91). His widow Agnes Macdonald was in 1891 created (1st) Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe.

J.S. MacDonald

Macdonald, John Sandfield (b. Dec. 12, 1812, St. Raphael West, Upper Canada [now Ontario] - d. June 1, 1872, Cornwall, Ontario, Canada), Canadian politician. In 1841 he was elected to the Canadian parliament, representing Glengarry until 1857 and thereafter Cornwall until 1871. He was the only politician to sit in all eight parliaments of the Province of Canada (1841-67). He supported constitutional government and served as solicitor general (1849-51), speaker of the house (1852-54), and attorney general for Canada West (in the short-lived ministry of August 1858). He was called by Governor-General Lord Monck to form a ministry in 1862 and held office as joint premier (and attorney general for Canada West) for two years. He opposed Canadian confederation, but came to accept it. After the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, he became the first premier of Ontario and helped settle the relationship of provincial to federal government. When his government was defeated in 1871, he resigned.

MacDonald, Malcolm John (b. Aug. 17, 1901, Lossiemouth, Moray, Scotland - d. Jan. 11, 1981, Raspit Hill, near Sevenoaks, Kent, England), British politician; son of Ramsay MacDonald. He was elected to Parliament in 1929 as Labour member for Bassetlaw and served as secretary of state for the colonies (1935, 1938-40) and for dominion affairs (1935-38, 1938-39) and minister of health (1940-41). In 1941 he went to Canada as high commissioner, remaining in that post until his appointment as governor-general of the Malayan Union and Singapore (1946-48). There he presided over the difficult years of Communist terrorist activity and helped make the transition to Malayan independence a smooth one. During 1948-55 he was commissioner-general for the U.K. in Southeast Asia. After five years (1955-60) as high commissioner in India, he headed the British delegation at the Geneva conference on Laos. In 1963 he was sent to Kenya as governor and was responsible for reinstating into parliament Jomo Kenyatta, who had been imprisoned by previous British administrators. By bringing Kenyatta to leadership, MacDonald helped to ensure the country's progress to a stable independence. He remained in Kenya as governor-general (1963-64) and high commissioner (1964-65) until Prime Minister Harold Wilson appointed him Britain's roving envoy in Africa. He was awarded the Order of Merit in 1969 and retired in 1970.

R. MacDonald

MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (b. Oct. 12, 1866, Lossiemouth, Moray, Scotland - d. Nov. 9, 1937, at sea en route to South America), British prime minister (1924, 1929-35). From 1885 he joined various labour and socialist groups. In 1895 he was defeated as a candidate of the Independent Labour Party for the House of Commons. In 1900 he became secretary of the newly-founded Labour Representation Committee (LRC), and in 1906 he was elected to Parliament from Leicester as one of 29 members of the LRC, which thereupon transformed itself into the Labour Party. In 1911 he succeeded Keir Hardie as leader of the parliamentary party. On the outbreak of World War I he was forced to resign in favour of Arthur Henderson because of his anti-war stance. He temporarily lost much of his popularity and was defeated for reelection in 1918. He returned to Parliament in 1922, however, and became leader of the opposition. In 1924, with Liberal support, he became prime minister and also foreign secretary of Britain's first Labour government, which among other things granted diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union. But the Conservatives regained a majority within the same year. He was returned as prime minister at the 1929 election, when Labour for the first time achieved the largest number of seats. The worldwide economic depression caused rising unemployment. In 1931, when he proposed to cut unemployment benefits, his cabinet resigned in protest, and he formed a coalition with Conservatives and Liberals (the National Government). Declining health diminished his ability to lead the government, and the lord president of the council, Conservative Stanley Baldwin, became effective leader. Finally, in 1935, MacDonald exchanged offices with Baldwin. He resigned the lord presidency in May 1937.

MacDonald, Rodney (Joseph) (b. Jan. 2, 1972, Inverness, N.S.), premier of Nova Scotia (2006-09).

Macdonald, Sir Thomas Lachlan (b. Dec. 14, 1898, Invercargill, New Zealand - d. April 11, 1980, Wellington, New Zealand), defence minister (1949-57) and foreign minister (1954-57) of New Zealand; knighted 1963. He was also minister of island territories (1954-57), high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1961-68), and ambassador to Ireland (1966-68).

MacDonnell, Sir Richard Graves (b. Sept. 3, 1814, Dublin, Ireland - d. Feb. 5, 1881, Hyères, Var, France), governor of Gambia (1847-51), South Australia (1855-62), and Hong Kong (1866-72) and lieutenant governor of Saint Vincent (1853-54) and Nova Scotia (1864-65); knighted 1855.

MacDouall-Gaye

MacEachen

MacDouall-Gaye, Neneh (b. April 8, 1957, Bathurst [now Banjul], Gambia), foreign minister of The Gambia (2015-17). She was also minister of trade, industry, and employment (2005) and information, communication, and information technology (2005-08) and ambassador to the United States (2009).

MacEachen, Allan (Joseph) (b. July 6, 1921, Inverness, Cape Breton Island, N.S. - d. Sept. 12, 2017), foreign minister (1974-76, 1982-84) and finance minister (1980-82) of Canada. He was also minister of labour (1963-65), national health and welfare (1965-68), and manpower and immigration (1968-70) and deputy prime minister (1977-79, 1980-84).

Macedo, António Eduardo Romeiras de (b. July 18, 1870, Lisbon, Portugal - d. 19...), acting governor-general of Angola (1912).

Macedo, Bernardo António da Costa de Sousa de (b. Sept. 16, 1863, Lisbon, Portugal - d. June 16, 1947, Lisbon), governor of Cape Verde (1907-09). He was also civil governor of Funchal (1901, 1906-07).

Macedo, Ernesto (António Luís) Ferreira de (b. 1920, Lisbon, Portugal), acting governor-general of Angola (1975).

Macedo, Joaquim Falcão (b. Feb. 5, 1927, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil - d. Sept. 28, 2006, Rio Branco), governor of Acre (1979-83).

Macedo, Luiz Alvares de Azevedo (d. June 1897), president of Sergipe (1872).

Macedo, Marcos Antonio de (b. June 18, 1808, Jaicós, Piauí, Brazil - d. Dec. 15, 1872, Stuttgart, Germany), president of Piauí (1847-48).

Macedo, Sérgio Teixeira de (b. Sept. 9, 1809, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Nov. 11, 1867, London, England), president of Pernambuco (1856-57) and interior minister of Brazil (1858-59).

Macek, Miroslav (b. Dec. 7, 1944, Litomysl, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1992). He was also minister of labour and social affairs (1992).

MacEntee

MacEntee, Sean, Irish Seán Mac an tSaoi (b. Aug. 22, 1889, Belfast, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Jan. 9, 1984, Dublin, Ireland), Irish politician. He served in the Irish Republican Army (1916-21) and was a member of the national executive committee of the Irish Volunteers (1917-21). Elected to the Dáil for Sinn Féin in 1918, he was among those of his party who opposed the 1921 Anglo-Irish treaty. A founder member of the Fianna Fáil party in 1927, he served in all of Eamon de Valera's governments, as minister for finance (1932-39, 1951-54), for industry and commerce (1939-41), and for local government (1941-48). He was also minister for health (1957-65) and for social welfare (1957-61). In 1959-65 he was tánaiste (deputy prime minister) under Sean Lemass. By that time he was the last survivor of the Irish politicians who had taken part in the Easter Rising of 1916. Although of impeccable republican and revolutionary background, he argued that the unification of Ireland could be achieved only through winning the confidence of Ulster unionists.

MacEoin, Seán (Joseph), original name John Joseph McKeon (b. Sept. 30, 1893, Bunlahy, Granard, County Longford, Ireland - d. July 7, 1973, Dublin, Ireland), justice minister (1948-51) and defence minister (1951, 1954-57) of Ireland. He was also chief of staff of the defence forces (1929).

MacEwan, J(ohn) W(alter) Grant (b. Aug. 12, 1902, near Brandon, Man. - d. June 15, 2000, Calgary, Alta.), mayor of Calgary (1963-65) and lieutenant governor of Alberta (1966-74). He was also known as a writer.

Macfadyen, Sir Ian David (b. Feb. 19, 1942, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England), lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (2000-05); knighted 2014.

MacGregor (of MacGregor), Sir Evan John Murray, (2nd) Baronet (b. January 1785 - d. June 14, 1841), governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands (1836-41). He succeeded his father as baronet in 1822.

MacGregor (of MacGregor), Sir John Atholl (Bannatyne), (3rd) Baronet (b. Jan. 20, 1810 - d. May 11, 1851), president of the British Virgin Islands (1850-51); son of Sir Evan John Murray MacGregor.

MacGregor, Sir William (b. Oct. 20, 1846, Towie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland - d. July 3, 1919, Aberdeen, Scotland), administrator (1888-95) and lieutenant governor (1895-98) of British New Guinea and governor of Lagos (1899-1904), Newfoundland (1904-09), and Queensland (1909-14); knighted 1889.

MacGuigan

MacGuigan, Mark (Rudolph) (b. Feb. 17, 1931, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Canada - d. Jan. 12, 1998, Oklahoma City, Okla., U.S.), foreign minister of Canada (1980-82). He was also justice minister (1982-84).

Mach, Stanislaw (Franciszek) (b. April 22, 1938, Przychody, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1980-81). He was also minister of light industry (1977-80).

Machado, Alderico Novais (b. Jan. 30, 1900, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Feb. 2, 1987, Caxias), acting governor of Maranhão (1956).

Machado, Alexandre Francisco de Seixas (d. March 5, 1827), president of Paraíba (1824-27).

Machado, Alexandre Marcondes, Filho (b. Aug. 3, 1892, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Oct. 16, 1974, São Paulo), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1942-45, 1955). He was also minister of labour, industry, and commerce (1941-45) and acting president of the Federal Senate (1951-54).

Machado, Álvaro Lopes (b. March 5, 1857, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Jan. 30, 1912, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1892-96, 1904-05).

Machado, António Ginestal (b. May 3, 1874, Almeida, Portugal - d. June 28, 1940, Santarém, Portugal), prime minister and interior minister of Portugal (1923). He was also education minister (1921).

Machado, Brasil Pinheiro (b. Dec. 12, 1907, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil - d. Oct. 18, 1997, Curitiba, Paraná), federal interventor in Paraná (1946).

Machado, Dionísio de Araújo (b. 1905, Lagarto, Sergipe, Brazil - d. July 16, 1985, Aracaju, Sergipe), governor of Sergipe (1962-63).

Machado, Eduardo Olympio (b. March 31, 1817, Inhambupe, Bahia, Brazil - d. Aug. 14, 1855, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil), president of Goiás (1849-50).

Machado, Floriano da Silva (b. Nov. 6, 1901 - d. Aug. 18, 1976, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Amazonas (1930). He was also mayor of Sobral (1932).

Machado (de Vasconcellos), Francisco Alvares (b. Dec. 21, 1791, São Paulo, Brazil - d. July 4, 1846, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1840-41).

Machado, Iris Rezende (b. Dec. 22, 1933, Cristianópolis, Goiás, Brazil - d. Nov. 9, 2021, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Goiás (1983-86, 1991-94) and justice minister of Brazil (1997-98). He was also mayor of Goiânia (1966-69, 2005-10, 2017-21) and minister of agriculture (1986-90) and mines and energy (acting, 1988-89).

Machado, João da Matta (b. Nov. 14, 1850, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Feb. 6, 1901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1884). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1891).

Machado, João Lopes (b. Jan. 1, 1861, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Oct. 31, 1939, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1908-12); brother of Álvaro Lopes Machado; son-in-law of Domingos de Andrade Figueira.

Machado, Joaquim de Oliveira (b. 1842 - d. 1920), president of Amazonas (1889).

Machado (Correia da Silva), Joaquim (Germano) Pinto (b. June 15, 1930, Porto, Portugal - d. March 14, 2011, Porto), governor of Macau (1986-87).

Machado, José Altino (b. Feb. 21, 1924, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil - d. May 9, 2011, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Acre (1961).

Machado, José Amaro (b. 1831 - d. March 17, 1872, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil), acting president of Piauí (1872).

Machado, José Antonio (b. March 25, 1782, São Martinho do Couto, Portugal - d. July 12, 1868, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil), acting president of Ceará (1829, 1855, 1862, 1864).

Machado, José da Costa, Senior, acting president of Paraíba (1844).

Machado, José Ignacio Borges (b. 1839 - d. af. 1916), governor of Amazonas (1892).

Machado, José Vieira (b. Dec. 5, 1899, Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. March 3, 1977, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting finance minister of Brazil (1947).

Machado, Londres (b. Feb. 3, 1942, Rio Brilhante, Mato Grosso [now in Mato Grosso do Sul], Brazil), acting governor of Mato Grosso do Sul (1979, 1980).

Machado, Manoel de Deus, acting president of Sergipe (1826-28, 1828, 1830-31, 1831).

Machado, Manoel Joaquim (b. Dec. 2, 1863, Minas Gerais province [now state], Brazil - d. Aug. 14, 1913), governor of Santa Catarina (1892-94).

Machado, Onaldo Brancante (b. May 19, 1893, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. April 27, 1963, Rio de Janeiro), acting finance minister of Brazil (1946); son of Álvaro Lopes Machado.

Machado, Raul da Cunha (b. 1868? - d. Oct. 7, 1946, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Maranhão (1918, 1922-23).

Machado, Rodrigo Lobato Marcondes (b. Jan. 1, 1844, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil - d. April 26, 1918, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1879-80).

Machado, Salvador (Aires) Pinheiro (b. March 7, 1859, Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 18, 1919, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul), acting president of Rio Grande do Sul (1915-16).

B.L. Machado

Machado Guimarães, Bernardino Luís (b. March 28, 1851, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. April 29, 1944, Porto, Portugal), prime minister (1914, 1921) and president (1915-17, 1925-26) of Portugal. He was elected twice (1890, 1894) to the chamber of peers as representative of Coimbra University, Lisbon. He was also minister of public works (1893) and created the first labour court in Portugal. As early as 1897 he openly declared himself a republican, and in 1902 he was elected president of the governing board of the Republican Party. His election in 1906 as a Republican deputy to Lisbon led to the downfall of the monarchist government of that day, and for the part he played before and during the revolution of 1910, he can be counted among the founders of the republic. He served as minister of foreign affairs (1910-11), deputy to the constituent assembly and senator (1911), and minister (later ambassador) to Brazil (1912). Though he was defeated in an early bid for the presidency, his political advancement was not long checked, and he became prime minister and interior minister in 1914. He committed Portugal to the British side in World War I. Elected president on Aug. 6, 1915, he was overthrown by the rightist revolution of Dec. 8, 1917, and sent to exile in Spain. He returned to play a venerable part in the last years of the liberal republic. He led a coalition ministry in 1921, but was deposed in a military coup after two months. He became president again on Dec. 11, 1925, but was once more deposed (May 28, 1926) when the real revolution occurred. Banished from the country in February 1927, he spent his exile in France, whence he carried on a violent literary campaign against the "New State." In 1940 he was allowed to return home.

G. Machado

Machado y Morales, Gerardo (b. Sept. 29, 1871, Camajuaní, Santa Clara province, Cuba - d. March 29, 1939, Miami Beach, Fla.), president of Cuba (1925-33). A hero in the Cuban War of Independence (1895-98), he left the army after the war as a brigadier general. He turned to business but remained active in politics, being elected mayor of Santa Clara and later narrowly defeated as candidate for governor of Santa Clara province. Under Pres. José Miguel Gómez he was chief of the army and secretary of the interior. In 1920 he succeeded Gómez as leader of the Liberal Party. His election to the presidency in 1924 was welcomed by most Cubans, especially the middle class, who thought a sensible businessman would restore order to a disrupted society. To counteract economic depression caused by declining sugar prices, he instituted a massive program of public works and promoted manufacturing to reduce Cuba's dependence on the United States. But he was accused of enriching himself at public expense. In 1927 he seized control of the other political parties. In 1928 he forced through a constitutional amendment extending the presidential term from four to six years and went back on an earlier promise not to run for a second term. He secured his reelection despite heated opposition from students and professional men and began to rule even more dictatorially. This, coupled with the hardships of the economic depression of the 1930s, caused widespread disorder. After the failure of an open revolt in 1931, the secret ABC organization engaged in an underground war against his regime. In 1933 U.S. ambassador Sumner Welles, under instructions from Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, tried to mediate, but a general strike was called, and the army executed a bloodless coup on August 11. The next day he went into an exile from which he never returned.

Machar

Machar (Teny Dhurgon), Riek (b. 1952, Ler, Sudan [now in Southern Liech state, South Sudan]), South Sudanese leader. He fought in the Sudanese civil war when it broke out in 1983, winning the support of many of his fellow Nuer to bolster the southern rebel army, until then dominated largely by Dinka forces. He grew frustrated with rebel commander John Garang, staging a failed 1991 coup against him and other commanders, including Salva Kiir. As the rebel army split along ethnic lines, Machar was accused of carrying out a brutal massacre in the Dinka-dominated town of Bor. After forging a breakaway faction, he later signed a deal with his former enemies in Khartoum and became chairman of the Southern Sudan Coordination Council (1997-2000). But he returned to the rebel fold in 2002. Once a peace deal was struck, he was named vice president of the Government of Southern Sudan on Aug. 19, 2005, and on July 9, 2011, he became vice president of independent South Sudan. He sought to rebuild a reputation damaged during the war by leading failed efforts to persuade Uganda's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels to end their decades-long insurgency. He was dismissed along with the entire government by President Kiir on July 23, 2013. He openly challenged Kiir, calling him "dictatorial," days before civil war erupted in December 2013 with Machar assuming leadership of rebels mainly from his Nuer ethnic group. In a deal to end the conflict, Kiir reappointed Machar as vice president on Feb. 11, 2016. Machar fled from Juba in July following a new outbreak of violence; Kiir then gave him an ultimatum to return and, when he failed to do so, relieved him from the vice presidency again. In 2020 he was again appointed to the post.

Machel

Machel, Samora (Moisés) (b. Sept. 29, 1933, Chilembene, Gaza province, Mozambique - d. Oct. 19, 1986, Mbuzini, Transvaal [now in Mpumalanga], South Africa), president of Mozambique (1975-86). He went to Tanzania in 1962 to join the clandestine Mozambique Liberation Front (Frelimo) and was sent for military training to Algeria. He took over responsibility for a sector of Frelimo's guerrilla operations in 1964, quickly won prominence both as a commander and as a military organizer, and became Frelimo's commander in chief in 1968. Eduardo Mondlane, Frelimo's founder and leader, was assassinated in 1969, and Machel succeeded him as leader in May 1970 and led his country to independence in June 1975. Although an orthodox Marxist, once in office he proved himself to be a pragmatist. He accepted the necessity of maintaining formal but not close relations with South Africa, on which Mozambique was heavily dependent because of traditional economic and communications links. At the same time, he gave his support to the African National Congress in its liberation struggle against South Africa. He surprised the world in March 1984 by entering into a security and economic treaty with South Africa known as the Nkomati accords. This reversal of position was forced on him by the growing threat from the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, the periodic military attacks by South Africa, and severe economic troubles compounded by a savage drought. Not wishing to appear in the role of a defeated leader, he demonstratively appeared in full field marshal's uniform to sign the treaty with South Africa's Pres. P.W. Botha. He was killed in a plane crash while returning to Maputo from Lusaka, Zambia. Many of his political adherents believed the South African government was responsible for the crash; Pretoria strongly denied the accusation. His second wife Graça, née Simbine, whom he married on Sept. 7, 1975, served as education and culture minister in 1975-89; after her husband's death, she married Nelson Mandela on July 17, 1998.

Machete

Machete, Rui (Manuel Parente Chancerelle de) (b. April 7, 1940, Setúbal, Portugal), foreign minister of Portugal (2013-15). He was also minister of social affairs (1976), justice (1983-85), and defense (1985).

Machicado Saravia, Flavio (b. June 22, 1938, La Paz, Bolivia), finance minister of Bolivia (1970-71, 1983, 1984).

Machida, Chuji (b. May 17, 1863, in present Akita prefecture, Japan - d. Nov. 12, 1946, Tokyo, Japan), finance minister of Japan (1936). He was also minister of agriculture and forestry (1926-27, 1929-31) and commerce and industry (1934-36).

Machimura

Machungo

Machimura, Nobutaka (b. Oct. 17, 1944, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan - d. June 1, 2015, Tokyo, Japan), foreign minister of Japan (2004-05, 2007). He was also minister of education (1997-98, 2000-01). In 2014-15 he was speaker of the House of Representatives.

Machinea, José Luis (b. Oct. 5, 1946, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina), economy minister of Argentina (1999-2001). He was also president of the Central Bank (1986-89) and interim minister of infrastructure and housing (2000-01).

Machník, Frantisek (b. April 30, 1886, Nebrehovice, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. Nov. 21, 1967, Zdánice, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister of Czechoslovakia (1935-38).

Machungo, Mário (Fernandes) da Graça (b. Dec. 1, 1940, Maxixe, Inhambane province, Mozambique - d. Feb. 17, 2020, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Mozambique (1986-94). He was also minister of commerce and industry (1975-78), industry and energy (1978), agriculture (1978-81), and planning (1980-94) and governor of Zambézia (1983-86).

Macià i Llussà, Francesc (b. Oct. 21, 1859, Villanueva y Geltrú [Vilanova i la Geltrú], Barcelona province, Spain - d. Dec. 25, 1933, Barcelona, Spain), president of the Generalitat of Catalonia (1931-33).

F. Macías

Macías Nguema, Francisco, from 1972 Francisco Macías Nguema Biyogo; from 1975 Macías Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong; from 1976 Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong (b. 1922, Nsegayong, Río Muni [now in Equatorial Guinea] - d. Sept. 29, 1979, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea), president (1968-79) and foreign minister (1969-71) of Equatorial Guinea. He assumed the presidency when the former Spanish colony became an independent republic in October 1968. A member of the Fang ethnic group, Macías ruled his country as a savage dictator. Most of the 7,000 European residents fled when the Spanish garrison was evicted in 1969. He had a pathological hatred of intellectuals and killed 10 of the 12 ministers in his first government. The man who entitled himself "the Great Maestro of Popular Education, Science and Traditional Culture" as well as "the only miracle," made it a crime to be unhappy, help missionaries, or fail to attend manifestations of praise and joy. He proclaimed himself president for life on July 14, 1972. In 1973 a UN mission was expelled and in 1976 Nigeria evacuated the last of its 45,000 cocoa estate workers after they had been mistreated and deprived of their wages. Macías was ultimately responsible for the systematic murder or exile of the small educated class, which came mostly from the rival Bubi tribe. Macías was overthrown on Aug. 3, 1979, by a military coup led by his relative, Deputy Defense Minister Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. Macías withdrew to his home village, taking with him the contents of the state treasury in bags he stored around his hut. Much of the money simply rotted away. Accused of treason, embezzlement, and genocide, Macías was sentenced to death by a court-martial and shot.

Macías Valenzuela, Pablo (Emilio) (b. Nov. 15, 1891, Las Cabras, Sinaloa, Mexico - d. April 30, 1975, Mexico City, Mexico), defense minister of Mexico (1940-42) and governor of Sinaloa (1945-50).

Maciel, Abel Pinheiro, Filho (b. May 24, 1895, Juruá valley, Bolivia [now in Acre, Brazil] - d. August 1981), governor of Acre (1953-54).

Maciel, Artur Antunes (b. July 6, 1879, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Oct. 4, 1955, São Paulo, Brazil), federal interventor in Mato Grosso (1931-32); nephew of Francisco Antunes Maciel, barão de Cacequi.

Maciel, Francisco Antunes, Júnior (b. May 4, 1881, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Nov. 1, 1966, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (1932-34); son of Francisco Antunes Maciel, barão de Cacequi; cousin of Artur Antunes Maciel.

Maciel, Francisco de Assis Oliveira (b. 1824? - d. March 29, 1888, Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil), president of Ceará (1872-73) and Pernambuco (1877-78).

Maciel, George Álvares (b. Dec. 17, 1920, Belo Horizonte, Brazil - d. March 15, 1999, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian diplomat. He was ambassador to Peru (1969-70) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-87).

Maciel, Leandro Maynard (b. Dec. 8, 1897, Rosário do Catete, Sergipe, Brazil - d. July 14, 1984, Aracaju, Sergipe), governor of Sergipe (1955-59).

M. Maciel

Maciel, Marco (Antônio de Oliveira) (b. July 21, 1940, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. June 12, 2021, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Pernambuco (1979-82) and vice president of Brazil (1995-2003). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1977-79) and minister of education (1985-86).

Maciel, Olegário Dias (b. Oct. 6, 1855, Bom Despacho, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Sept. 5, 1933, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), acting president (1924) and federal interventor (1930-33) of Minas Gerais.

Maciel, Salvador José (b. Nov. 27, 1781, Lisbon, Portugal - d. July 6, 1853, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1837, 1840). He was also president of Rio Grande do Sul (1826-29) and navy minister (1836-37).

Macierewicz, Antoni (b. Aug. 3, 1948, Warsaw, Poland), interior minister (1991-92) and defense minister (2015-18) of Poland. He was also head of the Military Counterintelligence Service (2006-07).

MacIntyre, Duncan (b. Nov. 10, 1915, Hastings, N.Z. - d. June 8, 2001, Waipukurau, N.Z.), administrator of Tokelau (1971-72). He was New Zealand minister of lands and forests (1966-72), Maori affairs (1969-72, 1975-78), island affairs (1969-72), environment (1972), agriculture (1975-84), and fisheries (1975-77, 1978-84) and deputy prime minister (1981-84).

Mack, Norman E(dward) (b. July 24, 1858, West Williams, Ont. - d. Dec. 26, 1932, Buffalo, N.Y.), chairman of the Democratic National Committee (1908-12).

Mack, Sir William George (Albert) (b. Nov. 2, 1904, Mt. Perry, Qld. - d. July 26, 1979), acting governor of Queensland (1966); knighted 1967. He was chief justice of Queensland (1965-71).

Mackau, Ange René Armand, baron de (b. Feb. 19, 1788, Paris, France - d. May 13, 1855, Paris), governor of Martinique (1836-38) and French minister of marine and colonies (1843-47).

Mackay, Æneas baron (b. Nov. 29, 1838, Nijmegen, Netherlands - d. Nov. 13, 1909, The Hague, Netherlands), prime minister (1888-91) and interior minister (1888-90) of the Netherlands. He was also minister of colonies (1890-91) and chairman of the Second Chamber (1901-05).

B. MacKay

J.G. MacKay

P. MacKay

MacKay, Buddy, byname of Kenneth Hood MacKay, Jr. (b. March 22, 1933, Ocala, Fla.), governor of Florida (1998-99).

MacKay, Don (b. 1948, Waipukurau, New Zealand), New Zealand diplomat. He was ambassador to Fiji and high commissioner to Nauru and Tuvalu (1991-95) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-05).

MacKay, John George (B.) (b. Nov. 6, 1893, Albany, P.E.I. - d. Oct. 21, 1974), lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island (1969-74).

MacKay, Peter (Gordon) (b. Sept. 27, 1965, New Glasgow, N.S.), foreign minister (2006-07), defense minister (2007-13), and justice minister (2013-15) of Canada.

MacKay, Robert Alexander (b. Jan. 2, 1894, Victoria county, Ont. - d. Nov. 25, 1979, Ottawa, Ont.), Canadian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1955-58), ambassador to Norway (1958-62), and minister (1958-60) and ambassador (1960-62) to Iceland.

Mackay of Clashfern, James (Peter Hymers) Mackay, Baron (b. July 2, 1927, Edinburgh, Scotland), British lord chancellor (1987-97). He was made a life peer in 1979.

Mackehenie (de la Fuente), Carlos (Antonio Ramón) (b. Feb. 11, 1904, Lima, Peru - d. ...), Peruvian diplomat. He was minister to Sweden (1953-57) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-69).

MacKellar, Michael (John Randal) (b. Oct. 27, 1938, Sydney, N.S.W. - d. May 9, 2015), Australian politician. He was minister of immigration and ethnic affairs (1975-79), health (1979-82), and home affairs and environment (1981).

Mackenna Serrano, Guillermo (b. 1840?, Santiago, Chile - d. Feb. 17, 1909, Santiago), Chilean politician. He was intendant of Santiago (1879-81, 1890-91) and minister of industry and public works (1891).

Mackenna Shiell, Luis (b. Sept. 10, 1916, Santiago, Chile - d. May 9, 2001), finance minister of Chile (1961-64). He was also president of the Central Bank (1962-64).

A. Mackenzie

Mackenzie, Alexander (b. Jan. 28, 1822, Logierait, Perth, Scotland - d. April 17, 1892, Toronto, Ont.), prime minister of Canada (1873-78). He emigrated in 1842 from Scotland to Canada West (now Ontario). He attached himself to the Reform Party and was editor (1852-54) of the Lambton Shield, a local Reform newspaper. He became friendly with George Brown, editor of The Globe (Toronto) and leader of the Reform Party. When Brown broke from the Reformers and later led the radical "Clear Grit" faction, Mackenzie also joined the new group. He was elected to parliament in 1861, and because Brown was defeated in the election, Mackenzie became de facto leader of the Clear Grits in the House of Commons. He supported the confederation movement, and after the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, he was elected from Lambton to the new federal parliament. Brown was again defeated, and Mackenzie gathered the Reform members from all provinces into a new Liberal Party and became leader of the opposition. In 1871 he was also elected to the Ontario legislature and became treasurer in a Liberal government, but he had to give up the post when dual representation was abolished in 1872. He became Canada's first Liberal prime minister after the fall of Sir John Macdonald's Conservative government in 1873. In the 1874 election he won a large majority over the Conservatives. But economic depression ultimately brought about the defeat of his government in 1878, as voters preferred Macdonald's protectionist policy to Mackenzie's aim of renewed reciprocity with the United States. Mackenzie also had to delay the completion of the Pacific railway. He resigned the party leadership in 1880 but retained his seat in parliament until his death.

Mackenzie, Ian Alistair (b. July 27, 1890, Assynt, Sutherland, Scotland - d. Sept. 2, 1949, Banff, Alta.), defence minister of Canada (1935-39). He was also superintendent-general of Indian affairs (1930) and minister of immigration and colonization (1930), pensions and national health (1939-44), and veterans affairs (1944-48).

Mackenzie, William Lyon (b. March 12, 1795, Springfield, near Dundee, Scotland - d. Aug. 28, 1861, Toronto, Canada West [now Ontario]), Canadian politician. He emigrated to Canada in 1820, and published the Colonial Advocate in Toronto (1824-34), in which he continually attacked the ruling oligarchy. In 1828 he was elected to the Upper Canada provincial parliament for York (now Toronto), being expelled repeatedly for libel on the assembly and each time reelected. He was the first mayor of the new city of Toronto in 1834-35. A grievance committee headed by Mackenzie brought about the recall of the governor, Sir John Colborne, in 1836 but the more autocratic rule of his successor, Sir Francis Bond Head, produced even greater resentment in the province. After failing to gain reelection to the assembly in 1836, he established a more radical newspaper, the Constitution, in which he advocated a republican form of government. In 1837 he published in his paper a declaration of independence, headed a band of 800 insurgents, and attacked Toronto (December 4). Repulsed, he fled across the U.S. border, and on December 13 seized Navy Island in the Niagara River, where he declared a provisional government. A Canadian force promptly crossed the river (December 29) and burned the U.S. steamer Caroline, which had been supplying the rebels, precipitating an international incident. Mackenzie fled to New York (1838), where he was sentenced by the U.S. authorities to 12 months' imprisonment. Following an amnesty he returned to Canada in 1849 and served in the Legislative Assembly of the united province of Canada (1851-58).

Mackenzie-Kennedy, Sir (Henry Charles) Donald (Cleveland) (b. 1889 - d. Aug. 2, 1965), governor of Nyasaland (1939-42) and Mauritius (1942-48); knighted 1939.

Macki, Ahmed Abdel Nabi (b. Dec. 17, 1939, Muscat, Muscat and Oman [now Oman]), Omani official. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-72, 1973-75), ambassador to the United States (1974-77) and France (1977-81), and minister of civil service (1988-95) and national economy (1995-2011).

Mackilligin

MacLauchlan

Mackilligin, David (Patrick Robert) (b. June 29, 1939), governor of the British Virgin Islands (1995-98). He was also British high commissioner to Belize (1991-94).

Mackwelung, Moses T. (d. Sept. 1, 1999), governor of Kosrae (1995-99).

MacLaren, Roy (b. Oct. 26, 1934, Vancouver, B.C.), Canadian politician. He was minister of national revenue (1984) and international trade (1993-96) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1996-2000).

MacLauchlan, (Harry) Wade (b. Dec. 10, 1954, Stanhope, P.E.I.), premier of Prince Edward Island (2015-19).

MacLean Abaroa, (Henrry) Ronald (b. March 11, 1949, La Paz, Bolivia), foreign minister of Bolivia (1992-93). He was also minister of information (2000), finance (2000), and sustainable development and planning (2000-02) and a presidential candidate (2002).

MacLehose

MacLehose of Beoch, (Crawford) Murray MacLehose, Baron (b. Oct. 16, 1917, Glasgow, Scotland - d. May 27, 2000, Ayrshire, Scotland), governor of Hong Kong (1971-82). He also was British ambassador to South Vietnam (1967-69) and Denmark (1969-71). As governor, he oversaw the colony's development from a small trading post into one of the most important industrial and commercial centres in Asia. He took a pragmatic approach to relations with China, particularly as Britain's 99-year lease on the colony was quickly approaching its end. Trying to improve relations with Beijing, MacLehose was the first governor to celebrate China Day and he made a successful visit to the Chinese capital in 1979. When he returned from the meetings, he reportedly assured Hong Kong business leaders that they could "put their hearts at ease." While he was widely credited with helping Hong Kong prosper economically, some accused him of being too trusting of the Chinese and failing to introduce Western-style democracy to the colony. He summed up his opposition to full elections, saying: "If the Communists won, that would be the end of Hong Kong. If the nationalists won, that would bring in the Communists." In an interview with the London Daily Telegraph, he later admitted that his opposition to introducing full democracy was "the sort of thing one looks back at and wonders whether one should have done it." But he added: "I still think I was right." After his retirement, he returned to Britain, but he was in attendance in 1997 when Hong Kong was formally handed back to Beijing. (It became a Special Administrative Region in China, with guaranteed autonomy under a so-called "one country, two systems" arrangement.) He was knighted in 1971 and created a life peer in 1982.

MacLeish, Archibald (b. May 7, 1892, Glencoe, Ill. - d. April 20, 1982, Boston, Mass.), U.S. official. A well-known poet, he was librarian of Congress (1939-44) and assistant secretary of state (1944-45).

MacLellan

MacLellan, Russell (b. Jan. 16, 1940, Halifax, N.S.), premier of Nova Scotia (1997-99). He was first elected to the House of Commons from Cape Breton-The Sydneys in 1979, and reelected in 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1993. Recognized nationally as an exceptional legislative facilitator, he served as parliamentary secretary to the ministries of mines, health and welfare, regional economic expansion, and justice; and as his party's critic for consumer and corporate affairs, energy, and justice. He chaired the Atlantic Canada Liberal Caucus, served on numerous parliamentary committees, and spoke for Canada in forums ranging from the United Nations to the World Health Organization. He won the leadership of Nova Scotia's governing Liberal Party on July 12, 1997, and was sworn in as Nova Scotia's 24th premier on July 18. He was elected as member of the Legislative Assembly for Cape Breton North in a November 1997 by-election and reelected in the March 1998 general election, which however reduced the Liberals to 19 seats, the same number as the New Democratic Party. A tacit agreement with the third-placed Progressive Conservatives allowed his government to hang on until it was defeated in the legislature in 1999 when it tabled a deficit budget. The Conservatives then swept to power in the ensuing elections. MacLellan was fluent in both official languages and provided a strong voice, in Nova Scotia and across the country, for national unity. He resigned the party leadership and his seat in the legislature in 2000.

MacLennan, David Ross (b. Feb. 12, 1945), commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory (1994-96). He was also British ambassador to Lebanon (1996-2000) and Qatar (2002-05).

Maclennan

Maclennan of Rogart, Robert (Adam Ross) Maclennan, Baron (b. June 26, 1936, Glasgow, Scotland - d. Jan. 18?, 2020), British politician. In 1966 he became Labour Party MP for the constituency of Caithness and Sutherland in the Scottish Highlands. He consistently took positions to the right of the Labour Party. Following Labour's defeat in 1970, he was appointed opposition spokesman, first on Scotland and then on defense, but he resigned in April 1972 over Labour's opposition to Britain's membership in the European Communities. This did not, however, prevent him from being appointed a junior minister in the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection (1974-79) when Labour returned to office. He was one of the original group of Labour MPs to leave the party in 1981 to form the Social Democratic Party (SDP). In the June 1987 general elections, only 22 candidates of the Alliance (of the Liberal Party and the SDP) won seats in Parliament, and just 5 of these belonged to the SDP. Liberal leader David Steel called for the two parties to merge. SDP leader David Owen opposed the idea, and when SDP members voted by a margin of 57-43% in favour of the principle of merger, he immediately resigned; he indicated that he would create a new, antimerger party and carried two SDP MPs with him. Since the party constitution required that the party leader be an MP, this left only two possible candidates for the succession: Charles Kennedy, an enthusiastic supporter of merger, and Maclennan, who had maintained a relatively neutral stance on the issue. But Kennedy was only 27, so the little-known Maclennan was the only candidate eligible for the post; on Aug. 29, 1987, he became the third leader of the SDP. The merger took place in 1988, and Maclennan was briefly co-leader (with Steel) of the Social and Liberal Democrats. He was made a life peer in 2001.

Macleod, Iain (Norman) (b. Nov. 11, 1913, Skipton, Yorkshire, England - d. July 20, 1970, London, England), British chancellor of the exchequer (1970). He was also minister of health (1952-55) and labour and national service (1955-59), colonial secretary (1959-61), and chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (1961-63).

Macmillan

Macmillan, (Maurice) Harold, (1st) Earl of Stockton, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (b. Feb. 10, 1894, London, England - d. Dec. 29, 1986, Birch Grove, Sussex, England), British prime minister (1957-63). He was aide-de-camp (1919-20) to the governor general of Canada, the Duke of Devonshire, whose daughter he married in 1920. He sat in the House of Commons in 1924-29 and 1931-64. In Winston Churchill's World War II coalition government formed in 1940, he was parliamentary secretary to the Ministry of Supply and then served as colonial undersecretary (February-December 1942), before he was sent to northwest Africa as British minister resident at Allied Forces Headquarters, Mediterranean Command. At the end of the war in Europe, he was secretary of state for air in Churchill's "caretaker" government (May-July 1945). Losing his Stockton-on-Tees seat in the Labour landslide of 1945, he became MP for Bromley, Kent. After the Conservatives regained power in 1951, he was successively minister of housing and local government (1951-54), minister of defense (1954-55), foreign secretary (1955), and chancellor of the exchequer (1955-57). He was appointed prime minister in 1957, following the illness and resignation of Sir Anthony Eden in the wake of the Suez crisis, and was elected leader of the Conservative Party, which he led to a resounding victory in the 1959 election under the slogan "You've never had it so good." His popularity ratings long remained high, and the nickname "Supermac," ironically employed by the cartoonist Vicky, stuck and came to be used with admiration. He resigned in 1963 in the midst of economic difficulties and after a scandal involving the secretary of state for war, John Profumo. He retired from the House of Commons in September 1964. He received the Order of Merit in 1976 and was created an earl in 1984.

MacMorran, Louise (Joanne), administrator of Ascension (2018-19) and acting governor of St. Helena (2019).

MacNeill, Eoin (John), Irish Eóin Mac Néill (b. May 15, 1867, Glenarm, County Antrim, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Oct. 15, 1945, Dublin, Ireland), finance minister of Ireland (1919). He was also minister of industries (1919-21) and education (1922-25) and chairman of Dáil Éireann (1921-22).

Maconochie, Alexander, surname until 1832 spelled M'Konochie (b. Feb. 11, 1787, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. Oct. 25, 1860, Morden, Surrey, England), commandant of Norfolk Island (1840-44). He became an influential penal reformer.

Macoonco (d. [killed] May 9, 1905, Bujumbura, Burundi), Burundian rebel chief (18...-1905).

Macpayen, Jean-Christophe, also spelled Mackpayen (b. July 11, 1934, Bangui, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic] - d. July 1, 1981), foreign minister of the Central African Republic (1963-64). He was also minister of public works (1959), labour and social affairs (1960-61), education (1960-63), and information and tourism (1964).

Macpherson, Sir David (Lewis) (b. Sept. 12, 1818, Castle Leathers, Inverness, Scotland - d. Aug. 16, 1896, at sea), interior minister of Canada (1883-85); knighted 1884. He was also speaker of the Senate (1880, 1880-83) and minister without portfolio (1880-83).

MacPherson, Pieter Daniël Eugenius (b. April 4, 1792, Dunkerque, France - d. Jan. 19, 1846, Maastricht, Netherlands), governor of Limburg (1845-46).

Macquarie, Lachlan (b. Jan. 31, 1761, Ulva, Argyllshire, Scotland - d. July 1, 1824, London, England), governor of New South Wales (1810-21).

Macri

Macri (Blanco Villegas), Mauricio (b. Feb. 8, 1959, Tandil, Buenos Aires province, Argentina), chief of government of Buenos Aires city (2007-15) and president of Argentina (2015-19).

Macron

Macron, Emmanuel (Jean-Michel Frédéric) (b. Dec. 21, 1977, Amiens, France), president of France (2017- ). He was minister of economy, industry, and information technology (2014-16). In this role he promoted a package of deregulating reforms, the loi Macron, which triggered a revolt by the left wing of the ruling Socialist Party and had to be passed by way of a confidence vote in parliament. Having formed the political movement En Marche! in 2016, he became a presidential candidate in 2017, taking a centrist, pro-European position. With the support of the Republicans' Alain Juppé and the Socialists' Manuel Valls, who failed to win their parties' presidential nomination, Macron won the first round with 24% of the vote, then won a clear victory in the runoff against far-right candidate Marine Le Pen (66%-34%). It was the first time in the history of the Fifth Republic that the candidates of the main parties of the left and right both were eliminated in the first round. At 39 he became the youngest-ever French president and one of the youngest major-country leaders in modern history. In the ensuing parliamentary elections his party, now called La République en marche, won a strong majority, further augmented by support from François Bayrou's Democrat Movement. He appeared determined to spend this political capital on unpopular economic reforms. In November 2018, his approval rating having already dropped to barely 20%, the emergence of the "yellow vest" grassroots rebellion, initially against high fuel prices but later becoming more diffuse, posed a major challenge. In a 2022 rematch, he again defeated Le Pen, but his margin dropped from 32 to 17 points. Later that year his party was renamed Renaissance.

MacSharry, Ray(mond), Irish Réamann Mac Searraigh (b. April 29, 1938, Sligo, Ireland), finance minister of Ireland (1982, 1987-88). He was also minister of agriculture (1979-81), public service (1987), and tourism and transport (1987), deputy prime minister (1982), and European commissioner for agriculture and rural development (1989-93).

Mactavish, William (b. March 29, 1815, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. July 23, 1870, Liverpool, England), governor of Assiniboia (1858-69) and Rupert's Land (1864-70).

MacVeagh, Charles (b. June 6, 1860, West Chester, Pa. - d. Dec. 4, 1931, Santa Barbara, Calif.), U.S. diplomat; son of Wayne MacVeagh. He was ambassador to Japan (1925-28).

MacVeagh, Franklin (b. Nov. 22, 1837, near Phoenixville, Pa. - d. July 6, 1934, Chicago, Ill.), U.S. secretary of the treasury (1909-13); brother of Wayne MacVeagh.

MacVeagh, Lincoln (b. Oct. 1, 1890, Narragansett Pier, R.I. - d. Jan. 15, 1972, Adelphi, Md.), U.S. diplomat; son of Charles MacVeagh. He was minister to Greece (1933-41), Iceland (1941-42), and South Africa (1942-43) and ambassador to Greece (1943-44), Yugoslavia (1943-44), Portugal (1948-52), and Spain (1952-53).

MacVeagh, (Isaac) Wayne (b. April 19, 1833, Phoenixville, Pa. - d. Jan. 11, 1917, Washington, D.C.), U.S. attorney general (1881); son-in-law of Simon Cameron. He was also minister to the Ottoman Empire (1870-71) and ambassador to Italy (1894-97).

Madaki, John (Yahaya) (b. June 24, 1947, Gawu Babangida [now in Niger state], Nigeria - d. Jan. 8, 2018, Abuja, Nigeria), governor of Katsina (1989-92).

Madaki, Joshua (b. July 6, 1947, Manchok [now in Kaduna state], Nigeria - d. [car accident] May 7, 2003, Enugu state), governor of Bauchi (1987-90) and Plateau (1990-92).

Madaki, Yohanna (Anteyan) (b. Dec. 31, 1944, Zuturum [now in Kaduna state], Nigeria - d. May 20, 2006, London, England), governor of Gongola (1985-86) and Benue (1986).

Madar, Muhammad Hawadle, Somali Maxamed Xawaadle Madar (b. 1939, Hargeysa, British Somaliland [now Republic of Somaliland] - d. January 2005, London, England), prime minister of Somalia (1990-91). He was also minister of public works (1974-80), posts and telecommunications (1980-82), and national planning (1984-85).

Madariaga Gutiérrez, Mónica (del Carmen) (b. Jan. 25, 1942, Santiago, Chile - d. Oct. 7, 2009, Santiago), justice minister of Chile (1977-83). She was also minister of education (1983).

Madariaga y Rojo, Salvador de (b. July 23, 1886, La Coruña, Spain - d. Dec. 14, 1978, Locarno, Switzerland), Spanish politician. He was ambassador to the United States (1931-32) and France (1932-34), education minister (1934), and justice minister (1934).

Madbouli

Madbouli, Mostafa (b. April 28, 1966), prime minister of Egypt (2017-18 [acting], 2018- ). He was also housing minister (2014-18).

Madden, Sir John (b. May 16, 1844, Cloyne, County Cork, Ireland - d. March 10, 1918, South Yarra, Melbourne, Vic.), acting governor of Victoria (1895, 1900-01, 1903-04, 1908, 1911, 1913-14); knighted 1893. He was chief justice (1893-1918) and lieutenant governor (1899-1918).

Maddox

Maddox, Lester (Garfield) (b. Sept. 30, 1915, Atlanta, Ga. - d. June 25, 2003, Atlanta), governor of Georgia (1967-71). Through his fried chicken restaurant, the Pickrick, he became nationally known in the 1960s for his outspoken opposition to integration. He ultimately closed and then sold the restaurant rather than serve blacks. He ran twice for mayor of Atlanta and once for lieutenant governor before capturing the state's highest office through a quirk in state law. He won the Democratic nomination for governor in 1966 but trailed Republican Howard H. "Bo" Callaway in the general election. Write-in votes for other candidates prevented Callaway from receiving a majority, and the question was thrown to the Democrat-dominated legislature, which picked Maddox. Fears of racial strife during his governorship proved unfounded when he pursued a policy of relative moderation on race. He was known for quaint sayings ("It's great to be alive; a lot of folks aren't, you know") and outrageous gestures like riding a bicycle backward. As his term drew to a close, he challenged a constitutional provision barring governors from succeeding themselves. He failed, but managed to be elected lieutenant governor with Jimmy Carter as governor. It was a classic mismatch. Said Maddox: "It's all right for a fellow to grow peanuts... but people ought not to think like them. I don't know whether the man is sick, or just a plain fool." In 1974, Maddox once again was eligible to run for governor, but lost. He flirted with national politics in 1976 when his old nemesis Carter ran successfully for president. As the presidential nominee of the American Independent Party, Maddox got only a handful of votes. He tried a final comeback in Georgia in 1990, but came only fifth with just 3% of the vote.

Madej, Zbigniew (Juliusz) (b. March 13, 1932, Ruski Bród, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1981-83). He was also chairman of the Planning Commission (1981-82).

Madeleine, Ian (b. 1985), Seychellois diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Madelin, Alain (b. March 26, 1946, Paris, France), economy and finance minister of France (1995). He was also minister of industry, posts and telecommunications, and tourism (1986-88) and companies and economic development (1993-95) and president of Liberal Democracy (1997-2002).

Mader, João Carlos (dos) Santos (b. June 22, 1925 - d. 2007), governor of Rondônia (1965-67).

F.I. Madero

Madero (González), Francisco I(gnacio)¹ (b. Oct. 30, 1873, Parras, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Feb. 22, 1913, Mexico City, Mexico), president of Mexico (1911-13). He helped organize the Benito Juárez Democratic Club and made an unsuccessful attempt to become governor of Coahuila (1905). After dictator Porfirio Díaz removed restrictions on political activity in 1908, Madero wrote the book La sucesión presidencial en 1910, which added to the public awakening that precipitated the coming revolution. He helped organize the Antireelectionist Party and in April 1910 became its presidential candidate. On the eve of the election of June 1910 (which Díaz won), Madero was arrested on charges of fomenting a rebellion and insulting the authorities. Released on bond, he escaped to San Antonio, Texas, where in October 1910 he published the Plan of San Luis Potosí, declaring himself the legitimate president of Mexico and calling for an armed insurrection to begin on November 20. In February 1911 he joined the revolutionary forces in Chihuahua. In May they took Ciudad Juárez, and soon after Díaz resigned and an interim government was established. The presidential election in October 1911 was a sweeping triumph for Madero, who was hailed as the "apostle of democracy." As president, however, he was attacked both by the entrenched supporters of the old regime and by popular leaders like Pascual Orozco and Emiliano Zapata who accused Madero of betraying the revolution. Several rebellions were quelled, but when a military revolt broke out in the capital in February 1913, Madero was arrested and forced to sign his resignation, and while being transferred to prison he was assassinated by the escort.
¹ Instead of Ignacio, as it appears on his birth and baptismal certificates (there actually spelled Ygnacio), his second name is often given as Indalecio. He was always referred to as Francisco I. Madero, and the false assumption may have arisen because his father was Francisco Indalecio; there is no evidence for the theory that he changed his name at some point.

Madero González, Francisco José (b. Oct. 16, 1930, San Antonio, Texas - d. Feb. 21, 2013, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico), governor of Coahuila (1981); son of Raúl Madero González. He was also mayor of Torreón (1976-78).

Madero González, Raúl (b. Sept. 16, 1888, Parras, Coahuila, Mexico - d. Oct. 8, 1982, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Nuevo León (1915) and Coahuila (1957-63); brother of Francisco I. Madero.

Madge, Edward (Henry), commissioner of Seychelles (1815-22).

Madi

Madigan

Madi (Boléro), Hamada (b. Oct. 23, 1965, Boingoma, Mohéli), prime minister (2000-02), interim president (2002), and defense minister (2002-04) of the Comoros. He has also been a presidential candidate (2010) and secretary-general of the Indian Ocean Commission (2016- ).

Madigan, Edward (Rell) (b. Jan. 13, 1936, Lincoln, Ill. - d. Dec. 7, 1994, Springfield, Ill.), U.S. secretary of agriculture (1991-93).

Madikizela-Mandela

Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie, during marriage called Winnie Mandela, original name Nomzamo Nobandla Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela (b. Sept. 26, 1934 or 1936, Bizana, Pondoland district, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa - d. April 2, 2018, Johannesburg, South Africa), South African politician. She met Nelson Mandela in 1956 and married him in 1958. After the start of her husband's long imprisonment (1962-90), she was banned and frequently harassed by the authorities; she spent 17 months in jail in 1969-70 and 4 months in 1976 and lived in internal exile in 1977-85 (in the small town of Brandfort, Orange Free State); when the house where she lived was burned down by vigilantes in 1985, she moved to Soweto and resisted eviction attempts. Subsequently she was left undisturbed by the police, although she ignored the banning order that forbade her to speak at public meetings. Whenever she appeared at such meetings, she attracted crowds of up to 40,000 people. She supported violent resistance to the white regime, was in favour of the imposition of sanctions, and urged strike action by black workers. However, her reputation as an anti-apartheid heroine was marred in 1988-89, when she was linked with the beating and kidnapping of four black youths, one of whom was killed by her chief bodyguard. Nevertheless, she was elected to the presidency of the African National Congress (ANC) Women's League in 1993, and in 1994 was elected to parliament and appointed deputy minister of arts, culture, science, and technology in South Africa's first multiracial government, which was headed by her husband. As she continued to provoke controversy with attacks on the government and strident appeals to radical young black followers, Nelson Mandela expelled her from his cabinet in 1995. They had separated in 1992 and were divorced in 1996. She resigned from parliament and from her posts within the ANC in 2003 after a conviction for fraud and theft (the theft conviction was overturned in 2004).

Madison, George (b. June 1763, Augusta county, Virginia - d. Oct. 14, 1816, Paris, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1816); second cousin of James Madison.

J. Madison

Madison, James (b. March 16 [March 5, O.S.], 1751, Port Conway, Virginia - d. June 28, 1836, Montpelier, Va., U.S.), president of the United States (1809-17). He was elected to Virginia's 1776 revolutionary convention, where he drafted the state's guarantee of religious freedom. In the convention-turned-legislature he helped Thomas Jefferson disestablish the church but lost reelection by refusing to furnish the electors with free whiskey. In 1777 he was elected to the governor's council, in March 1780 he was sent to the Continental Congress, and in 1784 he reentered the Virginia legislature. He persuaded the states-rights advocate John Tyler to sponsor the calling of the Annapolis Convention of 1786, which, aided by Madison's influence, produced the Constitutional Convention of 1787. There, he influenced the planning and ratification of the U.S. constitution and collaborated with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in the publication of what came to be known as the Federalist Papers, which became the standard commentary on the constitution. As a member of the new House of Representatives (1789-97), he sponsored the first 10 amendments to the constitution (the Bill of Rights). He was secretary of state (1801-09) under Pres. Thomas Jefferson. He won the presidency easily in 1808 by publishing his vigorous diplomatic dispatches and was reelected in 1812 despite strong opposition. Believing that England was bent on permanent suppression of American commerce, he proclaimed non-intercourse with England on Nov. 2, 1810. War was declared in June 1812. At first defeat followed defeat, and in 1814 the British marched into Washington, D.C., and burned most of the public buildings; Madison had to flee into the countryside for three days. But victories followed, and the war ended in 1815 with what was generally regarded as a U.S. triumph.

Mádl

Mádl, Ferenc (b. Jan. 29, 1931, Bánd, Hungary - d. May 29, 2011), president of Hungary (2000-05). He was also a minister without portfolio (1990-93) and minister of culture and education (1993-94).

Madoka, Marsden (Herman) (b. March 15, 1943, Mwatate, Coast province, Kenya), foreign minister of Kenya (2001-03). He was also minister of state in charge of provincial administration and internal security (1998-2001).

Madoux, André (b. Jan. 28, 1909 - d. Oct. 30, 1986), president of the Regional Council of Lorraine (1979-82).

Madoz

Madoz (e Ibáñez), Pascual (b. May 17, 1806, Pamplona, Spain - d. Dec. 13, 1870, Genoa, Italy), president of the Interim Revolutionary Junta of Spain (1868).

Madrahimov, Muzaffar (A.) (b. 1972, Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.), Uzbek diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-17).

Madrazo Becerra, Carlos Alberto (b. June 7, 1915, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico - d. [plane crash] June 4, 1969, north of Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico), governor of Tabasco (1959-64). He was also president of Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (1964-65).

Madrazo Pintado, Roberto (b. July 30, 1952, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Tabasco (1995-2000); son of Carlos Alberto Madrazo Becerra. He was also president of Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (2002-05) and its presidential candidate (2006).

Madre, Charles Albert (b. Nov. 13, 1844, Metz, Moselle, France - d. 19...), governor of Réunion (1900-01).

M. de la Madrid

Madrid (Hurtado), Miguel de la (b. Dec. 12, 1934, Colima, Colima, Mexico - d. April 1, 2012, Mexico City, Mexico), president of Mexico (1982-88). He began his career in government service in 1960 as an adviser to the Bank of Mexico. In 1963 he joined Mexico's ruling party, Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). In 1965-70 he was subdirector of credit in the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit. From 1970 to April 1972 he operated as subdirector of finance at Petróleos Mexicanos, the nationalized oil company, but in May he rejoined the Secretariat of Finance as director general of credit. He was appointed undersecretary of finance in October 1975 and from May 1979 occupied the post of secretary for planning and budget in Pres. José López Portillo's administration (1976-82). He was the principal author of an economic-development plan that was inspired by the revenues from vast new discoveries of Mexican petroleum and based on tighter government controls. Selected by the PRI in September 1981 to be its presidential candidate, he was elected president on July 4, 1982, with 74% of the vote, and assumed power on December 1. A political conservative and friend of the business community, he pursued growth-oriented economic reforms and in a "moral renovation" sought to combat corruption in government, in government-run industries, and in labour unions. His foreign policies continued to reflect the prevailing spirit of a more independent, worldly Mexico. The austerity measures he took to halt the erosion of the economy were not popular and contributed to the relatively poor showing of the PRI in the 1988 election, when his successor Carlos Salinas de Gortari won with just over 50% of the vote and even that result was widely seen as fraudulent.

Madrid Romandía, Roberto de la (b. Feb. 3, 1922, Calexico, Calif. - d. March 19, 2010, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico), governor of Baja California (1977-83).

Madrid Virgen, Carlos de la (b. May 24, 1940, Colima, Colima, Mexico - d. Aug. 26, 2014), governor of Colima (1991-97). He was also mayor of Colima (1989-91).

Madrigal

Madrigal Nieto, Rodrigo (b. March 14, 1924, San José, Costa Rica - d. Oct. 11, 2006, San José), foreign minister of Costa Rica (1986-90). He was also president of the Legislative Assembly (1978-79).

Madriz (Rodríguez), José (b. July 21, 1867, León, Nicaragua - d. May 14, 1911, Mexico City, Mexico), interior minister (1893), foreign and education minister (1893-94), and acting president (1909-10) of Nicaragua. He was also president of the Legislative Assembly (1895-96).

Madsen, Christian Rabjerg (b. March 24, 1986, Silkeborg, Denmark), interior (and housing) minister of Denmark (2022).

Madsen, Vilhelm Herman Oluf (b. April 11, 1844, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. June 14, 1917, Frederiksberg, Denmark), war minister of Denmark (1901-05).

Madueke, Allison (Amaechina) (b. 1944), governor of Anambra (1984-85) and Imo (1985-86). He was also Nigerian chief of naval staff (1993-94).

Maduekwe, Ojo (Uma) (b. May 6, 1945, Ohafia [now in Abia state], Nigeria - d. June 29, 2016, Abuja, Nigeria), foreign minister of Nigeria (2007-10). He was also minister of culture and tourism (1999-2000) and transport (2000-03) and high commissioner to Canada (2012-15).

N. Maduro

Maduro (Moros), Nicolás (b. Nov. 23, 1962, Caracas, Venezuela), foreign minister (2006-13), executive vice president (2012-13), and president (2013- ) of Venezuela. A former bus driver who rose through the ranks of the transit workers union, he campaigned for the release of Hugo Chávez, who was imprisoned in 1992 after leading an unsuccessful coup attempt. After Chávez's release in 1994, Maduro helped him found the Fifth Republic Movement. In 1999, after Chávez assumed the presidency, Maduro served in the National Constituent Assembly, which drafted a new constitution that consolidated Chávez's power. That year he also served in the Chamber of Deputies (lower house), which was eliminated with the creation of the unicameral National Assembly. He was elected to the new legislative body in 2000 and was its president in 2005-06. As foreign minister, he advocated for the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), which sought to increase Latin American integration and to blunt U.S. influence in the region. Maduro's profile in the administration began to grow, especially as Chávez's health deteriorated since 2011. In October 2012, Chávez selected Maduro as vice president. Meanwhile, Maduro's wife, Cilia Flores, was serving as attorney general. In December 2012, before Chávez left Venezuela to undergo surgery in Cuba, he named Maduro as his preferred successor should he not survive. Accordingly Maduro became acting president when Chávez died, and soon afterwards he narrowly won a special election for a president to serve the remainder of Chávez's term. He defeated Henrique Capriles Radonski, who had also lost to Chávez in the regular presidential election of 2012 and who alleged irregularities. Maduro had to deal with high inflation and shortages of essential commodities; in 2016 he declared a state of "economic emergency." In 2017 he convened a new National Constituent Assembly which was boycotted by the opposition. His reelection in 2018 was called illegitimate by many countries in the hemisphere. Later that year he survived an assassination attempt at a military parade.

R. Maduro

Maduro (Joest), Ricardo (Rodolfo) (b. April 20, 1946, Panamá province, Panama), president of Honduras (2002-06). He entered politics in the 1980s as a founding member of the "Change and Unity" movement whose objective was the renovation of the National Party. The movement gained control of the party in 1989 and carried Rafael Leonardo Callejas to the presidency. Maduro was campaign director in 1985 and 1989. During the Callejas administration (1990-94), he held the position of president of the Central Bank. He then retired to private life until coming back as the National Party presidential candidate in 2001. He became the country's second Jewish president (after Juan Lindo in 1847-52).

Madzharov, Mihail (Ivanov) (b. Jan. 31, 1854, Koprivshtitsa, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. Jan. 23, 1944, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1919-20). He was also mayor of Plovdiv (1894), minister of transport and public works (1894-99), interior (1913), and war (1919), and minister to the United Kingdom (1912-13, 1913-14) and Russia (1914-15).

Mäe, Hjalmar (b. Oct. 24, 1901, Estonia - d. April 10, 1978, Graz, Austria), Erster Landesdirektor of German-occupied Estonia (1941-44).

Maecha

Maehara

Maecha, Mtara (b. Feb. 28, 1940, Mitsamiouli, Grande Comore, Comoros), foreign minister of the Comoros (1990-91). He was also minister of social affairs (1978-80) and transport, tourism, and posts and telecommunications (1980-82, 1997-98) and a presidential candidate (2002).

Maehara, Seiji (b. April 30, 1962, Kyoto, Japan), foreign minister of Japan (2010-11). He was also minister of land, infrastructure, transport, and tourism (2009-10). In 2005-06 he was leader of the Democratic Party of Japan.

Mæland, Monica (b. Feb. 6, 1968, Bergen, Norway), justice minister of Norway (2020-21). She was also minister of trade and industry (2013), trade and fisheries (2014-18 and [acting] 2019), and local government and modernization (2018-20).

Maelanga, Manasseh (b. March 25, 1970), deputy prime minister (2010-14, 2015-17, 2019- ) and home affairs minister (2010-14, 2015-17) of the Solomon Islands. He has also been minister of provincial government and institutional strengthening (2009-10) and infrastructure and development (2019- ).

Maema, Lebohang Fine (b. July 22, 1957), Lesotho official. He was attorney-general (1993-2005) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-09).

Maes, Olivier (b. Jan. 23, 1974, Nancy, France), Luxembourg diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Mafra, Abelardo Alvarenga (b. April 8, 1920, Paraíba do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Fernando de Noronha (1955-58) and Rondônia (1961, 1964).

Mafra, Manoel da Silva (b. Oct. 12, 1831, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. May 11, 1907, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Espírito Santo (1878-79) and justice minister of Brazil (1882).

Maga

Maga, (Coutoucou) Hubert (b. Aug. 10, 1916, Parakou, central Dahomey [now Benin] - d. May 8, 2000, Cotonou, Benin), president (1960-63, 1970-72) and foreign minister (1963) of Dahomey. He was elected to the French parliament in 1951 and served as junior minister of labour in the French cabinet (1957-58). Prime minister of Dahomey from May to July 1960, he was elected president in December 1960. Maga, whose aide-de-camp was then the young Lt. Mathieu Kérékou, was toppled in 1963 by a military coup following a workers' strike and street demonstrations. The government had just decided to reduce public service workers salaries by 10% to enable it cope with the first financial crisis it had to deal with. It was later understood that Maga's political rivals, eager to capture power, had manipulated the trade unions to usurp power. The tussle for power which toppled the first democratically elected president of Dahomey (later renamed Benin) plunged the country into a cycle of political instability characterized by other coups in 1965, 1967, 1969, and 1972. Maga had another tenure in 1970 with the establishment of a Presidential Council made up of the three former civilian heads of state, each of them piloting the affairs of state over a two-year period. Maga concluded his term in office and made room for Pres. Justin Ahomadegbé in May 1972. Five months later, the council was overthrown by a group of young military officers led by Major Kérékou. After the putsch, members of the Presidential Council were placed under house arrest until 1981. As soon as they were released they went into exile. Maga came back to the political arena with the National Conference of 1990, which granted amnesty to all political exiles. He was a member of the High Council of the Republic (transition parliament) and later of the Constitutional Court.

Magabe, Jean-Charles (d. July 5, 1999, Brussels, Belgium), governor of Sud-Kivu (1997-98).

Magalhães, Abel Sauerbronn de Azevedo (b. May 30, 1881, Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. April 2, 1969, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro), federal interventor in Rio de Janeiro (1945-46).

Magalhães, Agamenon Sérgio de Godoy (b. Nov. 5, 1893, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Aug. 24, 1952, Recife, Pernambuco), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1937, 1945) and governor of Pernambuco (1937-45 [federal interventor], 1951-52). He was also minister of labour, industry, and commerce (1934-37).

A.C. Magalhães

J.M. Magalhães

Magalhães, Antônio Carlos (Peixoto de) (b. Sept. 4, 1927, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. July 20, 2007, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Bahia (1971-75, 1979-83, 1991-94). He was also mayor of Salvador (1967-70) and Brazilian minister of communications (1985-90) and president of the Federal Senate (1997-2001).

Magalhães, Arídio Martins de (b. Jan. 22, 1921 - d. Dec. 28, 2015), governor of Roraima (1983-85).

Magalhães, Benjamin Constant Botelho de (b. Feb. 10, 1837, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Jan. 22, 1891, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister of Brazil (1889-90). He was also minister of education, posts, and telegraphs (1890-91).

Magalhães, Cornelio Pereira de (b. Nov. 5, 1849, Baependi, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Nov. 30, 1882, São Paulo, Brazil), president of Goiás (1882).

Magalhães, Ivo de (b. May 19, 1925, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), prefect of Distrito Federal (1962-64).

Magalhães, João Jacques de (d. April 17, 1748, Luanda, Angola), governor of Angola (1738-48).

Magalhães, João José de Moura (b. 1790, Bahia captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. March 14, 1850, Bahia province [now state]), president of Paraíba (1838-39), Maranhão (1844-46), and Bahia (1847-48).

Magalhães, José Vieira Couto de (b. Nov. 1, 1837, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Sept. 14, 1898, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Goiás (1863-64), Pará (1864-66), Mato Grosso (1867-68), and São Paulo (1889). He declined the title of barão de Corumbá he was offered in 1867.

Magalhães, Juracy Montenegro (b. Aug. 4, 1905, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil - d. May 15, 2001, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil), governor of Bahia (1931-37, 1959-63) and justice minister (1965-66) and foreign minister (1966-67) of Brazil.

Magalhães, Luís Eduardo Maron (b. March 16, 1955, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. April 21, 1998, Brasília, Brazil), Brazilian politician; son of Antônio Carlos Magalhães. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1995-97).

Magalhães, Olyntho Máximo de (b. Jan. 11, 1867, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. May 24, 1948, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1898-1902). He was also minister to Russia (1897-98), Switzerland (1898, 1903-11), and France (1912-19).

Magalhães, Raphael (Hermeto) de Almeida (b. Dec. 14, 1930, Belo Horizonte, Brazil - d. Jan. 29, 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting governor of Guanabara (1965). He was also Brazilian minister of social security (1986-87).

Magalhães, Valdomiro de Barros (b. April 19, 1883, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Jan. 14, 1944, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician; son-in-law of Francisco Antunes Maciel, barão de Cacequi; brother-in-law of Francisco Antunes Maciel Júnior. He was president of the Senate (1936).

Magalhães, Valério Caldas de (b. Sept. 6, 1909, Boa Vista do Rio Branco, Amazonas [now Boa Vista, Roraima], Brazil - d. Nov. 24, 1964, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Acre (1956-58).

Magaña (Cerda), Conrado (b. March 13, 1900, Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico - d. ...), governor of Michoacán (1939-40); brother of Gildardo Magaña.

Magaña (Cerda), Gildardo (b. March 7, 1891, Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico - d. Dec. 13, 1939, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of the Distrito Federal (1915), Baja California (1935-36), and Michoacán (1936-39).

Á.A. Magaña

Magaña Borja, Álvaro Alfredo (b. Oct. 8, 1925, Ahuachapán - d. July 10, 2001, San Salvador), president of El Salvador (1982-84). After the success of right-wing factions in the March 1982 general elections, it appeared that their leader, Roberto D'Aubuisson, would be elected president by the Constituent Assembly, the national parliament. Strong opposition to him developed, however, chiefly from the moderate Christian Democrats and from the military. During El Salvador's recent turbulent years Magaña had established himself as a respected public figure without becoming attached to any political faction. This, as well as his acknowledged good relations with the military, convinced the Constituent Assembly to break its three-week deadlock over the nomination of the provisional president. Magaña described himself as a reluctant candidate, which was hardly surprising, given the near-impossible task he was expected to fulfill. The U.S.-sponsored elections failed to create any focus of political authority independent of the armed forces, and the military remained the effective rulers of the country, continuing their war against insurgent guerrilla forces. Despite the fragility of his coalition and the temporary nature of his appointment, Magaña showed surprising strength in his first year in office. In January 1983 he stripped D'Aubuisson of most of his powers as president of the Constituent Assembly. But his numerous attempts at securing a working relationship between D'Aubuisson's group and the Christian Democrats (the largest single party in the Assembly) were unsuccessful. By November 1983, the Assembly had failed three times to meet its self-imposed deadline to approve El Salvador's new constitution; as a result, general elections scheduled for the end of 1983 had to be postponed.

Magande

Magande, Ng'andu (Peter) (b. July 5, 1947, Namaila, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), secretary-general of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (1996-2000) and finance minister of Zambia (2003-08).

Maganga Moussavou, Pierre Claver (b. April 8, 1952, Mouila, Gabon), vice president of Gabon (2017- ). He was a minor presidential candidate (1993, 1998, 2009, 2016) and minister of planning (1993-98), agriculture, livestock, and rural development (2002-04), missions and reform (2004-07), human rights and fight against illicit enrichment (2006-07), transport, civil aviation, and tourism (2007), regional planning, evaluation of public business policy, and town planning (2007-09), and technical education (2009).

Magar, Onsari Gharti (b. Nov. 14, 1977, Jankot, Rolpa district, Nepal), Nepalese politician; wife of Barsha Man Pun. She was minister of youth and sports (2011) and speaker of parliament (2015-17).

Magashi, Bashir (Salihi) (b. Oct. 1, 1949), governor of Sokoto (1990-92) and defense minister of Nigeria (2019- ).

Magashule, Ace, byname of Sekgobelo Magashule (b. 1959, Parys, Orange Free State [now Free State], South Africa), premier of the Free State (2009-18). He was also secretary-general of the African National Congress (2017-22).

Magaya, Alison Manani (d. Aug. 24, 2015, Geneva, Switzerland), interior minister of South Sudan (2011-13). He was also Sudanese governor of Equatoria region (1989-91) and minister of manpower (2000-01), labour and administrative reform (2001-05), and labour, public service, and human resources development (2005-10) and South Sudanese ambassador to Switzerland (2014-15).

Magga, Martin (b. Nov. 11, 1953), Solomon Islands politician. He was minister of law and justice (2007), lands, housing, and survey (2007-09), and health and medical services (2009).

Maggi

Maggi, Blairo Borges (b. May 29, 1956, Torres, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), governor of Mato Grosso (2003-10). He was Brazilian agriculture minister in 2016-19.

Magheru, Mihai, Romanian diplomat. He was minister to the United States (1949-53), permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-59), and ambassador to Pakistan (1966-74).

Maghribi, Mahmud Sulayman al- (b. 1935, Haifa, Palestine [now in Israel] - d. July 17, 2009, Damascus, Syria), prime minister of Libya (1969-70). He was also minister of finance, agriculture, and agrarian reform (1969-70), permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-72), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1973-76).

Maginot, André (b. Feb. 17, 1877, Paris, France - d. Jan. 7, 1932, Paris), French war minister (1922-24, 1929-30, 1930, 1931-32). He was also minister of colonies (1917, 1928-29) and war pensions, grants and allowances (1920-22). He was the namesake of the Maginot Line of defensive structures.

Magli, Giovanni (b. June 27, 1884, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Sicilia, Italy - d. Jan. 28, 1969, Bari, Italy), governor of Sardegna (1943-44).

Magliani, Agostino (b. July 23, 1824, Laurino, Two Sicilies [now in Italy] - d. Feb. 20, 1891, Rome, Italy), finance minister (1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-88) and treasury minister (1878-79, 1879-88) of Italy.

Maglione, Agostino (b. June 21, 1744 - d. 18...), member of the Executive Directory (1798-99) and of the Extraordinary Commission of Government (1800) of the Ligurian Republic.

L. Maglione

Maglione, Luigi Cardinal (b. March 2, 1877, Casoria, Campania, Italy - d. Aug. 22, 1944, Casoria), Vatican secretary of state (1939-44).

Magliotto, Armando (b. 1927, Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes, France - d. Nov. 4, 2005), president of Liguria (1979-80).

Magloire

Magloire, Paul Eugène (b. July 19, 1907, Quartier Morin, Haiti - d. July 12, 2001, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), president of Haiti (1950-56). While serving as an army general, he ousted Pres. Dumarsais Estimé in 1950. The early years of his rule were what many consider Haiti's golden age - when tourism was at its peak and when Haitian coffee exports drew high prices. But a 1954 hurricane inflicted heavy damage on the economy and he was ousted by the military two years later. He took exile in New York, only returning to Haiti after the 29-year father-and-son dynasty of the Duvaliers ended in 1986. He served as adviser to Lt.Gen. Henri Namphy, who ruled Haiti briefly in 1988. After that he kept a low profile - never making public comments and appearing seldom in public.

Magnago, Silvius (b. Feb. 5, 1914, Meran, Tirol, Austria [now in Bozen-Südtirol, Italy] - d. May 25, 2010, Bozen, Bozen-Südtirol), Landeshauptmann of Bozen-Südtirol (1960-89). He was chairman of the Südtirol People's Party from 1957 to 1992.

Magnani, Enrique (Olegario) (b. 1908, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Feb. 8, 1987), defense minister of Uruguay (1972). He was also ambassador to Colombia (1964-69).

Magnani, Rinaldo (b. May 23, 1930, Genoa, Italy - d. Feb. 1, 2006, Genoa), president of Liguria (1983-90).

Magne, Pierre (b. Dec. 3, 1806, Périgueux, Dordogne, France - d. Feb. 17, 1879, Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne, Dordogne), finance minister of France (1855-60, 1867-70, 1870, 1873-74). He was also minister of public works (1851, 1851-52, 1852-55) and agriculture and commerce (1853-55) and minister without portfolio (1860-63).

Magnette, Charles (b. Feb. 3, 1863, Virton, Belgium - d. Oct. 18, 1937, Liége [now Liège], Belgium), chairman of the Senate of Belgium (1928-32).

P. Magnette

Magno

Magnette, Paul (b. June 28, 1971, Louvain, Belgium), minister-president of Wallonia (2014-17).

Magnin, Édouard (Victor), interim resident of Wallis and Futuna (1914-16).

Magnin, Joseph (Pierre) (b. Jan. 1, 1824, Dijon, Côte-d'Or, France - d. Nov. 22, 1910, Paris, France), finance minister of France (1879-81). He was also minister of agriculture and commerce (1870-71) and governor of the Banque de France (1881-97).

Magno, Adaljiza (Albertina Xavier Reis) (b. Jan. 7, 1975, Baguia, Portuguese Timor [now Timor-Leste]), foreign minister of Timor-Leste (2007 [acting], 2020- ). She was also ambassador to Singapore (2016-17).

Magnuson

Magnuson, Warren G(rant) (b. April 12, 1905, Moorhead, Minn. - d. May 20, 1989, Seattle, Wash.), U.S. politician. "Maggie," as he was known to his constituents and friends, served in the Washington state legislature (1933-34) and was a special prosecuting attorney in Seattle for King county (1934-36). He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1937-45) before his election to the Senate, where he served six terms (1945-81), wielding considerable power as chairman of the Appropriations Committee. He was also a ranking member on the powerful Commerce Committee. He was a champion of legislation on health policy and safety standards and was instrumental in securing funds for water and public power projects. From 1979 to 1981 he was president pro tem of the Senate. He lost his bid for reelection in 1980.

Magnuss, Edvins, German Edwin Magnus (b. March 29, 1888, Libava, Courland, Russia [now Liepaja, Latvia] - d. Sept. 9, 1974, Vienna, Austria), justice minister of Latvia (1919, 1928).

Magnússon, Jón (b. Jan. 16, 1859, Múli, Iceland - d. June 23, 1926, Nordfjördur, Iceland), prime minister and justice and church minister of Iceland (1917-22, 1924-26). He was also president of the Althing (1912-13).

M. Magnússon

Magnússon, Magnús H(elgi) (b. Sept. 30, 1922, Vestmannaeyjum, Iceland - d. Aug. 22, 2006), Icelandic politician. He was minister of health, welfare, and social security (1978-80) and transport (1979-80).

Magnússon, Pétur (b. Jan. 10, 1888, Gilsbakki, Iceland - d. June 26, 1948, Boston, Mass.), finance, commerce, and agriculture minister of Iceland (1944-47).

Magny, Charles Paul (b. April 18, 1884, Paris, France - d. April 23, 1945, Paris, France), prefect of Seine département (1940-42). He was also prefect of the départements of Meuse (1924, 1926-29) and Marne (1929-34).

Magoffin, Beriah (b. April 18, 1815, Harrodsburg, Ky. - d. Feb. 28, 1885, Mercer county, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1859-62); grandson-in-law of Isaac Shelby.

Magomadov, Lecha (Dobachevich) (b. Sept. 3, 1938 - d. Jan. 25, 2005, Mecca, Saudi Arabia), chairman of the Supreme Provisional Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (1991). He was later one of the founders of the Chechen branch of the pro-Kremlin United Russia party.

Magomedov, Dzhamalutdin (Makhmudovich) (b. 1908, Kuppa, Dagestan oblast [now republic], Russia - d. 1982), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1937-40). He was also people's commissar/minister of local industry (1941-42) and agriculture (1942-46, 1950-52, 1953-54).

Magomedov, Magomedali (Magomedovich) (b. June 15, 1930, Levashi, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 4, 2022), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1983-87), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1987-90), chairman of the Supreme Council (1990-94), and chairman of the State Council (1994-2006) of Dagestan.

Magomedsalam Magomedov

Magras

Magomedov, Magomedsalam (Magomedaliyevich) (b. June 1, 1964, Levashi, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), president of Dagestan (2010-13); son of Magomedali Magomedov.

Magras, Alexandre (b. Feb. 21, 1917, Public, Saint-Barthélemy - d. Feb. 15, 2016), mayor of Saint-Barthélemy (1947-62).

Magras, Bruno (Irénée) (b. Sept. 9, 1951, Flamands, Saint-Barthélemy), mayor (1995-2007) and president of the Territorial Council (2007-22) of Saint-Barthélemy.

R. Magsaysay

Magsaysay (y del Fierro), Ramon (b. Aug. 31, 1907, Iba, Philippines - d. March 17, 1957, near Cebu, Philippines), president of the Philippines (1953-57). He was a guerrilla leader on Luzon during the Japanese occupation in World War II and was appointed military governor of his home province, Zambales, when the U.S. recaptured the Philippines (1945). He served two terms (1946-50) as a Liberal Party congressman for Zambales, dedicating himself to separate the peasantry from its Communist leaders. Pres. Elpidio Quirino appointed him secretary of defense to deal with the Hukbalahap (Huk) rebels, whose leader, Luis Taruc, in February 1950 established a People's Liberation Army and called for the overthrow of the government. He carried out one of the most successful antiguerrilla campaigns in modern history by striving to win the trust of the peasants, offering land and tools to those who came over to the government side, and by insisting that army units treat the people with respect. He reorganized the Philippine army to rid it of corruption. Finally the Huks were no longer a serious threat but his radical measures had made many enemies for him within the government, compelling him to resign on Feb. 28, 1953, when he charged the Quirino administration with corruption and incompetence. Although Magsaysay was a Liberal, the Nacionalista Party backed him for the presidency against Quirino in the 1953 elections, and he won easily. He launched major programs of land reform, social welfare, and public works, but he was frustrated in his efforts by a conservative Congress that represented the interests of the wealthy. In 1954 he hosted the establishment of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. While campaigning for reelection, he was killed in an airplane crash.

Magsaysay, Vicente (Pulido), byname Vic Magsaysay (b. Jan. 20, 1940, Castillejos, Zambales, Philippines - d. April 13?, 2020), Philippine politician; nephew of Ramon Magsaysay. He was governor of Zambales (1968-78, 1978-86, 1998-2007).

Magsi, Nawab Zulfiqar Ali (b. Feb. 14, 1954, Jhal Magsi, Balochistan, Pakistan), chief minister (1993, 1993-96) and governor (2008-13) of Balochistan.

Magufuli

Magufuli, John (Pombe Joseph) (b. Oct. 29, 1959, Chato, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. March 17, 2021, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania), president of Tanzania (2015-21). He was also minister of works (2000-06, 2010-15), lands, housing, and human settlements development (2006-08), and livestock development and fisheries (2008-10).

Magugu, Arthur (Kinyanjui) (b. 1935, Kiambu district, Kenya - d. Sept. 15, 2012, Nairobi, Kenya), finance minister of Kenya (1982-83). He was also minister of health (1979-82), works, housing, and physical planning (1983-85), transport and communications (1985-88), manpower development and employment (1988-89), and commerce (1989-92).

Maguiña (Icaza), Alejandrino (b. Nov. 26, 1864, Huaraz, Áncash, Peru - d. November 1935, Lima, Peru), prime minister of Peru (1924-26). He was also prefect of Apurímac (1904-05) and minister of interior and police (1919) and justice, worship, and education (1924-26).

Mahabir, Errol (Edward) (b. Feb. 25, 1931 - d. Sept. 19, 2015), foreign minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1985-86). He was also mayor of San Fernando (1963-66) and minister of public utilities (1967-71), labour (1971-73), industry and commerce (1973-75), petroleum and mines (1975-81), energy and state enterprises (1981), and labour, social security, and cooperatives (1981-85).

Mahachi, Moven (Enock) (b. June 13, 1948, Rusape, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe] - d. [car crash] May 26, 2001, Nyanga district, Zimbabwe), home affairs minister (1988-92) and defense minister (1992-2001) of Zimbabwe. He was also minister of lands, resettlement, and rural development (1982-85) and lands, agriculture, and rural resettlement (1985-88).

Mahafaly

Mahafaly, Solonandrasana Olivier (Jocelyn) (b. June 21, 1964, Nosy Be, Madagascar), interior minister (2014-18) and prime minister (2016-18) of Madagascar. He was a minor presidential candidate in 2018.

Mahajan, Mehr Chand (b. Dec. 23, 1889, Tikka Nagrota, Kangra district [now in Himachal Pradesh], India - d. Dec. 11, 1967, Chandigarh, India), prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1947-48). He was chief justice of India in 1954.

Mahajan, Pramod (Venkatesh) (b. Oct. 30, 1949, Mahbubnagar, Hyderabad state [now in Telangana], India - d. May 3, 2006, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India), Indian politician. He first came into prominence as the general secretary of the Janata Party (from 1980, Bharatiya Janata Party) in Maharashtra in 1978-83. Thereafter, he made quick strides towards the central unit of the party and represented the BJP in parliament from 1986 onward (mostly in the Rajya Sabha, but in 1996-98 in the Lok Sabha). He was defense minister in the short-lived BJP government of 1996, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's political advisor in 1998, then was minister of information and broadcasting (1998-99), parliamentary affairs and water resources (1999), information technology and parliamentary affairs (1999-2001), and information technology, communications, and parliamentary affairs (2001-03), and BJP general secretary thereafter. He was also the party's key political strategist for the states of Maharashtra and Rajasthan. On April 22, 2006, he was shot three times at point blank range by his brother Pravin; he died from the injuries 11 days later.

Mahallati, Mohammad Ja´afar, Iranian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1987-89).

Mahama

Mahamadou

Mahanta

Mahama, John Dramani (b. Nov. 29, 1958, Bole Bamboi, Northern Region, Ghana), vice president (2009-12) and president (2012-17) of Ghana. He was also minister of communications (1998-2001) and chairman of the Economic Community of West African States (2014-15). He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2016 and 2020.

Mahamadou, Ouhoumoudou (b. 1954, Amaloul Nomade, Tahoua département, Niger), finance minister (2011-12) and prime minister (2021- ) of Niger. He was also minister of mines, energy, industry, and crafts (1991-93).

Mahanta, Prafulla Kumar (b. Dec. 23, 1952, Uluoni village, Nagaon district, Assam, India), chief minister of Assam (1985-90, 1996-2001).

Mahar, (Sardar) Ali Mohammad (Khan) (b. Jan. 12, 1967, Khangarh, Ghotki district [now in Sindh province], Pakistan - d. May 21, 2019, Khangarh), chief minister of Sindh (2002-04). He was also Pakistani minister of narcotics control (2018-19).

Mahara

Mahara, Krishna Bahadur (b. July 1, 1958, Liwang-7, Rolpa district, Nepal), home affairs minister (2011), finance minister (2016-17), and foreign minister (2017) of Nepal. He was also minister of information and communication (2007, 2007-09, 2011), a deputy prime minister (2011, 2016-17), and speaker of parliament (2018-19).

Maharante, Jean de Dieu (b. 1956), governor of Toliara (2001-02). He went into exile, and in 2003 was sentenced in absentia to five years in prison for proclaiming the independence of his province during the 2002 political crisis. In 2018 he became minister of posts, telecommunications, and digital development.

Mahaseth

P.S. Mahat

R.S. Mahat

Mahaseth, Raghubir (b. Nov. 30, 1961, Janakpur, Dhanusha district, Nepal), foreign minister of Nepal (2021). He was also minister of irrigation (2011) and physical infrastructure and transport (2018-19) and a deputy prime minister (2021).

Mahassen, Assad (Said) (b. 1909, Syria - d. ...), finance minister (1957) and foreign minister (1962-63) of Syria. He was also justice minister (1953-55), ambassador to France (1955-57) and Italy (1961-62), and United Arab Republic ambassador to Morocco (1958-61).

Mahat, Prakash Sharan (b. November 1959, Nuwakot, Nepal), foreign minister of Nepal (2016-17). He was also minister of energy (2009-11).

Mahat, Ram Sharan (b. Jan. 1, 1951), finance minister (1995-96, 1998, 2000, 2001-02, 2006-08, 2014-15) and foreign minister (1999-2000) of Nepal. He was one of the architects of the kingdom's economic liberalization programme embraced in 1992 and a staunch supporter of the privatization of sick state firms.

Mahatab, Harekrushna (b. Nov. 21, 1899, Agarpada village, Balasore district, Orissa [now Odisha], India - d. Jan. 2, 1987, Bhubaneswar, Orissa), chief minister of Orissa (1946-50, 1956-61) and governor of Bombay (1955-56). He was also Indian minister of commerce and industry (1950-52).

Mahathir

Mahathir bin Mohamad (Iskandar), Tun (b. Dec. 20, 1925, Alor Star, Kedah [now in Malaysia]), prime minister (1981-2003, 2018-20), defense minister (1981-86), home affairs minister (1986-99), and finance minister (1998-99, 2001-03) of Malaysia. He joined the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) in 1946 and was first elected to parliament in 1964. In 1969, after losing his seat in an election in which UMNO's majority dropped, he made an abortive attempt to oust Tunku Abdul Rahman, the party president and prime minister, and was expelled from the party. When Tun Abdul Razak became prime minister, Mahathir resumed membership in UMNO and in 1972 was reelected to its Supreme Council. He was appointed minister of education (1974-77) and trade and industry (1977-81). When Datuk Hussein bin Onn succeeded Tun Abdul Razak, he appointed Mahathir as his deputy in March 1976. In that office Mahathir consolidated his political position and in June 1981, soon after Hussein had announced his retirement, he was elected unopposed as president of UMNO, which ensured his succession as prime minister in July. The first serious challenge to his prime ministership came in 1987, when he narrowly defeated Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, a former ally. Then in 1988 he announced the formation of UMNO Baru (New UMNO), from which Razaleigh and his supporters were to be excluded. As a vocal critic of the West, Mahathir promoted an Asian and Malaysian agenda with slogans such as "look East" and "buy British last" in an effort to make Malaysia an industrialized nation by the year 2020. Even as he scolded the West, Mahathir welcomed foreign investment on his own terms. As a result, Malays as well as other ethnic groups were enjoying one of their greatest periods of prosperity. Shortly before retiring in 2003 he provoked furious criticism with a statement that "Jews rule the world by proxy." He received the titles Dato' Seri (June 8, 1977), Dato' (March 8, 1978), Datuk Patinggi (July 1, 1980), Datuk (Sept. 10, 1981), Dato' Seri Utama (Aug. 17, 1982), Pehin (July 22, 2003), and upon his retirement (Oct. 31, 2003) was awarded the Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara which carries the title Tun. In 2016 he left UMNO to dissociate himself from Prime Minister Najib Razak, who was involved in a corruption scandal. In 2018, at age 92, he staged an extraordinary comeback, joining the opposition Alliance of Hope and successfully challenging Najib in elections, ousting the UMNO-led National Front for the first time since independence and becoming the world's oldest elected leader. He promised to serve only for two years, after which he might be succeeded by former rival Anwar Ibrahim, whom he had jailed in 1998 and for whom he now obtained a pardon.

Mahavir, Bhai (b. Oct. 30, 1922, Lahore, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Dec. 3, 2016, Delhi, India), governor of Madhya Pradesh (1998-2003).

Mahayni, (Muhammad) Khaled al- (b. May 30, 1943, Damascus, Syria), finance minister of Syria (1987-2001).

Mahbubani, Kishore (b. Oct. 24, 1948, Singapore), Singaporean diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-89, 1998-2004).

Mahdavi-Kani, Ayatollah Mohammad Reza (b. Aug. 5, 1931, Kan village, near Tehran, Iran - d. Oct. 21, 2014, Tehran), interior minister (1980-81) and prime minister (1981) of Iran. He was chairman of the Assembly of Experts from 2011 to his death.

Mahdi, Ahmed (Abdel Rahman) al- (b. 1933, Sudan), interior minister (1965-66) and defense minister (1966-67) of The Sudan; son of Sayyid Abdel Rahman al-Mahdi. He was also minister of irrigation and hydroelectric power (1965), information (1965, 1966-67), and animal resources (1966).

M.S. al-Mahdi

Mahdi, Mariam Sadiq al- (b. 1965), foreign minister of The Sudan (2021); daughter of Sadiq al-Mahdi.

S. al-Mahdi

Mahdi, Sadiq al-, Arabic in full al-Sadiq al-Siddiq `Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (b. Dec. 25, 1935, Omdurman, Sudan - d. Nov. 26, 2020, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates), Sudanese politician; great-grandson of Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi); grandson of Sayyid Abdel Rahman al-Mahdi; nephew of Ahmed al-Mahdi. In the early 1960s he helped his father, Siddiq al-Mahdi, organize the National Opposition Front against a military regime. He served for just under a year as prime minister (1966-67) when he was leader of the Umma, the party of the Ansar, the dominant Islamic sect of which he was the titular religious head. Mahdi was a devout Muslim but at the same time bitterly opposed Shari`ah (Islamic law), which was introduced by Pres. Gaafar Nimeiry; he believed that Shari`ah was a corruption of the Qur´an and should not be imposed on the non-Muslim communities of The Sudan. His defiance of Nimeiry caused him to be exiled for two periods in the 1970s. Mahdi was completely modern in his outlook and strongly opposed the fundamentalist Muslim Brotherhood, which was led by one of his brothers-in-law. In 1986, he became prime minister for the second time when the country returned to civilian rule after a quarter of a century of military government. While the Umma Party was the largest in the country, it was nevertheless a minority in Mahdi's coalition government. To maintain the uneasy coalition he brought tolerance and a flair for conciliation; his manner was dignified, courteous, and charming. His skills as a politician stood him in good stead in mediating the conflicts within the Ansar sect, where an interfamily quarrel at first prevented his succession as the Mahdi after the death of his father. He believed strongly in Arab unity and, though pro-Western in his orientation, carried a commitment to his country's role as a nonaligned nation. His government was overthrown in 1989, and the military took over again. He was kept under house arrest until his escape to Eritrea in 1996; he returned in November 2000.

S.A.R. al-Mahdi

Mahdi, Sayyid (Sir) Abdel Rahman al-, Arabic in full Sayyid `Abd al-Rahman Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi (b. June 1885 - d. March 24, 1959, Khartoum, Sudan), Sudanese leader; posthumous son of Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi). The aftermath of the Dervish wars left the Sudan with a religious rivalry between the Khatmia sect and the reformed or Mahdist Ansar sect. To begin with, the British government leaned rather to the Khatmia, led by Sayyid Ali al-Mirghani, but the Ansar, led by al-Mahdi, began to gain in influence in the 1920s. He had helped the government suppress a pro-German revolt in World War I and was later knighted by King George V. He championed the cause of self-government for the Sudan and supported the ordered advance to this goal fostered by the British. Although he refused to get involved in politics directly, there grew up among his followers a strong political party, the Umma Party, which stood against any political union with Egypt. Although "S.A.R." came to be thought of as the patron of this party, his leadership remained religious and nonpolitical. After independence was achieved in 1956, he joined forces with his rival al-Mirghani.

Mahdzir Khalid, Datuk Seri (b. Dec. 15, 1960, Alor Star, Kedah, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), chief minister of Kedah (2005-08). He was also Malaysian minister of education (2015-18) and rural development (2021-22). He received the title Datuk on April 18, 2003, and was awarded the Seri Setia DiRaja Kedah, which carries the title Datuk Seri, on Jan. 22, 2006.

Mahe, Jean Alain (d. 2012?), foreign minister of Vanuatu (2001-02). He was also minister of industry and commerce (2002-03).

Mahé, Georges (Marie Joseph) (b. April 14, 1860, Caen, France - d. 19...), resident-superior of Laos (1903-06, 1907-12) and Annam (1912-13).

Mahele Lieko Bokungu, (Marc) (b. 1941?, Léopoldville [now Kinshasa] - d. May 16, 1997, Kinshasa), defense minister of Zaire (April-May 1997). The day Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko gave up power, Mahele was killed by Mobutu's presidential guard. Mahele had ordered his troops not to put up resistance to Laurent Kabila's rebels but to keep order in Kinshasa until they arrived.

Mahendra

Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva (b. June 11, 1920, Kathmandu, Nepal - d. Jan. 31, 1972, Bharatpur, Nepal), king of Nepal (1955-72). He ascended the throne in 1955 upon the death of his father, King Tribhuvana, and was crowned on May 2, 1956. The new king came into conflict with his cabinet, which was dominated by a coalition of the Nepali Congress Party and the Ranas (a line of hereditary prime ministers). In order to assert his control, Mahendra staged a coup in 1960, dissolving the National Assembly, abrogating the constitution, and imprisoning political leaders. He had the army at his disposal, and the middle class was too small and shallow an overlay on the traditional ways of Nepal to present any serious threat to the king. He explained his action by citing the corruption and inefficiency of the government he dismissed, but his own government failed to eradicate those failings. He had a new constitution promulgated in 1962 that in effect instituted direct rule by the Nepalese monarchy. Finding his country overcommitted to India, which had supported the Nepali Congress and his father against the Ranas, Mahendra opened cordial relations with China. The Indian government had strongly disapproved of his coup and for some time connived at attempts by Nepali émigrés in India to overthrow him, but after 1962 supported him again. He travelled widely, not only abroad but also within Nepal, making the monarchy visible in remote parts of the kingdom where it had only been a vague concept.

Mahendran, Chithambaranathan (b. 1932), Sri Lankan diplomat. He was ambassador to China, North Korea, Mongolia, and Vietnam (1980-83) and Japan (1989-92) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-04).

Ahmed Maher

Maher (El Sayed), Ahmed, Arabic Ahmad Mahir (al-Sayyid) (b. Sept. 14, 1935, Cairo, Egypt - d. Sept. 27, 2010, Cairo), foreign minister of Egypt (2001-04); grandson of Ahmed Maher Pasha. He began his diplomatic career in 1957 and was ambassador to Portugal (1980-82), Belgium (1982-84), the Soviet Union/Russia (1988-92), and the U.S. (1992-99). In 1978, he was a member of Egypt's delegation at the Camp David peace talks.

Maher Pasha, Ahmed, Arabic Ahmad Mahir Basha (b. 1888 - d. [assassinated] Feb. 24, 1945, Cairo, Egypt), prime minister and interior minister of Egypt (1944-45); brother of Ali Maher.

Ali Maher

Maher, Ali, until 1952 Ali Maher Pasha, Arabic `Ali Mahir Basha (b. 1882, Cairo, Egypt - d. Aug. 25, 1960, Geneva, Switzerland), prime minister and foreign minister (1936, 1939-40, 1952, 1952) and interior minister (1936, 1939-40, 1952) of Egypt. He joined the Wafd party upon its formation under Saad Zaghlul. In 1923 he took a prominent part in drawing up a new Egyptian constitution, which consolidated the political preeminence of the monarch. He was a man whom all non-Wafdist prime ministers were forced to take into consideration. He held office as minister of education in Ahmed Ziwar Pasha's cabinet and as minister of finance in Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha's first administration and also served for a while under Ismail Sedki Pasha. In 1935 King Fuad chose him for the new position of chief of the royal cabinet. When the British government showed a readiness to reopen negotiations for a treaty, and the Egyptian party leaders formed a united front, he was accepted as the most suitable prime minister to hold the general election preliminary to the opening of negotiations. He then again became chief of the royal cabinet (1936-37). He was again prime minister on the outbreak of World War II and took the measures against Germany that were required by the existing Anglo-Egyptian treaty. But when Italy declared war in 1940, he refused to break diplomatic relations and became one of the centres in a movement to use the war to undermine the British position in Egypt. The British had him removed from office, and in April 1942 he was interned, remaining so until the end of the war. He became politically active again in 1952, when he served as prime minister in January-March and again after the revolution of Gamal Abdel Nasser, from July to September. Although their general aims were identical, he clashed with the revolutionaries over land reform policies and went into retirement.

Mahgoub, Mansour (b. 1912, El Kowa, Sudan), treasury minister of The Sudan (1969-70). He was also minister of economy, trade, and supplies (1970-72).

M.A. Mahgoub

Mahgoub, Muhammad Ahmad, Arabic Muhammad Ahmad Mahjub (b. 1908, El Dueim, Sudan - d. June 23, 1976, Khartoum, Sudan), foreign minister (1956-58, 1964-65) and prime minister (1965-66, 1967-69) of The Sudan.

Mahieu, Albert (b. Feb. 2, 1864, Capelle, Nord, France - d. Dec. 11, 1943, Suresnes, Seine [now in Hauts-de-Seine], France), interior minister of France (1932).

Mahiga

Mahlab

Mahiga, Augustine (Philip) (b. Aug. 28, 1945, Iringa, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. May 1, 2020, Dodoma, Tanzania), foreign minister of Tanzania (2015-19). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-10), UN special representative for Somalia (2010-13), and minister of constitutional and legal affairs (2019-20).

Mahlab, Ibrahim (Roshdy), also spelled Mehleb or Mehlib (b. 1949), prime minister of Egypt (2014-15). He was also minister of housing (2013-14).

Mahlangu, Ndaweni (Johannes) (b. May 26, 1948, Middelburg, Transvaal [now in Mpumalanga], South Africa), premier of Mpumalanga (1999-2004).

Mahlangu, Prince S(enzangakhona) James (b. Feb. 3, 1953, Weltevrede, South Africa - d. August 2005, Pretoria, South Africa), chief minister of KwaNdebele (1990-94).

Mahmoud, Osama Mahmoud Abdel Khalek (b. Jan. 27, 1966), Egyptian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Mahmud, (Abul Abdullah) (b. July 10, 1757, Bardo palace, near Tunis, Tunisia - d. March 28, 1824, Tunis), bey of Tunisia (1814-24); cousin of `Uthman.

Mahmud, Anisul Islam (b. Dec. 20, 1947, Chittagong [now in Bangladesh]), foreign minister of Bangladesh (1988-90). He was also minister of labour and manpower (1985), irrigation, water development, and flood control (1985-88), education (1988), water resources (2014-18), and environment and forests (2018-19).

Mahmud, Syamsuddin (b. April 24, 1935), governor of Aceh (1993-2000).

Mahmud bin Nik Ismail, Dato' Perdana Menteri Paduka Raja Nik (b. 1880 - d. Aug. 18, 1964), chief minister of Kelantan (1921-44).

Mahmud Iskandar

Mahmud Iskandar ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ismail, (al-Mutawakkil Alallah) Tuanku (b. April 8, 1932, Johor Bahru, Johor [now in Malaysia] - d. Jan. 22, 2010, Johor Bahru), sultan of Johor (1981-2010) and paramount ruler of Malaysia (1984-89). He was the eldest grandson of the powerful and very wealthy Sultan Ibrahim and the son of Sultan Ismail. While studying in England he met Josephine Trevorrow, a wealthy British textile manufacturer's daughter, whom he married in 1956. The couple returned to live in Johor Bahru, where he worked for the state government and treasury. Upon his grandfather's death in 1959, his father became sultan and Mahmud was made crown prince. In 1961, however, Ismail suddenly stripped Mahmud of his status as heir apparent, conferring it instead upon his younger brother. Court officials in Johor said the sultan had become increasingly unhappy about his eldest son's behaviour. In 1972 Mahmud was charged with causing bodily injury to six people in three unrelated incidents and was fined by the High Court. On Oct. 15, 1976, he shot and killed a suspected smuggler. Six months later he was sentenced to half a year in jail, a fate he escaped only by dint of a royal pardon from his father. The deathbed decision in 1981 by Sultan Ismail to pass his title back to Mahmud sparked yet more controversy. His clashes with the federal government on some issues helped prompt the administration of Prime Minister Dato' Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad to introduce in 1983 constitutional amendments - passed after a bitter struggle - designed to curb the power of the head of state to veto parliament-approved legislation. Mahmud assumed that position (yang di-pertuan agong - "One Who Is Chief Among the Most Prominent") in 1984 when Malaysia's nine hereditary sultans elected him to serve a five-year term.

Mahmud Khan

Mahmudi

Mahmud Khan, Sardar Shah (b. 1890, Dehra Dun, India - d. Dec. 27, 1959, northern Afghanistan), prime minister of Afghanistan (1946-53); brother of Mohammad Nadir Shah and Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan. He was also minister of war (1929-46).

Mahmudi, Al-Baghdadi Ali al- (b. 1945?), secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (2006-11). Arrested in Tunisia in September 2011 after the collapse of the Muammar al-Qaddafi regime, he was extradited to Libya in June 2012.

Mahtama Selassie Wolde Maskal, Blattengeta (b. Oct. 27, 1905, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - d. Oct. 18, 1978, Addis Ababa), finance minister of Ethiopia (1958-60). He was also minister of agriculture (1954-58), education (1960-61), and public works (1961-66).

Mahuad

Mahuad (Witt), (Jorge) Jamil (b. July 29, 1949, Loja, Ecuador), president of Ecuador (1998-2000). He was minister of labour in 1983-84 and an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1988. During six years as mayor of Quito (1992-98), he earned a reputation as a clean, effective politician. With the support of Ecuador's political elite and business community, he was elected president in 1998. But inflation, poverty, and unemployment skyrocketed under Mahuad's command and the economy contracted 7.5% in 1999. He was overthrown in an uprising led by junior military officers and indigenous Indians. In 2014 he was sentenced to 12 years in jail for embezzlement.

Mahugu, Njuguna (Moses) (b. Feb. 22, 1948), Kenyan diplomat. He was high commissioner to Australia and New Zealand (1993-96) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1996-99).

Mahumapelo, Supra (Obakeng Ramoeletsi) (b. June 7, 1968, Manamolela village, Transvaal [now in North West], South Africa), premier of North West (2014-18).

Mahuta

Mahuta, Nanaia (Cybele) (b. Aug. 21, 1970, Auckland, N.Z.), foreign minister of New Zealand (2020- ). She has also been minister of customs and youth affairs (2005-08), local government (2007-08, 2017- ), and Maori development (2017-20).

Mahyuddin (b. Sept. 14, 1947, Lahat, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia - d. April 8, 2021), governor of Sumatera Selatan (2008).

Maia, Álvaro Botelho (b. Feb. 19, 1893, Humaitá municipality, Amazonas, Brazil - d. May 4, 1969, Manaus, Amazonas), governor of Amazonas (1930-33, 1935-45, 1951-55).

Maia, César Epitácio (b. June 18, 1945, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician; cousin of Lavoisier Maia Sobrinho. He was mayor of Rio de Janeiro (1993-97, 2001-09).

Maia, Jerônimo Dix-Sept Rosado (b. March 25, 1911, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. [plane crash] July 12, 1951, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1951). He was also mayor of Mossoró (1948-50).

Maia, João Agripino (de Vasconcelos), Filho (b. March 1, 1914, Brejo do Cruz, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Feb. 6, 1988, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Paraíba (1966-71); nephew of José Marques da Silva Mariz. He was also Brazilian minister of mines and energy (1961).

José Ag. Maia

Maia, José Agripino (b. May 23, 1945, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1983-86, 1991-94); son of Tarcísio de Vasconcelos Maia; nephew of João Agripino Maia Filho; cousin of Lavoisier Maia Sobrinho. He was also mayor of Natal (1979-82).

Maia, José Antonio da Silva (b. Oct. 6, 1789, Porto, Portugal - d. Oct. 3, 1853, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister (1830-31, 1843-44) and finance minister (1840) of Brazil.

Maia, Lavoisier, Sobrinho (b. Oct. 9, 1928, Almino Afonso, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. Oct. 11, 2021, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1979-83).

Maia, Marco (Aurélio Spall) (b. Dec. 27, 1965, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (2010-13).

Maia, Rodrigo (Felinto Ibarra Epitácio) (b. June 12, 1970, Santiago, Chile), Brazilian politician; son of César Epitácio Maia. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (2016-21).

Maia, Tarcísio de Vasconcelos (b. Aug. 26, 1916, Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, Brazil - d. April 10, 1998, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Norte (1975-79); brother of João Agripino Maia Filho.

Maia, Ubaldo Ramalhete (b. Aug. 8, 1882, Santa Leopoldina, Espírito Santo, Brazil - d. June 18, 1950, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Espírito Santo (1946).

Maiani, Giuseppe, byname Pippo Maiani (b. Nov. 5, 1924, San Marino - d. May 12, 2016), captain-regent of San Marino (1955-56, 1982).

Maibawa, Castan (Marbo) (b. Dec. 8, 1956, Purosa, Papua and New Guinea [now in Eastern Highlands province, Papua New Guinea]), Papua New Guinean politician. He was minister of labour and employment (1992-94), provincial affairs and village services (1994-95), police (1995-97), science and technology (1997), and petroleum and energy (1997).

Maidah, Mamadou, also spelled Mamoudou (b. 1924, Tessaoua, Maradi district, Niger - d. Nov. 4, 2005, Niamey, Niger), foreign minister of Niger (1970-72). He was also minister of agriculture (1958-60), education (1960-63), rural economy (1963-70), and information (1972-74).

Maidin (bin Pengiran Haji) Hashim, Pengiran Dato (Paduka Haji) (b. March 13, 1951), Bruneian diplomat. He was ambassador to Germany (1994-97) and Russia (1996-97), permanent representative to the United Nations (1997-98), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2006-10).

Maïdou

A.I. Maïga

Maïdou, Henri (b. Feb. 14, 1936, Bangui, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic]), prime minister of the Central African Empire (1978-79). He was also minister of education (1970-73, 1976-78), health and social affairs (1973-74), and town planning and territorial development (1974-76), a deputy prime minister (1976-78), vice president (1979-80), and president of the Central African Bank (1988-91).

Maier, Reinhold (b. Oct. 16, 1889, Schorndorf, Württemberg [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany - d. Aug. 19, 1971, Stuttgart, West Germany), minister-president of Württemberg-Baden (1945-52) and Baden-Württemberg (1952-53). He was also chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (1957-60).

Maïga, Abdoulaye, Malian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1960-62).

Maïga, Abdoulaye (b. May 12, 1981, Bamako, Mali), acting interim prime minister of Mali (2022). He has been minister of territorial administration and decentralization (2021- ).

Maïga, Abdoulaye Idrissa (b. March 11, 1958, Gao, French Sudan [now Mali]), defense minister (2016-17) and prime minister (2017) of Mali.

C. Maïga

Maïga, Choguel (Kokalla), byname of Chouaïbou Issoufi Souleymane (b. 1958, Tabango, Gao region, French Sudan [now Mali]), interim prime minister of Mali (2021- ). He was also a minor presidential candidate (2002, 2013) and minister of industry and trade (2002-07) and digital economy, information, and communication (2015-16).

Maïga, Diamballa Yansambou (b. 1910, Namaro, Niger - d. 1976, Niamey, Niger), interior minister of Niger (1958-74).

S.B. Maïga

T.A. Maiga

O.I. Maïga

Maïga, Soumeylou Boubèye (b. June 8, 1954, Gao, French Sudan [now Mali] - d. March 21, 2022, Bamako, Mali), foreign minister (2011-12), defense minister (2013-14), and prime minister (2017-19) of Mali.

Maiga, Touré Aminatou (Djibrilla) (b. Nov. 4, 1955, Niamey, Niger), foreign minister of Niger (2010-11). She was ambassador to the United States in 2006-10.

Maïga, Ousmane Issoufi (b. 1946, Bintia village, Ansongo cercle, eastern French Sudan [now Mali]), prime minister of Mali (2004-07). He was also minister of youth and sports (2001-02), economy and finance (2002), and equipment and transport (2002-04).

Maigari

Maigari, Bello Bouba (b. 1947, Baschéo, French Cameroons [now in North province, Cameroon]), prime minister of Cameroon (1982-83). He has also been minister of economy and planning (1982), trade and industrial development (1997-2004), posts and telecommunications (2004-09), transport (2009-11), and tourism and leisure (2011- ). He was in self-imposed exile in 1984-91 and a presidential candidate in 1992.

Maihofer, Werner (b. Oct. 20, 1918, Konstanz, Germany - d. Oct. 6, 2009, Bad Homburg, Germany), interior minister of West Germany (1974-78). He was also minister for special tasks (1972-74).

Maij-Weggen

Maij-Weggen, Hanja, byname of Johanna Rika Hermanna Maij-Weggen (b. Dec. 29, 1943, Klazienaveen village, Drenthe, Netherlands), Dutch minister of transport and water management (1989-94) and queen's commissioner of Noord-Brabant (2003-09).

Maikano, Abdoulaye (b. 1932, Gashiga, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon] - d. Oct. 21, 2011, Garoua, Cameroon), armed forces minister of Cameroon (1980-83). He was also minister of public service (1970-72, 1978-80), planning and territorial development (1972-75), and livestock, fisheries, and animal industries (1975-78).

Maillard, Guy (Pierre Marie) (b. Feb. 16, 1930, Blainville-sur-Orne, Calvados, France - d. April 9, 2013, Paris, France), prefect of Guadeloupe (1978-82). He was also prefect of Yvelines département (1985-86).

Maillard, Michel (Émile) (b. May 20, 1914 - d. Jan. 10, 2000), governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1960-62).

Maillet, Camille (Théodore Raoul), governor of Senegal (1925-26, 1930-31).

Maillet, Raymond (b. Nov. 26, 1934, La Guerche, Cher, France - d. Aug. 5, 1984), president of the Regional Council of Picardie (1980-81).

Maina, Charles (Gatere) (b. March 1, 1931, Tumutumu, Nyeri district, Kenya - d. Jan. 5, 2018), secretary-general of the East African Community (1971-74). He was also Kenyan permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-82).

Maina, Michael (b. 1954), finance minister of Solomon Islands (1997, 2001-02). He was also minister of transport, works, and utilities (1989-90), commerce and industries (1990-91), post and telecommunication (1992-93), culture and tourism (1994), national development planning and human resources development (2000-01), justice (2002-03, 2004-05), and police and national security (2003-05).

Maina, Mohammed (Buba), governor of Borno (1989-90).

Maïnassara

Maïnassara, Ibrahim Baré (b. May 9, 1949, Maradi, Niger, French West Africa - d. April 9, 1999, Niamey, Niger), president of Niger (1996-99). A professional soldier, he enlisted in 1970 and first came to prominence after a 1974 coup that overthrew Niger's first president, Hamani Diori, becoming aide-de-camp to military leader Seyni Kountché. He rose to become commander of the Presidential Guard in 1976 and head of the parachute division two years later. He was military attaché to the Nigerois embassy in Paris (1986-87) before Gen. Ali Saibou, who replaced Kountché, recalled him to serve as health minister (1987-88). He then served as ambassador to France (1988-90) and Algeria (1990-92) and returned again to Niger to become defense adviser to Amadou Cheiffou, the transitional prime minister, at the height of a Tuareg rebellion. After multiparty elections in 1993, he served as chief of staff to Pres. Mahamane Ousmane. He was named army chief by Prime Minister Hama Amadou in March 1995. At that time Ousmane was preparing to dissolve the opposition-controlled legislature, which threatened to outlaw the president's own political party. On Jan. 27, 1996, Colonel Maïnassara led a successful military coup against Ousmane, which was initially welcomed by many inside the country as a way out of the political impasse. He placed Ousmane under house arrest, banned all political parties, and suspended the constitution. He called for elections in July, which he won with 52.2% of the vote. Opposition parties continued to question his legitimacy and there was violence during local elections in February 1999 that the opposition appeared to be winning. He was assassinated, reportedly by members of the Presidential Guard.

Maiorano, Jorge (Luis) (b. 1947), justice minister of Argentina (1992-94).

Maiorescu, Titu (Liviu) (b. Feb. 27 [Feb. 15, O.S.], 1840, Craiova, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. July 1 [June 18, O.S.], 1917, Bucharest, Romania), foreign minister (1911-14) and prime minister (1912-14) of Romania.

Maipakai, Mark (Ivi) (b. Sept. 20, 1958), Papua New Guinean politician. He was minister of justice (2002-06), housing (2006), higher education, research, and technology (2006-07), internal security (2007, 2010-11), labour and industrial relations (2007-10, 2012-14), and inter-government relations and district development (2011-12).

Maira González, Octavio (b. 1859, Quirihue, Concepción province, Chile - d. July 30, 1923), justice (and education) minister of Chile (1922).

Maire

Maire, Éric (b. June 9, 1954, Nancy, France), prefect of Guadeloupe (2017-18). He was also prefect of Haute-Loire département (2015-17).

Mairie, Simone (b. Dec. 28, 1939, Mokolo, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon]), Cameroonian diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (1982-84) and ambassador to Spain (1984-90).

Maison, Nicolas Joseph, marquis (b. Dec. 19, 1771, Épinay-sur-Seine [now in Seine-Saint-Denis département], France - d. Feb. 13, 1840, Paris, France), foreign minister (1830) and war minister (1835-36) of France. He was also ambassador to Austria (1830-33) and Russia (1833-35).

Maissin, Louis Eugène (b. Jan. 8, 1811, Paris, France - d. Jan. 6, 1851, Cayenne, French Guiana), governor of French Guiana (1850-51).

Maistriau, Victor (Eugène Ange Jules) (b. Oct. 5, 1870, Maurage, Belgium - d. Jan. 21, 1961, Mons, Belgium), justice minister of Belgium (1937). He was also mayor of Mons (1926-53) and minister of education (1934).

Maitama Sule, Yusuf, also known by the traditional title Dan Masanin Kano (b. Oct. 1, 1929, in present Kano state, Nigeria - d. July 3, 2017, Cairo, Egypt), Nigerian politician. He was minister of mines and power (1959-66) and national guidance (1983) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-83).

Maitland, Sir Donald (James Dundas) (b. Aug. 16, 1922, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. Aug. 22, 2010, Holt, Wiltshire, England), British diplomat; knighted 1973. He was ambassador to Libya (1969-70) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1973-74) and the European Community (1975-79).

Maitre

Maiwandwal

Maitre, Jean-Philippe (Ernest Ignace) (b. June 18, 1949, Geneva, Switzerland - d. Feb. 1, 2006, Collonge-Bellerive, near Geneva), president of the Council of State of Genève (1991-92, 1996-97) and president of the National Council of Switzerland (2004-05).

Maiwandwal, Mohammad Hashim (b. 1919 - d. [killed] Oct. 1, 1973), prime minister of Afghanistan (1965-67). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1954-57), Pakistan (1957-58, 1963-64), and the United States (1958-63) and minister of information and culture (1964-65).

A.S. al-Majali

Majali, Abdul Salam al-, Arabic in full `Abd al-Salam `Ata Allah al-Majali (b. Feb. 18, 1926, Karak, Transjordan [now Jordan] - d. Jan. 3, 2023), prime minister (1993-95, 1997-98) and foreign minister (1993-95) of Jordan. He was also minister of health (1969-71) and education (1976-79). Appointed prime minister in 1997 with a brief to oversee parliamentary elections and economic reforms, his government came under fire both inside and outside Jordan. The 1997 elections were boycotted by the Islamist-led opposition, who said parliament had become a rubber-stamping assembly. Majali's introduction of a restrictive press law in a country which had enjoyed a relatively open media prompted a U.S. human rights group to label him one of the top 10 enemies of the press in the world.

Majali, Habes al-, Arabic in full Habis ibn Rufayfan al-Majali (b. 1913? - d. April 22, 2001, Amman, Jordan), Jordanian army commander. He joined the armed forces in 1932 and became a confidant of King Abdullah, the founder of Jordan, and later his grandson, King Hussein. In May 1948, al-Majali led the Arab Legion's 4th Regiment in a battle just outside Jerusalem in the town of Latrun. His regiment is said to have fiercely defended the town and prevented the Jewish Hagana defense force from capturing it. Arab historians claim that al-Majali's regiment captured, but later released, more than 200 Hagana fighters, including Ariel Sharon, later prime minister of Israel. In 1949, al-Majali was appointed private escort to King Abdullah, who was assassinated two years later by a Palestinian gunman. In 1957, King Hussein appointed al-Majali chief of staff of the armed forces - a job he held until shortly before the six-day Arab-Israeli war which began June 5, 1967. In October of that year, al-Majali became defense minister. But when Palestinian guerrillas threatened King Hussein's rule in 1970, the monarch appointed him army chief again. Under al-Majali, Jordan crushed a rebellion led by Yasir Arafat's followers. Thousands were killed in what became known as the Black September war. During his last two decades, al-Majali served several terms in the upper house of parliament, which is appointed by the king.

Majali, Hazza` (Barakat) al- (b. 1916, Madaba, Ottoman Empire [now in Jordan] - d. [assassinated] Aug. 29, 1960, Amman, Jordan), prime minister (1955, 1959-60) and foreign minister (1959) of Jordan. He was also mayor of Amman (1948-50) and minister of agriculture (1950-51), justice (1951, 1954-55), and interior (1953-54, 1955).

Majali, Hussein (Hazza`) al- (b. Jan. 24, 1960, Karak, Jordan), interior minister of Jordan (2013-15); son of Hazza` al-Majali. He was also ambassador to Bahrain (2005-10).

Majaliwa

Majaliwa, (Majaliwa) Kassim (b. Dec. 22, 1960), prime minister of Tanzania (2015- ).

Majavero, Alfons (b. May 15, 1934, Mukwe, South West Africa [now Namibia]), chief minister of Kavangoland (1973-80).

Majdalani, Nassim (Mikail) (b. 1912, Beirut, Lebanon - d. 1991), foreign minister of Lebanon (1969-70). He was also deputy prime minister and justice minister (1960-61, 1964-65) and deputy prime minister and economy minister (1969).

Majdi, (K.H. Muhammad) Zainul, byname Tuan Guru Bajang (b. May 31, 1972, Pancor, Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia), governor of Nusa Tenggara Barat (2008-18).

Majdoub, Hédi (b. Dec. 1, 1969, Nabeul, Tunisia), interior minister of Tunisia (2016-17).

Majeed

Majeed, Chaudhry Abdul (b. Feb. 14, 1946, Tangdev village, Chakswari, Mirpur district, Azad Kashmir), prime minister of Azad Kashmir (2011-16).

Majekodunmi, M(oses) A(dekoyejo) (b. Aug. 17, 1916, Abeokuta [now in Ogun state], Nigeria - d. April 12, 2012, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria), administrator of Western Region, Nigeria (1962).

Majewski, Henryk (b. Dec. 2, 1951, Gdansk, Poland), interior minister of Poland (1991).

Majewski, Stanislaw (Waclaw) (b. April 11, 1915, Chelyabinsk, Russia - d. July 29, 1985), finance minister (1968-69) and a deputy premier (1969-71) of Poland. He was also chairman of the Planning Commission (1970-71) and president of the National Bank (1981-85).

Majic, Petar (b. March 22, 1965, Vitina village, near Ljubuski [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), chairman of the House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1998).

Majid (ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud) (b. Oct. 19, 1938, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia - d. April 13, 2003, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), Saudi prince; son of Abdul Aziz. He was minister of municipal and rural affairs (1975-80) and governor of Makkah (1980-99).

A.H. al-Majid

Majid (al-Tikriti), Ali Hassan al- (b. 1941 or 1943, al-Awja village, near Tikrit, Iraq - d. Jan. 25, 2010), Iraqi governor of Kuwait (1990) and interior minister (1991) and defense minister (1991-95) of Iraq; cousin of Saddam Hussein. He was viewed as Saddam's main enforcer, a man with a reputation for brutality who was used by the president to crush dissent. In particular, he directed a military campaign ("Anfal") against Kurds in the north in 1988 in which chemical weapons were used, earning him the nickname of "Chemical Ali." He also played a leading role in stamping out a Shi`ite rebellion in the south after the 1991 Gulf War. After the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, he was believed to have been killed on April 5, but on August 21 he was announced to be in U.S. custody. On June 24, 2007, he was sentenced to death for his role in Anfal; he received three more death sentences in December 2008 (for his role in crushing the 1991 Shi`ite revolt), March 2009 (for the 1999 killings of Shi`ites in the Sadr City district of Baghdad), and January 2010 (specifically for the gas attack on the Kurdish town of Halabja during the Anfal campaign) and was then hanged.

Majko

Majko, Pandeli (Sotir) (b. Nov. 15, 1967, Tiranë, Albania), Albanian politician. He took part in 1990 student protests which helped to bring down the country's Stalinist regime. Leader of the Socialist youth forum in 1991-95, he entered parliament in 1992. In 1996 he was put in charge of the Socialist Party's public affairs. In 1997 he replaced Rexhep Meidani as party secretary-general after Meidani became president. As head of the Socialist parliamentary group since elections in June 1997, he worked closely with Prime Minister Fatos Nano and was a key, if low-profile, figure in the country's politics. Nano resigned in 1998 after failing to get the backing of his five-party coalition for a cabinet reshuffle in the wake of an eruption of political violence. He was succeeded by Majko, who at age 30 became Europe's youngest head of government. Like his former boss, Majko regarded the violence, in which Democratic Party supporters enraged by the murder of a party leader stormed government buildings, as a coup attempt by the opposition, but he was careful to strike a conciliatory note and avoid the extreme, inflammatory rhetoric favoured by many Albanian politicians. Like Nano, he called for the deployment of NATO troops along Albania's border with Kosovo and for intervention by the alliance in the troubled Yugoslav province itself. This became reality in 1999. He won respect abroad for his handling of the Kosovo crisis, when Albania took in some half a million refugees, and for reestablishing law and order. He met criticism at home, however, for failing to combat widespread corruption and smuggling. He bowed out in 1999 after losing the leadership of the Socialist Party to Nano. He was prime minister again in February-July 2002 and thereafter was defense minister under Nano (2002-05). In 2005 he was again elected secretary-general of the Socialist Party.

Majluta

Majluta Azar, Jacobo (b. Oct. 9, 1934, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic - d. March 2, 1996, Tampa, Fla.), president of the Dominican Republic (1982). He was finance minister (1962-63) and vice president (1976-82) and succeeded to the presidency after the suicide of Pres. Antonio Guzmán Fernández. Thereafter he served as president of the Dominican Congress (1982-86). He was credited with helping stabilize the country's economy and protecting democracy from a military coup during the 1980s. As a presidential candidate in 1986, he lost to Joaquín Balaguer. He left the Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) and founded the Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1990.

Majoor, Frank, byname of Franciscus Antonius Maria Majoor (b. April 1, 1949, Tilburg, Netherlands), Dutch diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-09).

Major

Major, Sir John (Roy) (b. March 29, 1943, Merton, South London, England), prime minister of the United Kingdom (1990-97). At age 16 he joined the Conservative Party. He became a borough councillor in 1968 and twice stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in 1974. He gained a seat in the House of Commons during the Conservative landslide of 1979 (representing Huntingdon, 113 km north of London), and his subsequent rise through the party ranks was rapid, as he became a protégé of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. He became undersecretary of state at the Department of Health and Social Security in 1985 and minister for social security in 1986. He joined the cabinet in 1987 as chief secretary to the Treasury, in charge of public spending. In July 1989 Thatcher appointed him to the important cabinet post of foreign secretary. He had hardly been in this post three months when he was switched to chancellor of the exchequer following Nigel Lawson's sudden resignation. As chancellor he was well placed to contend for the leadership of the Conservative Party (and the post of prime minister) in 1990 when Thatcher announced her intention to resign after Michael Heseltine challenged her for the leadership. Major captured the support of 185 Conservative MPs and came within two votes of an overall majority. His two rivals, Heseltine and Douglas Hurd, immediately conceded victory to Major. As prime minister he showed a more moderate approach than Thatcher. The Conservatives won the 1992 general elections, but from then on, they lost every single by-election. By 1996 the Conservatives had lost their parliamentary majority and had to rely on the support of the Ulster Unionists. They were crushed in the 1997 general election, the worst Conservative trouncing since 1832. Major immediately resigned as party leader. He was knighted in 2005.

Majorana Calatabiano, Angelo (b. Dec. 4, 1865, Catania, Italy - d. Feb. 9, 1910, Catania), finance minister (1904-05, 1907) and treasury minister (1906-07) of Italy.

Majorana della Nicchiara, Benedetto (b. Aug. 18, 1899, Catania, Sicilia, Italy - d. Nov. 21, 1982), president of Sicilia (1960-61).

Majoro

Majoro, Moeketsi (b. Nov. 3, 1961, Tsikoane, Leribe, Basutoland [now Lesotho]), finance minister (2017-20) and prime minister (2020-22) of Lesotho. He was also minister of development planning (2013-15).

Makarenko, Viktor (Sergeyevich) (b. Jan. 8, 1931, Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine] - d. 2007), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Crimea oblast (1977-87). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Sevastopol city (1972-77).

Makarfi, Ahmed (Mohammed) (b. Aug. 8, 1956, Makarfi [now in Kaduna state], Nigeria), governor of Kaduna (1999-2007).

Makarios

Makarios III, original name Mikhail Khristodoulou Mouskos (b. Aug. 13, 1913, Pano Panayia, Paphos district, Cyprus - d. Aug. 3, 1977, Nicosia, Cyprus), president of Cyprus (1960-74, 1974-77). He adopted the name Makarios as a monk. Ordained in 1946, he became bishop of Kition (Larnaca) in 1948, and in 1950 was made archbishop, a position entailing political as well as spiritual leadership. He became identified with the movement for enosis (union with Greece) and opposed the British government's proposals for independence. He met with Greek prime minister Alexandros Papagos in February 1954 and gained Greek support for enosis. In March 1956 he was arrested for sedition and exiled to the Seychelles. In February 1959 he accepted a compromise that resulted in independence for Cyprus. He was elected president on Dec. 13, 1959, with a Turkish vice president, and took office at independence in August 1960. Widespread fighting between Greeks and Turks broke out in December 1963 and brought the active intervention of Greece and Turkey and in 1964 a UN peacekeeping force arrived. Despite the strife he was reelected in February 1968. Talks between the two communities remained deadlocked over the question of local autonomy. He was returned unopposed for a third term as president in 1973. His relations with Greece had cooled after the establishment of a military regime in Athens in 1967, and in July 1974 the Greek Cypriot National Guard, whose officers were mainland Greeks, attempted a coup to achieve enosis. He fled to Malta and then to London, and Turkey invaded Cyprus and proclaimed a separate state for Turkish Cypriots in the north. He returned to Cyprus in December, after the fall of the mainland Greek military junta.

Makarov, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) (b. July 7, 1857, Moscow, Russia - d. [executed] Aug. 5, 1918, Moscow), interior minister (1911-12) and justice minister (1916-17) of Russia. He was also secretary of state (1909-11).

O. Makarov

Makei

Makarov, Oleg (Vitalyevich) (b. Aug. 7, 1974, Novocheboksarsk, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Chuvashia (2011).

Makary I, secular name Mikhail (Petrovich) Bulgakov (b. Oct. 1 [Sept. 19, O.S.], 1816, Surkovo, Kursk province, Russia - d. June 21 [June 9, O.S.], 1882, Cherkizovo [now part of Moscow], Russia), metropolitan of Moscow (1879-82). He was also bishop of Tambov (1857-59) and Kharkov (1859-62) and archbishop of Kharkov (1862-68) and Vilna (1868-79).

Makary II, secular name Mikhail (Andreyevich) Nevsky (originally Parvitsky) (b. Oct. 13 [Oct. 1, O.S.], 1835, Shapkino, Vladimir province, Russia - d. March 1, 1926, Nikolo-Ugreshsky monastery, near Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), metropolitan of Moscow (1912-17). He was also bishop of Biysk (1884-91) and Tomsk (1891-1912).

Makei, Vladimir (Vladimirovich), Belarusian Uladzimir (Uladzimiravich) Makei (b. Aug. 5, 1958, Grodno oblast, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. Nov. 26, 2022), foreign minister of Belarus (2012-22). He was also head of the administration of the president (2008-12).

Makeka, Thabo (Romeo) (b. June 11, 1947, Qacha's Nek, Basutoland [now Lesotho] - d. Sept. 13, 2012), Lesotho diplomat. He was ambassador to the United States and Mexico (1976-79), permanent representative to the United Nations (1979-80, 1983-88), acting solicitor-general (1982-83), and high commissioner to The Bahamas and Trinidad and Tobago (1985-87).

Makeléer, David (b. 16... - d. Nov. 10, 1708), governor of Älvsborg (1693-1708).

Makeyev, Valentin (Nikolayevich) (b. April 10, 1930, Korolyov, Moscow oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. 1999), Soviet politician. He was a deputy premier (1980-83).

Makgothi

Makgothi, Lesego (Casayel) (b. Feb. 23, 1965, Maseru, Basutoland [now Lesotho]), foreign minister of Lesotho (2017-20).

Makharadze, Filipp (Yeseyevich) (b. March 21 [March 9, O.S.], 1868, Shemokmedi, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. Dec. 10, 1941, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee (1922-24, 1925-27, 1928-29, 1931-38) and of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938-41) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1929-30) of the Georgian S.S.R. and co-chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1927-28, 1931-35, 1935-36). He was also people's commissar of agriculture of the Georgian S.S.R. (1921-22).

Makharadze, Georgy (Konstantinovich) (b. 1898, Samkhto, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. [executed] June 20, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Chechen(-Ingush) autonomous oblast (1932-34).

Makharadze, Valery (Antonovich) (b. 1940, Makhachkala, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Nov. 15, 2008, Ottawa, Ont.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1992).

Makharoblishvili, Vakhtang (b. Oct. 2, 1978), Georgian diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2013) and ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg (2021- ).

Makhele, Vincent Montsi (b. Nov. 11, 1940 - d. [assassinated] Nov. 15, 1986), foreign minister of Lesotho (1984-86). He was also minister of cooperatives and rural development (1979-84).

Makhkamov, Kakhar (Makhkamovich), Tajik Qahhor Mahkamov (b. April 16, 1932, Leninabad, Tadzhik S.S.R. [now Khujand, Tajikistan] - d. June 8, 2016, Dushanbe, Tajikistan), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1982-86), first secretary of the Communist Party (1985-91), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1990), and president (1990-91) of the Tadzhik S.S.R. He was also mayor of Leninabad (1961-63), chairman of the State Planning Committee (1963-82), and a deputy premier (1965-82).

Makhmadaminov, Makhmadamin (Bozichayevich) (b. April 22, 1961, Tadzhik S.S.R.), Tajik politician. He was minister of labour and social protection (2010-13) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-21).

Makhmudov, Arzy (b. 1910 - d. 1970), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R. (1952-56). He was also chairman of the executive committee of Samarkand oblast (1946-50, 1958-59) and first secretary of the party committees of Kashkadarya (1950-52) and Samarkand (1959-64, rural from 1963) oblasti.

Makhmudov, Nasyr (b. 1913 - d. Dec. 5, 1987, Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R. (1956-63). He was also chairman of the executive committee of Samarkand (1940-43) and Bukhara (1955-56) oblasti, first secretary of the party committees of Samarkand (1943-48), Fergana (1950-51), Tashkent (1951-52), and Syrdarya (1963-69) oblasti, and chairman of the Committee of People's Control of the Uzbek S.S.R. (1969-84).

Makhmudova, Poshsha, acting chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek S.S.R. (1943). She was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Khorezm oblast (1940-...).

Makhmudova, Shakhlo (Nasimovna), foreign minister of Uzbekistan (1991-92).

Makhno

Makhno, Nestor (Ivanovich) (b. Oct. 27, 1889, Huliai-Pole, southeastern Ukraine - d. July 27, 1934, Paris, France), Ukrainian anarchist. Spurred by the injustices of the Tsarist regime, he became involved at an early age with a Bolshevik terrorist group and was part of the revolutionary effort of 1905. He was arrested in 1910 and sent to jail for murdering a police officer and while in prison in Moscow, he became a convert to anarchist ideology. Upon his release in 1917, he returned to Huliai-Pole where he organized the disaffected local workers and peasants into a surprisingly strong and effective guerrilla army that expropriated and redistributed the land and wealth of the local nobility and ruling classes. His methods were daring and often brutal, and he quickly gained fame for the success of his unorthodox but invariably effective military tactics. His history has also been coloured by allegations of what today would be considered war crimes, as well as of instigating Jewish pogroms, though in the turbulence and anarchy of the times, it is often difficult to determine who was doing what to whom. At various times he formed alliances with the Bolsheviks and Symon Petlyura's nationalist forces to fight the occupying Germans or Anton Denikin's "White" army, but he always maintained his force's independence. His army grew to about 40,000 and at one time he controlled about a third of the area of present-day Ukraine. Finally he was defeated by the Bolshevik Red Army and fled Ukraine, eventually settling down in Paris where he became one of the leading figures in the international anarchist movement.

Makhonin

Makhonin, Dmitry (Nikolayevich) (b. Oct. 18, 1982, Ryabinino village, Perm oblast [now in Perm kray], Russia), governor of Perm kray (2020- ).

Makhous, Ibrahim (b. 1925, Makhous, Syria - d. Sept. 10, 2013, Algeria), deputy prime minister and foreign minister of Syria (1965-66, 1966-68). He was also minister of health (1963-64).

Makila Sumanda, José (b. Sept. 20, 1959, Gwaka, Belgian Congo [now Congo (Kinshasa)]), governor of Équateur (2007-09) and Sud-Ubangi (2016-17). He was also minister of public works and infrastructure of Congo (Kinshasa) (2005-06).

Makin, Norman (John Oswald) (b. March 31, 1889, Petersham, Sydney, New South Wales - d. July 20, 1982, Glenelg, Adelaide, S.Aus.), Australian politician. He was speaker of the House of Representatives (1929-32), minister for the navy and munitions (1941-46) and aircraft production (1945-46), head of the Australian delegation to the United Nations (1946), and ambassador to the United States (1946-51).

Makinde, Seyi, byname of Oluwaseyi Abiodun Makinde (b. Dec. 25, 1967, Ibadan, Nigeria), governor of Oyo (2019- ).

Makino, Nobuaki, in full Hakushaku (Count) Nobuaki Makino (b. October 1861, Satsuma [now in Kagoshima prefecture], Japan - d. Jan. 15, 1949, Tanaka, Chiba prefecture, Japan), foreign minister of Japan (1913-14). He was also minister to Italy (1897-99) and Austria-Hungary and Switzerland (1899-1906) and minister of education (1906-08 and [acting] 1912) and agriculture and commerce (1911-12). He became baron in 1907, viscount in 1920, and count in 1925.

Makiyevsky, Nikolay (Mikhailovich) (b. Nov. 13, 1941, Parkhimov, Chernigov oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R. - d. July 16, 2004), Kazakh politician. He was minister of construction of heavy industry (1984-86) and construction (1986-88) and chairman of the State Committee for Construction and a deputy premier (1988-90) of the Kazakh S.S.R. and chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations (1990-97) and a deputy prime minister (1996) of Kazakhstan.

Makkawi, Abdul-Qawi (Hassan), Arabic `Abd al-Qawi (Hasan) al-Makkawi (b. 1918 - d. Aug. 12, 1998, Cairo, Egypt), Yemeni politician. He was the last chief minister (1965) of the Federation of South Arabia during British rule. He was dismissed by the British governor for his alliance with Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. After the dismissal, he went into exile in Egypt where he set up the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen with Nasser's backing. Two years later, the British government declared Yemen (Aden) an independent state under the Marxist National Liberation Front, Makkawi's bitter enemy. Since then, he lived in exile in Egypt and later turned down appeals by the government of united Yemen to return home. He was the leader of one of the main opposition groups to Pres. Ali Abdullah Saleh's rule.

Makkawi, Khalil (b. Jan. 15, 1930, Beirut, Lebanon), Lebanese diplomat. He was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1978-83) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-94).

Makki, Hassan Muhammad (b. Dec. 22, 1933, Hodaida, Yemen - d. June 9, 2016, Cairo, Egypt), foreign minister (1964, 1966, 1967-68, 1979-80) and prime minister (1974) of Yemen (Sana). He was also economy minister (1962-64), deputy prime minister for economic affairs (1972-74, 1974, 1980-83), ambassador to Italy (1968-70, 1977-79), West Germany (1970-72), and the United States and Canada (1974-75), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-75).

Maklakov, Nikolay (Alekseyevich) (b. Sept. 9, 1871, Moscow, Russia - d. [executed] Aug. 31/Sept. 1, 1918, Petrograd [St. Petersburg], Russia), interior minister of Russia (1912-15). He was also governor of Chernigov (1909-12).

Makofi Kabamba, Kanys (b. Dec. 28, 1970, Kikakala, Bandundu [now in Kwango], Congo [Kinshasa]), governor of Kwango (2018-19).

Makolo Jibikilayi (b. March 24, 1936), commissioner of Bandundu (1978-80) and governor of Bas-Zaïre (1980, 1983-86). He was also Zairian minister of environment, nature conservation, and tourism (1981-82) and public works and territorial development (1982-83).

Makón, Marcos (Pedro) (b. 1943?), Argentine minister of social action (2001).

Makoni

Makoni, Simba(rashe Herbert Stanley) (b. March 22, 1950, near Umtali [now Mutare], Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe]), executive secretary of the Southern African Development Community (1984-93) and finance minister of Zimbabwe (2000-02). He was also minister of industry and energy development (1981-84) and youth, sport, and culture (1984) and a presidential candidate (2008).

Makonnen

Makosso

Makonnen Endalkachew, Ras Bitwoded (b. Feb. 16, 1890, Tagulat, Shoa, Ethiopia - d. Feb. 27, 1963, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), interior minister (1932-33, 1941-43) and prime minister (1943-57) of Ethiopia. He was also commerce minister (1927-30), mayor of Addis Ababa (1930-32), governor-general of Wollega (1935-36), and president of the Senate (1957-61). He was given the title Ras in 1957.

Makosso, Anatole Collinet (b. 1965, Pointe-Noire, Congo [Brazzaville]), prime minister of Congo (Brazzaville) (2021- ). He was also minister of civic education and youth (2011-15) and primary and secondary education and literacy (2015-21).

Makov, Lev (Savvich) (b. 1830 - d. Feb. 27, 1883, St. Petersburg, Russia), interior minister of Russia (1878-80). He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1880-81).

Makowski, Stanley M. (b. April 22, 1923, Buffalo, N.Y. - d. Aug. 5, 1981), mayor of Buffalo (1973-78).

Makowski, Waclaw (Wincenty) (b. Nov. 15, 1880, Vilna, Russia [now Vilnius, Lithuania] - d. Dec. 28, 1942, Bucharest, Romania), justice minister of Poland (1918 [acting], 1922-23, 1926). He was also marshal of the Sejm (1938-39).

Maksagak

Maksagak, Helen (Mamayaok) (b. April 15, 1931, Bernard Harbour, Northwest Territories [now in Nunavut], Canada - d. Jan. 23, 2009), commissioner of the Northwest Territories (1995-99) and of Nunavut (1999-2000).

Maksic, Milivoje (b. Jan. 19, 1928, Belgrade, Yugoslavia - d. March 2, 2003, Belgrade), acting foreign minister of Yugoslavia (1991-92). He was also ambassador to Poland (1982-86).

Maksidov, Kazgeri (Uvzhokovich) (b. 1893, Urozhaynoye, Terek oblast [now in Kabardino-Balkariya republic], Russia - d. [executed] July 25, 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Kabardino-Balkar autonomous oblast (1929).

Maksimov, Semyon (Alekseyevich) (b. April 17 [April 5, O.S.], 1899, Saparovo, Vyatka province [now in Udmurtia republic], Russia - d. ...), acting chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Udmurt A.S.S.R. (1937-38).

Maksimova

Maksimova, Larisa (Vladimirovna) (b. June 2, 1966, Shelbovo, Ivanovo oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting chairman of the government of Komi (2016).

Maksimovich, Konstantin (Klavdiyevich) (b. May 14, 1849 - d. 1921 [according to other sources, shot between 1917 and 1919]), governor of Uralsk oblast (1893-99), ataman of the Don Cossack Host (1899-1905), and governor-general of Warsaw (1905).

Maksyuta, Nikolay (Kirillovich) (b. May 26, 1947 - d. Nov. 1, 2020, near Moscow, Russia), head of the administration of Volgograd oblast (1997-2010).

Maktum, Sheikh Hamdan ibn Muhammad Al (b. November 1982), crown prince of Dubai (2008- ); son of Sheikh Muhammad ibn Rashid Al Maktum.

Maktum, Sheikh Hamdan ibn Rashid Al (b. Dec. 25, 1945, Dubai [now in United Arab Emirates] - d. March 24, 2021), finance minister of the United Arab Emirates (1971-2021); son of Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Maktum; brother of Sheikh Maktum ibn Rashid Al Maktum. He was also deputy prime minister (1971-73).

Maktum, Sheikh Maktum ibn Rashid Al (b. 1943, Shindagha, Dubai [now in United Arab Emirates] - d. Jan. 4, 2006, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia), prime minister of the United Arab Emirates (1971-79, 1990-2006) and ruler of Dubai (1990-2006); son of Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Maktum. He also served as deputy prime minister (1983-90) and vice president (1990-2006).

Muh. Al Maktum

Maktum, Sheikh Muhammad ibn Rashid Al (b. July 1949, Shindagha, Dubai [now in United Arab Emirates]), defense minister (1971- ) and vice president and prime minister (2006- ) of the United Arab Emirates and ruler of Dubai (2006- ); son of Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Maktum; brother of Sheikh Maktum ibn Rashid Al Maktum and Sheikh Hamdan ibn Rashid Al Maktum; son-in-law of King Hussein of Jordan. While studying in England he took an interest in poetry and horses. In 1968 his father named him head of Dubai Police and Public Security. His brother Sheikh Maktum appointed him the first defense minister of the United Arab Emirates, with the rank of general, at the age of 22, making him the youngest defense minister in the world. In the 1970s his father, who was rapidly strengthening the economy of Dubai, began delegating major tasks to him, putting him in charge of Dubai's oil - a crucial element of the tiny emirate's fortunes - as well as the Dubai Dry Docks, which would become the largest facility of its kind in the region and a major global shipyard, bridging Europe and the Far East and positioning Dubai as a leading transport hub. In 1977 he was put in charge of operations at Dubai International Airport. In 1995 his brother named him crown prince. In that role, being de facto ruler of the emirate for 11 years before succeeding his brother, he was known as the architect of the emirate's business boom. He made Dubai's wealth largely independent of oil, which came to account for only 5-10% of its gross domestic product. Conflicts in other countries of the region played into the hands of Dubai's rulers, providing them with both highly skilled and unskilled labour fleeing their homelands and turning the emirate into one of the region's few stable, modern, and pragmatic business partners of Western countries and companies, although the labour conditions have been described as subhuman.

R. Al Maktum

Maktum, Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al (b. c. 1910, in the desert inland from the Persian Gulf - d. Oct. 7, 1990, Dubai, United Arab Emirates), United Arab Emirates politician. The son of Sheikh Said ibn Maktum, Rashid in 1958 became the ruler of Dubai which was then a good-sized trading settlement, located along a creek. After the discovery of oil in 1966, he used the area's new wealth to dredge the creek and create a deep-water port and then an airport for shipping Dubai's oil; he also initiated new industry and services, including improved medical care. He was known as the "merchant prince" for his success in transforming Dubai into one of the most prosperous trading centres in the Middle East. In 1968 the British announced that by the end of 1971 they would leave the area they had entered in the early 19th century and named "Pirate Coast." Rashid and his brother-in-law, Sheikh Zaid ibn Sultan Al Nahayan of neighbouring Abu Dhabi, then came to an agreement about forming a federation, the United Arab Emirates. Rashid's vision embraced mostly his own state, while Zaid was committed to a truly integrated union. Zaid made numerous concessions to Rashid, despite the smaller size of Dubai. Rashid became the federation's vice president in 1971 and prime minister in 1979, holding those posts until his death. He was rarely seen in his last decade because of failing health. In August 1990 he supported the deployment of foreign and Arab forces to counter the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. He had designated his eldest son, Sheikh Maktum, deputy prime minister of the U.A.E., as his successor and proclaimed that his other sons, Sheikhs Hamdan (finance minister), Muhammad (defense minister), and Ahmad, would also continue as leaders.

Makuza

Makuza, Bernard (b. Sept. 30, 1961), prime minister of Rwanda (2000-11); cousin of Paul Kagame. He was ambassador to Burundi (1994-96) and Germany (1996-2000).

Makwetla, Thabang, byname of Sampson Phathakge Makwetla (b. May 19, 1957, Middelburg, Transvaal [now in Mpumalanga], South Africa), premier of Mpumalanga (2004-09).

Malá, Tatána (b. Oct. 1, 1981, Moravská Trebová, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), justice minister of the Czech Republic (2018).

Malachowski

Malachowski (h. Nalecz), Stanislaw (b. Aug. 24, 1736, Konskie, Poland - d. Dec. 29, 1809, Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw [now in Poland]), Polish statesman. The son of Jan Malachowski, the royal grand chancellor, he was first elected a deputy to the Coronation Diet of 1764 and was marshal (speaker) of Poland's historic Four Years' Sejm, a constituent Diet that met in 1788-92. Exceeding all his colleagues in liberality, he was a prime force behind the constitution of May 3, 1791, which embodied such modern western European reforms as majority rule in parliament, separation of powers, and enfranchisement of the middle classes. This constitution was abrogated at the Second Partition of Poland in 1792. Disappointed, he left the country, going first to Italy and subsequently to his estates in Galicia, where he was imprisoned for a time on a false suspicion of conspiracy. In 1807 he was made chairman of a Governing Commission appointed at Warsaw after its evacuation by the Prussians, and later in the year when the Duchy of Warsaw, promoted by Napoléon, was created, he became president of the Senate.

Maladina, Moses (b. April 9, 1958), defense minister of Papua New Guinea (2011). He was also high commissioner to New Zealand (1998-2002), minister of agriculture and livestock (2002-04), national planning (2004-05), and implementation and rural development (2011-12), deputy prime minister (2003-04), and minister of state assisting the prime minister on constitutional matters (2010-11).

Malafeyev, Nikolay (Yasonovich) (d. Dec. 20, 1911), governor of Kutaisi (1878-83).

Malafeyev, Valentin (Vasilyevich) (b. Aug. 29, 1938, Sengiley, Ulyanovsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of the administration of Ulyanovsk oblast (1991-92).

Malaj, Arben (Qamil) (b. Sept. 19, 1961, Vlorë, Albania), finance minister of Albania (1997-98, 2003-05). He was also economy minister (2002-03).

Malakhov

Malakhov, Ivan (Pavlovich) (b. June 29, 1953), governor of Sakhalin oblast (2003-07).

Malalasekera, Gunapala P(iyasena) (b. Nov. 9, 1899, Malamulla, Panadura, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. April 23, 1973, Colombo, Sri Lanka), Ceylonese diplomat. He was ambassador to the Soviet Union (1957-61) and Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Romania (1959-61), permanent representative to the United Nations (1961-63), and high commissioner to Canada (1961-63) and the United Kingdom (1963-67).

D.F. Malan

Malan, Daniel F(rançois) (b. May 22, 1874, near Riebeeck West, Cape Colony [now in Western Cape, South Africa] - d. Feb. 7, 1959, Stellenbosch, Cape [now in Western Cape], South Africa), prime minister of South Africa (1948-54). He began in 1915 to edit Die Burger, a Cape Town newspaper that backed J.B.M. Hertzog's National Party. Elected to parliament in 1918, he joined Hertzog's cabinet as interior minister in 1924 and instituted laws that established a South African nationality and a flag, and he succeeded in having Afrikaans recognized as an official language of the Union. When the National Party entered a coalition with Jan Smuts's South African Party in 1933, Malan left the government. When the two parties merged in 1934, Malan founded the Purified Nationalist Party, which became the official opposition. Because Hertzog regarded World War II as no concern of South Africa, he fell from power in 1939 and soon became reconciled with Malan, and together they formed the reunited National Party. When Hertzog withdrew from the party in December 1940, Malan assumed leadership. The party won 43 seats in the House of Assembly in the 1943 election, and in 1948 he led it to victory by appealing to Afrikaner racial sentiments. In alliance with the smaller Afrikaner Party, he had a narrow majority in the House of Assembly and formed the first exclusively Afrikaner government of South Africa. He began to implement the policy of apartheid (the enforced segregation of nonwhites from whites, a policy his successors continued to develop), outlawed the Communist Party, and loosened ties with Britain. He increased his party's parliamentary majority in the 1953 general election and retired in 1954.

Malan, Henri (Jules Jean Baptiste) (b. Jan. 1, 1869, Paris, France - d. Jan. 13, 1912, Saigon, Cochinchina [now Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam]), governor of Dahomey (1909-11).

Malan, Johannes Nicholas, byname Nico Malan (b. Aug. 8, 1903 - d. April 2, 1981), administrator of Cape province (1960-70).

Malan, Magnus (André de Merindol) (b. Jan. 30, 1930, Pretoria, South Africa - d. July 18, 2011, Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa), defense minister of South Africa (1980-91). He was also minister of housing and works (1991-92) and water and forest affairs (1991-93) and chairman of the Ministers' Council of the House of Assembly (1992-93).

Malan, Pedro Sampaio (b. Feb. 19, 1943, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1995-2003). He was also president of the Central Bank (1993-94).

Malanji

Malanji, Joe, byname of Joseph Malanji (b. Aug. 28, 1965), foreign minister of Zambia (2018-21).

Malas, Stavros (b. June 10, 1967, Ayios Sergios, Famagusta, Cyprus), Cypriot presidential candidate (2013, 2018). He was also minister of health (2011-12).

Malavia, José Severo Feliciano (b. May 15, 1787, La Plata, Viceroyalty of La Plata [now Sucre, Bolivia] - d. 1849, Bolivia), foreign minister of Bolivia (1828).

Malavois, Louis Jean Baptiste Philogène de (b. c. 1757, Ay [now in Marne département], France - d. Jan. 16, 1825, Saint-Denis, Réunion), commandant of the Seychelles (1789-92).

Malbakhov, Timbora (Kubatiyevich) (b. Nov. 18 [Nov. 5, O.S.], 1917, Deyskoye, Terek oblast [now in Kabardino-Balkariya republic], Russia - d. Sept. 20, 1999, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkariya), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1952-57) and first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1956-85) of the Kabardian/Kabardino-Balkar A.S.S.R.

Malbon, Sir Fabian (Michael) (b. Oct. 1, 1946, Southsea, Hampshire, England), lieutenant governor of Guernsey (2005-11); knighted 2001.

Malca Villanueva, Víctor (Manuel) (b. Dec. 29, 1932, Lima, Peru - d. Nov. 6, 2015, Camboriú, Santa Catarina, Brazil), interior minister (1991) and defense minister (1991-96) of Peru. He was also ambassador to Mexico (1996-97).

Malchárek, Jirko (b. June 28, 1966, Jeseník, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister and economy minister of Slovakia (2005-06).

Malcher, Felix Antonio Clemente (b. 1782, Monte Alegre, Grão-Pará [now Pará], Brazil - d. [assassinated] Feb. 21, 1835, Belém, Pará), president (cabano) of Pará (1835).

Malcher, José Carneiro da Gama (b. Aug. 23, 1872, Belém, Pará, Brazil - d. June 25, 1956, Belém), governor/federal interventor of Pará (1935-43); grandson of José da Gama Malcher. He was also mayor of Belém (1933-34).

Malcher, José da Gama (b. March 19, 1814, Monte Alegre, Grão-Pará [now Pará], Brazil - d. April 12, 1882, Belém, Pará), acting president of Pará (1878, 1881, 1882); nephew of Felix Antonio Clemente Malcher.

Malcolm, David (Kingsley) (b. May 6, 1938, Bunbury, W.Aus. - d. Oct. 20, 2014, Perth, W.Aus.), acting governor of Western Australia (2005-06). He was the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Western Australia from 1988 to 2006 and the lieutenant governor of the state from 1990 to 2009.

Malcolm, Sir Neill (b. Oct. 8, 1869 - d. Dec. 21, 1953), president of the British North Borneo Chartered Company (1926-46); knighted 1922.

Malcorra

Maldaner

Malcorra, Susana (Mabel) (b. Nov. 18, 1954, Rosario, Argentina), foreign minister of Argentina (2015-17).

Maldaner, Casildo (João) (b. April 2, 1942, Carazinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. May 17, 2021, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil), governor of Santa Catarina (1990-91).

Maldonado, Baldomero F(ernández), finance minister of Peru (1912-13, 1913, 1917-18).

A. Maldonado

Maldonado Aguirre, Alejandro (Baltazar) (b. Jan. 6, 1936, Guatemala City, Guatemala), foreign minister (1995-96), vice president (2015), and president (2015-16) of Guatemala. He was also minister of education (1970-74), permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-76), presidential candidate (1982, 1985), president of the Constitutional Court (1989-90, 1997-98, 2006-07), and ambassador to Mexico (1991-95).

Maldonado Curti, Carlos (Domingo) (b. 1963, Valparaíso, Chile), justice minister of Chile (2007-10).

Maldonado González, José (b. Nov. 12, 1900, Tineo, Asturias, Spain - d. Feb. 11, 1985, Oviedo, Spain), president of the Spanish Republic in exile (1970-77).

Maldonado Pérez, Caritino (b. Oct. 5, 1915, Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero, Mexico - d. [helicopter crash] April 17, 1971, Guapaleta ravine, Zumpango del Río municipality, Guerrero), governor of Guerrero (1969-71).

Malecela, John (Samuel Cigwiyemisi) (b. April 10, 1934, Bugiri, Dodoma, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), foreign minister (1972-75) and first vice president and prime minister (1990-94) of Tanzania. He also was permanent representative to the United Nations (1964-68), ambassador to Ethiopia and the Organization of African Unity (1968-69), minister of agriculture (1975-80), mines (1980-82), and communications and transport (1982-85), regional commissioner of Iringa (1987-89), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1989-90).

Maleiane

Maleiane, Adriano (Afonso) (b. Nov. 6, 1949, Matola, Mozambique), economy and finance minister (2015-22) and prime minister (2022- ) of Mozambique. He was also governor of the Bank of Mozambique (1991-2006).

Malek

Malendoma

Malek, Redha, Arabic Rida Malik (b. Dec. 21, 1931, Batna, Algeria - d. July 29, 2017), member of the High State Committee (1992-94), foreign minister (1993), and prime minister (1993-94) of Algeria. He was also ambassador to Yugoslavia (1963-65), France (1965-70), the Soviet Union (1970-77), the United States (1979-82), and the United Kingdom (1982-84) and minister of information and culture (1977-79).

Malékou, Paul (b. Nov. 17, 1938, Fougamou, Gabon), foreign minister of Gabon (1968).

Malendoma, Timothée (b. 1935, Dekoa, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic] - d. Dec. 12, 2010, Bangui, Central African Republic), prime minister of the Central African Republic (1992-93). He was also minister of economy (1966-67), veterans (1967-68), posts and telecommunications (1968-69), and transport (1979-81). He was a minor presidential candidate in 1993.

Malenica, Ivan (b. July 21, 1985, Sibenik, Croatia), justice minister of Croatia (2020- ). He has also been minister of public administration (2019- ).

Malenkov

Malenkov, Georgy (Maksimilianovich) (b. Jan. 21 [Jan. 8, O.S.], 1902, Orenburg, Russia - d. Jan. 14, 1988, near Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), premier of the Soviet Union (1953-55). He volunteered in 1919 for the Red Army during the civil war that followed the 1917 October Revolution. He joined the Communist Party in 1920 and rose swiftly through the ranks; within a year he became a commissar of Bolshevik forces in Turkestan. He became organization chairman of the Moscow party committee (1930-34) and personnel chairman of the Central Committee (1934-39). Named to the Central Committee in 1939 and a candidate member of the Politburo in 1941, he served during World War II on the State Defense Committee, the small group that directed the Soviet war effort. After the war he won full membership on the Politburo (1946) and was appointed second secretary of the Central Committee and deputy prime minister. When Iosif Stalin died in March 1953, he assumed the post of senior party secretary as well as chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister). Within two weeks he was compelled to yield the party post to Nikita Khrushchev, and in February 1955 he was forced to resign as premier. He retained his influential position on the party Presidium (formerly the Politburo) and was named a deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers and minister of electric power stations. But after participating in an unsuccessful effort to depose Khrushchev in June 1957, he and two other close Stalin aides, Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, were expelled from the Presidium and Central Committee. In 1964 it was disclosed that he had also been expelled from the Communist Party. He had been named a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1943 and was twice awarded the Order of Lenin.

Maleski, Denko (b. Nov. 14, 1946, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), foreign minister of Macedonia (1991-93). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-97).

Malet, Armando (R.) (b. March 21, 1905, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. 1982), finance minister (1955-56, 1970) and defense minister (1972-73) of Uruguay. He was also mayor of Montevideo (1954-55) and president of the state-owned Banco de la República (1969-70).

Maléter

Maléter, Pál (b. Sept. 4, 1917, Presov [Eperjes], Austria-Hungary [now in Slovakia] - d. June 16, 1958, Budapest, Hungary), Hungarian army officer. In 1942 he graduated from the Budapest Military Academy. In January 1943 he was captured by the Red Army. After his conversion to Communism and training in sabotage and subversion he was dropped into Hungary, where he distinguished himself as a courageous and daring guerrilla leader. After World War II he graduated from the Moscow Military Academy and in 1956 was commander of the infantry division stationed in Budapest. When on October 23 the Hungarian revolution started, Maléter identified himself with Hungarian nationalism and his unit was the only one that fought the Soviet troops. Prime Minister Imre Nagy appointed him first deputy defense minister (October 31) and then defense minister (November 3). Invited by the Red Army to negotiate their withdrawal, he was arrested by them on November 4. On June 17, 1958, his trial and execution for attempting to overthrow the Hungarian People's Republic were announced by the Hungarian government.

Maleville, Léon (François Jean) de (b. May 8, 1803, Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France - d. March 28, 1879, Montauban), interior minister of France (1848); nephew of François Jean de Preissac.

Malewezi, Justin (Chimera) (b. Dec. 23, 1944, Ntchisi, Nyasaland [now Malawi] - d. April 17, 2021), vice president (1994-2004 [first vice president 1994-96]), defense minister (1995-97), and finance minister (1997-99) of Malawi. He was also minister of privatization (1999-2004) and a minor presidential candidate (2004).

Maleyev, Valery (Gennadiyevich) (b. March 28, 1964), head of the administration of Ust-Ordynsky Buryat autonomous okrug (1996-2007).

Malfatti

Malfatti, Franco Maria (b. June 13, 1927, Rome, Italy - d. Dec. 10, 1991, Rome), president of the European Commission (1970-72) and finance minister (1978-79) and foreign minister (1979-80) of Italy. He was also minister of state investments (1969-70), posts and telecommunications (1970), and education (1973-78).

Malfeyt, Justin (Prudent François Marie) (b. 1862 - d. 1924), deputy governor-general of Orientale province (Belgian Congo) (1913-17) and royal commissioner for Belgian-occupied East Africa (1916-19).

Malheiro, Manuel Eleutério (b. 1793, Ponte de Lima, Portugal - d. 1855), governor-general of Angola (1839-42).

Malheiros, Mário Teixeira, acting governor-general of Angola (1915).

Malhotra, Om Prakash (b. Aug. 6, 1922, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India - d. Dec. 29, 2015, Gurgaon [now Gurugram], Haryana, India), governor of Punjab (India) (1990-91). General Malhotra was also Indian chief of army staff (1978-81) and ambassador to Indonesia (1981-84).

Malicki, Tomasz (b. Dec. 24, 1885, Lukawiec, Austria [now in Poland] - d. af. 1947), governor of Tarnopolskie województwo (1937-39).

Malie

Malie, Mpho (b. July 4, 1945, Hebron, near Pretoria, South Africa), Lesotho politician. A politician since 1983, he served on international bodies and parliamentary forums. He was elected member of parliament for the Taung constituency in both the 1993 and 1998 general elections. He was appointed minister of information and broadcasting in 1993 and minister of foreign affairs in 1995. He vacated the post of foreign minister later in 1995 following a cabinet reshuffle. In 1998 he was appointed minister of industry, trade, and marketing.

Malielegaoi

Malielegaoi, Tuilaepa Lupesoliai Sailele, until 2004 Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, 2004-06 Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, from 2010 also adding Neioto, from 2011 Fatialofa, from 2015 Auelua, in varying order (b. April 14, 1945, Lepa, Western Samoa [now Samoa]), finance minister (1984-85, 1988-2001, 2014-16), deputy prime minister (1991-98), and prime minister and foreign minister (1998-2021) of (Western) Samoa. He occupied civil-service positions in the administration of Tofilau Eti Alesana, founder of the Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP). He was authorized to represent Western Samoa at various international conferences, and, in 1981, he gained election to the Fono (parliament). In 1982-84 he was minister of economic affairs and transport. He struck up a close association with the aging Alesana, and as deputy prime minister he assumed more and more of the daily administration during periods of incapacity. When Alesana could no longer fulfill his duties in 1998, the Fono elected Malielegaoi to succeed him. He continued Alesana's policy of privatizing government-owned assets, especially Polynesian Airlines, the national carrier, which had been poorly administered and awash in debt. He also adamantly pursued diversification of Samoa's economy to lessen its reliance upon agriculture, which was considered too susceptible to natural disasters. In 1999 the minister of public works, who was investigating allegations of corruption in high places, was assassinated; two former ministers were charged with the murder. Malielegaoi was not implicated, but the HRPP lost its majority in the 2001 elections. He managed to win over six independents, however, to ensure his reelection. In 2006 he again won a majority, attributed to a record of economic stability and growth (6% in 2005) and the provision of services to rural areas. Elections in 2011 and 2016 further extended his own and his party's long incumbency. His attempt to cling to power after the close election of 2021 ultimately failed in the courts.

A. Malik

Malik, Adam (b. July 22, 1917, Pematangsiantar, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sumatera Utara, Indonesia] - d. Sept. 5, 1984, Bandung, Indonesia), Indonesian statesman. As a pro-independence agitator, he was jailed by the Dutch for the first time at age 17, and again in 1937 when he founded the Antara press service, which later became Indonesia's national news agency. He regained his freedom in 1942 when the Japanese overran the islands, but he objected to the idea of receiving independence as a gift from the Japanese and was involved with an abortive kidnapping of fellow nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta in 1945 in order to "force" them to declare independence. In 1946 he was involved in a plot to abduct Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir to protest a negotiated settlement with the Dutch; as a result he was imprisoned by the nationalist leadership until late 1948. Under President Sukarno, he served as ambassador to the Soviet Union and Poland (1959-63). In 1962 he was the chief Indonesian delegate to the Washington, D.C., negotiations on West New Guinea, which laid the groundwork for Indonesia eventually securing this territory. He was appointed minister of trade in 1963 but became increasingly disenchanted with Sukarno's autocratic rule and threw in his hand with General Suharto, who came to power in 1966. As foreign minister (1966-77), Malik restored relations with Malaysia, the Philippines, and China. A witty and eloquent diplomat, he was dubbed "Kantjil" (in Indonesian folktale a small and graceful deer which uses its agility and quick wit to escape dangerous situations) by those who recognized his shrewd political manoeuvres. As president of the 26th UN General Assembly (1971-72), he presided over the admission of the People's Republic of China to the UN. Later he served as chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly (1977-78) and vice president (1978-83) of Indonesia.

C. Malik

Malik, Charles (Habib), Arabic Sharl (Habib) Malik (b. 1906, Bitirram, Koura district, nothern Lebanon - d. Dec. 28, 1987, Beirut, Lebanon), Lebanese politician. In 1945 he was appointed Lebanese minister to the U.S., later becoming ambassador (1953-55). He was a signer of the United Nations Charter in 1945 and was a delegate to the UN in 1945-55 and 1957-59. In June 1957 he was elected member of parliament and in November became minister of foreign affairs in the Sami al-Solh cabinet. He was one of the few Arab statesmen who accepted the Eisenhower doctrine of March 1957. In May 1958 he accused the United Arab Republic of "massive interference" in Lebanon but in August, in New York City, at the UN General Assembly, he endorsed a compromise solution of the crisis. On Sept. 16, 1958, he was elected by 45 votes to 33 (with 4 abstentions) president of the 13th UN General Assembly, and gave up his post as foreign minister of his country.

Malik, (Abdul) Rehman (b. 1951 - d. Feb. 23, 2022, Islamabad, Pakistan), interior minister of Pakistan (2008-12, 2012-13).

S.P. Malik

Malik, Satya Pal (b. July 24, 1946, Hisawada, United Provinces [now in Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh], India), governor of Bihar (2017-18), Odisha (2018), Jammu and Kashmir (2018-19), Goa (2019-20), and Meghalaya (2020-22).

Malik, Yakov (Aleksandrovich) (b. Feb. 11, 1906, Kharkov, Russia [now Kharkiv, Ukraine] - d. Feb. 11, 1980, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet diplomat. After graduating from the Soviet Institute of Foreign Affairs, he was appointed assistant chief of the press section at the people's commissariat of foreign affairs in 1937. In 1939 he was sent as counsellor to the Soviet embassy in Tokyo, Japan, where he became ambassador on May 20, 1942. From January 1946 he was political adviser to Gen. Kuzma N. Derevyanko on the Allied Council for Japan, but on Aug. 24, 1946, was appointed deputy minister of foreign affairs in charge of the Far Eastern department. In May 1948 he succeeded Andrey Gromyko as chief Soviet representative to the United Nations. On Aug. 1, 1950, after a seven-month absence from the Security Council in protest at the presence of the Chinese Nationalist delegate, Malik returned to the council and was chairman during that month. He served until 1953 and later again in 1968-76. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1953-60).

Maliki

Maliki, Nuri (Kamil Muhammad Hassan Abu al-Mahasin) al-, former pseudonym Jawad al-Maliki (b. 1950, Hindiya, Iraq), prime minister (2006-14), acting interior minister (2006), and a vice president (2014-15, 2016- ) of Iraq.

Malikov, Mukhamed-Babir (Madzhidovich), justice minister of Uzbekistan (1991-93).

Malikyar, Abdullah (b. April 16, 1909, Kabul, Afghanistan - d. Aug. 4, 2002, Silver Spring, Md.), finance minister of Afghanistan (1957-64). He was also governor of Herat (1942-47, 1951-52), minister of communications (1948-50) and commerce (1955-57), first deputy prime minister (1963-64), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1964-67), the United States (1967-77), and Iran (1977-78).

Malile, Reis (b. Aug. 12, 1922, Gjirokastër, Albania - d. March 6, 2003, Tiranë, Albania), foreign minister of Albania (1982-91). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1956-61) and ambassador to China (1961-63).

Malima, Kighoma (Ali) (b. Dec. 15, 1938, Kisarawe, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. Aug. 5, 1995, London, England), finance minister of Tanzania (1992-94). He was also minister of education (1987-89) and industries and trade (1994-95).

Malima, Philemon (Nangolo) (b. July 9, 1946, Omandongo, Oshikoto region, South West Africa [now Namibia]), defense minister of Namibia (1995-97). He was also minister of environment and tourism (1997-2005).

Malinauskas

Malinauskas, Peter (Bryden) (b. August 1980, Adelaide, S.Aus.), premier of South Australia (2022- ).

Malinen, Pekka (Kullervo) (b. June 11, 1921, Viipuri, Finland [now Vyborg, Russia] - d. Sept. 21, 2004), defense minister of Finland (1957). He was also ambassador to Egypt and Syria (1969-74), Algeria and Tunisia (1983-85), and Portugal (1985-88).

Malines, Guy (Antoine Raphaël) (b. Sept. 30, 1909, Vannes, Morbihan, France - d. 1984, Laon, Aisne, France), prefect of Guadeloupe (1955-58). He was also prefect of the French départements of Cantal (1959-62) and Orne (1962-64).

Malinga, Norman Zombodze Magugu (b. Nov. 17, 1938, Zombodze, Swaziland [now Eswatini]), Swazi diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-85).

Malinov, Aleksandur (Pavlov) (b. April 21, 1867, Pandakli, Bessarabia, Romania [now Orikhivka, Odessa oblast, Ukraine] - d. March 20, 1938, Sofia, Bulgaria), prime minister (1908-11, 1918, 1931) and foreign minister (1910-11, 1918, 1931) of Bulgaria. He was also president of the Sobranye (1931-34).

Malinowski, Roman (b. Feb. 26, 1935, Bialystok, Poland - d. Aug. 31?, 2021), Polish politician. He was minister of food industry and purchases (1980), a deputy premier (1980-85), and marshal of the Sejm (1985-89).

Malinsky, Mark (Leontyevich), governor of Kavkaz (1809-11, 1813-20) and Georgia (1811-13).

Mälk

Malkani

Mälk, Raul (b. May 14, 1952, Pärnu, Estonian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Estonia (1998-99). He was deputy head of state-run Eesti Radio when the country regained its independence in 1991. He held several roles at the Foreign Ministry before being named as Estonia's ambassador to Britain in 1996, a post he left to become foreign minister but to which he subsequently returned (until 2001).

Malkani, K(ewal) R(atan) (b. Nov. 19, 1921, Hyderabad, Sind, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Oct. 27, 2003, Pondicherry, India), lieutenant governor of Pondicherry (2002-03).

Malkieli, Michael (b. Oct. 7, 1982, Jerusalem), acting interior minister of Israel (2023- ). He has been minister of religious services (2022- ).

Malkov

Malkov, Pavel (Viktorovich) (b. Jan. 29, 1980, Saratov, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Ryazan oblast (2022- ). He was also head of the Federal State Statistics Service (2018-22).

Malla Call, Ramon (Catalan), Castilian Ramón Malla Call (b. Sept. 4, 1922, La Seu d'Urgell, Spain - d. April 18, 2014, Barcelona, Spain), acting co-prince of Andorra (1969-71), in his capacity as apostolic administrator of Urgel during a vacancy of the see. He was bishop of Lérida (Lleida) in 1968-99.

Mallarino (Ibargüen), Manuel María (b. June 18, 1808, Cali, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Jan. 6, 1872, Bogotá, Colombia), foreign minister (1846-47, 1861) and vice president and acting president (1855-57) of New Granada. He was also chargé d'affaires in Ecuador (1843-44).

G. Mallet

Mallet, Sir (William) George (b. July 24, 1923, Panama - d. Oct. 20, 2010), governor-general of Saint Lucia (1996-97). He was a member of the Castries city council in 1952-64 and served as its chairman (mayor) in 1963-64. He also entered the St. Lucia parliament in a 1958 by-election as the representative of Castries Central and held the seat for 38 years. In 1958-61 he was the only opposition member in the 10-member legislature. In 1964, he and John Compton forged an alliance of two opposition parties that resulted in the creation of the United Workers Party, which has dominated St. Lucian politics. He was a long-serving deputy to Compton, who was chief minister, premier, and then the first prime minister upon independence in 1979. He served as minister of tourism, trade, and industry in 1964-79 and 1982-92 and as minister of foreign affairs, home affairs, trade, and industry in 1992-96 before retiring from parliament. His subsequent appointment as governor-general was criticized by the opposition as compromising the traditional political neutrality of the post, and he resigned in 1997, having been knighted earlier that year.

Mallet, João Nepomuceno de Medeiros (b. May 16, 1840, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 12, 1907, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Mato Grosso (1891) and war minister of Brazil (1898-1902); son-in-law of João Carlos Pardal.

Mallett

Mallett, Robert L. (b. 1957), acting U.S. secretary of commerce (2000).

Mallia, Manuel, byname of Emmanuel Mallia, home affairs and national security minister of Malta (2013-14). He has also been minister of competitiveness and digital, maritime, and services economy (2016-17) and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2021- ).

Malloum (N'Gakoutou Bey-Ndi), Félix (b. Sept. 13, 1932, Sarh, Chad - d. June 12, 2009, Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France), prime minister and head of state (1975-78) and president (1978-79) of Chad. He returned to N'Djamena on May 31, 2002, after 23 years of exile in Nigeria.

Mally

Mally, Komlan (b. Dec. 12, 1960, Adiva, Togo), prime minister of Togo (2007-08). He was also prefect of Wawa (1996-99) and Golfe (2002-06) and minister of city administration and urban planning (2006-07) and health (2008-11).

Malm, Gösta, byname of Carl Oskar Gustaf Malm (b. May 11, 1873, Estuna, Stockholm county, Sweden - d. Jan. 11, 1965, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Norrbotten (1917-28). He was also Swedish minister of commerce (1920-21) and social affairs (1923-24).

Malm, Olof (Bernhard) (b. Jan. 3, 1851, Kviinge, Kristianstad [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. Feb. 18, 1939, Stockholm, Sweden), war minister of Sweden (1907-11).

Malmberg, (Erik Emil) Harald (b. Oct. 26, 1879, Tryserum, Östergötland, Sweden - d. Jan. 2, 1948, Skövde, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), defense minister of Sweden (1928-30).

Malmberg, (Kaarlo) Lauri (Torvald) (b. May 8, 1888, Helsingfors [now Helsinki], Finland - d. March 14, 1948, Helsinki), defense minister of Finland (1924-25). He was also commander-in-chief of the Civil Guard (1921-44).

Malmborg, (Emil) Adolf (b. March 16, 1842, Karlstad, Värmland, Sweden - d. Jan. 2, 1913, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Värmland (1889-1901).

Malme, Arne (b. 1949?), acting governor of Telemark (2004-06, 2018).

Malmerfelt, Olof, original surname Malmer (b. Sept. 28, 1693, Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden - d. Sept. 10, 1771, Västerås, Västmanland, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1765-69) and Västmanland (1769-71). He was ennobled under the name Malmerfelt in 1743.

Malmesbury, James Harris, (1st) Earl of (b. April 21, 1746, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England - d. Nov. 21, 1820, London, England), British diplomat. He was minister to Prussia (1772-76, 1793-94), Russia (1777-83), and the Netherlands (1784-88). He was made Baron Malmesbury in 1788 and raised to the earldom in 1800.

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, (3rd) Earl of (b. March 25, 1807, London, England - d. May 17, 1889, Heron Court, Hampshire, England), British foreign secretary (1852, 1858-59); grandson of James Harris, Earl of Malmesbury. He was also lord privy seal (1866-68, 1874-76). He succeeded to the earldom in 1841.

Malmierca Díaz, Rodrigo (b. Oct. 14, 1956, Havana, Cuba), Cuban politician; son of Isidoro Malmierca Peoli. He has been ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg (2002-05), permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-09), and minister of foreign trade and investment (2009- ).

Malmierca Peoli, Isidoro (Octavio) (b. Sept. 29, 1930, Havana, Cuba - d. Aug. 11, 2001, Havana), foreign minister of Cuba (1976-92). He was involved in socialist groups as a young man even before the triumph (1959) of the revolution led by Fidel Castro. After the revolution, Malmierca helped organize the new regime's security structure, along with its Communist Party and daily newspaper Granma. As foreign minister, he directed international policy during the Caribbean island's deployment of troops in Angola and during a major exodus of Cubans who fled to the United States by sea.

Malmroth, Carl (Anders Gustaf) (b. Nov. 16, 1874, Mellangrevie, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. Nov. 21, 1934), governor of Jönköping (1922-34) and defense minister of Sweden (1923-24).

Malmsten, Carl (Johan) (b. April 9, 1814, Uddetorp, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden - d. Feb. 11, 1886, Uppsala, Sweden), governor of Skaraborg (1866-79). He was also rector of Uppsala University (1855-56).

Malo (Valdivieso), Benigno (b. 1807, Chuquipata, New Granada [now in Ecuador] - d. April 2, 1870), interior and foreign minister of Ecuador (1843-45, 1849-50). He was also minister to Peru (1859, 1866-67) and governor of Azuay (1863-64).

Malofeyev

Malofeyev, Anatoly (Aleksandrovich) (b. May 14, 1933, Gomel, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. Jan. 19, 2022), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1990-91). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Mozyr city (1971-75) and Gomel (1982-85) and Minsk (1985-90) oblasti, chairman of the Executive Committee of Gomel oblast (1978-82), and speaker of the House of Representatives of Belarus (1996-2000).

Malomuzh, Mykola (Hryhorovych) (b. Sept. 23, 1955, Skalevatka [Skalyvatka], Cherkassy [Cherkasy] oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian politician. He was head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine (2005-10), adviser to the president (2010-14), and a minor presidential candidate (2014).

Malossini, Mario (b. April 4, 1947, Riva del Garda, Trento province, Italy), president of Trento (1989-92).

Malou, Jules (b. Oct. 19, 1810, Ypres, France [now Ieper, Belgium] - d. July 11, 1886, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium), finance minister (1845-47, 1871-78, 1884) and cabinet chief (1874-78, 1884) of Belgium. He was also governor of Antwerp (1844-45).

Malouet, Pierre Victor, baron (b. Feb. 11, 1740, Riom, Puy-de-Dôme, France - d. Sept. 7, 1814, Paris, France), marine minister of France (1814).

Malov, Sergey (Ivanovich) (b. February 1904, Rezha, Yaroslavl province, Russia - d. March 18, 1951, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Volga German A.S.S.R. (1939-41). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Ryazan oblast (1948).

Malovrh, Bostjan (b. 1973), Slovenian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Malpartida (Franco), Elías (b. July 20, 1850, Cerro de Pasco, Peru - d. Aug. 10, 1922, Lima, Peru), acting foreign minister (1883 [insurrectionary government of Miguel Iglesias]) and prime minister (1912) of Peru; son-in-law of Mariano Herencia Zevallos. He was also minister of finance and commerce (1883, 1895) and interior and police (1912) and mayor of Lima (1914-15).

Malpass

Malpass, David (Robert) (b. March 8, 1956, Petoskey, Mich.), president of the World Bank (2019- ).

Malraux, André (Georges) (b. Nov. 3, 1901, Paris, France - d. Nov. 23, 1976, Paris), French politician. Also known as a novelist, he was minister of information (1945-46), radio, television, and press (1958), and cultural affairs (1959-69), a minister without portfolio (1958), and a minister of state (1959).

Malsagov, Abubakar (Magometovich) (b. Dec. 3, 1959, Alma-Ata, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Almaty, Kazakhstan]), prime minister of Ingushetia (2013-16).

Akhmed Malsagov

Malsagov, Akhmed (Isayevich) (b. Oct. 26, 1960), prime minister (1999-2002) and interim president (2001-02) of Ingushetia.

Malsagov, Ibragim (Solsayevich) (b. March 29, 1961, Altiyevo, Nazranovsky rayon, Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Ingushetia, Russia]), prime minister of Ingushetia (2005-08).

Malta, Euclides Vieira (b. Sept. 16, 1861, Paulo Afonso [now Mata Grande], Alagoas, Brazil - d. July 16, 1944, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil), governor of Alagoas (1900-03, 1906-09, 1909-12); brother of Joaquim Paulo Vieira Malta; son-in-law of Manoel Gomes Ribeiro.

Malta, Joaquim Paulo Vieira (b. Oct. 20, 1857, Mata Grande, Alagoas, Brazil - d. Sept. 14, 1913, Maceió, Alagoas), governor of Alagoas (1903-05).

Maltseu, Leanid (Syamyonavich) (b. Aug. 29, 1949, Vetenevka, Grodno oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), defense minister of Belarus (1995-96, 2001-09). He was also secretary of the Security Council (2009-13).

Maltsev, Viktor (Fyodorovich) (b. June 22 [June 9, O.S.], 1917, Yekaterinoslav, Russia [now Dnipro, Ukraine] - d. Oct. 1, 2003, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was chairman of the Executive Committee of Irkutsk oblast (1962-64 [industrial], 1965-67) and ambassador to Sweden (1967-71), Finland (1971-73), India (1974-77), and Yugoslavia (1986-88).

Maltzahn(-Gültz), Helmuth (Ludwig Wilhelm) Freiherr von (b. Jan. 6, 1840, Gültz, Prussia [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany] - d. Feb. 11, 1923, Gültz), finance minister of Germany (1888-93) and Oberpräsident of Pommern (1900-11).

Maltzan, (Joachim Karl Ludwig) Mortimer Graf von, Freiherr zu Wartenberg und Penzlin (b. April 15, 1793, Deutsch Lissa, Prussia [now Lesnica, part of Wroclaw, Poland] - d. Aug. 9, 1843, Berlin, Prussia [Germany]), foreign minister of Prussia (1841-42); son-in-law of August Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von der Goltz. He was also chargé d'affaires in France (1822-24) and Hesse-Darmstadt and Baden (1826-30) and minister to the Netherlands and the Hanseatic cities (1830-34) and Austria (1834-41).

Malú

Maluf

Malval

Malú, Jorge (b. April 14, 1962, Bula, Cacheu region, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau]), foreign minister of Guinea-Bissau (2016-18). He has also been president of the National People's Assembly (2000-03) and minister of natural resources and energy (2020- ).

Maluf, Paulo Salim (b. Sept. 3, 1931, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of São Paulo (1979-82). He was also mayor of São Paulo (1969-71, 1993-97) and a Brazilian presidential candidate (1985, 1989).

Malval, Robert (b. July 11, 1943, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), prime minister of Haiti (1993-94).

Malvern (of Rhodesia and of Bexley), Godfrey Martin Huggins, (1st) Viscount (b. July 6, 1883, Bexley, Kent, England - d. May 8, 1971, Salisbury, Rhodesia [now Harare, Zimbabwe]), prime minister of Southern Rhodesia (1933-53) and of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953-56). He was knighted in 1941 and created a viscount in 1955.

Malvestiti, Piero (b. June 26, 1899, Apiro, Macerata province, Italy - d. Nov. 5, 1964, Milan, Italy), Italian politician. He was minister of transport (1951-53) and industry and commerce (1953-54), a vice president of the European Commission and commissioner for the internal market (1958-59), and president of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community (1959-63).

Malviya, Pandit Chatur Narain (b. Oct. 1, 1900 - d. Nov. 30, 1985), prime minister of Bhopal (1948-49).

Malvy, Louis(-Jean Paul Marc) (b. Dec. 1, 1875, Figeac, Lot, France - d. June 10, 1949, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1914, 1914-17, 1926). He was also minister of commerce, industry, posts and telegraphs (1913-14).

Malvy, Pierre (Gabriel) (b. June 5, 1909, Oran, Algeria - d. Jan. 10, 1999, Ajaccio, Corse-du-Sud, France), prefect of French Guiana (1955-57). He was also prefect of the départements of Meuse (1957-59) and Tarn (1959-66) and interior minister of Monaco (1967-73).

Malwal, Akuei Bona (b. Sept. 10, 1959), South Sudanese diplomat. He has been ambassador to Ethiopia and Djibouti (2014-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016- ).

Malyantovich, Pavel (Nikolayevich) (b. 1869 [by other sources 1870], Vitebsk, Russia [now Vitsebsk, Belarus] - d. [executed] Jan. 22, 1940, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), justice minister of Russia (1917).

Malypetr, Jan (b. Dec. 21, 1873, Klobuky, Austria-Hungary [now in Czech Republic] - d. Sept. 27, 1947, Slaný, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), interior minister (1922-25) and prime minister (1932-35) of Czechoslovakia. He was also chairman of the National Assembly (1925-32, 1935-39).

Malyshev, Vyacheslav (Aleksandrovich) (b. Dec. 16 [Dec. 3, O.S.], 1902, Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda province [now Syktyvkar, Komi republic], Russia - d. Feb. 20, 1957, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was people's commissar/minister of heavy machine building (1939-40), medium machine building (1940-41, 1953-55), tank industry (1941-42, 1943-45), transport machine building (1945-47), machine building (1948-49), shipbuilding (1950-52), and transport and heavy machine building (1953), a deputy premier (1947-53, 1953-56), and chairman of the State Committee for New Technologies (1948, 1949, 1955-57).

Malyshkin, Oleg (Aleksandrovich) (b. April 7, 1951, Rostov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He was a minor presidential candidate in 2004.

Malyuska, Denys (Leontiyovych) (b. Nov. 19, 1981, Dunayevtsy [Dunaivtsi], Khmelnitsky [Khmelnytskyi] oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), justice minister of Ukraine (2019- ).

Mama, Chabi (b. July 15, 1921, Parakou, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. May 10, 1996), foreign minister of Dahomey (1959-60, 1963-64). He was also minister of education, youth, and sports (1968-69) and rural development and cooperation (1969-72).

Mamabolo, (Jeremiah Nyamane) Kingsley (b. Aug. 13, 1955, Johannesburg, South Africa), South African diplomat. He was high commissioner to Zimbabwe (1994-99) and Nigeria (2009-13), ambassador to Ethiopia (1999-2002), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-16). In 2017 he was appointed joint special representative and head of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur.

Mamadou, Bamba (b. 1952, Touba département, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire] - d. Jan. 7, 2012), foreign minister of Côte d'Ivoire (2003-06).

Mamadou, Wane Birane (b. 1929), foreign minister of Mauritania (1966-68). He was also minister of development (1966).

Mamaloni, Solomon (Sunaone) (b. Jan. 21, 1943, West Makira, San Cristobal, Solomon Islands - d. Jan. 11, 2000, Honiara, Solomon Islands), chief minister (1974-76) and prime minister (1981-84, 1989-93, 1994-97) of the Solomon Islands. Joining the British colonial administration in 1966, he worked first as an executive officer in the civil service before becoming clerk to the legislative council in 1970, the same year he entered politics, representing West Makira. Leading the newly formed centre-left People's Progress Party (PPP), he became the country's first chief minister in 1974, but was replaced in 1976 by Peter Kenilorea, who led the country to independence in 1978. In 1981, a year after the first post-independence general elections, Mamaloni, now leading the People's Alliance Party (PAP), successfully prosecuted the first motion of no confidence, securing the prime ministership and launching Solomon Islands into the slippery style of politics and administration which destabilized its development ever since. Losing office in 1984, he became leader of the opposition until 1989, when he again became prime minister following general elections. He cultivated the image of a betel-nut-chewing man of the people, but was described as Machiavellian. In 1990 he resigned as PAP leader and formed a "government of national unity." He later led the Group for National Unity and Reconciliation (GNUR). In 1997, a secret briefing paper by Australian officials described him as a "wily" politician who had bought political support in 1994 with the financial help from Malaysian logging companies. "Prime Minister Mamaloni will remain an obstacle to responsible government for as long as he is in power," said the briefing paper, which became public after being left on a table during a South Pacific Forum meeting. Mamaloni was ousted in 1997 after a controversy in which he tried to buy arms from a Singapore supplier.

Mamanguape, Flavio Clementino da Silva Freire, barão de (b. Aug. 21, 1816, Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil - d. Aug. 26, 1900, Paraíba [now João Pessoa], Paraíba), acting president (1853, 1854, 1855, 1861) and president (1876-77) of Paraíba. He was made baron in 1860.

Mamayev, Kh. (R.), chairman of the Executive Committee of the Chechen autonomous oblast (1930-31).

Mamayev, Roman (Mikhailovich) (b. Nov. 15, 1903, Erkansola, Vyatka province [now in Mari El republic], Russia - d. July 31, 1980, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1943-45) and of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1948-51) of the Mari A.S.S.R. He was also chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1938-44).

Mamba, Clifford Sibusiso (b. May 5, 1963, Matsapha, Swaziland [now Eswatini]), Swazi diplomat; son of Sir George Mbikwakhe Mamba. He was ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, and Switzerland (1991-96), ambassador to South Korea and Japan and high commissioner to Singapore and Brunei (1997-99), high commissioner to Malaysia (1999-2000) and Singapore (non-resident, 2007-11), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-05).

Mamba, Sir George Mbikwakhe (b. July 5, 1932 - d. ...), foreign minister of Swaziland (1987-93); knighted 1987. He was also high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1978-87).

Mamberti

Mamberti, Dominique (François Joseph) Cardinal (b. March 7, 1952, Marrakech, Morocco), Vatican foreign minister (2006-14). He was apostolic delegate to Somalia (2002-04) and apostolic nuncio to Sudan (2002-06) and Eritrea (2004-06). In 2015 he was appointed a cardinal.

Mambetov, Bolot (Mambetovich) (b. May 5 [April 22, O.S.], 1907, Koltsovka, Russia [now in Issyk-Kul oblast, Kyrgyzstan] - d. March 2, 1990, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1961-68). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Frunze oblast (1945-51) and minister of water management (1954-61).

Mamboundou, Pierre (b. Nov. 6, 1946, Mouila, Gabon - d. Oct. 15, 2011, Libreville, Gabon), Gabonese presidential candidate (1998, 2005, 2009).

Mamduh (ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud) (b. 1940), Saudi prince; son of Abdul Aziz. He was governor of Tabuk (1986-87).

Mamedbekov, Kerim (Guseynovich) (b. March 27 [March 15, O.S.], 1899, Yersi, Dagestan oblast [now republic], Russia - d. [executed] Sept. 7, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1931-37). He was also people's commissar of interior (1921-23) and finance (1925-28) and first deputy premier (1928-31).

Mamedkhanov, Mamedkhan (Mamedkhan ogly) (b. 1881, Kochakhmedli, Yelizavetpol province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] Jan. 6, 1938, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1920s/30s).

Mamedov, Ali Kara (Yakhya ogly) (b. 1902 - d. ...), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1933-34).

Mamedov, Dzhebrail (Ibragim ogly) (b. 1910, Yaydzhi, Erivan province, Russia [now in Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan] - d. 1976), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1943-52).

Mamedov, Guseyn (Kurban ogly) (b. 1900, Dyrnis, Erivan province, Russia [now in Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan] - d. 1970, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1952-63).

Mamedov, Khurshud (Bayram Kulu ogly) (b. 1906 - d. ...), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1955-61).

Mamedov, Yagub, Azeri in full Yaqub Cavad oglu Mämmädov (b. March 3, 1941), acting president of Azerbaijan (1992).

Mametgeldiyev, Agageldi (b. Sept. 10, 1946, Yalavach village, Ashkhabad oblast, Turkmen S.S.R.), defense minister of Turkmenistan (2003-09). He was also head of the State Border Service (2002-03).

Mamin

Mamin, Askar (Uzakpayevich) (b. Oct. 23, 1965, Tselinograd, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Astana, Kazakhstan]), head of Astana city (2006-08) and prime minister of Kazakhstan (2019-22). He was also minister of transport and communications (2005-06) and first deputy prime minister (2016-19).

Mamkhegov, Mikhail (Shuyevich) (b. July 14, 1936, Terek, Terek oblast [now in Kabardino-Balkariya republic], Russia - d. April 19, 2005), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kabardino-Balkar A.S.S.R. (1988-91). He was also deputy premier (1977-84).

Mammadov

Mammadov, Novruz (Ismayil oglu), Azeri Novruz (Ismayil oglu) Mämmädov (b. March 15, 1947, Shikhmakhmud village, Nakhichevan A.S.S.R., Azerbaijan S.S.R.), prime minister of Azerbaijan (2018-19).

Mammadyarov, Elmar (Maharram oglu), Azeri Elmar (Mähärräm oglu) Mämmädyarov (b. July 2, 1960, Baku, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), foreign minister of Azerbaijan (2004-20). He was also ambassador to Italy (2003-04).

Mammedova, Gulshat (Sakhiyevna), Turkmen Gülsat (Sahyýewna) Mämmedowa (b. Oct. 23, 1964, Ashkhabad, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2016-17). She has also been also minister of education (2009-15) and chairwoman of the Mejlis (2018- ).

Mammedova, Myakhrijemal (Mekandurdiyevna), Turkmen Mährijemal (Mekandurdyýewna) Mämmedowa (b. 1973, Sayat, Chardzhou oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Lebap velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2020- ).

Mamo

'MaMohato

Mamo, Sir Anthony (Joseph) (b. Jan. 9, 1909, Birkirkara, Malta - d. May 1, 2008, Mosta, Malta), acting governor (1962), governor-general (1971-74), and president (1974-76) of Malta; knighted 1960.

'MaMohato, Queen, originally Princess Tabita 'Masentle Lerotholi Mojela (b. April 28, 1941, Tebang, Mafeteng district, Basutoland [now Lesotho] - d. Sept. 6, 2003, Mantsonyane, Thaba-Tseka district, Lesotho), regent of Lesotho (1970, 1990, 1996). She married Paramount Chief (later King) Moshoeshoe II on Aug. 23, 1962.

Mamoré, Ambrósio Leitão da Cunha, barão de (b. Aug. 21, 1825, Belém, Pará, Brazil - d. Dec. 5, 1898, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Pará (acting, 1858), Paraíba (1859-60), Pernambuco (1860-61), Maranhão (1863-65, 1868-69), and Bahia (1866-67) and interior minister of Brazil (1885-87). He was made baron in 1883.

Mamsurov, Sakhandzheri (Gidzoyevich) (b. Jan. 7, 1882, Olginsky, Terek oblast [now in North Ossetia-Alania republic], Russia - d. [executed] Dec. 28, 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Mountain A.S.S.R. (1922-24) and chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of North Ossetian autonomous oblast (1924-25).

Mamsurov

Mamsurov, Taimuraz (Dzambekovich) (b. April 13, 1954, Beslan, North Ossetian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now North Ossetia-Alania, Russia]), prime minister (1998-2000) and head of the republic (2005-15) of North Ossetia-Alania.

Mamuladze, David (Mikhailovich) (b. Dec. 19, 1910, Tkhilvana, Batum oblast, Russia [now in Ajaria, Georgia] - d. 1981), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1953-54) and first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1954-61) of the Adzhar A.S.S.R. He was also minister of food reserves of the Georgian S.S.R. (1961-62).

Mamulia, Samson (Andreyevich), also spelled Mamuliya (b. 1892, Potskho, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. [executed] Nov. 14, 1937, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Adzharistan (1929-30) and first secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian S.S.R. (1930-31). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Tiflis city (1931).

Mamyneau, Louis Alexandre (b. Aug. 29, 1779, Brest, France - d. 18...), commandant and administrator of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1839-42).

Mamytov

Mamytov, Talant (Turdumamatovich) (b. March 14, 1976, Mayli-Say, Osh oblast, Kirgiz S.S.R. [now Mayluu-Suu, Jalal-Abad oblast, Kyrgyzstan]), acting president of Kyrgyzstan (2020-21). He has been speaker of parliament (2020- ).