Index Sc-Sf

Scalfaro

Scalfaro, Oscar Luigi (b. Sept. 9, 1918, Novara, Italy - d. Jan. 29, 2012, Rome, Italy), president of Italy (1992-99). He was also minister of transport and civil aviation (1966-68, 1972), education (1972-73), and interior (1983-87) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1992).

Scali, John A(lfred) (b. April 27, 1918, Canton, Ohio - d. Oct. 9, 1995, Washington, D.C.), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1973-75).

Scanlan, Michael (D.) (b. 1961), international supervisor of Brcko (2019- ). He was also U.S. chargé d'affaires in Belarus (2009-13).

Scappini Ricciardi, Marcelo (Eliseo) (b. Jan. 26, 1966, Asunción, Paraguay), Paraguayan diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Argentina (2011-12) and at the United Nations (2016-17).

Scarascia-Mugnozza, Carlo (b. Jan. 19, 1920, Rome, Italy - d. May 13, 2004, Rome), Italian politician. He was European commissioner for agriculture (1972-73) and parliamentary affairs, environment, transport, and information (1973-77) and a vice president of the Commission (1972-77).

Scarce

Scarce, Kevin (John) (b. May 4, 1952, Adelaide, South Australia), governor of South Australia (2007-14).

Scargill

Scargill, Arthur (b. Jan. 11, 1938, Worsbrough Dale, Yorkshire, England), British labour leader. He became a miner at the age of 15 in 1953. He was recruited by the Communist Party's youth movement but at the end of the 1950s left and joined the Labour Party. He had been active in local unofficial disputes in the Yorkshire coalfield in 1969-70 and experimented with the flying pickets that were shortly to become famous. When the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) called an official strike in 1972, he pressed for his tactics to be employed nationally against ports, power stations, and depots. NUM headquarters in London asked him to lead a picket of 200 miners against the Saltley Coke Depot in Birmingham. By the fifth day Scargill had mustered a force of 10,000. The police withdrew, and he proclaimed "the greatest victory of the working class in my lifetime." That year he worked his last shift at the colliery, and in 1973 he became the youngest person ever to be president of the Yorkshire miners. His organizational skills and presentational flair made him an effective champion. "We want jam today and jam tomorrow" was a typical Scargillism, indicating his attitude that nothing was too good for the miner. His reputation ensured his succession to the national presidency of the NUM when Joe Gormley stepped down in 1982. He moved the NUM headquarters from London to Sheffield and, impatient with the Trades Union Congress, withdrew from its General Council. In 1984 he succeeded in launching a national work stoppage, although it was not observed in the Nottinghamshire coalfield and in some other localities. But this time the forces of the state were better prepared, and after a year the miners gave up. In 1996 he left the Labour Party and formed the Socialist Labour Party.

E. Scavenius

Scavenius, Erik (Julius Christian) (b. June 13, 1877, Klintholm, Denmark - d. Nov. 29, 1962, Copenhagen, Denmark), foreign minister (1909-10, 1913-20, 1940-45) and prime minister (1942-45) of Denmark; cousin of Harald Scavenius. He was also minister to Austria-Hungary and Italy (1912-13) and Sweden (1924-32).

Scavenius, Harald (Roger) (b. May 27, 1873, Gjorslev, Denmark - d. April 22, 1939, The Hague, Netherlands), foreign minister of Denmark (1920-22). He was also minister to Russia (1912-18), Italy (1923-28), and the Netherlands and Switzerland (1928-39).

Scavenius, Otto Christian (Jacob Jørgen Brønnum) (b. Dec. 10, 1875, Basnæs, Denmark - d. Sept. 10, 1945, Copenhagen, Denmark), foreign minister of Denmark (1920). He was also minister to Russia (1909-12) and Sweden (1912-19).

Sceberras Trigona (dei Baroni di Castel Cicciano), Alex(ander), Baron di Montagna di Marzo (b. March 3, 1950, Sliema, Malta), foreign minister of Malta (1981-87).

Scelba

Scelba, Mario (b. Sept. 5, 1901, Caltagirone, Sicily, Italy - d. Oct. 29, 1991, Rome, Italy), prime minister of Italy (1954-55). He became secretary and assistant to the Rev. Luigi Sturzo, founder of the Italian Popular Party. The party was outlawed while the Fascists were in power, and Scelba worked underground, helping to found the newspaper of what became the Christian Democratic Party. After the war he was elected to the Constituent Assembly (1946) and was also minister of posts and telecommunications (1945-47) before becoming interior minister (1947-53, 1954-55). In the latter post he was known for his firm opposition to Communism. Faced with threats to the public order from extremists of both the left and the right, he reorganized the police, adding manpower and equipment. The force's greatest test came in 1950 during a nationwide general strike when he authorized a strong suppression of demonstrations. In the ensuing street clashes, hundreds were wounded and thousands arrested. In 1952 he drafted a law defining and banning Fascism, known as the Scelba Law. As prime minister he maintained a centre-right coalition. He aided in the resolution of outstanding wartime issues and, in what he regarded as his finest hour, negotiations with Yugoslavia led to the return of Trieste to Italian control. He served again (1960-62) as interior minister, but his opposition to the inclusion of Socialists in coalitions led to his exclusion from succeeding governments. Scelba was elected to the Chamber of Deputies (1963) and then the Senate (1968), where he served until his retirement from active politics in 1983. In 1966 he was leader of the Christian Democrats, and from 1969 to 1971 he was president of the European Parliament.

Scepanovic, Milorad (b. 1956, Kolasin, Montenegro), Montenegrin diplomat. He has been non-resident ambassador to Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia (2007-10) and South Africa (2016-19), permanent representative to the United Nations (2010-15), and ambassador to Russia (2020- ).

Schaar, Axel friherre von (b. Dec. 15, 1641, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 18, 1702, Gävle, Gävleborg, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1699-1702). He was made friherre (baron) in 1699.

Schacht, (Horace Greeley) Hjalmar (b. Jan. 22, 1877, Tingleff, Germany [now Tinglev, Denmark] - d. June 3, 1970, Munich, West Germany), German politician. He was president of the Reichsbank (1923-30, 1933-39) and economy minister (1934-37).

Schacht Aristeguieta, Efraín (b. Aug. 12, 1921, Caracas, Venezuela - d. Feb. 6, 2007), foreign minister of Venezuela (1974-75).

Schaefer

Schaefer, William D(onald) (b. Nov. 2, 1921, Baltimore, Md. - d. April 18, 2011, Catonsville, Md.), mayor of Baltimore (1971-87) and governor of Maryland (1987-95).

Schafer

Schafer, Edward T(homas) (b. Aug. 8, 1946, Bismarck, N.D.), governor of North Dakota (1992-2000). A Republican, he ran for Congress in 1990 and won 35% against Byron Dorgan; he was not the favourite in 1992 when popular governor George Sinner retired and Democrats had a primary fight between Attorney General Nick Spaeth and state Senate leader Bill Heigaard. Heigaard, pro-choice, won the party convention; Spaeth, anti-abortion and for state investment in economic development, won the June primary 65%-35%. Economic development was a major issue. Spaeth favoured the state government's "Growing North Dakota" plan, which he accused Schafer of taking advantage of its loans and tax breaks for his own business. Schafer favoured more local and private sector involvement. Schafer won by a solid 58%-41%, carrying all the major towns and all but seven counties, winning over 60% with voters under 60, while Spaeth got 55% from those 60 and over. After two years in office, Schafer pursued policies of lowering taxes and "rightsizing" government. He claimed credit for the 15,000 new jobs created in North Dakota and for the fact that census estimates showed it gained population for the first year in more than a decade. Republicans gained smartly in 1994 state elections, winning control of the state senate. Schafer was popular, and he was reelected in 1996 with 66% of the vote, beating Democratic state representative Lee Kaldor. In 2008-09 he was U.S. agriculture secretary.

Schäffer, Fritz (b. May 12, 1888, Munich, Germany - d. March 29, 1967, Berchtesgaden, Germany), minister-president of Bayern (1945) and finance minister (1949-57) and justice minister (1957-61) of West Germany.

Schaffner

Schaffner, Hans (b. Dec. 16, 1908, Interlaken, Bern, Switzerland - d. Nov. 26, 2004), economy minister (1961-69) and president (1966) of Switzerland.

Schaik, Josef van, byname of Josephus Robertus Hendricus van Schaik (b. Jan. 31, 1882, Breda, Netherlands - d. March 23, 1962, The Hague, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the Second Chamber (1929-33, 1937-48), justice minister (1933-37), deputy prime minister and minister without portfolio (1948-51), and acting interior minister (1949).

Schaik, Robert Jan van (b. May 4, 1927, Ede, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. Dec. 15, 2016), Dutch diplomat. He was ambassador to Kenya and Uganda (1978-80), permanent representative to the United Nations (1989-92), and UN secretary-general's special envoy for humanitarian affairs for The Sudan (1997-98).

A. Schallenberg

Schaller

Schallenberg, Alexander (b. June 20, 1969, Bern, Switzerland), foreign minister (2019-21, 2021- ) and chancellor (2021) of Austria; son of Wolfgang Schallenberg.

Schallenberg, Wolfgang (b. June 3, 1930, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Feb. 8, 2023), Austrian diplomat; grandson of Walter Koch. He was ambassador to India (1974-78), Spain (1979-82), and France (1988-92).

Schaller, Gérald (b. July 9, 1954), president of the government of Jura (1998, 2003).

Schanzer, Carlo (b. Dec. 18, 1865, Vienna, Austria - d. Oct. 23, 1953, Rome, Italy), treasury minister (1919-20, 1920), finance minister (1920), and foreign minister (1922) of Italy. He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1906-09).

Schaper, Herman(us Albertus) (b. March 24, 1949, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Nov. 30, 2021, The Hague), Dutch diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2009-13).

Schärf

Schärf, Adolf (b. April 20, 1890, Mikulov [Nikolsburg], Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. Feb. 28, 1965, Vienna, Austria), president of Austria (1957-65). In 1933-34 he was a member of the Federal Council (upper house of parliament) and belonged to the federal executive of the Socialist Party (SPÖ). When Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss abolished parliament in 1934, Schärf was arrested and sent to the Wöllersdorf concentration camp for nine months. After his release he was active in the continuation of the underground Socialist movement and became the leader of the revolutionary branch which in 1934 resolved that "the working class must overthrow the fascist dictatorship and hold fast to power by means of a revolutionary dictatorship." After the Anschluss with Nazi Germany in 1938, he was arrested twice more and spent many months in prison. During World War II he had contact with German resistance circles. After the liberation of Austria in 1945, he became chairman of the SPÖ (1945-57), vice chancellor (1945-57), and justice minister (1954-55). He was instrumental in the conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty in 1955, which made Austria sovereign after ten years of Allied occupation. After the death of Pres. Theodor Körner, Schärf as SPÖ nominee was elected president with 51% of the vote against 49% for Wolfgang Denk, the candidate of the People's Party and Freedom Party. Reelected in 1963 with 55% of the vote (against 41% for Julius Raab), he died in office himself.

Scharling, Hans William (b. Sept. 22, 1837, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. April 29, 1911, Frederiksberg, Denmark), finance minister of Denmark (1900-01). He was also rector of Copenhagen University (1887-88).

Scharping

Scharping, Rudolf (Albert) (b. Dec. 2, 1947, Niederelbert, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany), German politician. He became chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1993. As its chancellor candidate in the 1994 general election, he was defeated by Helmut Kohl. Handed the consolation job of SPD parliamentary leader, he made the most of the Bundestag lower house of parliament as a platform for often scathing attacks on Kohl's failure to fight unemployment. Scharping looked to be out of front-line politics in 1995 when the party replaced him as chairman, carrying the can for a further slide in party fortunes after his lacklustre campaign. But, in a remarkable turnaround, the 1998 SPD chancellor candidate Gerhard Schröder - a prime mover behind Scharping's sacking - tapped the former leader as his campaign spokesman on foreign or security affairs. After Schröder's victory, Scharping became defense minister. In the summer of 2001 he came under fire for magazine photos that showed him and his girlfriend splashing in a pool on the Spanish resort island of Mallorca just as German troops prepared to head to Macedonia. Then came revelations he used an air force plane to return overnight to Mallorca at taxpayers' expense between two official engagements. The scandal was forgotten after the September 11 attacks in the United States. In 2002, the opposition tried to unseat Scharping over allegations he broke budget laws concerning the purchase of A400M Airbus military transports. Schröder finally fired him in July 2002 following reports he took $72,000 in royalties from a public relations adviser. In 2005 he became president of the Federation of German Cyclists.

Schäuble

Schäuble, Wolfgang (b. Sept. 18, 1942, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany), German politician. He joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in 1965 and was first elected to the Bundestag in 1972. From 1984 to 1989 he was minister for special tasks, and from 1989 to 1991 interior minister. He was dubbed "the architect of German unity" for negotiating the treaty with East Germany which led to unification in 1990. It was at the hour of his greatest political triumph that Schäuble was shot in the back by a deranged man at a 1990 election campaign meeting. Paralyzed from the waist down, he was confined to a wheelchair. He staged a remarkable political comeback, attending a cabinet meeting less than two months after the shooting. Schäuble survived as an influential figure by never openly challenging Chancellor Helmut Kohl. Kohl surprised even Schäuble, his parliamentary chief, by naming him in 1997 as his chosen successor. Schäuble's political style was fundamentally different from Kohl's, but both men shared the same basic political convictions. When Kohl, after losing the 1998 election, resigned as chairman of the CDU, Schäuble succeeded him. But in the course of a party finance scandal, which he pledged to clear up, he was caught in a web of contradictions that ruined his credibility, and he resigned in 2000. When the CDU returned to power, he became again interior minister (2005-09), then finance minister (2009-17), in which role he became the face of austerity demanded especially from Greece in its debt crisis. He became the longest-serving member in the history of the Bundestag in 2014, and in that of any German national parliament in 2017. In 2017-21 he was president of the Bundestag.

Schaus, Émile, German Emil Schaus (b. Feb. 12, 1903, Reimberg, Luxembourg - d. July 19, 1994, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He was minister of education, agriculture, viticulture, population, and family (1959-64).

Schaus, Eugène (b. May 12, 1901, Gonderange, Luxembourg - d. March 29, 1978, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), interior minister (1945-51, 1969-74), foreign minister (1959-64), and defense minister (1959-64, 1969-74) of Luxembourg. He was also minister of justice (1947-51, 1969-74) and deputy prime minister (1959-64, 1969-74).

Schaus, Lambert (b. Jan. 18, 1908, Luxembourg, Luxembourg - d. Aug. 10, 1976, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), defense minister of Luxembourg (1947-48). He was also minister of food, economic affairs, and industry (1947-48), minister (1955-58) and ambassador (1968-73) to Belgium, and EEC commissioner for transport (1958-67).

Schausberger

Schausberger, Franz (b. Feb. 5, 1950, Steyr, Oberösterreich, Austria), premier of Salzburg (1996-2004).

Scheel, Herman (Carsten Johannes) (b. Jan. 19, 1859, Hamar, Norway - d. Sept. 29, 1956), justice minister of Norway (1910-12). He was also chief justice of the Supreme Court (1920-29).

W. Scheel

Scheel, Walter (b. July 8, 1919, Höhscheid [now part of Solingen, Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Aug. 24, 2016, Bad Krozingen, near Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany), president of West Germany (1974-79). He joined the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in 1946. He was elected to the city council of Solingen in 1948, to the Landtag of Nordrhein-Westfalen in 1950, and in 1953 to the German Bundestag, of which he was vice president in 1967-69. He also was a member of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (1955-57) and of the European Parliamentary Assembly (1958-61). He was named to Konrad Adenauer's coalition cabinet as minister for economic cooperation in 1961. He retained that position until 1966, when the Free Democrats left the cabinet. He became his party's chairman in 1968, and the next year he helped to form a coalition between the FDP and the Social Democratic Party and returned to the cabinet as foreign minister and vice-chancellor to Willy Brandt. He helped prepare and implement Brandt's policy of Ostpolitik, improving relations with East Germany and the Soviet Union. He was also known for recording a version of the famous folk song "Hoch auf dem gelben Wagen" in 1973, which rose to number five on the German charts. When Brandt resigned in May 1974 Scheel was briefly acting chancellor. During this time, on May 15, he was elected president, taking office July 1. His government and party posts were taken over by Hans-Dietrich Genscher. As president he remained largely true to conventions, emphasizing representation and the dignity of the office. He served only one term as the Christian Democratic majority in the Federal Assembly was not conducive to his reelection in 1979. In 1980-85 he served as chairman of the German Council of the European Movement and as chairman of the Bilderberg Conference.

Scheer, Andrew (James Bernard) (b. May 20, 1979, Ottawa, Ont.), Canadian politician. He was speaker of the House of Representatives (2011-15) and leader of the Conservative Party (2017-20).

Scheffer, Carl Fredrik greve (b. April 28, 1715, Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden - d. Aug. 27, 1786, Torrlösa socken, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden), Swedish diplomat; son of Peter friherre Scheffer. He was minister to France (1744-52). He was raised from friherre (baron) to greve (count) in 1766.

Scheffer, Peter friherre (b. July 11, 1657, Uppsala, Sweden - d. Feb. 19, 1731, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Södermanland (1714-16) and Skaraborg (1716-23). He was made friherre (baron) in 1719.

Scheffer, Ulrik greve (b. Aug. 5, 1716, Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden - d. March 4, 1799, Ek socken, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), chancellery president of Sweden (1771-72 [acting], 1772-83); son of Peter friherre Scheffer; brother of Carl Fredrik greve Scheffer. He was also minister (1752-61) and ambassador (1761-65) to France. He was raised from friherre (baron) to greve (count) in 1771.

Schei, Nikolai (Andreas) (b. May 9, 1901, Førde, Nordre Bergenhus amt [now in Vestland fylke], Norway - d. May 25, 1985, Førde), governor of Sogn og Fjordane (1945-71).

Scheidemann

Scheidemann, Philipp (Heinrich) (b. July 26, 1865, Kassel, Hesse-Kassel [Germany] - d. Nov. 29, 1939, Copenhagen, Denmark), prime minister of Germany (1919). Involved in Social Democratic politics from his youth, he became a member of the Reichstag in 1903 and joined the majority of his party in supporting Germany's participation in World War I. Toward the war's end, he advocated a "peace without annexations or indemnities." In October 1918 he was appointed minister without portfolio in the last imperial cabinet. The Social Democrats planned to support a constitutional monarchy in Germany, but on the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II, and in the face of leftist uprisings, Scheidemann, without party or government authorization, proclaimed the republic from the balcony of the Reichstag on Nov. 9, 1918. From November 1918 to February 1919 he served on the six-member Council of People's Commissioners, as minister of finance and (from December) colonies. He then became the first prime minister of the Weimar Republic, but in June 1919 he resigned rather than give his assent to the Versailles Treaty. He sat in the Reichstag again from 1920, maintaining an outspoken opposition to all government attempts at accommodation with reactionary forces. He was also mayor of Kassel in 1920-25. In 1922 he escaped unhurt an attempt to assassinate him. At the beginning of the National Socialist period (1933) he emigrated from Germany, moving to Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, France, the U.S., and finally to Denmark.

Schelin Seidegård, Cecilia (Iréne) (b. May 18, 1954, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Gotland (2010-18) and acting governor of Kalmar (2019-20).

Schelling, (Ludwig) Hermann von (b. April 19, 1824, Erlangen, Bavaria [Germany] - d. Nov. 15, 1908, Berlin, Germany), justice minister of Germany (1879-89). He was a son of the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. He acquired the "von" in 1857.

Scheltema, Hugo (b. June 11, 1918, Haarlem, Netherlands - d. Sept. 1, 1996), Dutch diplomat. He was ambassador to Iraq (1966-68), Indonesia (1968-73), and Belgium (1976-77) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1978-83).

Schenbom, Erik Adolf af (b. Nov. 17, 1757, Norrköping, Sweden - d. Aug. 19, 1811, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Stockholm (1808-10). He was ennobled (adding "af") in 1801.

Schenk, Juraj (b. May 6, 1948, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), foreign minister of Slovakia (1994-96).

Schenk, Karl (Johann Emanuel) (b. Dec. 1, 1823, Bern, Switzerland - d. [traffic accident] July 18, 1895, Bern), president of Switzerland (1865, 1871, 1874, 1878, 1885, 1893). He was also president of the Council of State of Bern (1858-59, 1860-61, 1862-63), president of the Council of States (1863), minister of interior (1864, 1866-70, 1872-73, 1879-84, 1886-95), finance (1872), and railways and trade (1875-77), and president of the Swiss Red Cross (1873-82).

Schenker, Friedrich (b. Feb. 28, 1810, Boningen, Solothurn, Switzerland - d. April 13, 1873, Solothurn, Switzerland), Landammann of Solothurn (1868).

Scherer, Anton (b. Nov. 3, 1925, Cham, Zug, Switzerland - d. May 29, 2021), Landammann of Zug (1981-82, 1987-88).

Scherer, Johann Jakob (b. Nov. 10, 1825, Schönenberg, Zürich, Switzerland - d. Dec. 23, 1878, Bern, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1875). He was also president of the government of Zürich (1869-70) and minister of finance (1872-73), railways and trade (1873-74), and military (1876-78).

Scherf, Henning, byname of Hans Heinrich Scherf (b. Oct. 31, 1938, Bremen, Germany), mayor of Bremen (1995-2005).

Scherrer

Scherrer(-Baumann), Alice, née Baumann (b. Jan. 12, 1947), Landammann of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (2003-06).

Schetyna

Schetyna, Grzegorz (Juliusz) (b. Feb. 18, 1963, Opole, Poland), deputy prime minister and interior minister (2007-09), marshal of the Sejm (2010-11), acting president (2010), and foreign minister (2014-15) of Poland. He was also chairman of the Civic Platform (2016-20).

Scheurer, Alfred (b. May 5, 1840, Erlach, Bern, Switzerland - d. May 2, 1921, Gampelen, Bern), president of the government of Bern (1879-80, 1883-84, 1890-91).

Scheurer, Karl (Alfred) (b. Sept. 27, 1872, Sumiswald, Bern, Switzerland - d. Nov. 14, 1929, Bern, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1923); son of Alfred Scheurer. He was also president of the government of Bern (1913-14) and military minister (1920-29).

Schiaretti (Álamo), Juan (b. June 19, 1949, Talleres barrio, Córdoba, Argentina), federal interventor in Santiago del Estero (1993-95) and governor of Córdoba (2007-11, 2015- ).

Schiavoni (Perié), Humberto (Luis Arturo) (b. 1958, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina), cabinet chief of Argentina (2001).

Schick Gutiérrez, René (b. Nov. 23, 1909, León, Nicaragua - d. Aug. 3, 1966, Managua, Nicaragua), foreign minister (1961-62) and president (1963-66) of Nicaragua. He was also ambassador to Venezuela (1952-55) and minister of education (1957-61).

Schiele, Martin (b. Jan. 17, 1870, Gross Schwarzlosen, Prussia [now part of Tangerhütte, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany] - d. Feb. 16, 1939, Suckow, Mecklenburg [now part of Ruhner Berge, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern], Germany), interior minister of Germany (1925). He was also minister of food and agriculture (1927-28, 1930-32).

Schifani

Schifani, Renato (Giuseppe) (b. May 11, 1950, Palermo, Italy), president of Sicilia (2022- ). He was also president of the Senate of Italy (2008-13).

Schiffer, Eugen (b. Feb. 14, 1860, Breslau, Prussia [now Wroclaw, Poland] - d. Sept. 5, 1954, Berlin), vice chancellor (1919, 1919-20), finance minister (1919), and justice minister (1919-20, 1921) of Germany.

Schild

Schild, Jörg (b. March 31, 1946), president of the government of Basel-Stadt (1995-97, 2004-05).

Schiller, Karl (b. April 24, 1911, Breslau, Germany [now Wroclaw, Poland] - d. Dec. 26, 1994, Hamburg, Germany), economy minister (1966-72) and finance minister (1971-72) of West Germany.

Schillerová, Alena (b. March 18, 1964, Brno, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), finance minister (2017-21) and a deputy prime minister (2019-21) of the Czech Republic.

Schilthuis, Tineke, byname of Albertine Petronella Schilthuis (b. June 29, 1921, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Nov. 26, 2013, Zeist, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Drenthe (1974-82). She was the first female head of a provincial administration in the Netherlands.

Schily

Schily, Otto (Georg) (b. July 20, 1932, Bochum, Germany), German politician. He was best known in Germany for defending Red Army Faction guerrillas as a lawyer in the 1970s and spent many years defending himself against accusations that he sympathized with the guerrillas he defended and that he actively supported them. He joined the Greens as soon as they were formed in 1980. As a high-profile member of the party's pragmatic wing, he fought a series of bitter battles with hardline leftists and ecologists. He switched to the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1989, serving first as a backbencher. He became a deputy leader of the party's parliamentary group in 1994, with responsibility for coordinating interior and legal policy. In 1997 Schily negotiated a compromise deal between the Social Democrats and conservatives in parliament which gave police more powers to wiretap suspected criminals. He was interior minister in the SPD-Green government of 1998-2005.

Schimmelmann, Ernst Heinrich greve af (b. Dec. 4, 1747, Dresden, Saxony [Germany] - d. Feb. 9, 1831, Copenhagen, Denmark), finance minister (1784-1813), minister of state (1818-24), and foreign minister (1824-31) of Denmark.

Schimmelpenninck, Francis David graaf (b. April 20, 1854, Amsterdam, Netherlands - d. Jan. 3, 1924, Baarn, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1905-14). He was also mayor of Amersfoort (1891-99).

Schimmelpenninck, Gerrit graaf (b. Feb. 25, 1794, Amsterdam, Netherlands - d. Oct. 4, 1863, Arnhem, Netherlands), foreign and finance minister of the Netherlands (1848). He was also secretary of state (1835-36) and minister to Russia (1837-40) and the United Kingdom (1846-48, 1848-51).

Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan, heer van Nyenhuis, Peckedam en Gellicum (b. 1761 - d. 1825), president of the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic (1796, 1797) and pensionary of the council of the Batavian Commonwealth (1805-06).

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (van de Poll en Nijenbeek), Alex(ander) baron (b. Sept. 30, 1839, Voorst, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. June 19, 1918, The Hague, Netherlands), king's/queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1888-1905); son of Willem Anne baron Schimmelpenninck van der Oye.

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (van Hoevelaken), Jan Elias Nicolaas (b. Aug. 12, 1836, Brummen, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. April 11, 1914, The Hague, Netherlands), chairman of the First Chamber of the Netherlands (1902-14).

Schimmelpenninck van der Oye (van de Poll), Willem Anne baron (b. Jan. 6, 1800, Doesburg, Netherlands - d. Dec. 12, 1872, Voorst, Gelderland, Netherlands), interior minister (1841-46) and acting foreign minister (1843) of the Netherlands and governor (1847-50) and king's commissioner (1850-53) of Gelderland. He was also chairman of the Second Chamber (1858).

Schimpf, Charles Pierre (b. Feb. 13, 1813, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais, France - d. Dec. 31, 1886, The Hague, Netherlands), governor-general of Dutch Guiana (1855-59).

Schinas, Margaritis (b. July 28, 1962, Thessaloniki, Greece), Greek politician. He has been a vice president of the European Commission, responsible for Promoting our European Way of Life (2019- ).

Schiotz, Fredrik A(xel) (b. June 15, 1901, Chicago, Ill. - d. Feb. 25, 1989, Bloomington, Minn.), president of the American Lutheran Church (1960-70) and of the Lutheran World Federation (1963-70).

Schipanski

Schipanski, Dagmar (Elisabeth), née Eichhorn (b. Sept. 3, 1943, Sättelstädt, near Eisenach, Germany - d. Sept. 7, 2022), German politician. The little known eastern German physics professor was plucked from the ranks of obscurity by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in January 1999 to run (unsuccessfully) against the popular Johannes Rau for president of Germany. Schipanski, who was not even a member of the CDU, ran for an office that had only been occupied by men. If elected, she would also have been the first head of state from the formerly Communist eastern Germany. Later in 1999 she became science minister in Thüringen (until 2004). In 2000 she joined the CDU.

Schirach

Schirach, Baldur (Benedikt) von (b. May 9, 1907, Berlin, Germany - d. Aug. 8, 1974, Kröv, West Germany), German politician. He said Henry Ford's book The International Jew converted him to anti-Semitism when he was 17 years old. He then joined the Nazi Party (1925) and became a part of Adolf Hitler's inner circle. He was elected to the Reichstag in 1932. In June 1933 he was appointed a Reichsleiter (the highest party rank after the Führer) and was made national youth leader (Reichsjugendführer), directing all Nazi youth organizations, including the Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend). His enthusiasm was extremely infectious, and to countless German children and adolescents he became the embodiment of their ideals. In October 1939 it was announced that he, the pattern of German manhood, had been rejected for army service by a medical board. In January 1940, conscious possibly of loss of prestige, he was said to have enlisted as a volunteer. In August, however, he was relieved of his position as leader of the Hitler Youth and appointed Gauleiter (party district leader) and Reichsstatthalter (governor) of Vienna, where he helped organize the deportation of Jews to extermination camps in the east. Arrested by the Allies in 1945, he was indicted (August 29) by the International Military Tribunal to stand trial as one of the major Nazi war criminals. During the trials, he professed a change of heart and launched into a tirade against Hitler. He admitted (May 23, 1946) that Hitler had given him the Vienna post for the express purpose of driving the Jews and Czechoslovaks out of the city. He was found guilty of crimes against humanity and was sentenced (Oct. 1, 1946) to 20 years' imprisonment. He served the full sentence, being released from Spandau fortress in 1966.

Schirdewan, Karl (b. May 14, 1907, Stettin, Germany [now Szczecin, Poland] - d. July 14, 1998, Potsdam, Germany), first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Sachsen state (1952) and Leipzig district (1952).

Schirdewan, Martin (b. July 12, 1975, East Berlin), German politician; grandson of Karl Schirdewan. He has been co-chairman of the Left (2022- ).

Schirnding, Kurt Robert Samuel von (b. Aug. 11, 1930, Vienna, Austria - d. Nov. 30, 2010, Cape Town, South Africa), South African diplomat. He was ambassador to Austria (1973-77) and West Germany (1977-80) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-86).

Schjøtt, Peter Olrog (b. July 29, 1833, Dypvåg, Nedenes amt [now part of Tvedestrand, Agder fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 7, 1926, Oslo, Norway), interior minister (1888) and finance minister (1889) of Norway. He was also minister of auditing (1889).

Schjøtt-Pedersen, Karl Eirik (b. Oct. 3, 1959, Vardø, Finnmark [now in Troms og Finnmark], Norway), finance minister of Norway (2000-01). He was also minister of fisheries (1996-97) and minister at the prime minister's office (2009-13).

Schläppy, Rémy (b. Feb. 20, 1917 - d. July 9, 2003, Crostand village, Neuchâtel, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Neuchâtel (1969-70, 1975-76, 1979-80).

Schlaug

Schlaug, (Axel) Birger (b. Jan. 29, 1949, Stockholm, Sweden), Swedish politician. He was co-speaker of the Green Party in 1985-88 and 1992-2000 and a member of parliament in 1988-89 and again in 1994-2001.

Schlebusch, Alwyn (Louis) (b. Sept. 16, 1917, Lady Grey, South Africa - d. Jan. 7, 2008, Pretoria, South Africa), South African politician. He served as mayor of Henneman, Orange Free State, in the 1940s, and as MP for Kroonstad from 1962 to 1980. In 1972, he was appointed to head the notorious Schlebusch Commission of Inquiry, which resulted in legislation that allowed the authorities to declare civil society organizations "affected." This meant they could not receive foreign funding, and allowed the state to seize money they already had. Among the organizations declared affected as a direct result of Schlebusch's recommendations were the National Union of South African Students and the Christian Institute, while the commission also attacked the South African Institute of Race Relations. He became speaker of the National Assembly (1974-76) and minister of public works (1976-78), immigration (1976-79), interior (1978-80), and justice (1979-80). In 1980, he recommended abandoning the Westminster system and converting the Senate into a president's council, made up of nominated whites, Coloureds, and Indians, as a think tank for ideas on a new constitutional dispensation. The council, established under his leadership, was a first step towards the tricameral parliamentary system - a doomed attempt to co-opt Coloureds and Indians into the system while excluding blacks. Along with the leadership of the council, Schlebusch was made vice state president (1981-84). He was the only person ever to hold the title, which was scrapped when P.W. Botha became the country's first executive, rather than ceremonial, state president. Subsequently he also held the position under Botha of minister in the office of the president (1986-88).

Schlebusch, Hubert (b. June 28, 1893, München-Gladbach, Prussia [now Mönchengladbach, Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Oct. 20, 1955, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, West Germany), minister-president of Braunschweig (1945-46).

Schlegelberger, Franz (b. Oct. 23, 1876, Königsberg, Germany [now Kaliningrad, Russia] - d. Dec. 14, 1970, Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, West Germany), acting justice minister of Germany (1941-42).

Schlegelberger, Günther (b. Sept. 29, 1909, Berlin, Germany - d. March 23, 1974, Panama City, Panama), West German diplomat; son of Franz Schlegelberger. He was ambassador to the Philippines (1963-64), South Vietnam (1964-65), and Panama (1972-74).

Schleicher

Schleicher, Kurt (Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann) von (b. April 7, 1882, Brandenburg, Germany - d. June 30, 1934, Neubabelsberg [now part of Potsdam], Germany), chancellor of Germany (1932-33). Entering the army in 1900, he joined the general staff in 1913. Wilhelm Groener, appointed quartermaster general in 1918, made Schleicher his personal assistant in the political division of general headquarters. In 1919 he was employed in a similar capacity in the newly created Reichswehr, and during the emergency of 1923-24 was aide-de-camp to Gen. Hans von Seeckt, chief of the army command. By 1929, as major general, he was in charge of a newly created office in the Reichswehr ministry. For the next three years, Schleicher - with Defense Minister Groener, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning, and Pres. Paul von Hindenburg - was one of the determining forces in the Weimar Republic. He came into sharp conflict with Brüning and Hindenburg; his intrigues contributed to Brüning's downfall and the appointment (June 1932) of Franz von Papen as chancellor. Schleicher became defense minister and, when Papen was forced to resign (Dec. 1, 1932), chancellor as well. He opposed the rising power of the Nazis and sought to save Germany by identifying the president with the Reichswehr and by making the Reichswehr the source of political power. He offered to participate in a government with Hitler as chancellor on condition that he, Schleicher, should remain in charge of the Reichswehr. Hitler refused and thereafter regarded Schleicher as his chief enemy. In January 1933 Hindenburg dismissed Schleicher and made Hitler chancellor. A year and a half later, Schleicher was murdered in his house by Hitler's SS (Schutzstaffel), during the "night of the long knives," in which many of Hitler's opponents were eliminated.

Schleinitz, Alexander (Gustav Adolph) Graf von (b. Dec. 29, 1807, Blankenburg, Kingdom of Westphalia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany] - d. Feb. 19, 1885, Berlin, Germany), foreign minister of Prussia (1848, 1849-50, 1858-61); brother of Wilhelm Freiherr von Schleinitz. He was also minister to Hanover and Brunswick (1848-49, 1850-51) and minister of the royal house (1861-85). He was raised from Freiherr (baron) to Graf (count) in 1879.

Schleinitz, Georg (Emil Gustav) Freiherr von (b. June 17, 1834, Bromberg, Prussia [now Bydgoszcz, Poland] - d. Dec. 2, 1910, near Lügde, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany), Landeshauptmann of German New Guinea (1886-88); son of Johann Eduard Christoph Freiherr von Schleinitz.

Schleinitz, Johann Eduard Christoph Freiherr von (b. Aug. 28, 1798, Littschen, Prussia [now Licze, Poland] - d. June 4, 1869, Moschen, Prussia [now Moszna, Poland]), Oberpräsident of Schlesien (1848-69).

Schleinitz, Wilhelm (Johannes Heinrich Karl) Freiherr von (b. June 4, 1794, Blankenburg, Brunswick [now in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany] - d. Nov. 3, 1856, Braunschweig, Brunswick [now in Niedersachsen, Germany]), minister of justice (1830-56), foreign affairs (1830-31, 1848-56), interior (1831-48), and military affairs (1851-56) of Brunswick.

Schlesinger

Schlesinger, James R(odney) (b. Feb. 15, 1929, New York City - d. March 27, 2014, Baltimore, Md.), U.S. CIA director (1973), defense secretary (1973-75), and energy secretary (1977-79). He was also chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1971-73).

Schlettwein, Calle, byname of Carl Hermann Gustav Schlettwein (b. June 13, 1954, Otjiwarongo, Otjozondjupa region, South West Africa [now Namibia]), finance minister of Namibia (2015-20). He has also been minister of trade and industry (2012-15) and agriculture, water, and land reform (2020- ).

Schley

Schley, Julian L(arcombe) (b. Feb. 23, 1880, Savannah, Ga. - d. March 29, 1965, Washington, D.C.), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1932-36). He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1903 and promoted through the ranks to lieutenant colonel on Oct. 17, 1926. He was assistant to the engineer commissioner of D.C. in 1912-13; commander of the 307th Engineers Regiment and later Corps of Engineer, 5th Corps, World War I, in 1917-18; and Panama Canal maintenance engineer in 1928-32. Under his tenure as Canal Zone governor, construction of Madden Dam was begun and finished, creating the additional canal water supply that would provide for future traffic expansion. He had anticipated a need for building up and maintaining a high quality work force, and to this end he brought more trained men into the canal's working organization and instituted a training program to prepare young men in the skills and crafts to serve as potential future workers. Like Gov. Jay J. Morrow, Schley faced a bitter task of reorganization. In the face of worldwide depression and consequent decreased tolls from shipping, a reduction in force became necessary. He accomplished the task by judiciously paring here and trimming there, yet at the same time never impairing nor handicapping the efficient canal organization. During his tenure as governor, the Thatcher Highway and Ferry were opened on Sept. 1, 1932; the Canal Zone College was opened on Sept. 25, 1933; Cristobal High School was completed in 1933; plans were approved for a new townsite at Gatun; Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt visited on July 11, 1934, and Oct. 16, 1935; a Goethals 3-cent stamp was placed on sale on Aug. 15, 1934; and the apprentice-learner program began in 1935. He retired on Sept. 30, 1941.

Schlieben, (Hans August) Otto von (b. Jan. 14, 1875, Gross-Rinnersdorf, Prussia, Germany [now Rynarcice, Poland] - d. July 22, 1932, Halle, Prussia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt], Germany), finance minister of Germany (1925).

Schlippenbach, Wolmar Anton von (b. Feb. 23, 1653 - d. December 1739, Moscow, Russia), governor of Estonia (1704-06).

Schlumpf, Leon (b. Feb. 3, 1925, Felsberg, Graubünden, Switzerland - d. July 7, 2012, Chur, Graubünden), president of the Small Council (1969) and president of the government (1974) of Graubünden and president of Switzerland (1984). He was also minister of transport, communications, and energy (1980-87).

Schlüter

Schlüter, Poul (Holmskov) (b. April 3, 1929, Tønder, Sønderjylland, Denmark - d. May 27, 2021), prime minister of Denmark (1982-93). His interest in politics developed early, and at the age of 16 he chaired the Sønderjylland Conservative Youth organization. In 1952-55 he was national chairman of the organization. He was active in the World Association of Youth and in that connection visited more than 30 countries. He was elected to parliament in September 1964, became Conservative Party spokesman in 1971, chaired the party parliamentary group in 1974, and in 1980 became party chairman. He took over as prime minister in 1982 after Anker Jørgensen and his minority Social Democratic government resigned without forcing an election. Schlüter, who for several months had been advocating a broad national coalition as signs of an approaching economic catastrophe became ever more apparent, formed his government with the participation of the Liberal Democrats (Venstre), the Centre Democrats, and the Christian People's Party. He inherited formidable problems, including soaring balance of payments and budgetary deficits and growing unemployment. Although his appointment was greeted by left-wing demonstrations outside Christiansborg Castle (the parliament building) and skepticism on the part of the trade unions, Schlüter enjoyed generally good opinion poll ratings. A scandal involving the illegal actions of the Ministry of Justice in preventing the immigration of Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka brought to an end the 10-year rule of Schlüter's centre-right minority government.

Schlyter, Karl (Johan Daniel) (b. Dec. 21, 1879, Karlskrona, Blekinge, Sweden - d. Dec. 25, 1959, Stockholm, Sweden), justice minister of Sweden (1932-36).

Schmaltz, Julien (Désiré), governor of Senegal (1816-17, 1819-20).

Schmedeman, Albert G(eorge) (b. Nov. 25, 1864, Madison, Wis. - d. Nov. 26, 1946, Madison), governor of Wisconsin (1933-35). He was also U.S. minister to Norway (1913-21).

Schmelzer, (Wilhelmus Klaas) Norbert (b. March 22, 1921, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. Nov. 14, 2008), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1971-73).

Schmerling, Anton Ritter (knight) von (b. Aug. 23, 1805, Vienna, Austria - d. May 23, 1893, Vienna), interior minister (1848), president of the Council of Ministers (1848), and foreign minister (1848) of Germany and justice minister (1849-51) and interior minister (1860-65) of Austria. He was also president of the Supreme Court of Austria (1865-91).

Schmettow, Rudolf Graf von (b. Jan. 8, 1891 - d. 19...), commander of the German-occupied Channel Islands (1940-41, 1943-45).

C. Schmid

Schmid, Carlo, original name Karl Johann Martin Heinrich Schmid (b. Dec. 3, 1896, Perpignan, France - d. Dec. 11, 1979, Bonn, West Germany), West German politician. The son of a German father and a French mother, he renounced French nationality at the outset of World War I and enlisted in the German army. During World War II he was a legal adviser to the German command in occupied France. After the war he became state president of Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1945-47 and [acting] 1948). In 1947 he became a member of the executive committee of the Social Democratic Party. He played a significant role in formulating the Basic Law (constitution) of West Germany and was (1949-66 and 1969-72) vice-president of the Bundestag (parliament). He was influential in bringing about the post-World War II reconciliation between West Germany and France, cemented by Gen. Charles de Gaulle and Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in 1963. From 1963 to 1966 Schmid was president of the assembly of the Western European Union. He retired in 1972.

Schmid, Peter (b. 1941), president of the Council of State of Bern (1983-84, 1990-91); brother of Samuel Schmid.

P. Schmid(-S.)

S. Schmid

Schmid(-Scheibler), Peter (Scheibler is wife's name) (b. April 24, 1951, Basel, Switzerland), president of the government of Basel-Land (1992-93, 1997-98, 2001-02).

Schmid, Samuel (b. Jan. 8, 1947, Attiswil, Bern, Switzerland), defense minister (2001-08), vice president (2004), and president (2005) of Switzerland.

Schmid-Sutter

Schmid-Sutter, Carlo (Sutter is wife's name) (b. March 11, 1950, Heiden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Switzerland), Regierender Landammann of Appenzell Innerrhoden (1984-86, 1988-90, 1992-94, 1996-98, 2000-02, 2004-06, 2008-10, 2012-13).

Schmidhalter, Paul (b. Jan. 12, 1931, Brig, Valais, Switzerland - d. Aug. 23, 2005), president of the National Council of Switzerland (1992-93).

Schmidhuber, Peter (M.) (b. Dec. 15, 1931, Munich, Germany - d. Dec. 26, 2020), (West) German politician. He was European commissioner for economic affairs and regional policy (1987-89), budget and financial control (1989-94), and the Cohesion Fund (1993-94).

Schmidt, Christian (b. Aug. 26, 1957, Obernzenn, Bayern, West Germany), international high representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2021- ). He was also German minister of food and agriculture (2014-18) and transportation and digital infrastructure (acting, 2017-18).

Schmidt, Felipe (b. May 4, 1859, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. May 9, 1930, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Santa Catarina (1898-1902, 1914-18).

Schmidt, Georg Lars friherre af (b. Nov. 26, 1771, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Jan. 31, 1842, Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1817-42). He was ennobled (adding "af") in 1815 and made friherre (baron) in 1841.

Schmidt, Guido (b. Jan. 15, 1901, Bludenz, Austria - d. Dec. 5, 1957, Vienna, Austria), foreign minister of Austria (1936-38).

H. Schmidt

Schmidt, Helmut (Heinrich Waldemar) (b. Dec. 23, 1918, Hamburg, Germany - d. Nov. 10, 2015, Hamburg), chancellor of West Germany (1974-82). After World War II he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and served in the economics and transport sector of the Hamburg municipal government (1949-53). Elected to the Bundestag in 1953, he gave up his seat in 1961 and returned to Hamburg as senator (minister) for internal affairs, where he distinguished himself by his handling of a flood disaster in 1962. In 1965 he was reelected to the Bundestag, and he was the SPD's parliamentary leader in 1967-69. He became a vice-chairman of the SPD in 1968 and served as minister of defense (1969-72) and finance (1972-74) in the government of Chancellor Willy Brandt. He was elected to the chancellorship in 1974, following the resignation of Brandt, who, however, remained party chairman. Schmidt acquired the reputation of an effective crisis manager, won the esteem of many West Germans, and became one of the most respected and influential of Western Europe's leaders. In foreign affairs he sought reconciliation with the Soviet-bloc countries of Eastern Europe (and cultivated closer ties with East Germany) while at the same time maintaining West Germany's partnership with the United States. The governing coalition of the SPD and the liberal Free Democratic Party was reelected in 1976 and 1980. During the worldwide recession of the early 1980s, his refusal to cut social-welfare programs prompted the Free Democrats to defect from the coalition, and he lost the chancellorship through a vote of no confidence in the Bundestag on Oct. 1, 1982. He continued to serve as a member of the Bundestag until his retirement from politics in 1987. He remained influential as co-publisher of the weekly Die Zeit.

Schmidt, Robert (b. May 15, 1864, Berlin, Prussia [Germany] - d. Sept. 16, 1943, Berlin), vice chancellor of Germany (1923). He was also minister of food and agriculture (1919-20), economy (1919-20, 1921-22, 1929-30), and reconstruction (1923).

Schmidt, Robert (Jules Louis) (b. April 10, 1908, Saint-Gilles [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium - d. ...), resident of Urundi (1944-53).

Roberto Schmidt

Schmidt, Roberto (b. July 16, 1962, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland), president of the Council of State of Valais (2019-20, 2022- ).

Schmidt auf Altenstadt, Johann George Otto Stuart von (b. 1806, Sint-Oedenrode, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands - d. 1857, The Hague, Netherlands), governor-general of Dutch Guiana (1852-55).

Schmidt-Jortzig, Edzard (b. Oct. 8, 1941, Berlin, Germany), justice minister of Germany (1996-98).

Schmidt Quezada, Luis (b. Aug. 4, 1877, Angol, Chile - d. Dec. 8, 1959, Santiago, Chile), Chilean politician. He was minister of development (1928-29) and social welfare (acting, 1928).

Schmidt Quezada, Teodoro (b. July 16, 1879, Angol, Chile - d. Aug. 25, 1939, Santiago, Chile), Chilean politician; brother of Luis Schmidt Quezada. He was director-general of public works (1931).

Schmit, Etienne (b. 1886 - d. Dec. 19, 1937, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), finance minister (1925-26) and interior minister (1937) of Luxembourg. He was also minister of public works (1932-37), commerce and industry (1932-36), and justice (1936-37).

Schmit, Georges (b. March 14, 1908, Arlon, Belgium - d. ...), governor of Équateur (1955-56) and Kivu (1956-57).

Schmit, Nicolas (b. Dec. 10, 1953, Differdange, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He has been EU commissioner for jobs and social rights (2019- ).

Schmitt

Schmitt, Pál (b. May 13, 1942, Budapest, Hungary), president of Hungary (2010-12). He won Olympic gold medals as a fencer in 1968 and 1972 and served as ambassador to Spain (1993-97) and Switzerland (1999-2002) and as president of the National Assembly (2010). He resigned as president in 2012 after losing his doctoral title in sports because he plagiarized his thesis.

Schmitz, John G(eorge) (b. Aug. 12, 1930, Milwaukee, Wis. - d. Jan. 10, 2001, Washington, D.C.), U.S. politician. He was a Republican representative from California (1970-73) and American Party presidential candidate (1972).

Schmögnerová

Schmögnerová, Brigita (b. Nov. 17, 1947, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), finance minister of Slovakia (1998-2002). She was a leading figure in the reformed-Communist Party of the Democratic Left and was widely respected in Slovakia for her role as deputy prime minister with responsibility for the economy in the Jozef Moravcík government in 1994. As finance minister, she was known for tough policies aimed at securing the country's entry into the European Union by 2004. She became a symbol for economic measures that stabilized the economy and the financial sector, but also brought increased prices and rising unemployment. Her party asked her to resign in 2002, hoping that this would boost its sagging popularity. She then became executive secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2002-05).

Schmoke

Schmoke, Kurt L(idell) (b. Dec. 1, 1949, Baltimore, Md.), mayor of Baltimore (1987-99). In 1977, he joined Pres. Jimmy Carter's White House domestic policy staff. A year later, he returned to Baltimore as an assistant United States attorney. Four years later, he was elected state's attorney, the city's chief prosecuting officer. On Nov. 3, 1987, he became the first black to be elected mayor of Baltimore. He beat interim mayor Clarence Burns, an older and highly popular candidate (also black) who had the backing of the city's former mayor, William D. Schaefer, and a circle of powerful friends. Schmoke won the race by appealing to young and liberal voters - and by addressing the many problems that were still facing Baltimore despite the city's well-publicized cosmetic improvements. Schmoke's agenda was not nearly as flamboyant as that of Schaefer, but it was certainly more pragmatic.

Schmücker, Kurt (b. Nov. 10, 1919, Löningen, Oldenburg [now in Niedersachsen], Germany - d. Jan. 6, 1996, Löningen), economy minister (1963-66) and finance minister (1966) of West Germany. He was also minister of federal treasure (1966-69).

Schmude, Jürgen (Dieter Paul) (b. June 9, 1936, Insterburg, Prussia, Germany [now Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad oblast, Russia]), justice minister (1981-82) and interior minister (1982) of West Germany. He was also president of the Synod of the Evangelical Church of Germany (1985-2003).

Schnack, Johan Gustav Frederik (b. Dec. 14, 1839, near Ringsted, Denmark - d. June 7, 1920, Copenhagen, Denmark), war minister of Denmark (1896-97, 1899-1901).

Schneerson

Schneerson, Menachem Mendel (b. April 14, 1902, Nikolayev, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. June 12, 1994, New York City), Orthodox Jewish leader. The undisputed leader for 44 years of the New York-based Lubavitch Chassidic movement, he built a religious empire from the remnants of an insular Russian group that almost came to an end with the Holocaust, turning it into one of the most influential forces in world Jewry, with a following of some 200,000 believers worldwide. His "mitzvah tanks" - converted campers that served as recruiting stations - roamed New York City; toll-free telephone numbers, satellite television hookups, and faxes of Talmudic disquisitions were made available; and full-page newspaper advertisements were published. For decades, supplicants lined up by the thousands outside his residence on Sunday mornings; to each visitor Schneerson, a mesmeric figure with piercing blue eyes and a full white beard, offered a word of blessing and a crisp new dollar bill. The Sorbonne-educated scholar, who emigrated from France to the United States in 1941, became the seventh Lubavitcher grand rabbi in 1950 following the death of his father-in-law. Though he did not venture beyond Crown Heights, Brooklyn, the site of the Lubavitch World Headquarters, in 37 years, he had a strong influence on Israeli politics, both in the Knesset (parliament) and among the electorate. He was criticized by both Reform and Conservative Jewish leaders for allowing a cult of personality to grow around him, although he denied any such intent. Many of his followers even revered him as the potential Messiah, and his death caused great consternation; a persistent group still awaited his resurrection years later. He was childless and left no successor.

Schneider, Antoine Virgile (b. March 22, 1779, Bouquenom [now in Bas-Rhin département], France - d. July 11, 1847, Paris, France), war minister of France (1839-40).

B. Schneider

Schneider-A.

Schneider-K.

Schneider, Barbara (b. Sept. 5, 1953), president of the government of Basel-Stadt (2001-02, 2006-07).

Schneider, Fritz (b. May 19, 1930 - d. Dec. 3, 2003, Solothurn, Switzerland), Landammann of Solothurn (1985, 1990, 1993).

Schneider, Romain (b. April 15, 1962, Wiltz, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He was mayor of Wiltz (2000-09) and minister of agriculture, viticulture, and rural development (2009-13, 2018-22), sports (2009-18), and social security, development cooperation, and humanitarian affairs (2013-22).

Schneider, Roy L(ester) (b. May 13, 1939, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands), governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands (1995-99).

Schneider-Ammann, Johann (Niklaus) (b. Feb. 18, 1952, Sumiswald, Bern, Switzerland), economy minister (2010-18) and president (2016) of Switzerland.

Schneider-Kenel, Elsbeth, née Kenel (b. March 31, 1946, Zug, Switzerland), president of the government of Basel-Land (1998-99, 2002-03, 2005-06).

Schnyder, Felix (b. March 5, 1910, Burgdorf, Bern, Switzerland - d. Nov. 8, 1992, Zürich, Switzerland), United Nations high commissioner for refugees (1961-65). He was also Swiss minister to Israel (1957-58), permanent observer to the United Nations (1958-61), and ambassador to the United States (1966-75).

W. Schnyder

Schnyder, Wilhelm (b. Oct. 18, 1943), president of the Council of State of Valais (1997-98, 2001-02).

Schober

Schober, Johann (b. Nov. 14, 1874, Perg, Austria - d. Aug. 19, 1932, Baden, near Vienna, Austria), chancellor of Austria (1921-22, 1922, 1929-30). Entering the imperial Austrian police service as a young man, he became president of police in 1918, some months before the fall of the Habsburg monarchy at the end of World War I. On the proclamation of the Austrian republic in November, he placed his force at the disposal of the new government, and did much to ensure a peaceful change of regime. At the same time he secured the safety of the ex-imperial family, whose departure from Vienna he supervised. His administrative ability and, above all, his honesty gained him the confidence of moderate public opinion in Austria and especially of the inter-Allied missions and advisers. Thus he was selected to form a coalition government (June 1921) supported by the Social Christians and Pan-Germans; he also took the post of foreign minister. He sought to establish friendly relations with the successor states of the late empire when he signed the Treaty of Lány with Czechoslovakia on Dec. 16, 1921. But the Pan-Germans resented any treaty with Czechoslovakia as putting difficulties in the way of ultimate union with Germany; they withdrew from the government and in May 1922 Schober resigned, returning to the post of president of police. In July 1927 he was responsible for the bloody suppression of a labour protest in Vienna, in which nearly 100 people were killed. He served as chancellor and foreign minister again from September 1929 to September 1930 and as vice-chancellor and foreign minister from December 1930 to January 1932. In March 1931 he concluded an agreement with Germany which would have led to an Austro-German customs union but which under French and Czechoslovak pressure had to be abandoned. He was also president of the International Criminal Police Commission (1923-32).

Schobinger, Josef Anton (b. Jan. 30, 1849, Luzern, Switzerland - d. Nov. 27, 1911, Bern, Switzerland), justice and police minister (1908), finance minister (1910), and interior minister (1911) of Switzerland. He was also Schultheiss of Luzern (1883, 1889, 1893, 1900, 1905), president of the National Council (1904-05), and minister of trade, industry, and agriculture (1909).

Schoeffler, Ernest (Marie Hubert) (b. July 20, 1877, Courtry, Seine-et-Marne, France - d. Oct. 14, 1952, Nîmes, Gard, France), governor of the Alawite State/Latakia (1925-36).

Schoen, Wilhelm (Eduard) Freiherr von, formerly (1885-1909) Wilhelm von Schoen (b. June 3, 1851, Worms, Hesse [now in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany] - d. April 24, 1933, Berchtesgaden, Germany), foreign minister of Germany (1907-10). He was also minister to Denmark (1900-05) and ambassador to Russia (1905-07) and France (1910-14).

Schofield, John M(cAllister) (b. Sept. 29, 1831, Gerry, N.Y. - d. March 4, 1906, St. Augustine, Fla.), U.S. secretary of war (1868-69).

V. Schofield

Schofield, Vaughn (Solomon) (b. 1943), lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan (2012-18).

Scholes, Gordon (Glen Denton) (b. June 7, 1931, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Dec. 9, 2018, Geelong, Vic.), defence minister of Australia (1983-84). He was also speaker of the House of Representatives (1975-76) and minister for territories (1984-87).

Schollaert, Frans (Victor Marie Ghislain) (b. Aug. 19, 1851, Wilsele, Belgium - d. June 29, 1917, Sainte-Adresse, near Le Havre, France), cabinet chief and interior minister of Belgium (1908-11). He was chairman of the Chamber of Representatives in 1901-08 and 1912-17.

Scholten, Pieter (b. 16... - d. July 30, 1723), provisional commander of Bonaire (1719-23).

Scholten, Willem (b. June 1, 1927, Deventer, Netherlands - d. Jan. 1, 2005, Leidschendam, Netherlands), defense minister of the Netherlands (1978-80).

Scholz, Adolf (Heinrich Wilhelm) von (b. Nov. 1, 1833, Schweidnitz, Prussia [now Swidnica, Poland] - d. March 20, 1924, Konstanz, Baden [now in Baden-Württemberg], Germany), finance minister of Germany (1880-82). He acquired the "von" in 1883.

O. Scholz

Scholz, Olaf (b. June 14, 1958, Osnabrück, West Germany), first mayor of Hamburg (2011-18) and vice chancellor and finance minister (2018-21) and chancellor (2021- ) of Germany. He was also general secretary (2002-04) and acting chairman (2018) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany and minister of labour and social affairs (2007-09).

Scholz, Rupert (b. May 23, 1937, Berlin, Germany), defense minister of West Germany (1988-89).

Schön, (Heinrich) Theodor von (b. Jan. 20, 1773, Schreitlaugken or Löbegallen, Prussia [now Sereitlaukis, Lithuania, or Tolstovo, Kaliningrad oblast, Russia] - d. July 23, 1856, Preussisch-Arnau, Prussia [now part of Rodniki, Kaliningrad oblast, Russia]), Oberpräsident of Westpreussen (1816-29), Ostpreussen (1824-29), and Preussen (1829-42); son-in-law of Hans Jakob von Auerswald.

Schönborn, Franz Georg Graf von, until 1701 Franz Georg Reichsfreiherr von Schönborn (b. June 15, 1682, Mainz [now in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany] - d. Jan. 18, 1756, Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz [now in Rheinland-Pfalz]), archbishop of Treves (1729-56).

Schönenberger

Schönenberger, Peter (b. May 31, 1940), Landammann (1995-96) and president of the government (2002-03) of Sankt Gallen.

Schönerer

Schönerer, Georg (Heinrich) Ritter von (b. July 17, 1842, Vienna, Austria - d. Aug. 14, 1921, Rosenau castle, near Zwettl, Austria), Austrian politician. First elected to the Reichsrat (parliament) as a liberal in 1873, he gradually developed a Prussophile, anti-Semitic position and in 1879 became leader of the Pan-German movement, acquiring a strong personal following, especially among the Viennese lower middle class and the nationalist fraternities (Burschenschaften). In 1885 a Pan-German parliamentary party was formed, which languished after his 1888 imprisonment for an assault on a newspaper office (he also lost his parliamentary seat and his knightly title) but quickly revived following his reelection to parliament in 1897. In the latter year he led the attacks upon pro-Czech language ordinances and was popularly credited with having driven Prime Minister Kasimir Graf von Badeni from office. After 1898 he became closely associated with the anti-Catholic "Los von Rom" movement. He reached the peak of his parliamentary power in 1901, when 21 Pan-Germans were elected to the Reichsrat; his violent temperament, however, caused splits in the party and by 1907 it had all but disappeared from Austrian parliamentary politics. His ideological influence remained, and had a notable effect on the young Adolf Hitler.

Schönleben, Johan Benedikt friherre von (b. Oct. 30, 1613, Bautzen, Bohemia [now in Sachsen, Germany] - d. January 1706, Göteborg, Sweden), governor of Göteborg och Bohus (1682-1700). He was made friherre (baron) in 1687.

Schorer, Jacob Hendrik (b. July 5, 1760, Middelburg, Netherlands - d. Jan. 19, 1822, Middelburg), governor of Zeeland (1814-17). He was also mayor of Middelburg (1808-10).

Schorer, Johan Willem Meinard (b. March 8, 1834, Middelburg, Netherlands - d. Oct. 1, 1903, The Hague, Netherlands), king's commissioner of Noord-Holland (1879-97). He was also mayor of Middelburg (1871-79).

Schori, (Jean-)Pierre (Olov) (b. Oct. 14, 1938, Norrköping, Sweden), Swedish politician. He was minister of international development cooperation (1994-99) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-04).

Schotborgh, Claas (b. March 13, 1775, Curaçao - d. March 21, 1840), commander of Bonaire (1827-40).

Schotborgh, Herman Bernard Cornelis (b. Jan. 7, 1898, Curaçao - d. 19...), administrator of Bonaire (1928-34) and governor of Curaçao (1929-30); descendant of a brother of Jan Schotborgh Claaszoon.

Schotborgh Claaszoon, Jan (b. Feb. 7, 1800, Curaçao - d. Dec. 10, 1876, Curaçao), commander (1840-48) and administrator (1848-54) of Bonaire; son of Claas Schotborgh.

Schott, Basil M(yron) (b. July 21, 1939, Freeland, Pa. - d. June 10, 2010, Pittsburgh, Pa.), metropolitan archbishop of the Byzantine Catholic Church in America (2002-10).

Schotte, (Per) Axel (Victor) (b. Sept. 13, 1860, Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden - d. July 13, 1923, Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1916-23). He was also Swedish minister of civil affairs (1905-06, 1911-14, 1917-19).

G. Schotte

Schotte, Gerrit (Fransisco) (b. Sept. 9, 1974, Curaçao), prime minister of Curaçao (2010-12).

Schouboe, Oluf Borch de (b. June 5, 1777, Bergen, Norway - d. Dec. 21, 1844, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Christiansand stift (1812-36), Nedenes amt (1812-15), and Lister og Mandal amt (1815-36). He was also Norwegian minister of church and education (1836, 1839-40, 1843-44), auditing (1838-39, 1841-42), and army (1839, 1842-43).

Schouboe, Ulrik Frederik Anton de (b. June 5, 1782, Bergen, Norway - d. Dec. 18, 1863, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway), governor of Lister og Mandal (1814-15) and Nedenes (1815-37); brother of Oluf Borch de Schouboe. He was also Norwegian state secretary (1837-59).

Schoultz, Nils Fredrik von (b. June 20, 1767, Jönköping, Sweden - d. Jan. 15, 1816, Stockholm, Sweden), acting governor of Uleåborg (1808).

Schrameck, Abraham (b. Nov. 26, 1867, Saint-Étienne, Loire, France - d. Oct. 19, 1948, Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France), governor-general of Madagascar (1918-19) and interior minister of France (1925). He was also prefect of the départements of Tarn-et-Garonne (1900-06), Aisne (1906-07), and Bouches-du-Rhône (1911-18).

Schramm, Jean-Paul (Adam), comte (b. Dec. 1, 1789, Beinheim [now in Bas-Rhin département], France - d. Feb. 25, 1884, La Courneuve, Seine [now in Seine-Saint-Denis], France), acting governor-general of Algeria (1841) and war minister of France (1850-51). He was created vicomte (viscount) in 1827 and comte (count) in 1841.

Schreiber, (Karl Rudolf) Walther (b. June 10, 1884, Pustleben, Prussia [now part of Bleicherode, Thüringen], Germany - d. June 30, 1958, Berlin, Germany), governing mayor of (West) Berlin (1953-55).

Schreiber Waddington, Germán (b. 1862, Huaraz, Peru - d. 1930, Lima, Peru), prime minister of Peru (1910, 1914-15). He was also minister of finance and commerce (1907-08, 1910, 1914-15).

E.R. Schreyer

Schreyer, Edward R(ichard) (b. Dec. 21, 1935, on a farm near Beauséjour, Manitoba), governor general of Canada (1979-84). At the age of four he was already making speeches from the stairs of his home. In 1956 he became campaign manager for Jake Schulz, federal member of parliament for Springfield (Manitoba) and a moving force in the Manitoba Farmers' Union. As a candidate of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (which later became the New Democratic Party), Schreyer himself was elected to the Manitoba legislature in 1958 and represented the riding of Brokenhead until 1965. From 1965 to 1969 he was a federal member of parliament from Manitoba. He was not happy living in Ottawa, however, and did not hesitate to return to Manitoba in June 1969, when he was chosen leader of the New Democratic Party in the province. Resigning his federal seat, he was immediately plunged into a provincial election campaign. Both he and his party were victorious, Schreyer winning the riding of Rossmere and becoming premier of Manitoba. When his party lost in the 1977 Manitoba election, he had to step down as premier. After a period of leader of the opposition in the Manitoba legislature he accepted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's offer to move to Rideau Hall, Ottawa, as Canada's 22nd governor general, taking office on Jan. 22, 1979. Of German extraction, he was not only the youngest but also the first person of neither English nor French descent to hold the office.

Schreyer, Michaele (b. Aug. 9, 1951, Cologne, West Germany), German politician. She was EU commissioner for budget (1999-2004).

Schröder

Schröder, Gerhard (b. Sept. 11, 1910, Saarbrücken, Germany - d. Dec. 31, 1989, Kampen, Sylt island, West Germany), West German politician. He was a co-founder of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1949 he was elected to the first Bundestag, representing the Protestant branch of the CDU. Schröder served three chancellors as minister of the interior (1953-61), foreign affairs (1961-66), and defense (1966-69). He ran for chancellor against Kurt Georg Kiesinger in 1966, and in 1969 he lost a bid for the presidency by only six votes. In 1980 he retired from the Bundestag, where he had been chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee since 1969.

Schröder

Schröder, Gerhard (Fritz Kurt) (b. April 7, 1944, Mossenberg, Lippe [now part of Blomberg, Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany), chancellor of Germany (1998-2005). In 1963 he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and was active in the Young Socialists, the SPD's youth organization. He led the Young Socialists in 1978-80 and entered parliament in 1980. He was defeated as SPD candidate for minister-president of Niedersachsen in the 1986 election, but after four years leading the state opposition, he was elected in 1990 and reelected in 1994 and 1998. With the latter election he clinched his nomination as the SPD's chancellor candidate for that year's general elections. He managed to unite the party behind him and put together a remarkably blemish-free campaign with a single goal: Helmut Kohl must go. His opponents struggled to get to grips with him, accusing him of being all style and little substance. Schröder tried to preserve his image as a pro-business moderate in the mould of U.S. president Bill Clinton or Britain's Tony Blair. The dashing, telegenic Schröder defeated Kohl, who had led Germany for 16 years, by an unexpectedly wide margin. He thus became only the second candidate (after Willy Brandt in 1972) to lead the SPD to become the biggest party. Schröder formed a coalition with the Greens. His government deployed German troops in Kosovo (1999) and Afghanistan (2001) but opposed the 2003 Iraq War, leading to strained relations with the U.S. After his reelection in 2002, he embarked on a program of cutting unemployment benefits which proved unpopular, not least in his own party, and he resigned the post of party chairman (which he had assumed in 1999) in 2004. After setbacks in state elections in 2005, he engineered an early federal election, in which his government was defeated. He later controversially worked for Russian state-owned energy company Gazprom.

Schröderheim, Elis, original surname Schröder (b. March 26, 1747, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Aug. 30, 1795, Solna socken, Stockholm county, Sweden), governor of Uppsala (1786-87, 1792-94). He was ennobled under the name Schröderheim in 1759.

Schroeder, Frederick A. (b. March 1833, Trier, Prussia [now in Germany] - d. Dec. 1, 1899, Brooklyn, New York City), mayor of Brooklyn (1876-77).

L. Schroeder

Schroeder, Louise (Dorothea Sophie) (b. April 2, 1887, Altona [now part of Hamburg], Germany - d. June 4, 1957, Berlin, Germany), acting lord mayor of Berlin (1947-48).

Schroeder, Pat(ricia Scott), née Patricia Nell Scott (b. July 30, 1940, Portland, Ore. - d. March 13, 2023, Celebration, Fla.), U.S. politician. She was a representative from Colorado (1973-97).

Schroeder, Seaton (b. Aug. 17, 1849, Washington, D.C. - d. Oct. 19, 1922, Washington, D.C.), governor of Guam (1900-01, 1901-03). He was also commander-in-chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet (1909-11).

Schryver, August (Edmond) de (b. May 16, 1898, Ghent, Belgium - d. March 5, 1991, Ghent), interior minister of Belgium (1936-37, 1943-44). He was also minister of agriculture (1935-36, 1944), justice (1939), economic affairs (1940), Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi (1959-60), and African affairs (1960) and minister without portfolio (1944-45).

Schueren, Johannes Baptista Gerardus Maria ridder de van der (b. Jan. 1, 1899, Waalwijk, Netherlands - d. Aug. 5, 1990, Nijmegen, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Overijssel (1946-64).

Schulthess, Edmund (b. March 2, 1868, Villnachern, Aargau, Switzerland - d. April 22, 1944, Bern, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1917, 1921, 1928, 1933). He was also minister of trade, industry, and agriculture (1912-14) and economy (1915-35).

Schultis, Antoni (b. Feb. 27, 1869, Lemberg, Austria [now Lviv, Ukraine] - d. July 17, 1939, Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine]), governor of Slaskie województwo (1923-24).

Schultz, Ludwig (d. March 2013), police minister of Papua New Guinea (1997).

Schultze, (Astrid) Lisbeth (Mariann), née Nilsson (b. July 17, 1960, Malmö, Sweden), acting governor of Västra Götaland (2017, 2021- ).

Schulz, Arnaldo (b. April 6, 1910 - d. 1993), interior minister of Portugal (1958-61) and governor of Portuguese Guinea (1964-68).

Schulz, Martin (b. Dec. 20, 1955, Hehlrath, Kinzweiler [now part of Eschweiler], Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), president of the European Parliament (2012-14, 2014-17). He was chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 2017-18, and its chancellor candidate in 2017.

Schulz, Peter (b. April 25, 1930, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin [now in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern], Germany - d. May 17, 2013, Hamburg, Germany), first mayor of Hamburg (1971-74).

Schumacher, Hanns Heinrich (b. Nov. 10, 1948, Duisburg, Germany), German diplomat. He was ambassador to Namibia (1993-97), Finland (2003-07), Iraq (2007-08), and Thailand (2008-11) and chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2001-02).

Schuman

Schuman, (Jean Baptiste Nicolas) Robert (b. June 29, 1886, Luxembourg, Luxembourg - d. Sept. 4, 1963, Scy-Chazelles, Moselle, France), French statesman. Elected to the French National Assembly for the recovered département of Moselle in 1919, he was a member of the Parti Démocratique Populaire (PDP) and was appointed undersecretary of state in Paul Reynaud's cabinet on March 21, 1940. He was arrested by the Gestapo in September 1940 after the German occupation of France. Sent to Germany, he escaped in August 1942 and went into hiding in France, working in the Résistance until France was liberated (1944). A founder of the Mouvement Républicain Populaire (MRP), which superseded the PDP as the principal organ of Christian democracy, he served as finance minister (1946, 1947), premier (1947-48, 1948), foreign minister (1948-53), and justice minister (1955-56). While foreign minister he promoted European economic and military unity and, with it, Franco-German reconciliation to prevent another war between the two nations. The economic aspect of the Schuman Plan, put forward by him in May 1950, became a reality in June 1952 with the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community, a six-nation Western European economic union and one of the forerunners of what ultimately became the European Union. However, the idea of an integrated European army, launched by Schuman and Prime Minister René Pleven in November 1950, met with strong opposition (it was finally rejected by the Chamber of Deputies in 1954). He served as the first president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the European Economic Community in 1958-60 and was a member until February 1963. Within the MRP, Schuman was from 1958 the chief opponent of the right-wing extremism of Georges Bidault.

Schumann

Schumann, Maurice (b. April 10, 1911, Paris, France - d. Feb. 10, 1998, Paris), French politician. Long before playing a leading role in French politics, he entered history books as the "Voice of France" in exile and Gen. Charles de Gaulle's spokesman during World War II. During the 1940-44 years when France was under Nazi German occupation, he was the main speaker of a programme called "Les Français parlent aux Français" (The French speak to the French) beamed from London to keep up spirits in occupied France. His passionate denunciations of collaborators more than once led to their killings by Resistance fighters who received esoteric coded orders such as "The carrots are cooked" or "Franklin is arriving" over the same programme. His high profile wartime role ensured him easy access to post-war national politics. He helped found the Popular Republican Movement, France's main christian-democratic party, and was elected to the National Assembly. He was deputy foreign minister in 1951-54 and headed parliament's foreign affairs committee for most of the period 1957-68. He gained full ministerial rank after de Gaulle returned to power in 1958, holding such posts as minister for scientific research and later for social affairs. He was appointed foreign minister in 1969 under Pres. Georges Pompidou, devoting much of his time to European affairs and playing a leading role in the nascent Common Market. He resigned in 1973 after losing his seat in a general election but was elected to the Senate the following year, standing for the Gaullist RPR party in the Lille area of northern France. He was Senate vice-president from 1977 to 1983. He became a member of the Académie française in 1974.

Schumpeter

Schumpeter, Joseph (Alois) (b. Feb. 8, 1883, Triesch, Moravia, Austria [now Trest, Czech Republic] - d. Jan. 8, 1950, Taconic, Conn.), finance minister of Austria (1919). He is chiefly known as an economist. A few well-received books led to the appointment as finance minister. It was a period of hyperinflation, and Schumpeter lasted only seven months in the job. He was professor of economics at the University of Bonn (1925-32), then joined the faculty of Harvard University (1932-50). His writings include Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung (1912; The Theory of Economic Development); Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process, 2 vol. (1939; rev. ed. 1964); the widely read Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942), in which he argued that capitalism would eventually perish of its own success, giving way to some form of public control or socialism; and History of Economic Analysis (1954; reprinted 1966), an exhaustive study of the development of analytic methods in economics. He took part in the founding of the Econometric Society in 1930 and was its president in 1939-41. He was also president of the American Economic Association in 1948.

Schürmann, Carl Willem Alwin (b. Jan. 6, 1903, Rotterdam, Netherlands - d. Jan. 21, 1994, Geneva, Switzerland), Dutch diplomat. He was ambassador to Thailand (1948-50) and the United States (1964-69) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1955-64).

Schurz

Schurz, Carl (Christian) (b. March 2, 1829, Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia [now in Germany] - d. May 14, 1906, New York City), U.S. secretary of the interior (1877-81). As a student at the University of Bonn he became involved in the German revolutionary movement of 1848. Forced to flee from Germany, he eventually came to the United States (1852). He became active in the anti-slavery movement, and, as a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1860, worked for the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for president. Lincoln appointed him minister to Spain in March 1861, but in December he resigned to join the Union army, receiving a commission as brigadier general of volunteers in 1862. He commanded troops at the Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862) and at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga (all 1863). After the war he toured the South for Pres. Andrew Johnson. His report strongly advocated rights for blacks, but Johnson resisted these views and shelved the report. As U.S. senator from Missouri in 1869-75 - his only elective office - he broke with Pres. Ulysses S. Grant on reconstruction policy and other issues, leading him in 1872 to help organize the Liberal Republican Party, opposing Grant's renomination. He rejoined the Republicans in 1876, supporting Rutherford B. Hayes on the issues of hard money and good government. Serving as President Hayes's secretary of the interior, he promoted civil service reform and an improved Indian policy. Continuing his interest in honest government, he headed the National Civil Service Reform League in 1892-1901. He broke with the Republicans twice more, leading an independent Republican ("Mugwump") bolt from James G. Blaine in 1884 to back Democrat Grover Cleveland, and abandoning William McKinley in 1900 on the issue of overseas expansion.

Schuschnigg

Schuschnigg, Kurt (Alois Josef Johann von) (b. Dec. 14, 1897, Riva del Garda, Trento, Austria [now in Italy] - d. Nov. 18, 1977, Mutters, near Innsbruck, Austria), chancellor of Austria (1934-38). He was elected to the Nationalrat (lower house of parliament) for the Christian Social Party in 1927 and showed monarchist and strongly anti-Socialist proclivities. In 1930 he founded the Ostmärkische Sturmscharen, a paramilitary organization in opposition to the Heimwehr. In the government of Engelbert Dollfuss he was minister of justice (1932-34) and education (1933-34); after the assassination of Dollfuss by Nazi extremists, he was named federal chancellor and also took charge of the defense ministry. He eliminated the threat of the Heimwehr, forcing its leader, Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg, out of office as vice chancellor in May 1936 and disbanding the Heimwehr in October. He tried to maintain Austrian independence while making concessions to Adolf Hitler; in 1936 he freed Nazi prisoners and said he would conduct Austrian foreign policy in line with German interests. At a February 1938 meeting with Hitler at Berchtesgaden he gave in to insistent demands that he place Nazis in his government, but on his return he made his most defiant gesture, scheduling a plebiscite on independence for March 13. Before it could be held, he was forced to resign (March 11) and Germany invaded and annexed Austria. He was held in solitary confinement and later sent to concentration camps, being liberated by American forces in May 1945. The second Austrian republic was strongly influenced by the Socialists and had no place for a man who had condoned their suppression in 1934, so he lived in Italy and then (1948-67) in the United States before returning to Austria.

Schüssel

Schüssel, Wolfgang (b. June 7, 1945, Vienna, Austria), vice-chancellor and foreign minister (1995-2000) and chancellor (2000-07) of Austria. He was also minister of economic affairs (1989-95) and interior (2007) and chairman of the Austrian People's Party (1995-2007).

Schuster

Schuster, Rudolf (b. Jan. 4, 1934, Medzev village, eastern Slovakia), president of Slovakia (1999-2004). He was mayor (1983-86) of Slovakia's second city, Kosice, a member of the Slovak Communist Party Central Committee from 1986 until the 1989 revolution, and head of the last Communist parliament in Slovakia (1989-90). After 1989 his past did little to slow his career progress. He became Czechoslovak ambassador in Canada (1990-92) and later head of the Party of Civic Understanding (SOP) and again mayor of Kosice (1994-98). When Michal Kovác's presidential term ended in 1998, parliament was far too divided to agree on a successor. A referendum to circumvent the problem with a direct ballot of the people was scuppered by Prime Minister Vladimír Meciar's interior minister, Gustáv Krajci, in violation of the constitution. The government of Prime Minister Mikulás Dzurinda changed the rules to allow for a popular ballot and in 1999 Schuster was elected in a second round run-off vote with Meciar, taking 57.2% to his opponent's 42.8%. While short on the personal charisma and oratorical talent of Meciar, he was, in the words of Dzurinda, the only candidate "acceptable to the outside world." Dzurinda, whose fragile five-party coalition government backed Schuster, hoped in particular that he could "lead the country towards Euro-Atlantic integration," specifically membership in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Schuster himself said his chief aim was to "ensure the confidence of foreigners, to bring in more credit and satisfy the expectations of foreign investors." Above all he was seen as the man who could help Bratislava move towards the West. He had supported Dzurinda's decision to allow NATO warplanes bombing Yugoslavia to use Slovakia's airspace.

Schutte, Danie(l Pieter Antonie) (b. June 13, 1947, Pretoria, South Africa), home affairs minister of South Africa (1993-94).

Schütz, Klaus (b. Sept. 17, 1926, Heidelberg, Germany - d. Nov. 29, 2012, Berlin, Germany), governing mayor of (West) Berlin (1967-77).

Schuurmans, Constant (b. Dec. 8, 1914, Achel, Limburg, Belgium - d. March 26, 2003), Belgian diplomat. He was ambassador to Greece (1962-65) and West Germany (1970-76) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-69).

Schwab, Johannes, Russian Iogann (Fridrikhovich) Shvab (b. 1888 - d. [executed] 1938), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Volga German A.S.S.R. (1924-30).

Schwaetzer, Irmgard, formerly (1974-91) Irmgard Adam-Schwaetzer (b. April 5, 1942, Münster, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany), German politician. She was general secretary of the Free Democratic Party (1982-84), minister of construction (1991-94), and president of the Synod of the Evangelical Church of Germany (2013-21).

Schwalb

Schwalb López Aldana, Fernando (b. Aug. 26, 1916, Lima, Peru - d. July 22, 2002), foreign minister (1963-65, 1983-84) and prime minister (1964-65, 1983-84) of Peru. He was also president of the Central Reserve Bank (1966-68), first vice-president (1980-85), and ambassador to the United States (1980-82).

Schwalger, Carolyn, New Zealand diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2022- ).

Schwan, Gesine (Marianne), née Schneider (b. May 22, 1943, Berlin, Germany), German presidential candidate (2004, 2009).

Schwander, Rudolf (b. Dec. 23, 1868, Colmar, Haut-Rhin, France - d. Dec. 24, 1950, Oberursel, Hessen, West Germany), mayor of Strassburg (1906-18), acting economy minister of Germany (1917), Kaiserlicher Statthalter in Alsace-Lorraine (1918), and Oberpräsident of Hessen-Nassau (1919-30).

Schwarz, Henning (Michael) (b. Oct. 5, 1928, Gut Frauenholz, near Bad Oldesloe, Germany - d. April 13, 1993, Lübeck, Germany), acting minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein (1987-88); son of Werner Schwarz.

Schwarz, Werner (b. Jan. 21, 1900, Hamburg, Germany - d. Sept. 2, 1982, Gut Frauenholz, near Bad Oldesloe, West Germany), West German politician. He was minister of food, agriculture, and forestry (1959-65).

Schwarzenberg, Felix Fürst zu (b. Oct. 2, 1800, Krumau, Austria [now Ceský Krumlov, Czech Republic] - d. April 5, 1852, Vienna, Austria), prime minister and foreign minister of Austria (1848-52). He was also minister to Sardinia (1838-44) and the Two Sicilies (1844-48).

K. Schwarzenberg

Schwarzenberg, Karel (Jan Nepomucký Josef Norbert Bedrich Antonín Vratislav Menas), as head of the traditional Austrian princely House of Schwarzenberg: Karl Johann Nepomuk Josef Norbert Friedrich Antonius Wratislaw Mena (12.) Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Graf zu Sulz, gefürsteter Landgraf im Kleggau, Herzog zu Krumau (b. Dec. 10, 1937, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), foreign minister (2007-09, 2010-13) and a deputy prime minister (2010-13) of the Czech Republic. He was leader of Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 (2009-15) and a presidential candidate (2013).

Schwarzenegger

Schwarzenegger, Arnold (Alois) (b. July 30, 1947, Thal village, near Graz, Austria), governor of California (2003-11). A famous bodybuilder and Hollywood action hero known by film fans as "The Terminator" and "Conan the Barbarian," he emigrated to the U.S. in 1968 and became a U.S. citizen in 1983, while retaining Austrian citizenship. In the 1990s he became active in the Republican Party. As chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (1990-93), he traveled to all 50 states to promote fitness programs. In 1991, he established the National Inner-City Games Foundation, an enrichment program for inner-city youths. In 2003 Schwarzenegger, who never held elected office before, swept California Gov. Gray Davis out of office in a historic recall election. He had announced his intention to run only two months before, on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. As Californians felt ignored by their leaders in Sacramento and cut off from their government amid a worsening state economy, Schwarzenegger tapped a deep vein of voter anger by vowing to defeat politics as usual, although he was short on specifics. Even reports of sexual harassment could not thwart his campaign (he apologized for having "behaved badly" towards women, and pledged to champion their cause). A self-described fiscal conservative, he called himself "very liberal" on social issues, supporting abortion rights, adoption by gay parents, and "sensible gun controls." His support for the death penalty reduced his popularity in Austria, and after he refused to block the controversial execution of gang leader Stanley Williams in 2005 city councillors in Graz planned to vote on the removal of the governor's name from a soccer stadium in the city; forestalling this, Schwarzenegger himself requested the removal.

Schwarzkopf

Schwarzkopf, H. Norman¹ (b. Aug. 22, 1934, Trenton, N.J. - d. Dec. 27, 2012, Tampa, Fla.), U.S. Army officer. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., receiving his lieutenant's commission in 1956. In 1964 he obtained a master's degree in guided-missile engineering from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He returned from two tours of duty in South Vietnam (1965-66, 1969-70) as a heavily decorated combat veteran, then held a series of two-year assignments, and in 1983, as major general, was deputy commander of the U.S. invasion of Grenada. He was a corps commander in 1986-87 and a deputy chief of staff at the Pentagon in 1987-88, then in 1988 he received his fourth star and was appointed commander in chief of the U.S. Central Command (responsible for any military operations in the Middle East), headquartered in Tampa, Fla. When Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait in August 1990, Schwarzkopf directed Operation Desert Shield, the buildup of a force of over 500,000 U.S., European, and Arab troops in Saudi Arabia. Under his command, Operation Desert Storm began on Jan. 16, 1991. A six-week-long air bombardment was followed by a ground campaign on February 24 which lasted only 100 hours. The Iraqi army was driven from Kuwait with only minimal casualties to the allied force. Hailed as a national hero, "Stormin' Norman" returned to the U.S. in April and retired from the military in August.
¹ His father, Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, wanted to give him his name but disliking the name Herbert gave him only the letter H.

Schweigaard, Christian Homann (b. Oct. 14, 1838, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. March 24, 1899, Kristiania [now Oslo]), finance minister (1883-84) and prime minister (1884) of Norway. He was also mayor of Kristiania (1879-80, 1885-88), minister of auditing (1880-81, 1881-82) and justice (1881, 1884), and chairman of the Conservative Party (1889-91, 1893-96).

M.S. Schweiker

Schweiker, Mark S(tephen) (b. Jan. 31, 1953, Levittown, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (2001-03).

Schweiker, Richard S(chultz) (b. June 1, 1926, Norristown, Pa. - d. July 31, 2015, Atlantic City, N.J.), U.S. secretary of health and human services (1981-83).

Schweitzer Speisky, Daniel (b. Feb. 17, 1896, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. 1979), Chilean diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1959-63).

Schweitzer Speisky, Miguel (b. July 6, 1908, Antofagasta, Chile - d. Sept. 21, 1997, Santiago, Chile), Chilean politician; brother of Daniel Schweitzer Speisky. He was minister of labour (1963-64) and justice (1975-77) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-71).

Schweitzer Walters, Miguel Alex (Dennis) (b. July 22, 1940, Santiago, Chile - d. May 8, 2021), foreign minister of Chile (1983); son of Miguel Schweitzer Speisky. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1980-83).

Schweizer

Schweizer, Kathrin (b. 1969, Basel, Switzerland), president of the government of Basel-Land (2022- ).

Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf, byname of Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (b. Aug. 22, 1887, Rathmannsdorf [now part of Stassfurt, Sachsen-Anhalt], Germany - d. March 4, 1977, Essen, West Germany), finance minister (1932-45) and chairman of the interim government (1945) of Germany.

Schwesig

Schwesig, Manuela (b. May 23, 1974, Frankfurt an der Oder, East Germany), minister-president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2017- ). She was also German minister of family, senior citizens, women, and youth (2013-17).

Schwierzina, Tino(-Antoni) (b. May 27, 1927, Królewska Huta [now Chorzów], Poland - d. Dec. 29, 2003, Berlin, Germany), lord mayor of East Berlin (1990-91).

Schwimmer, Walter (b. June 16, 1942, Vienna, Germany [now in Austria]), secretary-general of the Council of Europe (1999-2004).

Schydtz, Jens (b. May 14, 1792, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. May 25, 1859, Bergen, Norway), governor of Søndre Bergenhus (1834-50) and Bergen (1852-59).

Schyman

Schyman, (Gerd) Gudrun (Maria) (b. June 9, 1948, Täby, outside Stockholm, Sweden), Swedish politician. She became interested in politics in 1977 when she joined the Left Party. She sat on the Simrishamn county council from 1980 to 1987. She entered parliament in 1988 and became party chairman in January 1993. In 1996 and 1997 she took two breaks from leader to seek treatment for an alcohol problem. She was forced to resign as leader in January 2003 following accusations of tax evasion.

Scialoja, Antonio (b. July 31, 1817, San Giovanni a Teduccio [now part of Naples], Two Sicilies [now in Italy] - d. Oct. 13, 1877, Procida island, Italy), finance minister of Italy (1865-67). He was also minister of education (1872-74).

Scialoja, Vittorio (b. April 24, 1856, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia [now in Italy] - d. Nov. 19, 1933, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Italy (1919-20); son of Antonio Scialoja. He was also justice minister (1909-10) and minister without portfolio (1916-17).

Scicluna, Edward (b. Oct. 12, 1946, Naxxar, Malta), finance minister of Malta (2013-20). He has also been governor of the Central Bank (2021- ).

Scindia (Bahadur), Sir George Jivaji Rao (b. June 26, 1916, Gwalior [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. July 16, 1961, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), maharaja of Gwalior (1925-47) and rajpramukh of Madhya Bharat (1948-56).

M. Scindia

Scindia, Madhavrao (b. March 10, 1945, Bombay [now Mumbai], India - d. Sept. 30, 2001, Mainpuri, India), Indian politician. He became nominal maharaja of the former princely state of Gwalior in central India in 1961, but the traditional royalty was abolished in 1971. In the latter year he entered parliament for the Hindu nationalist Jan Sangh party, but in the mid-1970s he joined the Congress party. He served as a cabinet minister during Congress rule, holding the portfolios of railways (1984-89), civil aviation (1991-93), and human resources development (1995-96). He was killed in a plane crash.

Scioli, Daniel (Osvaldo) (b. Jan. 13, 1957, Villa Crespo barrio, Buenos Aires, Argentina), vice president of Argentina (2003-07) and governor of Buenos Aires (2007-15). He was also a presidential candidate (2015), ambassador to Brazil (2020-22), and minister of productive development (2022).

Scitovszky (de Nagykér), Béla (b. April 23, 1878, Budapest, Hungary - d. Aug. 20, 1959, Budapest), interior minister of Hungary (1926-31); brother of Tibor Scitovszky. He was also speaker of the National Assembly (1922-26).

Scitovszky (de Nagykér), Tibor (b. June 21, 1875, Nötincs, Hungary - d. April 12, 1959, Los Angeles, Calif.), foreign minister of Hungary (1924-25).

Sciurano

Sciurano (Castañeda), Adolfo Luis (b. 1931 - d. Feb. 3, 2007, Buenos Aires, Argentina), governor of Tierra del Fuego (1984-86).

Scognamiglio

Scoon

Scognamiglio (Pasini), Carlo (Luigi) (b. Nov. 27, 1944, Varese, Lombardy, Italy), Italian politician. A former speaker of the upper house, the Senate (1994-96), he defected from the conservative Freedom Alliance in 1998 to join the new centrist UDR party. He served as consultant to treasury and industry ministers, sat on several parliamentary committees, and was defense minister in 1998-99.

Scoon, Sir Paul (b. July 4, 1935, Gouyave, Grenada - d. Sept. 2, 2013, St. Paul's, Grenada), governor-general of Grenada (1978-92); knighted 1979.

Scopelliti, Giuseppe (b. Nov. 21, 1966, Reggio Calabria, Italy), president of Calabria (2010-14). In 2014 he was found guilty of abuse of office while serving as mayor of Reggio Calabria (2002-10), sentenced to 6 years in prison, and permanently banned from public office.

A. Scott

C. Scott

Scott, Alex, byname of William Alexander Scott (b. 1940), premier of Bermuda (2003-06). He was also minister of works and engineering (1998-2003).

Scott, Charles (b. c. April 1739, near Richmond, Virginia - d. Oct. 22, 1813, Clark county, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1808-12).

Scott, Christina (Martha Elena) (b. Dec. 25, 1974), governor of Anguilla (2013-17).

Scott, (Richard) D'Arcy (b. March 8, 1872, Hull, Que. - d. Oct. 1, 1926, Ottawa, Ont.), mayor of Ottawa (1907-08); son of Sir Richard William Scott.

Scott, Sir David Aubrey (b. Aug. 3, 1919 - d. Dec. 27, 2010), governor of Pitcairn Island (1973-75); knighted 1974. He was British high commissioner to New Zealand (1973-75) and ambassador to South Africa (1976-79).

G. Scott

Scott, Guy (Lindsay) (b. June 1, 1944, Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), vice president (2011-14) and acting president (2014-15) of Zambia. He was also minister of agriculture and fisheries (1991-93). Of British parentage, he became the first white leader of a black African nation since 1994 when he succeeded as acting president on the death of Pres. Michael Sata in 2014.

Scott, John (Vivian) (b. Nov. 19, 1920, England - d. May 12, 2014, Wellington, New Zealand), New Zealand diplomat. He was ambassador to Japan (1965-68) and France, Spain, Portugal, and the Vatican (1979-82) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1969-73).

Scott, Sir Richard William (b. Feb. 24, 1825, Prescott, Upper Canada [now Ontario] - d. April 23, 1913, Ottawa, Ont.), acting interior minister of Canada (1876, 1896); knighted 1909. He was also mayor of Bytown (1852), minister without portfolio (1873-74), secretary of state (1874-78, 1896-1908), and acting superintendent-general of Indian affairs (1876, 1896).

Scott, Rick, byname of Richard Lynn Scott, original surname Myers (b. Dec. 1, 1952, Bloomington, Ill.), governor of Florida (2011-19).

Scott, Robert W(alter) (b. June 13, 1929, near Haw River, Alamance county, N.C. - d. Jan. 23, 2009, Burlington, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1969-73); son of W. Kerr Scott.

W.K. Scott

Scott, W(illiam) Kerr (b. April 17, 1896, Haw River, N.C. - d. April 16, 1958, Burlington, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1949-53). He was a state commissioner of agriculture before his election as governor in 1948. He was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat in 1954. He was noted for his championship of black civil rights in his southern state and for his stated purpose "to see that the minority race has a fair opportunity and gets the training to fit into the state's growth."

Winfield Scott

Scott, Winfield (b. June 13, 1786, Petersburg, Va. - d. May 29, 1866, West Point, N.Y.), U.S. presidential candidate (1852). Commissioned a captain of artillery in 1808, he fought in the War of 1812, taking part in the battles of Chippewa (July 5, 1814) and Lundy's Lane (July 25). He declined an appointment as secretary of war but accepted a gold medal from Congress and the rank of brevet major general. He remained in military service, studied tactics in Europe, served in the Seminole and Creek Indian campaigns in Florida (1835-36), and supervised the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia and other southern states to reservations west of the Mississippi River (1838). He was nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers" because of his emphasis on military proprieties, but he nevertheless possessed solid military talents. He served as commanding general of the U.S. Army for 20 years (1841-61). During the Mexican War (1846-48) he commanded a seaborne invasion of Mexico that captured Veracruz (March 1847) and, after additional victories, entered Mexico City (September 14), thus effectively ending the war. For this service he received another gold medal from Congress and was appointed to the brevet rank of lieutenant general. A prominent Whig, Scott had been mentioned as a presidential candidate as early as 1839. He won his party's nomination in 1852 but lost the election to Democrat Franklin Pierce, mainly because the Whigs were divided on the slavery question. Scott remained a popular old soldier and commanded the U.S. Army at the outbreak of the Civil War (April 1861) until age forced his retirement in October.

Scott, Sir (Arleigh) Winston (b. March 27, 1900 - d. Aug. 9, 1976), governor-general of Barbados (1967-76); knighted 1967.

Scott-Barrett, Sir David (William) (b. Dec. 16, 1922, Cologne, Germany - d. Jan. 1, 2004, Inverness, Scotland), British city commandant of Berlin (1973-75); knighted 1976.

Scotti, Luigi (b. Jan. 14, 1932, Naples, Italy), justice minister of Italy (2008).

Scotti, Vincenzo (b. Sept. 16, 1933, Naples, Italy), interior minister (1990-92) and foreign minister (1992) of Italy. He was also minister of labour and social security (1978-80, 1982-83), European affairs (1980-81), cultural assets and environment (1981-82), and civil defense (1983-84) and mayor of Naples (1984).

Scotty, Charmaine (Eraidinomo), home affairs minister of Nauru (2013-17); wife of a cousin of Ludwig Scotty. She was also health minister (2017-19).

L. Scotty

Scotty, Ludwig (Derangadage) (b. June 20, 1948, Anabar, Nauru), president of Nauru (2003, 2004-07). He first entered politics when he was elected as MP for Anabar on March 15, 1983. He was minister of health (1992-95, 1996, 1997-99, 2003), youth affairs (1997-99), justice (2003), and civil aviation, economic development, public service, and women's affairs (2003), minister assisting the president (2003), and speaker of parliament (2000-01, 2001-02, 2004, 2010-13, 2013-16). A hallmark of his presidency was financial reforms brought in to try to reverse the economic decline of the tiny country. In 2007 he became the first president to complete a three-year term since 1995 and was reelected. But shortly afterward he lost the support of parliament amid claims he failed to act on allegations that his deputy David Adeang had engaged in corrupt activities. By 2013 he was the longest-serving member of parliament, but he failed reelection in 2016.

Scowcroft, Brent (b. March 19, 1925, Ogden, Utah - d. Aug. 6, 2020, Falls Church, Va.), U.S. national security advisor (1975-77, 1989-93).

Scranton, William W(arren) (b. July 19, 1917, Madison, Conn. - d. July 28, 2013, Montecito, Calif.), governor of Pennsylvania (1963-67) and U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1976-77).

Scrivener, Christiane (b. Sept. 1, 1925, Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin, France), French politician. She was European commissioner for taxation and customs union (1989-95).

Scullin

Scullin, James Henry (b. Sept. 18, 1876, Trawalla, Victoria [Australia] - d. Jan. 28, 1953, Melbourne, Vic.), prime minister of Australia (1929-32). He joined the labour movement and founded the first branch of the Labor Party in Ballarat in 1903. In 1910 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Corangamite, Victoria. He lost his seat in 1913 and became editor of the Evening Echo, a Labor newspaper in Ballarat. Reelected to parliament from the Yarra division, Melbourne, in 1922, he became leader of the party on the retirement of Matthew Charlton in 1928 and led it to a sweeping victory in 1929. As prime minister, he was immediately confronted with the Great Depression. The finances of the country, which had been unsound for some time, began to rush toward bankruptcy at an accelerating speed. His first act was to seek to adjust the balance of trade by imposing a staggering tariff and by enacting a ruthless system of rationing and limitation of imports. But he was constrained by an opposition-controlled Senate, and the economy continued to deteriorate. In August 1930, he signed an agreement to enforce drastic governmental economies on the advice of Sir Otto Niemeyer, a financial expert lent by the Bank of England. He reduced official salaries relentlessly. From August 1930 to January 1931 he was in London to attend the Imperial Conference. On his return he found his authority as leader gone and the party torn between the paths of economic orthodoxy and the inflationist remedies sponsored by the New South Wales Labor leader, Jack Lang. In November 1931 his ministry was defeated in the House by the defection of the latter group, and the party was defeated in the December general election. He led the opposition until 1935 and retired from parliament in 1949.

Scully, Cornelius D(ecatur) (b. 1879? - d. Sept. 22, 1952, Winchester, Va.), mayor of Pittsburgh (1936-46).

Sea Kosal (b. Nov. 4, 1965, Battambang, Cambodia), Cambodian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires (2006-07) and permanent representative (2007-14) to the United Nations.

Seaborg, Glenn T(heodore) (b. April 19, 1912, Ishpeming, Mich. - d. Feb. 25, 1999, Lafayette, Calif.), chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1961-71). Joint winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the element seaborgium (one of ten he discovered) was named after him.

Seabra, José Joaquim (b. Aug. 21, 1855, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. Dec. 5, 1942, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1902-06) and governor of Bahia (1912-16, 1920-24). He was also minister of transport (1910-12).

V.C. Seabra

Seabra, Veríssimo Correia (b. Feb. 16, 1947, Bissau, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau] - d. Oct. 6, 2004, Bissau), interim president of Guinea-Bissau (2003). He joined the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) as a guerrilla fighting against Portuguese colonial rule in 1963 when he was just 16. After independence, he became embroiled in the strained internal politics of the PAIGC as it underwent a difficult transition from armed liberation movement to civilian-led political party. He played a key role in the 1980 coup which overthrew Pres. Luís Cabral. Promoted steadily through the ranks, he became deputy head of the Guinea-Bissau military contingent of the United Nations mission in war-torn Angola (1991-92). Two years later he was appointed head of operations in the military high command. In 1998, he joined a military uprising by Gen. Ansumane Mané against Pres. João Bernardo Vieira. He became Mané's number two commander in the brief but bloody civil war which followed. The rift in the military was papered over by a peace agreement in February 1999, but three months later Seabra played a leading role in a new coup which forced Vieira to quit. An interim civilian government was charged with organizing fresh elections. Seabra, now a four-star general, became chief of staff of the armed forces. He remained in this position after the elections in 2000 which brought to power Kumba Ialá. Mané lost his life in a failed attempt to overthrow Ialá in 2000, but this time Seabra remained loyal to the head of state and was kept on as chief of staff. However, as time went on and Ialá's government grew more erratic in its behaviour, Seabra's patience wore thin. In September 2003 he led a bloodless coup. Serving as interim president for two weeks only until swearing in Henrique Rosa to that post, Seabra continued to head a National Transition Council to supervise affairs until a parliament was elected. He was killed by mutinous soldiers demanding pay for peacekeeping duty abroad.

Seaga

Seaga, Edward (Philip George) (b. May 28, 1930, Boston, Mass. - d. May 28, 2019, Miami, Fla.), prime minister of Jamaica (1980-89). In 1959, he entered the Legislative Council (upper house) as its youngest member ever. In 1962 he was elected member of parliament and was appointed minister of development and welfare. In 1967 he became minister of finance and planning and developed a reputation as something of a financial wizard. When the People's National Party won the 1972 election, Hugh Shearer stepped down as leader of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP). Seaga was appointed to succeed him and, despite criticism, remained party leader when the JLP suffered its second consecutive defeat in 1976. The JLP won a decisive election victory in 1980, and Seaga became prime minister. Both by personality and by politics he was almost the exact opposite of his predecessor, Michael Manley. While Manley had the charisma and oratorical skills that kept audiences spellbound, Seaga, though certainly capable of holding his own at public meetings, was much more of a private person. This had the effect on both Jamaicans and outsiders of making him appear calculating, uncompromising, and lacking in warmth. Seaga was pro-Western, pro-free enterprise, and generally to the right of centre in terms of Caribbean politics. His support of big business, Western models of development, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) assistance for Jamaica earned him the reputation of not being concerned about the poor. He also broke off relations with Cuba in 1981. Elections in 1983 were boycotted by the opposition, and the JLP won all the seats. The next election, in 1989, returned Manley to power. Seaga announced his resignation as JLP leader in June 2004.

Sealy, Philip (Reuben Arnott) (b. 1947, Barbados), Trinidad and Tobago diplomat. He was ambassador to Venezuela (1996-97), Peru (1997), Colombia (1997-98), and Ecuador (1998-2002) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-08).

Seaman, Sir Keith (Douglas) (b. June 11, 1920, McLaren Vale, S.Aus. - d. June 30, 2013, Tasmania), governor of South Australia (1977-82); knighted 1981.

Seaton, Fred(erick) A(ndrew) (b. Dec. 11, 1909, Washington, D.C. - d. Jan. 16, 1974, Minneapolis, Minn.), U.S. politician. His active interest in Republican politics dated from his college days, when he was chairman of the Riley County Young Republican Club in Kansas. In 1936 he was secretary to Alfred M. Landon during the latter's unsuccessful campaign for president. From 1945 to 1949 he served two terms in the Nebraska state legislature and in the latter year he was secretary to Harold E. Stassen. In 1951 he was appointed senator from Nebraska to fill the unexpired term of Sen. Kenneth S. Wherry. In 1952 he joined the presidential campaign staff of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, having acquired the reputation of being one of the most effective speakers among the younger Republicans. Eisenhower appointed him assistant secretary of defense for legislative affairs in 1953, and two years later he joined the White House staff as an administrative assistant to the president. He was appointed secretary of the interior May 28, 1956, to succeed Douglas McKay. The Senate confirmed him June 6, and he was sworn into office June 8. In 1957 Seaton recommended that federal reclamation projects should be made as nearly self-supporting as possible. In 1958 he proposed federal subsidies for certain minerals, including lead, zinc, copper, and tungsten. Serving as interior secretary until 1961, he was candidate for governor of Nebraska in 1962.

S.W.T. Seaton

Seaton, Sir Samuel Weymouth Tapley (b. July 28, 1950, St. Kitts), governor-general of St. Kitts and Nevis (2015-23); knighted 2015. He was also attorney general (1980-95).

Seay

Seay, Thomas (b. Nov. 20, 1846, near Erie, Ala. - d. March 30, 1896, Greensboro, Ala.), governor of Alabama (1886-90). In 1863 he enlisted in the Confederate Army and served with his company around Mobile. He was captured at Spanish Fort and at Blakeley and was imprisoned on Ship Island. He began his political career in 1874 when he ran unsuccessfully for the state senate. He was successful in 1876 and remained in the senate for ten years, serving as president in 1884-86. He was elected governor in 1886 and reelected in 1888. This administration is noteworthy for Seay's success in reducing taxes while increasing social services and running state government in the black. An advocate for social welfare programs, he supported crucial legislation. During his administration women and children were limited to an eight-hour work day. Pensions were provided for disabled Confederate veterans and their widows. He was also supportive (in the context of late 19th-century standards) of measures to improve the rights and education of Alabama's black citizens. Several new schools were established during his term, among them the State Normal School for Colored Students in Montgomery (now Alabama State University). An especially exciting event to occur while Seay was in office was the 1887 visit of Pres. Grover Cleveland to Montgomery. Other events during his administration were not so joyful. The convict lease system began and businessmen soon realized the opportunity for exploitation of this workforce. The Hawes Riot took place in Birmingham; 13 people died. In 1890 he was defeated by James M. Pugh in his bid for a U.S. Senate seat. He did not run for office again although he helped Thomas G. Jones in his campaign for governor against Populist Reuben Kolb.

Sebastian

Sebastian, Sir Cuthbert (Montraville) (b. Oct. 22, 1921 - d. March 25, 2017, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis), governor-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996-2013); knighted 1996.

Sebastião, António Jorge da Silva (b. Dec. 3, 1919), governor of São Tomé and Príncipe (1963-72).

Sebe, Lennox (Leslie Wongama) (b. June 26, 1926 - d. July 23, 1994, Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape, South Africa), chief minister (1973-75, 1975-81) and president (1981-90) of Ciskei.

Sebelius

Sebelius, Kathleen, née Gilligan (b. May 15, 1948, Cincinnati, Ohio), governor of Kansas (2003-09); daughter of John J. Gilligan. In 1986 she was elected to the state House as a Democrat. She was elected state insurance commissioner in 1994 and became president of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners in 2001. Her moderate image and political savvy made her the obvious Democrat to run for governor in 2002, and she had no primary opposition. Republican incumbent Bill Graves was term-limited and there was a riproaring battle for the Republican nomination. Attorney General Carla Stovall, the choice of the moderate wing, announced in 2001 but left the race in April 2002, just two months before the filing deadline. That left moderates with no candidate against conservative state treasurer Tim Shallenburger. Quickly state Senate president Dave Kerr and Wichita mayor Bob Knight jumped in, but the one conservative beat the two moderates: Shallenburger won the August primary with 41% of the vote to 30% for Kerr and 26% for Knight. The general election provided a clear contrast on issues. Sebelius promised a top-to-bottom review of state government and refused to pledge she would veto any tax increase. She favoured abortion rights, opposed capital punishment, favoured banning concealed weapons except for retired law enforcement officers, and called for a $1,000 increase in per pupil spending and said she would institute character education in schools. She picked a Republican for her running mate. Polls showed her well ahead all along, and she won 53%-45%. She retained Graves's budget director and appointed a Republican as secretary of administration. She was reelected in 2006, defeating state senator Jim Barnett 58%-40%. In 2009-14 she was secretary of health and human services under Pres. Barack Obama. She resigned after the bumpy implementation of Obama's signature health law, the Affordable Care Act.

Sebrão, Cypriano de Almeida (b. 1826? - d. Oct. 29, 1901, Maruim, Sergipe, Brazil), acting president of Sergipe (1872-73, 1873-74, 1875-76).

Seburyamo, Benoît (b. June 24, 1946, Bujumbura, Burundi), Burundian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1989-93).

Secada (Benavides), Francisco de Paula (b. 1819?, Tarma, Peru - d. Aug. 26, 1896, Lima, Peru), interior, police, and public works minister (1869-70) and war minister (1890) of Peru. He was also mayor of Lima (1879).

Secco Ellauri, Óscar (b. Aug. 6, 1904, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Oct. 14, 1990), foreign minister of Uruguay (1957-59). He was also minister of education (1947-51).

Sechin, Igor (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 7, 1960, Leningrad, Russian S.F.S.R. [now St. Petersburg, Russia]), a deputy prime minister of Russia (2008-12). He is president of the Rosneft oil company (2012- ).

Seck, Assane (b. Feb. 1, 1919, Inor, Casamance, Senegal - d. Nov. 27, 2012, Dakar, Senegal), foreign minister of Senegal (1973-78). He was also culture minister (1966-68, 1978-81) and education minister (1968-73).

Seck, Fodé (b. Sept. 1, 1950), Senegalese diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Saudi Arabia (2006-07), ambassador to Brazil (2007-10) and Switzerland (2012-14), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-18).

I. Seck

Sedat Jobe

Seck, Idrissa (b. Aug. 9, 1959, Thiès, Senegal), prime minister of Senegal (2002-04). He was also minister of trade, crafts, and industrialization (1996-98) and mayor of Thiès (2002-08, 2009-14), a city 70 km east of Dakar. He was released on Feb. 7, 2006, after spending seven months in prison. The High Court of Justice dismissed charges that he had embezzled public funds allocated to roadworks in Thiès. He was a presidential candidate in 2007, 2012, and 2019.

Seck, Mamadou (b. Aug. 5, 1947, Dakar, Senegal), finance minister of Senegal (2001). He was also minister of equipment and transport (2001, 2002-06) and infrastructure (2002-06) and president of the National Assembly (2008-12).

Seck, Mamadou Mansour (b. July 3, 1935, Dakar, Senegal), Senegalese military officer and diplomat. He was chief of general staff (1988-93) and ambassador to the United States (1993-2002).

Seck, Ousmane (b. May 22, 1938, Rufisque, Senegal - d. Jan. 28, 2018, Dakar, Senegal), finance minister of Senegal (1978-82). He was also minister of planning and cooperation (1973-78).

Seck, Pathé (b. Nov. 29, 1945, Louga, Senegal), interior minister of Senegal (2012-13). He was also ambassador to Portugal (2005-10).

Seçkin, Ilyas (b. 1918, Ayas, Ottoman Empire [now in Ankara province, Turkey] - d. Dec. 17, 1996, Istanbul, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1963). He was also minister of public works (1962-63).

Secomski, Kazimierz (b. Nov. 26, 1910, Kamiensk, Poland - d. Nov. 29, 2002, Warsaw, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1976-80).

Sedat Jobe, Momodou Lamin (b. July 24, 1944), foreign minister of The Gambia (1998-2001). He was appointed ambassador to France in 2017.

Sedbaras, Stasys (b. Feb. 10, 1958, Tujainiai, Lithuanian S.S.R.), interior minister of Lithuania (1998-99).

Seddon, Richard John, byname King Dick (b. June 22, 1845, Eccleston, Lancashire, England - d. June 10, 1906, at sea between Australia and New Zealand), prime minister of New Zealand (1893-1906). He went to Australia in 1863 and then to New Zealand in 1866, where he was elected to the Westland provincial council in 1874 and entered national politics with his election to parliament in 1879. He became minister of mines in the Liberal government of John Ballance in 1891 and on Ballance's death two years later succeeded him as prime minister. He was also minister of defence and finance and assumed many other cabinet positions himself after the resignations of William Pember Reeves (1896) and John McKenzie (1899). During his administration, he introduced a wide range of social legislation, including women's suffrage (1893), old-age pensions (1898), and free secondary education (1903). He encouraged the introduction of state fire insurance (1903) and state construction of housing for workers (1905). He sent New Zealand troops to aid Britain during the South African War (1899-1902). At the colonial conference of 1902 he favoured the raising of imperial service troops and advocated imperial preference, which he introduced into the New Zealand tariff in 1903. His administration also saw the normalizing of relations with Australia and annexation of the Cook Islands, although his attempt to incorporate Fiji into New Zealand failed. He died in office suddenly while returning from a visit to Australia.

Sederholm, Gustaf Robert (b. April 7, 1868, Nyköping, Södermanland, Sweden - d. Dec. 18, 1939), governor of Södermanland (1927-35).

Jaroslav Sedivý

Jirí Sedivý

Sedivý, Jaroslav (b. Nov. 12, 1929, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Jan. 28, 2023), foreign minister (1997-98) and a deputy prime minister (1998) of the Czech Republic. He was also Czech (until 1992 Czechoslovak) ambassador to France (1990-94), Belgium and Luxembourg (1995-97), and Switzerland (1999-2002).

Sedivý, Jirí (b. Aug. 20, 1963), defense minister of the Czech Republic (2006-07); son of Jaroslav Sedivý. In 2007-10 he was NATO assistant secretary-general for defense policy and planning and in 2012 he became permanent representative to NATO. He is not to be confused with Gen. Jirí Sedivý (b. 1953), chief of staff of the Czech Armed Forces in 1998-2002.

Sedki, Atef, Arabic in full `Atif Muhammad Najib Sidqi (b. Aug. 29, 1930, Tanta, Nile delta, Egypt - d. Feb. 25, 2005, Cairo, Egypt), prime minister of Egypt (1986-96). As head of the Central Auditing Agency, a body supervising government and public sector spending, he was Egypt's fiscal watchdog for five years before he became prime minister. Heading three cabinets, he was one of the longest-serving prime ministers in modern Egypt. In that post, which in Egypt is greatly overshadowed by the powerful presidency, he supervised, and at times resisted, implementation of economic reforms approved by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. His premiership coincided with the worst period of internal conflict between the security forces and the Gama'a al-Islamiya (Islamic Group), which tried to overthrow the government by guerrilla war. More than 1,000 people were killed. In 1993 militants of another Islamist group, the Vanguards of Conquest, detonated a car bomb as his motorcade drove through central Cairo. Sedki emerged unscathed but the explosion killed a schoolgirl and wounded 18 people.

Sedki, Aziz, also spelled Sidky, Arabic `Aziz Sidqi (b. July 1, 1920, Cairo, Egypt - d. Jan. 25, 2008, Paris, France), prime minister of Egypt (1972-73). He was also minister of industry (1956-64), petroleum and light industry (1964-67), and industry, petroleum, and mineral resources (1968-72), a deputy prime minister (1964-67, 1970-71), and first deputy prime minister (1971-72).

Sedki Pasha, Ismail, Arabic Isma`il Sidqi Basha (b. 1875, Alexandria, Egypt - d. July 9, 1950, Paris, France), Egyptian politician. He joined the public prosecutor's office but in 1899 became administrative secretary of the Alexandria municipal commission. In 1914 he was appointed minister of agriculture and then of waqfs (religious institutions). In 1915, however, he joined the Wafd (nationalist) movement and was later deported with Saad Zaghlul Pasha and others to Malta. After World War I he deserted the Wafd, in 1921 and 1922 was minister of finance, and in 1922 and 1924-25 minister of the interior. He retired from politics for five years but returned eventually as premier and, from 1930 to 1933, ruled with an iron hand to curb the Wafd's influence. He joined an all-party delegation to negotiate the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, but in 1938 again retired from politics after a period of service as minister of finance. He returned to power in February 1946 as premier and advocated the revision of the 1936 treaty. In October he flew to London but failed in his efforts to "achieve unity between Egypt and the Sudan under the Egyptian crown." He resigned on Dec. 8, 1946.

Sedney

Sedney, Jules (b. Sept. 28, 1922, Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [now Suriname] - d. June 18, 2020, Paramaribo), finance minister (1958-63) and prime minister (1969-73) of Suriname. He was also governor of the central bank (1980-83).

Sedoc, E(dwin) J(ohan), byname Eddy Sedoc (b. Nov. 17, 1938, Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana [now Suriname] - d. Aug. 6, 2011, Saramacca, Suriname), foreign minister of Suriname (1988-90). He was also minister of planning and development cooperation (1991-93), acting finance minister (1991-92), and ambassador to Venezuela (1994-99).

Seebohm, Hans-Christoph (b. Aug. 4, 1903, Emanuelssegen, Prussia, Germany [now Murcki, part of Katowice, Poland] - d. Sept. 17, 1967, Bonn, West Germany), vice chancellor of West Germany (1966). He was also minister of transportation (1949-66).

Seeder, Helir-Valdor (b. Sept. 7, 1964, Viljandi, Estonian S.S.R.), acting finance minister of Estonia (2009). He has been mayor of Viljandi (1992-93), governor of Viljandi county (1993-2003), minister of agriculture (2007-14), and chairman of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (from 2018, Isamaa) (2017- ).

Seehofer

Seehofer, Horst (Lorenz) (b. July 4, 1949, Ingolstadt, Bayern, Germany), minister-president of Bayern (2008-18) and acting president (2012) and interior minister (2018-21) of Germany. He was also German minister of health (1992-98) and agriculture (2005-08) and chairman of the Christian Social Union (2008-19).

Seetharamaiah, Kondapalli (b. 1914?, Jonnapadu, Krishna district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. April 12, 2002, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh), Indian revolutionary. He joined the Communist Party of India in the 1940s and fought against the feudal rule of the Muslim Nizam rulers. He joined a violent Maoist uprising, called the Naxalite movement, in 1968, before founding the People's War Group (PWG) in 1980. The Group, operating in at least 10 states, fought mainly for peasants rights, attacking rural landlords, security forces, and railway stations. His leadership of PWG came to an end when his deputy Ganapathy took over the rein in 1991. Seetharamaiah was arrested in 1993 and released in 1995.

Sefcovic, Maros (b. July 24, 1966, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), Slovak diplomat. He has been ambassador to Israel (1999-2002), permanent representative to the European Union (2004-09), EU commissioner for education, training, culture, and youth (2009-10), inter-institutional relations and administration (2010-14), health and consumer policy (2012), energy union (2014-19), and digital single market (acting, 2019), and vice-president of the European Commission for inter-institutional relations and foresight (2019- ).

Seferis, Giorgos, pen name of Georgios (Stylianou) Seferiadis (b. March 13, 1900, Smyrna, Ottoman Empire [now Izmir, Turkey] - d. Sept. 20, 1971, Athens, Greece), Greek diplomat. Better known as the author who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1963, he was minister to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq (1953-56) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1957-62).

Sefue, Ombeni (Yohana) (b. Aug. 26, 1954, Same district, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), Tanzanian official. He was high commissioner to Canada (2005-07), ambassador to the United States (2007-10), permanent representative to the United Nations (2010-11), and chief secretary (2011-16).

Segarra, Pedro E(rnesto) (b. April 28, 1959, Maricao, Puerto Rico), mayor of Hartford (2010- ).

Segebaden, Carl Otto friherre von (b. Jan. 29, 1718, Sonstorp, Östergötland, Sweden - d. March 3, 1795, Frötuna, Västmanland, Sweden), governor of Gotland (1765-87). He became friherre (baron) in 1771.

Seger, Paul R(ené) (b. Dec. 26, 1958, Basel, Switzerland), Swiss diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2010-15) and ambassador to Myanmar (2015-19).

Segizbayev, Sultan (Segizbayevich) (b. 1899, Dzhagalbayly, Tashkent uyezd, Russia [now in Uzbekistan] - d. Feb. 25, 1939), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek S.S.R. (1937-38). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Severo-Kazakhstan oblast (1937).

Seglins, Mareks (b. July 4, 1970, Aizpute, Latvian S.S.R.), interior minister (1999-2002, 2007-09) and justice minister (2009-10) of Latvia.

Segni

Segni, Antonio (b. Feb. 2, 1891, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy - d. Dec. 1, 1972, Rome, Italy), prime minister (1955-57, 1959-60) and president (1962-64) of Italy. A militant Roman Catholic, he joined the Italian Popular Party in 1919, worked as an organizer in the provinces, and by 1923 sat on its national council. This stage in his political career was cut short when all political organizations were dissolved by Benito Mussolini in 1926. At the beginning of 1943 he was among the organizers of Christian Democracy, successor to the Popular Party, becoming its leading figure in Sardinia. In 1944 he became undersecretary for agriculture. As agriculture minister (1946-51) he initiated an extensive land reform and became known as a "white Communist" by right-wingers. After serving as education minister (1951-53, 1953-54), he was premier (1955-57) as head of a coalition government with Liberals and Social Democrats and later became deputy premier and defense minister (1958-59). When the Christian Democrats overthrew Premier Amintore Fanfani in 1959 because of his pro-Socialist leanings, the party's right wing picked Segni as premier again. He headed a precarious minority government (in which he also was interior minister) for 13 months, then resigned when the moderate Liberals withdrew their support, leaving him dependent on undesired neo-Fascist backing. He then served as foreign minister (1960-62) until a joint session of parliament elected him president after a five-day, nine-ballot battle against Giuseppe Saragat. After suffering a near-fatal stroke in August 1964 he resigned in December. As a former president he automatically became a senator for life, but his near-paralysis prevented him from making more than one or two brief appearances in the Senate.

Segond, Guy-Olivier (b. Sept. 14, 1945, Geneva, Switzerland - d. Nov. 12, 2020, Geneva), president of the Council of State of Genève (1995-96, 1999-2000). He was also mayor of Geneva (1983-84, 1988-89).

Segris, Émile Alexis (b. March 4, 1811, Poitiers, Vienne, France - d. Sept. 5, 1880, Weggis, Luzern, Switzerland), finance minister of France (1870). He was also minister of public instruction (1870).

Segrt, Vlado (b. Dec. 18, 1907, Arandjelovo village, near Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina - d. 1991, Arandjelovo), president of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1948-53).

Seguel Morel, Enrique (Pedro) (b. Aug. 22, 1938), finance minister of Chile (1989). He was also president of the Central Bank (1985-89).

Seguín, José María, acting foreign minister of Peru (1856).

Séguin

Séguin, Philippe (Daniel Alain) (b. April 21, 1943, Tunis, Tunisia - d. Jan. 7, 2010, Paris, France), French politician. An adviser to Pres. Georges Pompidou in 1973, he joined the cabinet of centrist Prime Minister Raymond Barre in 1977. He was deputy National Assembly speaker after the 1981 Socialist election victory and was an active and innovative speaker in 1993-97. He led the "no" campaign in a 1992 referendum on the Maastricht treaty on European union, but later said he generally favoured the shift to the euro single currency and greater European integration. He was elected as leader of the Gaullist party Rally for the Republic (RPR) in 1997, succeeding former prime minister Alain Juppé. The left-leaning populist Séguin won 79% of the ballots at a special party congress, easily defeating five rival candidates, after Juppé, a longtime Séguin rival who had led the rightist government's disastrous election campaign that swept it from power, accepted responsibility for the defeat. Juppé had stepped down as prime minister days before the June 1 runoff in the two-round election but had initially hesitated to give up the party leadership post; he later agreed to step down voluntarily. Séguin irked fellow-Gaullist Pres. Jacques Chirac by cutting a deal with ex-prime minister Édouard Balladur's faction, and his associates made clear they saw him as a potential candidate to succeed Chirac when the president's term expires in 2002. He began talking and acting as if Chirac were already politically dead. But Chirac's standing rose and Séguin's figure virtually vanished from television screens. In April 1999 he quit as RPR leader, following his failure to overtake Chirac as leader of the right wing and unite conservatives for the June 1999 European Parliament poll. In 2001 he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Paris. He resigned from politics in 2002 and was appointed president of the Court of Accounts in 2004, a post he held until his death.

Segura Vasi, Alonso (Arturo) (b. 1970?), economy and finance minister of Peru (2014-16).

Sehested, Christian (b. Feb. 22, 1666, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. July 19, 1740, Ravnholt manor, Fyn island, Denmark), foreign minister of Denmark (1700-07, 1708-21). He was also governor of Odense stift (1721-40) and ambassador to France (1728-31) and Sweden (1734-35).

Sehested, Hannibal (b. Nov. 16, 1842, Broholm, Denmark - d. Sept. 19, 1924, Broholm), prime minister and foreign minister of Denmark (1900-01).

Sehlin, Cosme (d. Feb. 15, 2019, Cotonou, Benin), finance and economy minister of Benin (2005-06).

Sehlstedt, Ossian (Alfons) (b. Aug. 9, 1904, Gällivare, Norrbotten, Sweden - d. Feb. 3, 1983, Malmö, Sweden), governor of Södermanland (1958-70).

Sèhouéto, Lazare (Maurice) (b. April 18, 1963), Beninese politician. He was minister of commerce, industry, community development, and the promotion of employment (2001-03) and agriculture, animal husbandry, and fishing (2003-05) and a minor presidential candidate (2006).

Seiblitz, Nuno Eugenio de Lossio e (b. Oct. 1, 1782, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Jan. 13, 1843, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Alagoas (1824-27) and Bahia (1827).

Seibt, Kurt (b. Feb. 13, 1908, Berlin, Germany - d. June 21, 2002, Zeuthen, near Berlin), first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Potsdam (1952-55, 1957-64). He was also East German minister of direction and control of district and county councils (1964-65).

Seid, Ilana, Palauan diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Seid, Joseph Brahim (b. Nov. 27, 1927, Fort-Lamy [now N'Djamena], Chad - d. Nov. 21, 1980, N'Djamena), justice minister of Chad (1966-75). He was also ambassador to France (1960-66) and attorney general (1975-78).

Seidamet, Dzhafer (b. Sept. 1, 1889, Kiziltash [now Krasnokamyanka], Crimea, Russia - d. April 3, 1960, Istanbul, Turkey), head of the Directory of the Crimean People's Democratic Republic (1918). He was also director of foreign and military affairs (1917-18).

Seidel, Hanns, byname of Franz Wendelin Seidel (b. Oct. 12, 1901, Schweinheim [now part of Aschaffenburg], Germany - d. Aug. 5, 1961, Munich, West Germany), minister-president of Bayern (1957-60). He was also chairman of the Christian Social Union (1955-61).

Seidler von Feuchtenegg, Ernst Ritter (knight), until 1916 Ernst Seidler (b. June 5, 1862, Schwechat, near Vienna, Austria - d. Jan. 23, 1931, Vienna), prime minister of Austria (1917-18). He was also minister of agriculture (1917). He wrote a play Durch Feuer und Eisen under the pseudonym Wilhelm Engelhardt.

Seïdou, Alassane (b. Jan. 1, 1958, Kandi, Dahomey [now Benin]), interior minister of Benin (2021- ). He was also minister of decentralization and local government (2008-11, 2019-21), health (2016-18), and infrastructure and transport (2018-19).

Seidov, Gasan (Neimat ogly) (b. 1932 - d. Dec. 8, 2004), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. (1981-89).

Seidov, Saparmurad (Seidovich), Turkmen Saparmyrat (Seidowiç) Seidow (b. April 22, 1942, Ashkhabad, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan] - d. July 28, 2013, Ashgabat), Turkmen official. He was chairman of the National Security Committee (1992-96). Accused of involvement in the 2002 attack on Pres. Saparmurad Niyazov's motorcade, he was sentenced to six years in prison in 2003; he was released in 2008.

Seignac-Lesseps, Alphonse (b. c. 1829 - d. ...), commandant of Nossi-Bé (1878-83) and governor of Senegal (1884-86).

Seignious, George M(arion), II (b. June 21, 1921, Orangeburg, S.C. - d. July 3, 2005), U.S. city commandant of Berlin (1970-71). He was president of The Citadel military college in 1974-79.

Seignoret, Sir Clarence (Henry) Augustus (b. Feb. 25, 1919, Roseau, Dominica - d. May 5, 2002), president of Dominica (1983-93); knighted 1985.

Seignoret, Eustace (Edward) (b. Feb. 16, 1925, Curepe, Trinidad and Tobago - d. May 11, 2022), Trinidad and Tobago diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1971-75), ambassador to Cuba (1973-76), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1977-82) and Guyana (1982-84).

Sein Lwin (b. 1924, Mattama village, Burma [now Myanmar] - d. April 9, 2004, Yangon, Myanmar), president of Burma (1988). He made a name for himself in 1950 when he commanded the unit that tracked down and shot dead the leader of a rebellion against the central government by the country's ethnic Karen minority. After army commander Ne Win staged a coup against a civilian government in 1962 and established a single party regime, Sein Lwin quickly became one of the country's most influential and feared figures. He headed the army unit that shot dead Rangoon University students protesting Ne Win's rule on July 7, 1962, just four months after the coup. Other violent operations for which he was responsible included the deadly suppression of workers' protests in 1972 and demonstrations by students and Buddhist monks in 1974 in connection with the funeral of former UN Secretary General Thant. Sein Lwin also became a top leader in Ne Win's Burma Socialist Program Party (BSPP), and served in various cabinet positions under Ne Win, including transport minister, home minister, and religious affairs minister. Long-simmering discontent over Ne Win's mismanagement of the economy erupted into massive street demonstrations in 1988, forcing the dictator to step down from his public posts in an effort to stem the political turmoil. Sein Lwin then became chairman of the BSPP and president on July 27, but the pro-democracy protests grew. Not long after becoming president he was branded the "Butcher of Rangoon" for giving the order on August 10 to fire on demonstrators near Rangoon General Hospital. He had to resign the presidency on August 12, after only 17 days in power, when the situation in the country further worsened. Unconfirmed estimates said that hundreds of protesters were killed during his short time in office.

Sein Win (b. 1919, Tavoy, Burma [now Myanmar] - d. June 29, 1993), prime minister of Burma (1974-77). He was also minister of public works and housing (1964-72) and construction (1972-74).

Sein Win (b. Dec. 16, 1944, Taungdwin Gyi, Burma [now Myanmar]), prime minister of the "National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma" in exile (1990-2012); nephew of Aung San.

Seip, Hans Kristian (b. Nov. 6, 1881, Røyken, Buskerud [now in Viken], Norway - d. March 25, 1945, Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane [now in Vestland], Norway), governor of Sogn og Fjordane (1930-41). He was also mayor of Bergen (1923-24).

Seipel

Seipel, Ignaz (b. July 19, 1876, Vienna, Austria - d. Aug. 2, 1932, Pernitz, Austria), chancellor of Austria (1922-24, 1926-29). Mgr. Seipel (who had entered the Roman Catholic priesthood in 1899) became minister of social welfare in the last Austrian cabinet under the Habsburg empire. After the collapse, he became a leader of the Christian Social Party and prevented it from splitting into monarchist and republican elements. In 1922 he formed a coalition government with the Pan-German Party. After appeals to the League of Nations for financial support were rejected, he made a series of visits to Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Italy, sounding their governments on the idea of Austria entering a customs union with one or the other of these countries. This demonstrated to France, Czechoslovakia, and Italy the necessity of preserving Austria as she was - and he obtained an international loan of $100,000,000 in return for financial and administrative reforms to be carried out under Allied supervision. Though the finances were rescued, the retrenchments in all areas made him the centre of bitter attacks, and he was stoned in the streets of Vienna in May 1923. Shot and seriously wounded by an unemployed worker on June 1, 1924, he resigned in November. After recovering, he resumed the chancellorship in 1926, also becoming foreign minister. His use of the fascist paramilitary Heimwehr against the Socialists in 1927 foreshadowed the establishment of a dictatorship by his disciple Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934. Becoming increasingly authoritarian, Seipel endeavoured to inspire a corporate state with strong presidential powers. Citing his poor health, he resigned as chancellor in 1929 and as party leader in April 1930, but served again as foreign minister in September-December 1930.

Seismit-Doda, Federico (b. Oct. 1, 1825, Ragusa, Austria [now Dubrovnik, Croatia] - d. May 8, 1893, Rome, Italy), finance minister (1878, 1889-90) and treasury minister (1878) of Italy.

Seite

Seite, Berndt (b. April 22, 1940, Hahnswalde, Germany [now Kokotów, Poland]), minister-president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1992-98).

Seiters, Rudolf (b. Oct. 13, 1937, Osnabrück, Germany), interior minister of Germany (1991-93). He was also minister for special tasks (1989-91) and president of the German Red Cross (2003-17).

Seitov, Pirzhan (b. 1909 - d. Nov. 29, 1984), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1941-46, 1954-56) and first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1946-49, 1950-52) of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R.

Seitz

Seitz, Karl (Joseph) (b. Sept. 4, 1869, Vienna, Austria - d. Feb. 3, 1950, Vienna), Austrian politician. He joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1888. Because of his views, he was dismissed from the city service, but the publicity that attended this helped him to be elected in his 30th year as the first Socialist member of the Lower Austrian provincial parliament. Two years later, in 1901, he was elected to the Austrian Reichsrat (national assembly), where he was his party's spokesman on foreign affairs and economics during World War I. When, in 1917, the fight for general suffrage ended in victory, he became one of the leaders of the Reichsrat's 84 Socialist members. After the Habsburg monarchy collapsed in 1918, he was elected president of the provisional national assembly of republican Austria. He then served as president of the constituent assembly (and as such head of state) in 1919-20 and as acting president of the republic in 1920. Elected mayor of Vienna in 1923, he began, together with Hugo Breitner, Prof. Julius Tandler, and Robert Danneberg, the erection of workers' apartment houses and introduced those social-welfare services and school reforms that made Vienna the show window of socialism in the 1930s. After the Socialist rebellion of February 1934 he was deposed and imprisoned by the Engelbert Dollfuss government, but was released in December. In July 1944 he was arrested by the Nazis and sent to the concentration camps of Ravensbrück and Plauen. After the liberation (March 1945), he was named honorary president of the Austrian Socialist Party and served as a member of parliament until his death.

Seja, Ludvigs (b. June 2, 1885, Dzukste parish, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Feb. 15, 1962, Riga, Latvian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Latvia (1924). He was also ambassador to Lithuania (1923, 1934-40) and the United States (1925-27).

Sejdiu

Sejdiu, Fatmir (b. Oct. 23, 1951, Podujevo, Kosovo, Serbia), president of Kosovo (2006-10).

Sekeramayi, Sydney (Tigere) (b. March 30, 1944, Chiota, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe]), defense minister of Zimbabwe (2001-09, 2013-17). He was also minister of lands, resettlement, and rural development (1980-82), minister of state for national security (1982-84, 1988-2000, 2009-13), and minister of health (1984-88) and mines and energy (2000-01).

Sekerinska, Radmila (b. June 10, 1972, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), acting prime minister (2004, 2004) and defense minister (2017-22) of (North) Macedonia. She was deputy prime minister for European integration (2002-04) and minister without portfolio (2004-06).

Sekeris, Evangelos C. (b. Aug. 8, 1967, Marburg, Hessen, West Germany), Greek diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2022- ).

Sekgoma I a Kgari, byname Mnaphiri (b. c. 1815 - d. 1883), chief of baNgwato (1835-57, 1859-66, 1873-75).

Sekgoma II a Kgama, byname Leraraetsa (b. 1869 - d. Nov. 17, 1925), chief of baNgwato (1923-25); son of Kgama III Boikanyo a Sekgoma.

Sekhamane

Sekhamane, Tlohang (b. May 30, 1955, Mokhotlong, Basutoland [now Lesotho]), foreign minister (2015-16) and finance minister (2016-17) of Lesotho. He has also been speaker of parliament (2022- ).

Sekhonyana, Evaristus (Rets'elisitsoe) (b. March 22, 1937, Mount Moorosi, Quthing district, Basutoland [now Lesotho] - d. Nov. 18, 1998, Bloemfontein, South Africa), finance minister (1971-81, 1986-91) and foreign minister (1983-84, 1994) of Lesotho; nephew of Sekhonyana Nehemia Maseribane. He was also minister of commerce and industry (1972-74) and planning, employment, and economic affairs (1983-86). He was leader of the Basotho National Party from 1991 until his death.

Seks, Vladimir (b. Jan. 1, 1943, Osijek, Croatia), Croatian politician. He was president of the Sabor (1990, 2003-08), a deputy prime minister (1992-94), and acting president of Croatian Democratic Union (2000).

Sekula, Ireneusz (Ludwik) (b. Jan. 22, 1943, Sosnowiec, Poland - d. April 29, 2000, Warsaw, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1988-89). He was also minister of labour and social policy (1988).

Sekyi, Henry Van Hien (b. Jan. 15, 1928), Ghanaian diplomat. He was high commissioner to Australia (1966-70) and the United Kingdom (1972-75), ambassador to Italy (1970-72), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1979-80).

Selakovic

Selakovic, Nikola (b. April 30, 1983, Uzice, Serbia), justice minister (2012-16) and foreign minister (2020-22) of Serbia. He has also been minister of labour, employment, veteran and social issues (2022- ).

Selborne, Roundell Palmer, (1st) Earl of (b. Nov. 27, 1812, Mixbury, Oxfordshire, England - d. May 4, 1895, Blackmoor, Hampshire, England), British lord chancellor (1872-74, 1880-85). He was also solicitor general (1861-63) and attorney general (1863-66). He was knighted in 1861 and created Baron Selborne in 1872 and Earl of Selborne and Viscount Wolmer in 1882.

Selçuk, Ahmet (Kemal) (b. 1930, Izmir, Turkey - d. Oct. 1, 2016, Kumluca, Antalya, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1987).

Selebi, Jackie, byname of Jacob Sello Selebi (b. March 7, 1950, Johannesburg, South Africa - d. Jan. 23, 2015, Pretoria, South Africa), president of the International Criminal Police Organization (2004-08). He was South Africa's police chief in 2000-09. In 2010 he was sentenced to 15 years in jail for corruption; he was paroled in 2012.

Seleme Vargas, Antonio (d. 1979), interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1951-52).

Seletsky, Ivan (Yakovlevich) (b. c. 1743 - d. Aug. 6 [July 25, O.S.], 1810), governor of Novorossiya (1797-1800).

Seleznyov, Gennady (Nikolayevich) (b. Nov. 6, 1947, Serov, Sverdlovsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. July 19, 2015, Moscow, Russia), Russian politician. He was chief editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda (1980-88) and Pravda (1991-93), chairman of the State Duma (1996-2003), and leader of the Party of Russia's Rebirth (2002-15).

Selich Chop, Andrés (b. 1927? - d. [killed by police] May 14, 1973, La Paz, Bolivia), Bolivian junta co-chairman (1971). He was also interior minister (1971) and ambassador to Paraguay (1972).

Seligman, Milton (b. Aug. 19, 1951, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), acting justice minister of Brazil (1997).

Selinger

Selis

Selinger, Greg(ory Frances) (b. Feb. 16, 1951, Regina, Sask.), premier of Manitoba (2009-16).

Selis, Gian Mario (b. Dec. 17, 1944, Sorso, Sardegna, Italy), president of Sardegna (1999).

Selivanov, Dmitry (Ilich) (b. 1887, Razgort, Vologda province, Russia - d. December 1941), chairman of the Executive Committee (1922) and executive secretary of the Communist Party committee (1924-27) of Komi autonomous oblast. He was also chairman of the Komi Revolutionary Committee (1920-22).

Seljamaa, Julius Friedrich (b. March 27, 1883, Sindi, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. June 17, 1936, Tallinn, Estonia), foreign minister of Estonia (1933-36). He was also minister to Latvia (1922-28), Lithuania (1925-26), and the Soviet Union (1928-33).

Sella, Quintino (Angelo Bernardo) (b. July 7, 1827, Sella, Mosso, near Biella, Kingdom of Sardinia [now in Italy] - d. March 14, 1884, Biella), finance minister of Italy (1862, 1864-65, 1869-73).

Sellæg, Wenche Frogn (b. Aug. 12, 1937, Oslo, Norway), justice minister of Norway (1985-86). She was also minister of environment (1981-83) and social affairs (1989-90).

Sellal

Sellering

Sellal, Abdelmalek, Arabic `Abd al-Malik Sallal (b. Aug. 1, 1948, Constantine, Algeria), interior minister (1998-99) and prime minister (2012-14, 2014-17) of Algeria. He was also wali of Boumerdès (1984), Adrar (1984-87), Sidi Bel Abbès (1987-88), Oran (1988-90), and Laghouat (1990), ambassador to Hungary (1996-97; also accredited to Slovenia and Croatia), and minister of youth and sports (1999-2001), public works (2001-02), transport (2002-04, 2012), and water resources (2004-10, 2010-12).

Sellering, Erwin (b. Oct. 18, 1949, Sprockhövel, Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), minister-president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (2008-17).

Selman, Salko (b. Oct. 18, 1954, Travnik [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), premier of Central Bosnia (2003-11).

Selmer, (Ragnhild) Elisabeth Schweigaard, née Schweigaard (b. Oct. 18, 1923, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. June 18, 2009, Oslo), justice minister of Norway (1965-70).

Selter, Karl (b. June 24, 1898, Kapu municipality, Russia [now Koeru municipality, Estonia] - d. Jan. 31, 1958, Geneva, Switzerland), foreign minister of Estonia (1938-39). He was also minister of economic affairs (1933-38) and minister to the Vatican (1939-40) and Switzerland (1940).

Selum Vaca Diez, Jorge (d. 1981), interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1979-80).

A. Selva

N. Selva

Selva, Alberto (b. Sept. 21, 1964, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2007-08).

Selva, Nicola (b. July 4, 1962, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2019).

Selves, Justin (Germain Casimir) de (b. July 19, 1848, Toulouse, France - d. Jan. 13, 1934, Paris, France), prefect of Seine département (1896-1911) and foreign minister (1911-12) and interior minister (1924) of France. He was also prefect of Tarn-et-Garonne (1880-82), Oise (1882-85), Meurthe-et-Moselle (1885), and Gironde (1885-90) and president of the Senate (1924-27).

Selwyn-Lloyd

Selwyn-Lloyd (of Wirral), (John) Selwyn (Brooke) Selwyn-Lloyd, Baron, original surname Lloyd (b. July 28, 1904, Liverpool, England - d. May 17, 1978, Preston Crowmarsh, Oxfordshire, England), British politician. He made his first unsuccessful attempt to enter Parliament as a Liberal, at Macclesfield in 1929. Two years later he became a Conservative, and in 1945 he was elected to the House of Commons for his home constituency of Wirral, in Cheshire. When the Conservatives returned to power in 1951, he became minister of state at the Foreign Office. He was made minister of supply in 1954, entered the cabinet as minister of defence in April 1955, and eight months later was moved again to become foreign secretary. He had serious misgivings about the invasion of Egypt undertaken by Prime Minister Anthony Eden in alliance with France and Israel in October 1956, following Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, but he stood loyally behind Eden and in December the two were alone in the cabinet in opposing unconditional British withdrawal. After Eden resigned, Lloyd was retained in his post by Harold Macmillan, who succeeded as prime minister in January 1957. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer in 1960, he introduced austerity measures such as the "pay pause" and created a National Economic Development Council. In 1962 he was suddenly dismissed from the government along with other senior cabinet members in a "night of the long knives." He rejected an offer of a peerage and rejoined the cabinet, as lord privy seal, in 1963 when Sir Alec Douglas-Home became prime minister. After his party's defeat in 1964, he was a member of the shadow cabinet until 1966. After the Conservative victory of 1970, he was elected speaker of the House of Commons in 1971, serving until 1976 when he accepted a life peerage.

Selyukin, Mikhail (Osipovich) (b. Nov. 22 [Nov. 9, O.S.], 1901, Novy Machim, Penza province, Russia - d. 1975, Saransk, Mordovian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Mordovian A.S.S.R. (1949-54). He was also minister of social security (1954-62).

Sem, Niels Arntzen (b. Feb. 10, 1782, Ringebu, Christians amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. Dec. 19, 1859, Christiansand [now Kristiansand], Lister og Mandal amt [now in Agder fylke], Norway), governor of Buskeruds amt (1828-31), Aggershuus amt (1831-37), Lister og Mandal amt (1837-46), and Christiania stift (1846-57).

Sema, Hokishe (b. March 6, 1921, Sutemi village, Assam [now in Mokokchung district, Nagaland], India - d. Jan. 31, 2007, Kohima, Nagaland), chief minister of Nagaland (1969-74, 1986-88) and governor of Himachal Pradesh (1983-86) and Punjab (1985).

Sembayev, Daulet (Khamitovich) (b. Aug. 10, 1935, Alma-Ata, Kazakh A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now Almaty, Kazakhstan] - d. Nov. 15, 2021), Kazakh politician. He was a deputy prime minister (1991-92), a first deputy prime minister (1992-93), and chairman of the National Bank (1993-96).

Semedo, Inácio, Júnior (b. June 15, 1944, Bambadinca, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau] - d. Aug. 23?, 2015, Lisbon, Portugal), Guinea-Bissauan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States, Mexico, and Canada (1981-86) and ambassador to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland (1986-...).

Semedo, Júlio (b. April 12, 1942, Mansoa, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau] - d. Sept. 12, 2002, Lisbon, Portugal), foreign minister of Guinea-Bissau (1984-92). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-75) and ambassador to Portugal (1975-78).

Semerdzhiev, Atanas (Georgiev) (b. May 21, 1924, Velingrad, Bulgaria - d. May 8, 2015), interior minister (1989-90) and vice president (1990-92) of Bulgaria. He was chief of general staff of the army in 1962-89. In 2002, he was sentenced to 4½ years in prison on charges of ordering the destruction of files compiled by the Communist-era state security service. His prison sentence was rescinded in 2003 and the criminal charges were dropped three years later.

Semernev, Aleksandr (Mikhailovich) (b. Nov. 7, 1958), head of the administration of Bryansk oblast (1996).

Semeta, Algirdas (Gediminas) (b. April 23, 1962, Vilnius, Lithuanian S.S.R.), finance minister of Lithuania (1997-99, 2008-09). He was also EU commissioner for financial programming and budget (2009-10) and taxation and customs union, audit, and anti-fraud (2010-14); in 2014 he became business ombudsman in Ukraine.

Semichastny

Semichastny, Vladimir (Yefimovich) (b. Jan. 15, 1924, Grigorevka village, Ukrainian S.S.R. - d. Jan. 12, 2001, Moscow, Russia), Soviet secret police chief. He moved into the upper echelons of the Soviet hierarchy by taking on the job of first secretary of the Komsomol, the Communist youth movement, in 1958. He became head of the secret police (KGB) under Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 and served for six years during the Cuban missile crisis and construction of the Berlin wall. He welcomed British spy George Blake after his 1966 escape from jail in his homeland. He is believed to have been active in orchestrating the 1964 ouster of Khrushchev and his replacement by Leonid Brezhnev. But he persuaded Brezhnev against killing him, advocating instead "more democratic" means of ousting him through the Communist Party apparatus. Brezhnev soon promoted many top KGB officials - a fact that some researchers cite as confirmation of Semichastny's prominent role in Brezhnev's coming to power. Semichastny was named colonel-general and made a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. But Semichastny described Brezhnev as "not a particularly brave man" - keen on securing power but having others sort out the problems. Brezhnev dismissed Semichastny as KGB chief in 1967, appointing him deputy premier of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Semichastny told reporters he was removed after a failed attempt to smuggle Iosif Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, out of the United States. He made plain his distaste with the politics and morals of post-Soviet society. He denounced the 1991 toppling of the monument to Feliks Dzerzhinsky, driving force behind the KGB's forerunner, the Cheka, as a bid to discredit the secret services and said the security forces had been incompetent against Chechen rebels.

Semichev, Aleksey (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1893, Bryansk, Russia - d. af. 1941), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Komi autonomous oblast/A.S.S.R. (1932-37).

Seminario y Váscones, Augusto (b. 1832?, Piura, Peru - d. March 19, 1910, Piura), second vice president of Peru (1895-99).

Semjén, Zsolt (b. Aug. 8, 1962, Budapest, Hungary), a deputy prime minister of Hungary (2010- ). He has also been chairman of the Christian Democratic People's Party (2003- ).

Semukov, Yury (Ivanovich) (b. Jan. 17, 1938, Pezmeg, Komi A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Komi A.S.S.R. (1988-90).

Semyonov, Aleksey (Vasilyevich) (b. 1799 - d. September 1864), governor of Kavkaz oblast (1838-40), Vilna (1840-44), and Minsk (1844-50).

Semyonov, Bato (Semyonovich) (b. May 27, 1920, Alachi ulus [now in Buryatia], Russia - d. 2010), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Buryat A.S.S.R. (1970-84). Earlier he was deputy premier.

Semyonov, Boris (Aleksandrovich) (b. Jan. 22 [Jan. 10, O.S.], 1890, St. Petersburg province, Russia - d. [executed] Oct. 30, 1937), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Crimea (1933-36). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Stalingrad oblast (1936-37).

Semyonov, Mark (Yakovlevich) (b. Oct. 30, 1931, Olszanka, near Suwalki, Poland - d. July 15, 2007), chairman of the Supreme Old Believer Council (Pomorian Church in Vilnius) (2002-07).

Semyonov, Vladimir (Magomedovich) (b. June 8, 1940), head of the republic (1999-2000) and president (2000-03) of Karachayevo-Cherkessia.

Ya. Semyonov

Semyonov, Yaroslav (Vladimirovich) (b. July 9, 1978, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Udmurtia (2017- ).

Sen, Asoke Kumar (b. Oct. 10, 1913, Faridpur, India [now in Bangladesh] - d. Aug. 31, 1996, New Delhi, India), law minister of India (1957-66, 1984-87). He was also minister of communications (1964), social security (1964-66), and steel and mines (1990-91).

Sen, Binay Ranjan (b. Jan. 1, 1898, Dibrugarh, India - d. June 12, 1993, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India), director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (1956-67). He was also Indian ambassador to Italy and Yugoslavia (1950-51, 1952-55), the United States and Mexico (1951-52), and Japan (1955-56).

Sen, Nirupam (b. 1947 - d. July 2, 2017, New Delhi, India), Indian diplomat. He was ambassador to Bulgaria and Macedonia (1995-99) and to Norway and Iceland (1999-2002), high commissioner to Sri Lanka (2002-04), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2004-09).

Sen, Samar(endranath) (b. Aug. 10, 1914, Dacca, India [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] - d. Feb. 16, 2003, London, England), Indian diplomat. He was high commissioner to Australia and New Zealand (1959-62), Cyprus (1964-66), Pakistan (1966-69), and Bangladesh (1974-76), ambassador to Algeria (1962-64), Lebanon, Jordan, and Kuwait (1964-66), and Sweden (1976-77), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1969-74).

Sen, Shyamal Kumar (b. Nov. 25, 1940), governor of West Bengal (1999). He was acting chief justice of Calcutta High Court (1999-2000) and chief justice of Allahabad High Court (2000-02).

Sena, Joaquim Cândido da Costa (b. Aug. 13, 1852, Conceição do Serro [now Conceição do Mato Dentro], Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. June 20, 1919, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), acting president of Minas Gerais (1902).

Senanayake, Don Stephen (b. Oct. 20, 1884, Botale, Negombo district, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. March 22, 1952, Colombo, Ceylon), prime minister of Ceylon (1947-52). In the riots of 1915 he was placed under arrest for a few weeks. The aftermath of the riots led to the formation in 1917 of the Ceylon Reform League which in 1919 was merged in the Ceylon National Congress, of which Senanayake was a founder member. He entered the Legislative Council in 1922, founded the cooperative society movement in 1923, and was elected to the State Council in 1931, serving as minister of agriculture and lands (1931-47) and leader of the Council of State (1942-47). As leader of the United National Party (which emerged from the Ceylon National Congress), he became Ceylon's first prime minister as well as minister of defense and external affairs in 1947 and negotiated independence from the U.K. in 1948. He traveled extensively during his term of office and hosted the meeting of Commonwealth foreign ministers held in Colombo in January 1950. A devout Buddhist, he promoted Sinhalese-Tamil racial harmony and rural development. He had refused a knighthood in 1946, but in January 1950 was sworn of the Privy Council. In 1951 he also took over the portfolio of health. He died from injuries suffered in a riding accident when he was thrown from his horse on March 21, 1952.

Dudley Senanayake

Senanayake, Dudley Shelton (b. June 19, 1911 - d. April 13, 1973), prime minister of Ceylon (1952-53, 1960, 1965-70); son of Don Stephen Senanayake. He was also minister of agriculture and lands (1947-52).

Senanayake, E(dward) L(ionel) (b. Aug. 8, 1920, Kandy, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. Jan. 29, 2000, Kandy), governor of North Central (1989-94) and Central (1994-98) provinces. He was also mayor of Kandy (1950-54, 1957-60, 1965-68) and Ceylonese/Sri Lankan minister of health (1968-70, 1982), agriculture and lands (1977-78), and agricultural development and research (1978-82) and speaker of parliament (1983-88).

M. Senanayake

Senanayake, Maithripala (b. July 17, 1916, Kiulekada, Kunchuttu Korale, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. July 12, 1998, Colombo, Sri Lanka), governor of North Central province (1994-98). He was also Ceylonese minister of transport and works (1956-59), industry, home affairs, and cultural affairs (1960-63), commerce and industries (1963-64), rural and industrial development (1964-65), and irrigation, power, and highways (1970-77).

Sénard, (Antoine Marie) Jules (b. April 9, 1800, Rouen, Seine-Inférieure [now Seine-Maritime], France - d. Oct. 29, 1885, Paris, France), president of the National Constituent Assembly (1848) and interior minister (1848) of France.

Senchuk, Stepan (Romanovych) (b. March 23, 1955, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Nov. 29, 2005, Lviv oblast, Ukraine), Ukrainian politician. He was governor of Lviv oblast from Jan. 15, 1999, to March 19, 2001, and financed Viktor Yushchenko's 2004 presidential campaign in the region. He was killed when two men in a car opened fire on his car. His body was found at a fuelling station not far from a highway in Bryukhovychi village.

Sendic

Sendic (Antonaccio), Raúl (b. March 16, 1925, Chamangá, Uruguay - d. April 27, 1989, Paris, France), Uruguayan rebel leader. In the late 1950s he joined the Socialist Party. After the party was defeated in two elections, he resigned to organize sugarcane workers' strikes and other rebellious activities in 1960-61, but he soon turned to more violent methods. In 1962 he founded the leftist Tupamaro National Liberation Front, a guerrilla movement that waged a relentless battle (1967-72) against the police and the army with a string of kidnappings, robberies, bombings, and killings. The Tupamaros gained notoriety with such exploits as Robin Hood-style distribution of stolen food to the poor and the bombing of an exclusive dance hall. In 1970 they kidnapped and killed Dan A. Mitrione, U.S. adviser to the Uruguayan police force; the events were the basis of the Costa-Gavras film State of Siege (1972). In 1970 he was captured, but in September 1971 he was one of 105 Tupamaro guerrillas who escaped from Punta Carretas Prison through a tunnel dug from the prison to a nearby house. The police and army security forces were then reorganized to form a combined antiguerrilla unit. In 1972 more than 2,000 Tupamaros were arrested; Sendic was captured during a gunfight in September. The military regime which ruled from 1973 to 1985 reportedly dealt out harsh treatment to Tupamaro prisoners. After spending some 13 years in prison Sendic was released under a general amnesty in 1985. He then reorganized the Tupamaros as a legal political party.

Sendic (Rodríguez), Raúl (Fernando) (b. Aug. 29, 1962, Paysandú, Uruguay), vice president (and president of the Senate) of Uruguay (2015-17); son of Raúl Sendic (1925-1989).

Sendwe, Jason, original name Jason Ilunga (b. 1917, Kabongo, Katanga province, Belgian Congo [now in Haut-Lomami, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. [assassinated] June 18, 1964, Albertville, Nord-Katanga, Congo [Léopoldville] [now Kalemie, Tanganyika, Congo (Kinshasa)]), deputy prime minister of Congo (Léopoldville) (1961-62) and president of Nord-Katanga (1963-64, 1964).

Seneviratne, Athauda (b. Sept. 19, 1931 - d. March 31, 2022, Colombo, Sri Lanka), chief minister of Sabaragamuwa (1999-2000). He was also Sri Lankan minister of labour, youth affairs, and mineral resources development (2001-04), labour relations and foreign employment (2004-07), labour relations and manpower (2007-10), and justice and law reform (2010).

Seneviratne, (Ganegoda Don Granville) Nalin (b. Aug. 25, 1931, Colombo, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. Aug. 12, 2009), governor of North Eastern province, Sri Lanka (1988-93). He was commander of the army in 1985-88.

Senewiratne, Kshenuka Dhireni, née de Silva (b. July 20, 1960), Sri Lankan diplomat. She was high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2005-08), ambassador to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos (2015-19), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2019-21).

Senga Paysayo, Valentin (b. May 5, 1964, Bondo, Uélé [now in Bas-Uélé], Congo [Léopoldville (now Kinshasa)]), governor of Bas-Uélé (2019-21).

Sengat-Kuo, François, pseudonym Francesco Nditsouna (b. Aug. 4, 1931, Douala, French Cameroons [now in Cameroon] - d. Sept. 8, 1997, Yaoundé, Cameroon), Cameroonian politician. Also known as a poet, he was minister of information and culture (1983-86).

L.S. Senghor

Senghor, Léopold Sédar (b. Oct. 9, 1906, Joal, Senegal, French West Africa - d. Dec. 20, 2001, Verson, France), president (1960-80) and defense minister (1968-70) of Senegal; son-in-law of Félix Éboué. A French citizen since 1932, he was drafted at the beginning of World War II (1939), was captured by German forces in 1940, and spent two years in Nazi prison camps. On his release, he joined the Resistance, and after the war he became a member of the French Constituent Assembly. In 1946 he was sent as one of Senegal's two deputies to the National Assembly. Elected on the Socialist ticket, he founded the Senegalese Democratic Bloc in 1948 and as that party's candidate was reelected by a wide margin in the 1951 elections. He was secretary of state to the presidency in Edgar Faure's cabinet (1955-56), then became mayor of Thiès, Senegal's railroad centre. He helped to found and supported a series of parties that were dedicated to establishing African unity. On the home front he helped found the Senegalese Progressive Union (called after 1976 the Socialist Party). When Senegal joined with the Sudanese Republic to form the Mali Federation in 1960, he became president of the federal assembly; but Senegal soon left the federation, and he was unanimously elected president of independent Senegal. In 1962 he survived a coup attempt by Prime Minister Mamadou Dia. He worked to modernize his country, fight corruption, and enhance international cooperation and was a vigorous spokesman for the Third World. He advocated an undogmatic, humanistic socialism based on African realities. He voluntarily left office midway through his fifth term and retired to France. He was also a distinguished poet and an originator and important spokesman of the African cultural movement called Négritude. On March 29, 1984, he was inducted into the French Academy, the first black member in its history.

Senghor, Louis Jacques (b. Feb. 24, 1952, Djilor, Senegal), Senegalese politician; grandson of Léopold Sédar Senghor. He was a minor presidential candidate in 2007.

Senghore

Senghore, Aboubacar (Abdullah) (b. 1968, Fass Njaga Choi, The Gambia), foreign minister of The Gambia (2013-14). He was also minister of higher education, research, science, and technology (2014-17).

Sengi, Jonathan (b. Nov. 23, 1943 - d. early June 2003), premier of East Sepik (1983-87).

Sengleyev

Senilagakali

Sengleyev, Vladimir (Borisovich) (b. March 31, 1967, Chilgir, Kalmyk A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Kalmykia (2007-10).

Sengwe, Ngoni Francis (b. Aug. 14, 1949, Chikomba, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe] - d. Feb. 3, 2018), Zimbabwean diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in East Germany (1988-89) and at the United Nations (1995-96) and ambassador to Nigeria and Ghana (1997-2002) and Angola (2012-18).

Senilagakali, Jona (Baravilala) (b. Nov. 8, 1929, Waciwaci, Lakeba island, Fiji - d. Oct. 26, 2011), interim prime minister of Fiji (2006-07). He was also roving ambassador to the South Pacific Forum countries (1986) and minister of health (2007-08).

Seniloli, Ratu Jope (Naucabalavu) (b. June 14, 1939 - d. June 27, 2015, Suva, Fiji), vice president of Fiji (2000-04). He was jailed on Aug. 5, 2004, after a court convicted him of taking unlawful oaths during the 2000 coup. He was sentenced to four years in prison the next day. He was released on November 26 after serving 3½ months of his sentence. Thereafter he resigned amid demands from the military that he had to go because his release was a threat to national security.

Seniloli, Ratu Manasa (b. April 12, 1941, Drasa, Lautoka, Fiji - d. April 15, 1996, Suva, Fiji), Fijian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-95).

Senior, (Jerrlyn) Uduch Sengebau, vice president (2021- ), minister of state (2021), and minister of justice (2021- ) of Palau.

Senkin, Ivan (Ilich) (b. Aug. 16 [Aug. 3, O.S.], 1915, Namoyevo, Olonets province [now in Karelia republic], Russia - d. Feb. 20, 1986, Petrozavodsk, Karelian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1958-84) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1984-85) of the Karelian A.S.S.R. He was also deputy premier of the Karelo-Finnish S.S.R. (1955-56).

Senko, Fyodor (Petrovich) (b. April 6, 1936, Kozlyakevichi, Poland [now in Brest voblast, Belarus] - d. April 23, 2020), Soviet politician. He was agriculture minister (1979-85) and chairman of the State Committee for Agriculture and Food and a deputy premier (1990-91) of the Belorussian S.S.R. and a deputy premier of the U.S.S.R. (1991).

Senmache Artola, Dimitri (Nicolás) (b. June 17, 1974, Lima, Peru), interior minister of Peru (2022).

Senoussi, Mahamat (b. 1944, Oum-Hadjer, Chad), defense minister of Chad (1968-71).

Sensenbrenner

Sensenbrenner, James, in full Frank James Sensenbrenner, Jr. (b. June 14, 1943, Chicago, Ill.), U.S. politician. Known for his sometimes biting conservative rhetoric, the Republican began his first congressional term (representing a Wisconsin district that includes suburban Milwaukee) in January 1979 after serving 10 years in the Wisconsin legislature. He is a space enthusiast and a regular winner of the National Taxpayers Union Taxpayers' Friend Award. The American Civil Liberties Union, on the other hand, gave Sensenbrenner a zero rating for voting against its stands on legislation dealing with juvenile justice, abortion, flag burning, and whether to support an Alabama judge who posted the Ten Commandments on his courtroom wall despite a higher court's ruling that it was unconstitutional. He is also known as the millionaire congressman who won a $250,000 jackpot from the District of Columbia lottery in December 1997. He said he carried the winning ticket around in his billfold for two weeks before remembering to have it checked. As chairman of the House Science Committee, he called on the Bill Clinton administration and NASA in 1998 to more swiftly repair problems with the ever more costly international space station before support for it erodes in Congress. Given the task of summing up the House's case against President Clinton in the 1999 impeachment trial, he spent hours digesting the mountains of documents produced by Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr and had a commanding grasp of the material. In 2001-07 he was chairman of the House Judiciary Committee.

Seoane (Abellafuertes), Guillermo A(lejandro) (b. June 25, 1848, Lima, Peru - d. May 16, 1924, Lima), justice and education minister of Peru (1889-90). He was also minister to Brazil (1890-94, 1904-07), Argentina and Uruguay (1892-93), and Chile (1907-08).

Seoane Corrales, Edgardo (b. May 15, 1903, Chorrillos, Peru - d. May 25, 1978, Lima, Peru), first vice president (1963-68) and prime minister and foreign minister (1967) of Peru; son of Guillermo A. Seoane. He was also ambassador to Mexico (1965-67).

Separovic, Miroslav (b. July 18, 1958, Blato, Croatia), justice minister of Croatia (1995-98). He has also been president of the Constitutional Court (2016- ).

Z. Separovic

Separovic, Zvonimir (Paul) (b. Sept. 14, 1928, Blato, Korcula island, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Jan. 30, 2022, Zagreb, Croatia), foreign minister of Croatia (1991-92). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1992) and justice minister (1999-2000). He was an independent candidate in the 2000 presidential elections, winning 0.3% of the vote.

Sepetiba, Aureliano de Souza e Oliveira Coutinho, visconde de (b. July 21, 1800, Niterói, Brazil - d. Sept. 25, 1855, Niterói), principal minister (1833) and foreign minister (1834-35, 1840-43) of Brazil. He was also president of São Paulo (1831) and Rio de Janeiro (1844-48) and justice minister (1833-35). He was made viscount in March 1855.

Sepp, Johan (b. June 5, 1884, Pati parish, Pärnu county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Aug. 18, 1953, New York City), justice minister of Estonia (1926-27).

Sepp, Leo (Bodo) (b. Nov. 7, 1892, Simuna parish, Viru county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Dec. 13, 1941, Solikamsk, Molotov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Perm kray, Russia]), finance minister of Estonia (1924-27). He was also minister of trade and industry (acting, 1924-26) and economic affairs (1938-40).

Seppik, Ain (b. March 12, 1952, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), interior minister of Estonia (2002-03).

Septans, Joseph (Méciste) (b. Sept. 16, 1812, Brest, France - d. ...), commandant of Nossi-Bé (1855-56).

Sepúlveda Amor, Bernardo (b. Dec. 14, 1941, Mexico City, Mexico), foreign minister of Mexico (1982-88). He was also ambassador to the United States (1982) and the United Kingdom and Ireland (1989-93).

Sepúlveda Contreras, Alberto (b. Feb. 10, 1902, Santiago, Chile - d. July 16, 1987, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1957-58). He was also ambassador to Colombia (1959-63) and Mexico (1963-65).

Serafim, secular name Stefan (Vasilyevich) Glagolevsky (b. Sept. 12 [Sept. 1, O.S.], 1763, Kaluga, Russia - d. Jan. 29 [Jan. 17, O.S.], 1843, St. Petersburg, Russia), metropolitan of Moscow (1819-21) and St. Petersburg (1821-43). He was also bishop of Dmitrov (1799-1804), Vyatka (1804-05), and Smolensk (1805-12) and archbishop of Minsk (1812-14) and Tver (1814-19).

Serafim, secular name Semyon (Nikolayevich) Samoylovich (b. July 31 [July 19, O.S.], 1881, Mirgorod, Poltava province, Russia [now Myrhorod, Poltava oblast, Ukraine] - d. [executed] Nov. 4 or 9, 1937, Kemerovo oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting Locum Tenens of Moscow and All Russia (1926-27). He was bishop (1920-24) and archbishop (1924-28) of Uglich.

Serageddin

Serageddin, Fuad, until 1952 Fuad Serageddin Pasha, Arabic Fu´ad Siraj al-Din Basha (b. Nov. 2, 1910, Kafr Al Garaida, Beheira governorate [now in Kafr Al Sheikh governorate], Egypt - d. Aug. 9, 2000), Egyptian politician. He first entered the parliament in 1936, rose to leading positions in the al-Wafd party while still in his 30s, and served in the cabinet as minister of agriculture (1942-43), interior (1943-44, 1950-52), communications (1949), and finance (1950-52). After the 1952 Free Officers' coup toppled the monarchy and abolished all political parties, he became a tireless campaigner for democracy. Pres. Gamal Abdel Nasser's government detained him several times and he served three years in prison before being put under house arrest. Serageddin revived al-Wafd in 1978 when Pres. Anwar as-Sadat allowed the formation of parties. But he fell out with Sadat within a year and froze the party's activities. He was detained on Sadat's orders in 1981. In 1984, he revived the party again under the administration of Pres. Hosni Mubarak. The party had only five members in the 455-seat People's Assembly at the time of his death, but this was the largest single opposition group; Serageddin was not one of the legislators.

Serame, Peggy (Onkutlwile) (b. 1970?), finance minister of Botswana (2021- ). She was also minister of investment, trade, and industry (2019-21).

Serani Burgos, Alejandro (b. May 3, 1901, Antuco, Chile - d. March 23, 1982, Santiago, Chile), justice minister of Chile (1937). He was also minister of labour (1934-36, 1950-52) and lands and colonization (1936-37).

Seraphim, secular name Vissarion (Christou) Tikas (b. Aug. 15, 1913, Artesianon, near Karditsa, northern Greece - d. April 10, 1998, Athens, Greece), head of the Orthodox Church of Greece (1974-98). He received a degree in theology from Athens University and was ordained priest in 1942. During the Nazi occupation of Greece during World War II, he set up soup kitchens, orphanages, and schools around Athens. He later joined resistance fighters in the mountains and was awarded numerous medals for bravery and valour. He was promoted to metropolitan, or bishop, in 1949 (first of Arta, then in 1958 of Ioannina). He became Archbishop of Athens and All Greece in a controversial election in January 1974, shortly before the fall of the military junta that ruled Greece in 1967-74. He was one of the few remaining members of the old guard who guided the country after the restoration of democracy. During his years as church leader, he squabbled with conservative and Socialist government leaders alike. His most dramatic clash came in the mid-1980s when Socialist premier Andreas Papandreou tried to expropriate the church's vast land holdings. Seraphim eventually won the battle and in retaliation excommunicated seven government officials. He also never hid his dislike for the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the other Orthodox branches. In the early 1990s, he charged that missionary activities of Roman Catholics in eastern Europe threatened Orthodoxy, and demanded that Greece expel the pope's diplomatic envoy. The government ignored his request. In his later years, Seraphim fought with his own priests and bishops. As his health deteriorated he accused his clergy "of standing over me like a bunch of vultures" waiting for him to die.

Seraphine

Seraphine, Oliver (James) (b. Aug. 2, 1943, Roseau, Dominica), interim prime minister and foreign minister of Dominica (1979-80). He was also minister of communications, works, and housing (1975-76) and agriculture, lands, fisheries, and CARICOM affairs (1976-79).

Serapion, secular name Stefan (Sergeyevich) Aleksandrovsky (b. Aug. 2 [July 22, O.S.], 1747, Vladimir province, Russia - d. Sept. 26 [Sept. 14, O.S.], 1824), metropolitan of Kiev (1803-22). He was also bishop of Dmitrov (1788-99) and archbishop of Kazan (1799-1803).

Serbini (bin Haji) Ali, Dato Paduka (Haji) (b. April 10, 1955, Brunei), Bruneian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-02) and ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg (2010-16) and the United States (2016- ).

Serdarov, Mukhammetgeldi (Nurgeldiyevich), Turkmen Muhammetgeldi (Nurgeldiýewiç) Serdarow, finance minister of Turkmenistan (2020-23).

Serdyuk, Zinovy (Timofeyevich) (b. Nov. 15 [Nov. 2, O.S.], 1903, Arbuzinka, Kherson province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. Aug. 8, 1982, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Moldavian S.S.R. (1954-61). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Kiev (1947-49) and Lvov (1952-54) oblasti.

A. Serdyukov

Serdyukov, Anatoly (Eduardovich) (b. Jan. 8, 1962, Krasnodar kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), defense minister of Russia (2007-12); son-in-law of Viktor Zubkov. Russia's first civilian defense minister, he oversaw an attempted streamlining of the military, which caused resentment within the armed forces. In 2012 he was sacked amid a probe into an alleged large-scale embezzlement in the ministry's structures.

Serdyukov, Valery (Pavlovich) (b. Nov. 9, 1945, Khoroshevka, Gomel oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), governor of Leningrad oblast (1998-2012). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Vorkuta city (1989-90).

Seregni (Mosquera), Líber (b. Dec. 13, 1916, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. July 31, 2004, Montevideo), Uruguayan politician. He retired from the army at the rank of general in 1969, when he was commander of the first division, because he refused to follow orders from the right-wing government of Jorge Pacheco Areco to crack down harshly on street protests when the country was in the grips of a profound political, social, and economic crisis. In 1971 he co-founded the left-wing Broad Front (Frente Amplio; FA) coalition, which brought together Marxist, social democratic, and Christian democratic currents, along with splinter groups from the traditional Colorado and Nacional parties. It took around 18% of the vote in the 1971 elections, with Seregni running for the presidency. Following the coup of June 1973, he was imprisoned by his former brothers in arms from July 1973 to November 1974. After a period of provisional liberty, he was imprisoned again in 1976, sentenced to 14 years in prison, and stripped of his rank. He was finally freed in 1984 during the dying days of the dictatorship. Parliament reinstated him as a retired military officer following the restoration of democracy in 1985. As the FA was banned from the 1984 elections, Seregni had to wait to stand in 1989, when he won 21%. Although he ran for the presidency twice, he never sought legislative posts like other FA leaders. He led the FA until 1996, when internal discrepancies and the coalition's decision to ignore agreements he had made led him to stand down. But he remained active in public life until he retired in 2003. His death caused a spontaneous outpouring of grief from ordinary Uruguayans of all political bents, though he was still controversial in military circles.

Seretse, Ramadeluka, defense, justice, and security minister of Botswana (2008-10, 2011-14); cousin of Ian Khama. He was also minister of lands and housing (2004-08).

V.T. Seretse

Seretse, Vincent T(hina) (b. 1957?), foreign minister of Botswana (2018). He has also been acting minister of youth, sports, and culture (2014) and minister of investment, trade, and industry (2014-18) and infrastructure and housing development (2018- ).

Sergeyenkov, Vladimir (Nilovich) (b. Dec. 5, 1938 - d. Sept. 27, 2014), governor of Kirov oblast (1996-2004).

I. Sergeyev

Sergeyev, Igor (Dmitriyevich) (b. April 20, 1938, Verkhny, Donetsk oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now in Luhansk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Nov. 10, 2006, Moscow, Russia), defense minister of Russia (1997-2001). A former head of Russia's Strategic Forces, Marshal Sergeyev had the difficult task of overseeing widescale reforms in the demoralized, cash-strapped armed forces. Between 2001 and 2004 he served as Pres. Vladimir Putin's adviser on matters of strategic stability.

Sergeyev, Vasily (Sergeyevich) (b. May 17, 1857 - d. Feb. 9, 1910, Stockholm, Sweden), Russian diplomat; son-in-law of Ivan Vyshnegradsky. He was minister to Serbia (1906-09) and Sweden (1910).

Sergeyev, Yuriy (Anatoliyovych) (b. Feb. 5, 1956, Leninakan, Armenian S.S.R. [now Gyumri, Armenia]), Ukrainian diplomat. He was ambassador to Greece (1997-2000), Albania (1999-2000), France (2003-07), and The Bahamas (2009-15) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-15).

Sérgio de Sousa, António Sérgio de Sousa, visconde de (b. Feb. 19, 1809, Lisbon, Portugal - d. May 3, 1878, Panjim, Portuguese India [now Panaji, Goa, India]), governor-general of Angola (1851-53), governor of Macau (1868-72), and governor-general of Portuguese India (1877-78). He became visconde de Sérgio de Sousa on June 30, 1877.

Sergiy, secular name Aleksey (Nikolayevich) Grishin (b. Feb. 24 [Feb. 12, O.S.], 1889, Shimozero village, Olonets province [now in Vologda oblast], Russia - d. Sept. 14, 1943), metropolitan of Kiev (1932-34). He was also bishop of Serpukhov (1927-28) and Poltava (1928-30) and archbishop of Poltava (1930-32), Kharkov (1934, 1942), Vyshgorod (1934-35), Vladimir (1935-36), Mozhaysk (1941), and Gorky (1941-42, 1942-43).

Sergy, secular name Nikolay (Yakovlevich) Lyapidevsky (b. May 21 [May 9, O.S.], 1820, Tula, Russia - d. Feb. 23 [Feb. 11, O.S.], 1898, St. Petersburg, Russia), metropolitan of Moscow (1893-98). He was also bishop of Kursk (1861-80) and archbishop of Kazan (1880-82), Kishinev (1882-91), and Kherson (1891-93).

Sergy, secular name Ivan (Nikolayevich) Stragorodsky (b. Jan. 23 [Jan. 11, O.S.], 1867, Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod province, Russia - d. May 15, 1944, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Locum Tenens (1925-26 [acting], 1927-37 [acting], 1937-43) and patriarch (1943-44) of Moscow and All Russia. He was also bishop of Yamburg (1901-05), archbishop of Finland (1905-17) and Vladimir (1917), and metropolitan of Vladimir (1917-22), Nizhny Novgorod/Gorky (1924-34), and Moscow (1934-43).

Seri Gnoleba, Maurice (b. June 11, 1935, Bébouo, Ivory Coast [now Côte d'Ivoire]), Ivorian politician. He was minister of trade (1974-81) and planning and industry (1981-83) and a minister of state (1983-89).

Seriche Bioko (Malabo), Cristino (b. 1940?), prime minister of Equatorial Guinea (1982-92). He was also military governor of Bioko (1979-80) and minister of health (1981-82, 1986-89).

Seriche Dougan (Malabo), Ángel Serafín (b. 1944), prime minister of Equatorial Guinea (1996-2001). Earlier he was ambassador to Nigeria.

Serinata, Lalu (b. Nov. 21, 1941), governor of Nusa Tenggara Barat (2003-08).

Serksnys, Gediminas (b. Feb. 11, 1948, Kaunas, Lithuanian S.S.R.), Lithuanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-06).

Serna e Hinojosa, José de la, in full José de la Serna y Martínez de Hinojosa, (from 1824) 1er conde de los Andes (b. 1770, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain - d. 1832, Cádiz, Spain), acting viceroy of Peru (1821-24).

Sérol, Albert (b. July 21, 1877, Roanne, Loire, France - d. May 9, 1961, Roanne), justice minister of France (1940). He was also minister of labour (1938).

Serov, Valery (Mikhailovich) (b. April 15, 1940, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1996-98). He was also chairman of the U.S.S.R. State Committee for Construction (1989-91) and minister of cooperation with members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (1995-96).

Serpa (Arana), Epifanio (b. April 7, 1835, Huancavelica, Peru - d. Sept. 22, 1900, Lima, Peru), acting foreign minister (1882) and prime minister and finance minister (1884, under Andrés Avelino Cáceres) of Peru. He was also minister of justice, education, and worship (1882, 1891-92).

Serpa, Justiniano (José) de (b. Jan. 12, 1856, Aquiras, Ceará, Brazil - d. Aug. 1, 1923, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Ceará (1920-23).

Serpa Pinto

Serpa Pinto, Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de, (from 1899) visconde de Serpa Pinto (b. April 20, 1846, Tendais, Viseu district, Portugal - d. Dec. 28, 1900, Lisbon, Portugal), Portuguese colonial administrator. Entering the army in 1864, he served in Mozambique, and in 1869 took part in an expedition against tribes in revolt on the Lower Zambezi, when he ascended the river to near the Victoria Falls. In 1877 he was sent on an expedition to explore the whole region between the colonies of Angola and Mozambique. The explorers left Benguela, Angola, in November for the interior, but Serpa Pinto soon parted from his colleagues, who went north, while he continued east. He crossed the Kwando in June 1878, and in August reached Lialui, the Barotse capital on the Zambezi, where he received help from the Rev. François Coillard which enabled him to continue his journey down the river to the Victoria Falls, whence he turned south, arriving at Pretoria on Feb. 12, 1879, having traveled through Angola and parts of present-day Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. He was the fourth explorer to traverse Africa from west to east, and was the first to lay down with approximate accuracy the route between Bihe and Lialui. (His expedition furthered plans for a coast-to-coast Portuguese colony, but after a British ultimatum this idea was abandoned in 1888.) In 1884 he attempted, with less success, the exploration of the regions between Mozambique and Lake Nyasa. In 1887 he was named consul general to Zanzibar. In 1889 he organized an expedition with the object of securing for Portugal the Shire Highlands and neighbouring regions (in present Malawi), but the vigorous action of British agents frustrated this design. Shortly afterward he returned to Lisbon and was promoted to the rank of colonel. In 1897 he served as governor of Cape Verde.

Serpa Uribe

Serpa Uribe, Horacio (b. Jan. 4, 1943, Bucaramanga, Colombia - d. Oct. 31, 2020, Bucaramanga), interior minister of Colombia (1990, 1994-97). He was also procurador general (1988-89), a presidential candidate (1998, 2002, 2006), permanent representative to the OAS (2002-04), and governor of Santander department (2008-11).

Serra, Astolfo de Barros (b. May 22, 1900, Matinha, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Feb. 19, 1978, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Maranhão (1931).

Serra, Girolamo (Francesco Luciano) (b. July 22, 1761, Genoa [Italy] - d. March 31, 1837, Genoa), member of the Extraordinary Commission of Government (1800-02) and president of the Provisional Government (1814) of Genoa.

Serra, João Duarte Lisboa (b. May 31, 1818, Itapecuru-Mirim, Maranhão, Brazil - d. April 16, 1855, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Bahia (1848). He was also president of the Bank of Brazil (1853-55).

Serra, José, acting foreign and interior minister of Peru (1825-26).

J. Serra (1942- )

Serra, José (b. March 19, 1942, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of São Paulo (2007-10) and foreign minister of Brazil (2016-17). He was also minister of planning (1995-96) and health (1998-2001), a presidential candidate (2002, 2010), president of the Social Democracy Party (2003-05), and mayor of São Paulo (2005-06).

Serra i Serra, Narcís (b. May 30, 1943, Barcelona, Spain), defense minister (1982-91) and deputy prime minister (1991-95) of Spain. He was also mayor of Barcelona (1979-82).

Serra Puche, Jaime (José) (b. Jan. 11, 1951, Mexico City, Mexico), finance minister of Mexico (1994). He was also minister of commerce and industrial development (1988-94).

Serracapriola, Antonino Maresca Donnorso, duca di (b. Feb. 15, 1750, Naples, Kingdom of Naples [now in Italy] - d. Nov. 22, 1822, St. Petersburg, Russia), Sicilian diplomat; son-in-law of Knyaz Aleksandr Vyazemsky. He was minister to Russia (1783-1807, 1815-22).

Serracapriola, Nicola Maresca Donnorso, duca di (b. Aug. 13, 1790, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Nov. 17, 1870, Portici [now in Napoli metropolitan city], Italy), prime minister and foreign minister of the Two Sicilies (1848); son of Antonino Maresca Donnorso, duca di Serracapriola. He was also minister to France (1840-48).

Serraglio, Osmar (José) (b. May 23, 1948, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (2017).

Serraj, Abdul Hamid, Arabic `Abd al-Hamid Sarraj (b. c. 1923, Hama, Syria - d. September 2013, Egypt), interior minister (1958-61) and chairman of the Executive Council (1960-61) of the Syrian Region of the United Arab Republic. Arrested in Syria after the September 1961 coup, he escaped to Egypt in May 1962.

Serrano, Elías, finance minister of Nicaragua (1947-49).

Serrano, Felixberto M(araña) (b. Aug. 22, 1906, Lemery, Batangas, Philippines - d. Oct. 12, 1990, Manila, Philippines), foreign secretary of the Philippines (1957-61). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1954-57).

Serrano (Salgado), José (Ricardo) (b. Nov. 19, 1970, Cuenca, Ecuador), interior minister of Ecuador (2011-16). He was also justice minister (2010-11) and president of the National Assembly (2017-18).

Serrano Aguilar, (Nicanor) Alejandro (b. Jan. 14, 1933, Cuenca, Ecuador - d. Aug. 6, 2019), vice president of Ecuador (2005-07). He was also mayor of Cuenca (1970-77).

Serrano Arrieta, Luis (b. March 19, 1871, Concepción, Chile - d. April 27, 1952), interior minister of Chile (1919). He was also minister of industry, public works, and railways (1918-19).

Serrano Caldera, Alejandro (b. Nov. 5, 1938, Masaya, Nicaragua), Nicaraguan official. He was ambassador to France (1979-85), president of the Supreme Court (1985-88), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-90).

Serrano de Viale Rigo, Enrique (b. Dec. 31, 1913, Concepción, Chile - d. July 1985), acting finance minister of Chile (1961). He was also minister of mining (1960-61).

J. Serrano

Serrano Elías, Jorge (Antonio) (b. April 26, 1945, Guatemala City, Guatemala), president of Guatemala (1991-93). He served as president of the Council of State during the 1982-83 dictatorship of Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt and was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1985. As leader of the Movimiento para Acción y Solidaridad during the 1990 presidential election, he campaigned on a platform of respect for human rights and restoration of law and order. During much of the campaign, the popular former dictator Ríos Montt was a leading contender despite constitutional questions about his eligibility. Serrano, an evangelical Christian and a close ally of Ríos Montt, entered the race as an alternative candidate should the general be disqualified. When the Court of Constitutionality did disqualify Ríos Montt just three weeks before the balloting, the little-known Serrano received a surge of transferred support that was sufficient to carry him into the runoff against fellow conservative Jorge Carpio Nicolle. During the previous administration of Pres. Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo, public sentiment had slumped from euphoria to frustration as Cerezo proved ineffectual in the face of an autonomous military, rampant human rights abuses, and deep economic recession. The wide support for Ríos Montt made apparent the renewed appeal of an authoritarian leadership. In the heated runoff campaign, Carpio charged Serrano with religious fanaticism. That the effort failed was an indication of the extent to which conservative Protestantism had become entrenched in this overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country. He won the Jan. 6, 1991, runoff by a 2-1 margin and became the first civilian elected to succeed another civilian president of Guatemala. He was ousted in 1993 after he suspended the constitution and dissolved Congress.

Serrano Palma, José (b. March 4, 1908, Santiago, Chile - d. June 19, 1959, New York), foreign minister of Chile (1956). He was also chargé d'affaires in South Africa (1947-51), permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-59), and ambassador to the United States (1958-59).

Serrano Pinto, Germán (b. March 30, 1940, San José, Costa Rica - d. May 21, 2016), Costa Rican politician. He was minister of labour and social security (1979-82) and first vice president (1990-94).

R. Serrano

Serrano Suñer, Ramón, Suñer also spelled Súñer¹ (b. Sept. 12, 1901, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain - d. Sept. 1, 2003, Madrid, Spain), Spanish politician. Brother-in-law and confidant of dictator Francisco Franco, he was Franco's envoy during the Spanish Civil War responsible for asking fascist Germany and Italy for military aid. From 1939 he was president of the unified party FET-JONS (Falange Española Tradicionalista-Juntas de Ofensivas Nacional Sindicalistas), the backbone of the Movimiento Nacional. In the government, he served as interior minister (1938-41) and foreign minister (1940-42). He escorted Franco on his interview with Adolf Hitler at Hendaye (October 1940). They negotiated a secret deal with Hitler saying they would join the Axis powers in World War II. Then, when Hitler demanded they act, they made such huge demands that the Germans gave up on them - and on joint plans to storm Gibraltar. His pro-Nazi stance might have been the reason for his demotion by Franco in 1942, when the Allies were beginning to turn the war. Nicknamed the Cuñadísimo ("supreme brother-in-law"), he had been the strongman of the government during the darkest period of revenge and stifling repression. He spent much of his later life trying to rewrite history to make out that he had saved Spain from the world war and that he had fought hard to soften the regime's excesses.
¹ He re-stressed his metronym (derived from the Catalan Sunyer) from oxytone to paroxytone to make it sound less Catalan and more Castilian.

Serrate Reich, Carlos (b. Dec. 14, 1932, Beni, Bolivia - d. April 30, 2019), Bolivian politician. He was minister of education and cultural affairs (1964) and mining and metallurgy (1971), ambassador to the Soviet Union (1977-80), and a minor presidential candidate (1985, 1993).

Serrato (Bergeróo), José (b. Sept. 30, 1868, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Sept. 7, 1960, Montevideo), president (1923-27) and foreign minister (1943-45) of Uruguay. He was also minister of development (1903-04), finance (1904-07, 1911-13), and interior (1912-13).

Serreqi, Alfred (Engjell) (b. Aug. 24, 1938, Shkodër, Albania), foreign minister of Albania (1992-96).

Serro Azul, Ildefonso Pereira Correia, barão do (b. Aug. 6, 1849, Paranaguá, São Paulo [now in Paraná], Brazil - d. [executed] May 20, 1894, between Curitiba and Paranaguá, Paraná), acting president of Paraná (1888). He was made baron in 1888.

Serro Frio, Antonio Candido da Cruz Machado, visconde do (b. March 11, 1820, Serro Frio, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Feb. 12, 1905, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Goiás (1854-55), Maranhão (1855-57), and Bahia (1873-74). He was also president of the Senate of Brazil (1888-89). He was made viscount in 1874.

Sertorio, João Sertorio, barão de (b. March 5, 1819, São Paulo captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Oct. 19, 1888, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1869-70). He was made baron in 1888.

Serufuli Ngayabaseka, Eugène (b. March 27, 1962), governor of Nord-Kivu (2000-07).

Seruiratu

Seruiratu, Inia (Batikoto), defense minister (2018- ) and foreign minister (2019-20) of Fiji. He has also been minister of agriculture, rural and maritime development, and national disaster management (2012-18) and rural and maritime development and disaster management (2020- ).

Serva, César de Mesquita (d. Dec. 4?, 1957), federal interventor in Mato Grosso (1934-35).

Servais, (Lambert Joseph) Emmanuel (b. April 11, 1811, Mersch, France [now in Luxembourg] - d. June 17, 1890, Bad Nauheim, Germany), finance minister (1853-57, 1869) and prime minister and foreign minister (1867-74) of Luxembourg. He was also president of the Council of State (1874-87) and of the Chamber of Deputies (1887-90) and mayor of Luxembourg city (1875-90).

Servan-S.

Servan-Schreiber, Jean-Jacques ("JJSS") (b. Feb. 13, 1924, Paris, France - d. Nov. 7, 2006, Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, France), French politician. During World War II he trained in the U.S. as a fighter pilot for the Free French forces of Charles de Gaulle, though he never saw combat. He founded and managed (1953-70) L'Express, a weekly newsmagazine which was to play a key role in calling on France to grant independence to its colonies. He was inducted into the army in 1956; afterwards he published his first book, Lieutenant en Algérie (1957; Lieutenant in Algeria), which exposed French atrocities in the Algerian war. He was indicted for subverting the troops' morale, but the charges were subsequently dropped. The book was later credited with helping turn public opinion against the war. In the best-seller Le Défi américain (1967; The American Challenge) he detailed the mechanisms of an economic power struggle brewing between Europe and the United States. He believed Europe needed to learn from the American experience and unite to meet the challenge of U.S. technological innovation. He was secretary general (1969-71) and president (1971-75, 1977-79) of the Radical Party. Elected as a deputy to the National Assembly in 1970, he founded the Mouvement Réformateur ("Reform Movement") in 1972 with Jean Lecanuet and served briefly as minister of reforms in the government of Pres. Valéry Giscard d'Estaing in 1974, being dismissed within two weeks for opposing a government decision to hold nuclear tests. In 1976-78 he was president of the Regional Council of Lorraine. He left the Radical Party in 1979, at the time of the first direct elections to the European Parliament, in order to campaign for Emploi, Égalité, Europe, a party he co-founded with Françoise Giroud but which disappeared after polling just 1.8% of the vote.

Servidio, Alberto (b. March 26, 1930, San Martino Valle Caudina, Avellino province, Italy - d. Aug. 31, 2017, Rome, Italy), president of Campania (1972-73).

Serville

Seryshev

Serville, Gabriel (b. Sept. 27, 1959, Cayenne, French Guiana), president of French Guiana (2021- ).

Seryakov, Vladimir (Yefimovich) (b. Jan. 1, 1934, Chernigovka, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Omsk oblast, Russia] - d. Feb. 13, 2016, Moscow, Russia), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Tuva A.S.S.R. (1984-90). He was also minister of agriculture (1966-70) and first deputy premier (1970-76).

Seryshev, Anatoly (Anatolyevich) (b. July 19, 1965, Koblyakovo, Irkutsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), plenipotentiary of the president in Sibirsky federal district (2021- ).

Seselj

Seselj, Vojislav (b. Oct. 11, 1954, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Yugoslav politician. He joined the Communist party at the age of 17, but left it later. In 1984 he was sentenced to eight years imprisonment, accused of writing an anti-Communist essay. He served 22 months. In 1991 he founded the ultra-nationalist Serbian Radical Party. He became deputy prime minister of Serbia in March 1998, serving in that position until October 2000, when Vojislav Kostunica of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) won the Yugoslav presidency over Slobodan Milosevic. Thereafter support for his party, previously allied with Milosevic's Socialists, fell steeply. He was one of DOS's fiercest public critics. He was a presidential candidate in 2002, finishing third with 23%. In February 2003 he gave himself up to the war crimes tribunal in The Hague, while formally retaining his position as Serbian Radical Party president. He stood accused of having formed a joint criminal enterprise together with Milosevic in 1991-93 aimed at driving non-Serbs from swathes of Croatia, Bosnia, and northern Serbia. In 2016 he was acquitted, the court finding that he was primarily pursuing a political project and was not an accomplice to any of the crimes. The acquittal was partially overturned on appeal, and in 2018 he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, a sentence already served as he had spent 11½ years in custody (before being temporarily released due to ill health in 2014).

Sessions, Jeff, byname of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions III (b. Dec. 24, 1946, Selma, Ala.), U.S. attorney general (2017-18). He was also a U.S. senator (1997-2017).

W.S. Sessions

Sessions, William S(teele) (b. May 27, 1930, Fort Smith, Ark. - d. June 12, 2020, San Antonio, Texas), director (1987-93) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He served in the U.S. Air Force in 1951-55, being discharged with the rank of captain. In 1969 he went to Washington to work in the Justice Department as chief of the government operations section of the criminal division. In 1971, Pres. Richard Nixon appointed him U.S. attorney for the Western District of Texas, and three years later Pres. Gerald Ford appointed him to the U.S. District Court for that district. In the latter capacity, he served in El Paso in 1974-80 and then moved to San Antonio as chief judge of the district; he took steps to computerize the court's records. After FBI director William Webster became director of central intelligence on May 26, 1987, several distinguished citizens, including former Pennsylvania governor Richard Thornburgh, refused Pres. Ronald Reagan's request to take over the agency. Sessions finally accepted the nomination, which Reagan formally announced on July 24. Despite criticism of the delay, the nomination was well received in the Senate, which confirmed it 90-0 on September 25. He was scheduled to be sworn in on October 1, but he fainted on the airplane taking him to Washington for the ceremony. After being hospitalized he was finally sworn in on November 2, ending a surprisingly long vacancy in the most important law-enforcement job in the U.S. On Jan. 15, 1993, during the last days of the George Bush administration, a U.S. Justice Department report accused Sessions of misuse of the director's security staff and travel abuses. He declared that all the charges were groundless and he would not resign. Pres. Bill Clinton, on the advice of Attorney General Janet Reno, dismissed him on July 19.

Sestak, Joe, byname of Joseph Ambrose Sestak, Jr. (b. Dec. 12, 1951, Secane, Pa.), U.S. politician. He was a representative from Pennsylvania (2007-11) and a candidate for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.

Sester, Sven (b. July 14, 1969, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), finance minister of Estonia (2015-17).

Sestier, Henri Victor (Anne Claude) (b. Oct. 25, 1857, Paris, France - d. 19...), resident-superior of Annam (1910-12).

Setälä

Seth

Setälä, Eemil Nestor (b. Feb. 27, 1864, Kokemäki, Finland - d. Feb. 8, 1935, near Helsinki, Finland), foreign minister of Finland (1925-26). He was also minister of education (1925) and ambassador to Denmark and Hungary (1927-30).

Seth, Krishna Mohan (b. Dec. 19, 1939, Allahabad [now Prayagraj], India), governor of Tripura (2000-03), Chhattisgarh (2003-07), and Madhya Pradesh (2004).

Sethi, Prakash Chandra (b. Oct. 19, 1920, Jhalrapatan [now in Rajasthan], India - d. Feb. 21, 1996, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India), chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1972-75) and home affairs minister of India (1982-84). He was also Indian minister of state (independent charge) for steel, mines, and metals (1968-69) and petroleum and chemicals (1971-72), minister of chemicals and fertilizers (1975-76), works and housing (1980), petroleum, chemicals, and fertilizers (1980-82), railways (1982), and planning (1984), and minister without portfolio (1976-77).

Setiawan, Danny (b. Aug. 28, 1945, Purwakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia]), governor of Jawa Barat (2003-08).

Sette, José Rodrigues (b. May 22, 1885, Cabo, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Nov. 2, 1957), federal interventor in Espírito Santo (1945).

Settle, Thomas, Jr. (b. Jan. 23, 1831, Rockingham county, N.C. - d. Dec. 1, 1888, Greensboro, N.C.), U.S. diplomat; brother-in-law and cousin of David S. Reid. He was minister to Peru (1871).

Setubal

Setubal, Olavo Egydio (de Sousa Aranha) (b. April 16, 1923, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Aug. 27, 2008, São Paulo), foreign minister of Brazil (1985-86). He was mayor of São Paulo in 1975-79.

Seval, Jacques (Jean Frédéric) (b. July 12, 1930, Casablanca, Morocco - d. May 13, 2021, Paris, France), prefect of Réunion (1980-81). He was also prefect of the départements of Indre (1981-82) and Somme (1984-86).

Sevastyanov, Nikolay (Fyodorovich) (b. 1896, Beloye Ozero, Perm province, Russia - d. [executed] July 30, 1941), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Kabardino-Balkar autonomous oblast (1930).

Sevcík, Ján (b. Feb. 13, 1896, Brezolupy, Hungary [now in Slovakia] - d. March 6, 1965, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1948-52).

Sevele

Sevele of Vailahi, Lord, originally Feleti (Vaka'uta) Sevele, also called Fred Sevele (b. July 7, 1944), prime minister (2006-10) and foreign and defense minister (2009-10) of Tonga. He was also minister of labour, commerce, and industries (2005-06). In December 2010 he was made a life peer.

Sevellec, Pierre (François) (b. Dec. 20, 1921, Lanvéoc, Finistère, France - d. Sept. 20, 1999, Brest, Finistère), prefect of Mayotte (1981-82).

Severin, Adrian (b. March 28, 1954, Bucharest, Romania), foreign minister of Romania (1996-97). He was also deputy prime minister and minister for reform and relations with parliament (1990-91) and UN special rapporteur on human rights in Belarus (2004-07).

Severin, Anthony Bryan (b. Aug. 6, 1955), Saint Lucian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-04, 2006-08). He was appointed high commissioner to the United Kingdom in 2022.

Severin, Dmitry (Petrovich) (b. 1792 - d. Feb. 2 [Jan. 21, O.S.], 1865), Russian diplomat; son of Pyotr Severin; son-in-law of Skarlat Sturdza. He was minister to Switzerland (1826-37) and Bavaria (1837-63).

Severin, Pyotr (Ivanovich) (b. 1761 - d. Oct. 17 [Oct. 5, O.S.], 1830), governor of Vitebsk (1800).

Severing, Carl (b. June 1, 1875, Herford, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. July 23, 1952, Bielefeld, Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), interior minister of Germany (1928-30). He was also interior minister of Prussia (1920-26, 1930-32) and acting minister of the occupied territories (1929).

Severino (Di Benedetto), Paola (Di Benedetto is husband's name) (b. Oct. 22, 1948, Naples, Italy), justice minister of Italy (2011-13).

R. Severino

Severino, Rodolfo C(erteza, Jr.) (b. April 27, 1936, Manila, Philippines - d. April 19, 2019, Manila), secretary-general (1998-2003) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Through the years, he carved for himself a distinguished career in diplomacy, performing various capacities in the Department of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines and the foreign service. He served as third, second, and first secretary in the Philippine embassy in Washington, D.C., in 1967-74. He was involved in the normalization of relations between the Philippines and China, and thereafter, served as chargé d'affaires of the Philippine embassy in Beijing in 1976-78. He was Philippine consul general in Houston, Texas, in 1979-86, then became assistant secretary for Asian and Pacific affairs (1986-88). In 1989-92 he served as ambassador to Malaysia. In 1992-97, he was the undersecretary of foreign affairs for policy, overseeing all ASEAN-related matters, among others. The appointment of Severino as secretary-general of ASEAN was recommended by the 30th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in Kuala Lumpur in July 1997 and approved by the ASEAN heads of government. He officially assumed his duties as secretary-general of ASEAN on Jan. 5, 1998, at the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta and held office for five years.

Sevic, Aleksandar (b. Jan. 19, 1897, Ruma, Hungary [now in Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. Oct. 24, 1975), prime minister of Vojvodina (1945-47).

Sevilla, J. Ramón, finance minister of Nicaragua (1940-47).

Sevilla Borja, Horacio (b. March 25, 1942, Riobamba, Ecuador), Ecuadorian diplomat. He was ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1982-84), Haiti (1984-87), the Dominican Republic (1991-95), Argentina (1995-96), Peru (1996-2001), Germany (2005-11), and Brazil (2011-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-17).

Sevilla Sacasa, Guillermo (b. Sept. 11, 1908, León, Nicaragua - d. Dec. 16, 1997, Potomac, Md.), Nicaraguan politician; son of J. Ramón Sevilla. He was a criminal court judge and served in the National Congress for 12 years. In 1936, he was serving as president of the National Congress when the country's presidency and vice presidency fell vacant, but a later report that, being next in line, he briefly became president appears to be mistaken (Julián Irías continued to act as provisional president between the acceptance of the resignations and the election of Carlos Brenes Jarquín to complete the term). He was ambassador to the United States from 1943 (aside from an interruption in relations in 1947-48; also dean of the Washington diplomatic corps from 1958 and for most of the time permanent representative to the United Nations) until 1979, when he was evicted from the Nicaraguan embassy by supporters of the Sandinista rebels after the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle, his brother-in-law. Sevilla Sacasa left the embassy under protest. He refused to turn control of the embassy to Sandinista representatives until 10 days after his country's civil war ended.

Sevilla Sacasa, Óscar (b. Oct. 7, 1913, León, Nicaragua - d. March 9, 2010), foreign minister of Nicaragua (1949-56); son of J. Ramón Sevilla; brother of Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa.

Sevilla Somoza, Eduardo J(osé) (b. June 26, 1953, Washington, D.C.), Nicaraguan diplomat; son of Guillermo Sevilla Sacasa; nephew of Anastasio Somoza Debayle and Luis Somoza Debayle; grandson of Anastasio Somoza García. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-07).

Sevryugin, Nikolay (Vasilyevich) (b. Feb. 16, 1939 - d. March 26, 2002), head of the administration of Tula oblast (1991-97).

Sewaka, Raden Mas (b. 1895, Tjirebon, Netherlands East Indies [now Cirebon, Jawa Barat, Indonesia] - d. March 25, 1967, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia), governor of Jawa Barat (1947-48, 1950-51) and defense minister of Indonesia (1951-52).

Sewall, Arthur (b. Nov. 25, 1835, Bath, Maine - d. Sept. 5, 1900, Stony Point, near Bath), U.S. vice presidential candidate (1896).

Sewall, Harold M(arsh) (b. Jan. 3, 1860, Bath, Maine - d. Oct. 28, 1924, New York City), U.S. diplomat; son of Arthur Sewall. He was minister to Hawaii (1897-98).

Sewall, Sumner (b. June 17, 1897, Bath, Maine - d. Jan. 25, 1965, Bath), governor of Maine (1941-45); nephew of Harold M. Sewall; grandson of Arthur Sewall.

Seward, William H(enry) (b. May 16, 1801, Florida, N.Y. - d. Oct. 10, 1872, Auburn, N.Y.), governor of New York (1839-43) and U.S. secretary of state (1861-69). He was active in the Anti-Masonic Party and later joined the Whigs. He was elected to the New York state Senate in 1830 and, after an unsuccessful run in 1834, won the governorship in 1838 and was reelected in 1840. He worked for educational reforms and internal improvements and secured legislation to better the position of immigrants and to protect fugitive slaves. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1849 and reelected in 1855, he became a major spokesman for the anti-slavery movement and a leader of the Republican Party, but was twice thwarted (1856, 1860) in his ambition for the presidential nomination. When he spoke of the exclusion of slavery from all new states as being demanded by "a higher law" (1850), this phrase became a battle cry of the abolitionist movement. His "irrepressible conflict" speech of 1858 was thought by many Democrats to be responsible for abolitionist John Brown's Harpers Ferry raid (1859). As secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln, he took an uncompromising attitude towards French support for Archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico, which he considered unacceptable under the Monroe Doctrine. In a peculiar memorandum (1861) to Lincoln he suggested declaring war on Spain (with regard to Santo Domingo) and France so as to unite the nation. This proposal was quietly put aside by the president, and Seward subsequently became a highly effective secretary of state. Severely injured during the assassination of Lincoln (1865) when he was stabbed by a fellow conspirator of John Wilkes Booth, he recovered to remain secretary of state in Pres. Andrew Johnson's cabinet. In 1867 he secured the purchase for $7.2 million of Alaska from Russia by persuading a reluctant Congress of its vast mineral wealth; critics derided it as "Seward's folly" or "Seward's icebox."

Sewayel, Sheikh Ibrahim (ibn Abdullah) al-, Sewayel also spelled Sowayel (b. Aug. 31, 1916, Unayzah, Nejd [now in Saudi Arabia]), foreign minister of Saudi Arabia (1960-62). He was also ambassador to Iraq (1957-60) and the United States (1964-75) and agriculture minister (1962-64).

Sewell, E(verest) G(eorge) (b. Sept. 17, 1874, Hartwell, Ga. - d. April 2, 1940, Miami, Fla.), mayor of Miami (1927-29, 1933-35, 1939-40); brother of John Sewell.

Sewell, John (b. July 20, 1867, Elbert county, Ga. - d. Dec. 1, 1938), mayor of Miami (1903-07).

Sewrajsing, Inderdew (b. Jan. 3, 1939, Dutch Guiana [now Suriname]), Surinamese diplomat. He was ambassador to Brazil (1976-81) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-82).

Sexwale, Tokyo, byname of Mosima Gabriel Sexwale (b. March 5, 1953, Orlando West area, Soweto township, Johannesburg, South Africa), premier of Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging/Gauteng (1994-98). He left politics in 1998 to pursue business interests but made a return as minister of human settlements (2009-13) under Pres. Jacob Zuma.

Sey, Omar (Baru) (b. Feb. 2, 1941, Basse, Gambia - d. March 2, 2018, Banjul, The Gambia), foreign minister of The Gambia (1987-94).

Seybold

Seybold, John S(tates) (b. July 2, 1897, Topeka, Kan. - d. Feb. 28, 1984), governor of the Panama Canal Zone (1952-56). He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1920 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps. He transferred to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) on Sept. 4, 1920. He was assigned to the military survey of Panama from 1922 to 1925. During World War II he was chief, Procurement Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, in charge of procurement of engineer and construction supplies in all theatres of operation and, from 1943, executive officer and chief of supply for engineer operations in North African and European theatres of operations. He was district engineer, USACE, in the districts of Syracuse, N.Y. (1945-46), and Baltimore, Md. (1946-47), in charge of flood control work and river and harbour improvements. In 1947-50 he was district engineer at Garrison Engineer District, Bismarck, N.D., in charge of construction of Garrison Dam and Hydroelectric Plant, largest earth-filled dam in the world, and in 1950-51 division engineer, South Pacific Engineer Division, San Francisco, Calif., in charge of river-harbour improvements at San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Hawaii, and supervisor of flood control work in California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona, together with military construction of Army and Air Force bases in those states. As Canal Zone governor, he completed a program to stabilize the slope of Contractors Hill in Gaillard Cut, thus reducing the danger of slides in the canal; a plan to make possible double-culvert operation of the canal locks during major locks overhaul; and the conversion of the canal electric system from 25 to 60 cycles. He retired as major general in 1955.

Seyda, Marian (b. July 7, 1879, Posen, Germany [now Poznan, Poland] - d. May 17, 1967, Buenos Aires, Argentina), foreign minister (1923) and justice minister in exile (1940-41) of Poland.

Seydewitz, Max (b. Dec. 19, 1892, Forst, Prussia [now in Brandenburg], Germany - d. Feb. 8, 1987, Dresden, East Germany), minister-president of Sachsen (1947-52).

Seydewitz, Otto Theodor von (b. Sept. 11, 1818, Grossbadegast, Anhalt-Dessau [now in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany] - d. Nov. 12, 1898, Breslau, Schlesien, Prussia, Germany [now Wroclaw, Poland]), president of the Reichstag of Germany (1879) and Oberpräsident of Schlesien (1879-94).

Seydou, Adamou (b. 1952, Niamey, Niger), Nigerien diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1992-97) and ambassador to the United States (1992-97), France (2002-09), and the United Kingdom (2003-09).

Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne, François (Louis Auguste) (b. Feb. 15, 1905, Berlin, Germany - d. Aug. 30, 1981, Paris, France), French high commissioner of Austria (1955). He was also ambassador to Austria (1955-58) and West Germany (1958-62, 1965-70).

Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne, Roger (b. March 28, 1908, Paris, France - d. July 3, 1985, Paris), high commissioner of Tunisia (1955-56); brother of François Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne. He was also French ambassador to Tunisia (1956-57), Morocco (1960-62), and the Soviet Union (1968-73) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-67) and NATO (1967-68).

Seyfullayev, Ismail (Seyfullayevich) (b. 1912, Bakhchisaray, Tavrida province, Russia [now in Crimea republic] - d. Odessa, in present Ukraine), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Crimean A.S.S.R. (1942-44).

Seyitkuliyev, Rozymurad, Turkmen Rozymyrat Seýitgulyýew (b. 1962, Chardzhou rayon, Chardzhou oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Chardzhev etrap, Lebap velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2012-13). He was also minister of railways (2009-12).

Seymour, Frederick (b. Sept. 6, 1820, Belfast, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. June 10, 1869, Bella Coola, British Columbia), president of Nevis (1854-57), superintendent (1857-62) and lieutenant governor (1862-64) of British Honduras, and lieutenant governor of British Columbia (1864-69).

H. Seymour

Seymour, Horatio (b. May 31, 1810, Pompey Hill, Onondaga county, N.Y. - d. Feb. 12, 1886, Utica, N.Y.), governor of New York (1853-55, 1863-65). He was military secretary to Gov. William L. Marcy (1833-39) and a member of the New York Assembly (1842-46) and in 1842 was elected mayor of Utica for a year. The Democrats of New York nominated him for governor in 1850 but he failed to win election; two years later he succeeded, but in 1854 he lost his bid for a second term, mainly because he had vetoed a bill prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors (which was declared unconstitutional almost immediately after its reenactment in 1855). In national politics Seymour, a conservative, supported the policies of Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan. While strongly supporting the preservation of the Union, he advocated compromise to avoid war. When war broke out he gave his full support to the Union cause, but opposed Pres. Abraham Lincoln's policy in respect to emancipation, military arrests, and conscription. In his second term as governor of New York, he felt that the draft quotas discriminated against New York City and appealed to Lincoln to correct the situation. When draft riots occurred in July 1863 he proclaimed the city and county of New York to be in a state of insurrection but in one of his speeches he adopted a conciliatory tone that weakened him politically; he was defeated for reelection in 1864. In 1868 he was nominated as the Democratic presidential candidate, Francis P. Blair, Jr., being nominated for the vice-presidency. Although the popular vote was fairly close, in the electoral college the Republican candidate, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, won 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Thereafter he only participated in politics as a private citizen.

Seymour, Thomas H(art) (b. Sept. 29, 1807, Hartford, Conn. - d. Sept. 3, 1868, Hartford), governor of Connecticut (1850-53). He was also minister to Russia (1853-58).

Seyn, Frans Albert, Russian Frants-Albert (Aleksandrovich) Zeyn (b. July 27, 1862 - d. 1918), governor-general of Finland (1909-17). He was also governor of Grodno (1906-07).

Seyoum

Seypidin

Seyoum Mesfin (b. Jan. 25, 1949, Adigrat, Ethiopia - d. Jan. 13, 2021, near the Tekeze River, Ethiopia), foreign minister of Ethiopia (1991-2010). In 2011-17 he was ambassador to China. As a leader of the Tigray People's Liberation Front, he was killed by the Ethiopian military during the conflict that broke out in 2020 between the Tigray region and the federal government.

Seypidin (Azizi), Chinese Sai Fuding (b. March 12, 1915, Xinjiang, China - d. Nov. 24, 2003), chairman of the People's Council (1955-67) and of the Revolutionary Committee (1972-78) of Xinjiang. He was the "token Uygur" member of the Chinese Communist Party leadership, an alternate member of the Politburo, and from 1954 to 1993 one of the vice-chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Seyss-Inquart

Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, original name (until 1906) Arthur Seyss (b. July 22, 1892, Stannern, near Iglau, Moravia, Austria [now Stonarov, near Jihlava, Czech Republic] - d. Oct. 16, 1946, Nürnberg, Germany), Austrian Nazi leader. Seriously wounded while serving in the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I, he developed extreme right-wing views after the war. He became a fervent advocate of Austria's unification with Germany and a leader of the "legal" faction of the Austrian Nazis. He was appointed to the Austrian Staatsrat (Council of State) in 1937 in order to bring about conciliation between the Nazis and the government. In February 1938, in response to German pressure, he was named minister of interior and security, and when Germany pushed Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg into resigning, Seyss-Inquart replaced him on March 12. He immediately invited the German army into Austria and, acting as president, promulgated on March 13 the law declaring Austria to be incorporated into the German Reich. He then was named Reichsstatthalter (governor) of the new Austrian provincial administration, which existed until April 30, 1939. He was also given the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer. In October 1939 he was appointed deputy governor in Poland (under Hans Frank) and, in May 1940, Reichskommissar (commissioner) of the occupied Netherlands. He was appointed foreign minister in Adolf Hitler's testament, but did not act as such. When the Canadian 1st Army liberated the Netherlands, he fled to Germany, where he was captured on May 6, 1945. He was tried as a war criminal at Nürnberg, found guilty, and hanged.

Sezer

Sezer, Ahmet Necdet (b. Sept. 13, 1941, Afyon, Turkey), president of Turkey (2000-07). As a jurist he rose to the High Court of Appeals in 1983 and to the Constitution Court in 1988, becoming chief justice in 1998. His opinions were frequently more liberal than government or military authorities would have preferred, and he was devoted to the principles of secularism that formed the basis of modern Turkey. In 2000 Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, at the head of a shaky coalition, wanted to avoid a prolonged nomination battle that highlighted his weakness, and Sezer's nomination for president was advanced since he proved the only candidate around whom coalition and opposition parties could unite. He promoted the supremacy of the law, democratization, and efforts to join the European Union and fought corruption. He angered Ecevit by twice vetoing legislation inspired by the military permitting the government to fire thousands of civil servants deemed too sympathetic toward Islamic law or the Kurds. In April 2002, he also vetoed an amnesty bill for the release of 5,000 prisoners including Mehmet Ali Agca, the man who shot and nearly killed Pope John Paul II; the veto was overridden by parliament. In the defense of secularism he vetoed various measures of the government of Recep Tayyip Erdogan. When Erdogan's party initially failed to get its presidential candidate elected by parliament in 2007, Sezer remained in office for three more months and during that time vetoed a package of constitutional reforms that would have allowed for the head of state to be elected by the people.

Sezgin

Sezgin, Ismet (b. 1928, Aydin, Turkey - d. Dec. 7, 2016, Ankara, Turkey), finance minister (1979-80), interior minister (1991-93), chairman of the Grand National Assembly (1995-96), and defense minister (1997-99) of Turkey. He was also mayor of Aydin (1955-60) and minister of youth and sports (1969-71). He was a close confidante of both the influential generals and Pres. Süleyman Demirel. He was a right-winger who split from conservative former prime minister Tansu Çiller to join the Democrat Turkey Party in 1997.

Sezibera

Sezibera, Richard (b. June 5, 1964, Kigali, Rwanda), secretary-general of the East African Community (2011-16) and foreign minister of Rwanda (2018-19). He was also ambassador to the United States, Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil (1999-2003) and minister of health (2008-11).

Sfar, Rachid, Arabic Rashid Safar (b. Sept. 11, 1933, Mahdia, Tunisia), prime minister of Tunisia (1986-87). He was also minister of industry, mines, and energy (1977-79), defense (1979-80), health (1980-84), economy (1984-86), and finance (1986) and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1987-88).

Sforza, Conte Carlo (b. Sept. 24, 1872, Montignoso di Lunigiana, Italy - d. Sept. 4, 1952, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Italy (1920-21, 1947-51). He was also minister to China (1911-15) and Serbia (1915-18), ambassador to France (1922), and minister without portfolio (1951-52).