Index Sh-Sl

N.Q. al-Shaabi

Shaabi, Najeeb Qahtan al-, also spelled Najib Qahtan ash-Sha`bi (b. 1953, Sha`b village, Lahj, Western Aden Protectorate [now in Yemen] - d. May 24, 2021, Aden, Yemen), Yemeni presidential candidate (1999); son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi.

Shaabi, Qahtan Muhammad al-, al-Shaabi also spelled ash-Sha`bi (b. 1920, Lahj, Western Aden Protectorate [now in Yemen] - d. July 7, 1981), president of South Yemen (1967-69). While serving as an agricultural inspector, he defected with government funds in the late 1950s and joined the South Arabian League. In January 1963, he became the leader of the National Liberation Front (NLF) of South Yemen. The front, which initially had the backing of Egypt's president Gamal Abdel Nasser, had been created to oppose the establishment of a British-backed Federation of South Arabia. The NLF was responsible for many acts of violence, including grenade attacks on Aden in 1964. In January 1966 he was placed under house arrest in Cairo after a disagreement with Nasser over the unification of the NLF with Abdul-Qawi Makkawi's Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY), another nationalist group which had gained the backing of Nasser. Shaabi was released the following year. The British then began negotiations with the NLF, which had gained control of most of South Yemen. Shaabi headed the NLF delegation at the final negotiations in Geneva. Immediate independence was granted on Nov. 30, 1967, and Shaabi served as the first president of the People's Republic of South Yemen. His administration was beset by several leftist rebellions in its first year. He conducted a purge of the leftists on March 10, 1968, and reformed his cabinet the following month, removing Ali Salim al-Baidh as minister of defense. On April 6, 1969, he attempted a reconciliation with the leftists. In June he dismissed the popular interior minister, Muhammad Ali Haitham, after a quarrel during a cabinet meeting. Haitham, who had strong support in the Yemeni army, denounced Shaabi, who was subsequently deposed as president during a bloodless coup on June 22. He was replaced by a five-man Presidential Council which included Haitham. Shaabi was arrested, and in November he was expelled from the NLF. He was later released and lived in Aden in relative obscurity.

Shaali, Muhammad Hussein al- (b. 1950, Ajman, Trucial States [now United Arab Emirates]), United Arab Emirates diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1985-92) and ambassador to Canada (1986-87) and the United States (1992-99).

Shaath

Shaath, Nabil, Arabic Nabil Sha`th (b. 1938, Safed, Palestine [now in Israel]), foreign minister (2003-05) and acting prime minister (2005) of the Palestinian Authority. He was also minister of planning and international cooperation (1994-2003) and deputy prime minister and minister of information (2005).

Shabanov, Ivan (Mikhailovich) (b. Oct. 18, 1939, Nizhnyaya Baygora, Voronezh oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the party committee (1990-91) and head of the administration (1996-2000) of Voronezh oblast.

Shabib, Talib (Hussein) (b. March 22, 1934, Hilla, Iraq - d. Oct. 12, 1997, London, England), foreign minister of Iraq (1963). He was ambassador to Turkey (1969-70) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1970-72) and served from 1974 as ambassador to West Germany. But he fell out with Saddam Hussein, then a vice president who later seized power in 1979. He resigned from the West German post in 1976 and went into exile and worked for the United Arab Emirates as a diplomatic adviser. He also served on the executive committee of the Iraqi National Congress, an umbrella group of dissident factions he helped found in 1992 but which disintegrated in 1996.

Shabunin, Ivan (Petrovich) (b. Oct. 9, 1935, Novoanninsky, Stalingrad kray [now Volgograd oblast], Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Sept. 20, 2006), chairman of the Executive Committee (1990-91) and head of the administration (1991-97) of Volgograd oblast.

Shadmanov, Khodzhan (b. 1908, Kalay-Vamar, Fergana oblast, Russia [now in Tajikistan] - d. March 2, 1972), chairman of the Executive Committee of Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (1939-43). He was also deputy premier (1943-46) and chairman of the State Committee for Publishing (1946-61) of the Tadzhik S.S.R.

Shafeeu, Ismail (b. May 15, 1955, Male, Maldives), home affairs minister (1998-2002) and defense minister (2004-08) of Maldives; son of Ahmad Zaki. He was also minister of tourism (1990-91), planning and environment (1991-96), human resources (1993-96), transport and communications (1996-98), housing and environment (1998-2002), and education (2002-05).

Shafei, Hussein (Mahmoud) al- (b. Feb. 8, 1918, Tanta, Egypt - d. Nov. 18, 2005), war minister (1954), a vice president (1961-62, 1964-67, 1970-75), and a deputy prime minister (1967-70) of Egypt/United Arab Republic. He was also minister of social affairs (1954-62), labour (1958-61), and waqfs (1961-62, 1967-70).

Shafer, Raymond P(hilip) (b. March 5, 1917, New Castle, Pa. - d. Dec. 12, 2006, Meadville, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (1967-71). A Republican, he was lieutenant governor in 1963-67. As governor, he led an overhaul of the state constitution, which had grown outdated, winning several changes from the Republican-controlled legislature and voters. Spending grew under his watch as the state government began giving more to education and public assistance. Many state taxes increased: the sales tax went from 5 to 6% in 1968, the highest in the nation at the time; the cigarette tax was raised; and numerous business taxes went up. Shafer's popularity sank in 1969 when he proposed a state income tax, an idea so disliked that he was hanged in effigy by 250 protesters in Boston, who said they were holding a "second Boston Tea Party." In 1967 he called out the National Guard to try to halt a bitter strike by 15,000 steel-hauling truck drivers, later brokering a deal to end the strike. He also reluctantly signed legislation in 1970 making Pennsylvania the first state in the nation to permit its public employees to join unions and strike. By the time his term ended (he was the last of the state's governors limited to a single term), the state's finances were in shambles; it was estimated that the state was spending $2 million more per day than it brought in. In 1971 Pres. Richard Nixon appointed Shafer chairman of the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse. The Shafer Commission, as it was known, in 1972 recommended that state and federal governments decriminalize the personal use of marijuana but continue to declare it an illegal substance. Nixon rejected the report.

Shaffgauzen-Shonberg-Ek-Shaufus, Nikolay (Konstantinovich), surname until 1902 Shaufus, German Nikolaus Schaffhausen-Schönberg-Eck-Schaufuss (b. Dec. 19 [Dec. 7, O.S.], 1846 - d. Dec. 12 [Nov. 29, O.S.], 1911, St. Petersburg, Russia), Russian minister of communications (1906-09).

Shafikov, Taymas (Shafikovich) (b. Feb. 19 [Feb. 7, O.S.], 1899, Kuysarino, Orenburg province, Russia - d. 1947), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1929-31).

A. Shafiq

Shafiq (Zaki), Ahmed (Mohamed) (b. Nov. 25, 1941), prime minister of Egypt (2011). He was commander of the air force (1996-2002) and minister of civil aviation (2002-11). In 2012 he was a presidential candidate.

Shafiq, Mohammad Musa (b. 1932, Kabul, Afghanistan - d. [executed] 1979), foreign minister (1971-73) and prime minister (1972-73) of Afghanistan. He was also ambassador to Egypt (1968-71).

Shafranik, Yury (Konstantinovich) (b. Feb. 27, 1952), head of the administration of Tyumen oblast (1991-93). He was also Russian minister of energy and fuels (1993-96).

Shagari

Shagari, Alhaji Shehu (Usman Aliyu) (b. May 25, 1925, Shagari village [now in Sokoto state], Nigeria - d. Dec. 28, 2018, Abuja, Nigeria), president of Nigeria (1979-83). He joined the Northern People's Congress and in 1954 was elected to the federal House of Representatives for Sokoto West. He became parliamentary secretary to Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, prime minister in 1957-66, who helped to shape Shagari's political thought. He was made federal minister of economic development (1959-60), pensions (1960-62), internal affairs (1962-65), and works (1965-66). After the 1966 military takeover he retired for a time. In 1970 he became federal commissioner for economic development, agriculture, and natural resources, with special responsibility for rehabilitating those parts of the country affected by the civil war. He was made federal commissioner for finance in 1971 and became a governor of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. He retired again in 1975, but in 1978 he helped to form the National Party of Nigeria, which he led to victory in the 1979 elections. He was elected president, defeating his major rival, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, by a narrow margin. His inauguration marked an end of 13 years of military rule. A strong believer in consensus and compromise rather than confrontation politics, he tried to persuade the four opposition parties to join his party in a coalition government. He was reelected in August 1983, but disenchantment over high-level corruption and economic austerity measures clouded the future, and on December 31 he was ousted in a coup by military officers who accused him of turning Nigeria into a "debtor and beggar." He was detained until July 1986 and then banned for life from holding public office or taking part in any political activities.

Shagdarsüren, Puntsagiyn (b. 1918), foreign minister of Mongolia (1958-63). He was also ambassador to North Korea (1955-56), India (1956-58), Hungary (1972-74), East Germany (1975-78), Yugoslavia (1978-80), Afghanistan (1980-82), and China (1982-86).

Shagimardanov, Fazyl (Valiakhmetovich) (b. 1906 - d. 1968), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1937-40).

Shah, Amit (Anilchandra) (b. Oct. 22, 1964, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), home affairs minister of India (2019- ). He has also been president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2014-20) and minister of cooperation (2021- ).

Shah, Ghulam Mohammad (b. July 20, 1920, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir - d. Jan. 6, 2009, Srinagar), chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1984-86).

Shah, Iftikhar Hussain (b. 1949? - d. March 15, 2020, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan), governor of the North-West Frontier Province (2000-05). He was also Pakistani minister of communications (2000) and ambassador to Turkey (2005-08).

Shah, Kodardas Kalidas (b. Oct. 15, 1908, Goregaon, Kolaba [now Raigad] district, Bombay province [now in Maharashtra state], India - d. March 14, 1986, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India), governor of Tamil Nadu (1971-76). He was also Indian minister of information and broadcasting (1967-70), health and family planning (1970-71), and works, housing, and urban development (1970-71).

Shah, Narendra Bikram (b. Jan. 1, 1940, Dhading, central Nepal), foreign minister of Nepal (2002-03). He was also ambassador to the U.S.S.R. (1983-85), foreign secretary (1985-92), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-99).

Shah, Pir Karam Ali (b. 1934? - d. Aug. 3, 2020, Islamabad, Pakistan), governor of Gilgit-Baltistan (2011-15).

Shah, Prakash (b. July 4, 1939, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), Indian diplomat. He was high commissioner to Malaysia (1980-83), ambassador to Venezuela (1983-85) and Japan (1992-95), permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-97), and UN special envoy for Iraq (1998-2000).

Shah, Purendra Bikram (b. September 1900, Birganj, southern Nepal - d. ...), defense minister (1956-59) and foreign minister (1958-59) of Nepal.

Shah, Syed Abdullah (b. 1931, Bajara Sehwan village, Dadu district, Sind, India [now in Sindh, Pakistan] - d. April 14, 2007, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan), chief minister of Sindh (1993-96). He joined the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) in 1970 and became a minister in the party's first governments, headed by chief ministers Mumtaz Ali Bhutto and Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. He also played an active role in the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy against the dictatorship of Gen. Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq and was put behind bars. When PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto became prime minister in 1988, Shah became the speaker of the Sindh Assembly and later, in 1993, chief minister. It was during his tenure as chief minister that both his own brother, Syed Ehsan Ali Shah, and Benazir's brother Murtaza Bhutto were killed. After the latter incident, he tendered his resignation but Bhutto did not accept it. While he was chief minister, he openly demanded that the areas of Jaisalmer and Junagadh (now in India) should be "returned" to Sindh. After the dissolution of the PPP government, Shah went into exile (in Canada and the United States) for 10 years.

S.M. Shah

Shah, Syed Mehdi (b. 1954), chief minister (2009-14) and governor (2022- ) of Gilgit-Baltistan.

Shah, Syed Murad Ali (b. Nov. 8, 1962, Karachi, Pakistan), chief minister of Sindh (2016-18, 2018- ); son of Syed Abdullah Shah.

Shah, Syed Muzaffar Hussain (b. 1945, Karachi, Sind, India [now in Sindh, Pakistan]), chief minister of Sindh (1992-93).

Shah-Alami, Abdul Hakim (b. 1900 - d. ...), interior minister of Afghanistan (1955-57). He was also minister of public works (1953-55) and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1957-65).

Shaha

Shaha, Rishikesh (b. 1925, Tansen, Nepal - d. Nov. 13, 2002, Chandol, Kathmandu, Nepal), finance minister (1960-62) and foreign minister (1962) of Nepal. He was also ambassador to the United States and permanent representative to the United Nations (1956-60).

Shahabuddin, Khwaja (b. May 31, 1898 - d. Feb. 9, 1977, Karachi, Pakistan), home affairs minister of Pakistan (1948-51) and governor of North-West Frontier Province (1951-54); brother of Khwaja Nazimuddin. He was also minister of information and broadcasting (1948-51, 1965-69), ambassador to Saudi Arabia and minister to Yemen (1954-58), ambassador to the United Arab Republic (1958-61), and high commissioner to Nigeria and Sierra Leone and ambassador to Cameroon, Dahomey, Niger, Senegal, and Togo (1961-64).

Shahbandar, Abdul Rahman, Arabic `Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar (b. 1879 - d. [assassinated] July 6, 1940, Damascus, Syria), foreign minister of Syria (1920).

Shahbaz

Shaheed

Shahbaz (Sharif), (Muhammad) Hamza (b. Sept. 6, 1974, Lahore, Pakistan), chief minister of Punjab (2022, 2022); son of Shahbaz Sharif.

Shaheed, Ahmed (b. Jan. 27, 1964), foreign minister of Maldives (2005-07, 2008-10). In 2011-16 he was UN special rapporteur on human rights in Iran.

Shaheen

Shaheen, (Cynthia) Jeanne, née Bowers (b. Jan. 28, 1947, St. Charles, Mo.), governor of New Hampshire (1997-2003). A Democrat, she was first elected to the New Hampshire state senate in 1990. During three terms as a legislator, she focused her efforts on making health care more accessible and affordable, creating good paying jobs, and improving public education. She won landmark legislative battles for health care reform, passing legislation to stabilize health insurance rates and eliminate discrimination against individuals with pre-existing conditions; to guarantee adequate hospital stays for women after childbirth; and to limit managed care organizations' practice of forcing health care providers into exclusive contracts that deny individuals access to their physician of choice. Shaheen was also one of the leaders in the fight to open up the electric utility industry to competition, in an effort to lower New Hampshire's highest-in-the-nation electric rates. Recognizing the importance of higher education and of research and development to the creation of good-paying jobs in New Hampshire, Shaheen was a strong supporter of the state university and community-technical college system, and fought to create the first state-sponsored industrial research centre. In 1996 she was elected the state's first female governor, and the first Democrat since 1980. She defeated Republican Ovide Lamontagne, a former Board of Education chairman who had never held public office. She was reelected in 1998 over Jay Lucas and in 2000 over Gordon Humphrey. In 2002 she ran for the U.S. Senate but lost to Republican John Sununu. In a 2008 rematch, she defeated Sununu.

Shahi, Agha (b. Aug. 25, 1920, Bangalore [now Bengaluru], India - d. Sept. 6, 2006, Islamabad, Pakistan), foreign minister of Pakistan (1978, 1981-82). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1967-72), ambassador to China (1972-73), and foreign secretary (1973-77).

Shahid

Shahid, Abdulla (b. May 26, 1962, Male, Maldives), foreign minister of Maldives (2007-08, 2018- ) and president of the UN General Assembly (2021-22). He was also speaker of the People's Majlis (2009-14).

Shahidan

Shahristani

Shahidan (bin) Kassim, Datuk Seri (b. June 17, 1951, Arau, Perlis, Malaya [now in Malaysia]), chief minister of Perlis (1995-2008). In 2021-22 he was Malaysian minister of federal territories. He received the titles Dato' Seri (Dec. 4, 1995) and Datuk Seri (Oct. 25, 2002).

Shahristani, Hussein (Ibrahim Saleh) al- (b. 1942, Karbala, Iraq), acting foreign minister of Iraq (2014). He was also minister of oil (2006-10) and higher education and scientific research (2014-16) and a deputy prime minister (2010-14).

Shaikh, Abdul Hafeez, finance minister (2010-13, 2020-21) and finance advisor (2019-20) of Pakistan. He was also minister of privatization and investment (2003-06).

Shaikh, Abdul Qadir (b. 1926, Pano Aqil, Sind, India [now in Sindh, Pakistan] - d. March 27, 2008, Karachi, Pakistan), governor of Sindh (1977-78).

Shaikhly, Abdul Karim (Abdul Sattar) al-, Arabic `Abd al-Karim (`Abd al-Sattar) al-Shaykhli (b. July 6, 1937, Baghdad, Iraq - d. [assassinated] April 1980, Baghdad), foreign minister of Iraq (1968-71). He was also ambassador to Lebanon (1963-68) and West Germany (1977-78) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-77).

Shaiza, Wungmareo (b. Jan. 1, 1926, Ukhrul, Manipur, India - d. Jan. 18, 2012, Imphal, Manipur), administrator of Lakshadweep (1973-75).

Shaka ka Senzangakhona (b. 1787, near present Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa - d. Sept. 23, 1828, kwaDukuza, kwaZulu [now KwaDukuza, KwaZulu-Natal]), king of kwaZulu (1816-28). An illegitimate son of Zulu chief Senzangakhona ka Jama, he started his career as a soldier under Dingiswayo, head of the Mthethwa confederacy. He arranged for his half-brother Sighujana to be assassinated in 1816 to seize power. At the time the Zulu were among the smallest of more than 800 Eastern Nguni clans. He organized a permanent army of some 40,000, conquered the Nguni peoples of modern KwaZulu-Natal, exterminating many smaller clans, and built up a centralized, militaristic Zulu kingdom. Marauding clans fleeing the Zulu in turn brought about the mfecane ("crushing") that devastated the inland plateau in the early 1820s and thereby allowed the Great Trek of the Boers to succeed in the 1830s. He became increasingly autocratic, to the point of insanity after the death (1827) of his mother Nandi, leading to the slaughter of thousands. He was finally murdered by his half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana. The Zulu kingdom remained an important factor in the politics of the region until its defeat by Britain in 1879.

Shakar, Karim Ebrahim al- (b. Dec. 23, 1945, Manama, Bahrain), Bahraini diplomat. He was ambassador to West Germany and Austria (1984-87), the United Kingdom (1990-95), and China (2001-07) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1987-90).

Shaked, Ayelet (b. May 7, 1976, Tel Aviv, Israel), justice minister (2015-19) and interior minister (2021-22) of Israel.

Shakeela

Shaklein

Shakeela, Mariyam, acting foreign minister of Maldives (2013). She was minister of environment (2012-13) and health and gender (2013-14).

Shakhbazov, Alesker (Abbas ogly) (b. 1898 - d. May 9, 1973), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1925-...). He was also chairman of the High Council of National Economy (1930-32) and people's commissar of light industry (1932-...) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R.

Shakhbozov, Garibsho (Shakhbozovich) (b. Sept. 6, 1937, Nishusp, Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast, Tadzhik S.S.R. - d. April 7, 2007), chairman of the Executive Committee of Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (1990-91). He was also chairman of the Provincial Council (1992-94).

Shakhnazarov, Nikolay (Samsonovich) (b. 1908 - d. ...), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous oblast (1958-62).

Shakhovskoy, Knyaz (Prince) Dmitry (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 18, 1861, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin, part of St. Petersburg], Russia - d. [executed] April 15, 1939, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician; great-grandson of Knyaz Pyotr Shakhovskoy; great-great-grandson of Knyaz Mikhail (Mikhailovich) Shcherbatov. He was a member of the State Duma (1906) and minister of state protection (1917).

Shakhovskoy, Knyaz (Prince) Pyotr (Ivanovich) (b. 1771 - d. May 25, 1827), governor of Pskov (1811-16).

Shakhovskoy, Knyaz (Prince) Sergey (Vladimirovich) (b. June 26 [June 14, O.S.], 1852, Moscow, Russia - d. Oct. 12, 1894, Reval, Russia [now Tallinn, Estonia]), governor of Chernigov (1881-85) and Estonia (1885-94); son-in-law of Graf Dmitry Milyutin.

Shakhovskoy, Knyaz (Prince) Vsevolod (Nikolayevich) (b. Sept. 25 [Sept. 13, O.S.], 1874, Dubovo, Tver province, Russia - d. Aug. 17, 1954, Larçay, Indre-et-Loire, France), commerce and industry minister of Russia (1915-17).

Shakhovskoy-Glebov-Streshnev, Knyaz (Prince) Mikhail (Valentinovich), surname until 1864 Shakhovskoy (b. Oct. 4 [Sept. 22, O.S.], 1836 - d. Feb. 2, 1892, Aachen, Germany), governor of Estonia (1870-75) and Tambov (1876-79).

Shakhramanyan, Ruben (Tevosovich) (b. 1914), chairman of the Executive Committee of Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous oblast (1954-63).

Shakhray, Aleksandr (Osipovich) (b. 1898, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Oct. 8, 1949, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Kirgiz A.S.S.R. (1930-33).

Shakhray, Sergey (Mikhailovich) (b. April 30, 1956, Simferopol, Crimea oblast [now republic], Ukrainian S.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1991-92, 1992-94, 1994-96). He was also chairman of the state committees for Ethnic Policy (1992-93) and for Federation Affairs and Nationalities (1993-94) and minister of nationalities and regional policy (1994).

Shakhtakhtinsky, Beybut (Aga) (b. 1881, Shakhtakhty, Erivan province, Russia [now in Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan] - d. May 30, 1924, Tiflis [now Tbilisi], Georgian S.S.R.), chairman of the Revolutionary Committee (1921-22) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1922) of the Nakhichevan S.S.R. He was also people's commissar of workers' and peasants' inspection (1921) and a deputy premier (1920s) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R.

Shakirov, Midkhat (Zakirovich) (b. Oct. 5 [Sept. 22, O.S.], 1916, Ufa, Russia - d. May 1, 2004), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1969-87). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Ufa city (1963-69).

Shaklein, Nikolay (Ivanovich) (b. Dec. 20, 1943), governor of Kirov oblast (2004-09).

Shakuliyev, Nazarkuli (Shakuliyevich), Turkmen Nazarguly (Sagulyýewiç) Sagulyýew (b. 1959, Bagir, Turkmen S.S.R. [now in Akhal velayat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (2007-12). He has also been ambassador to Saudi Arabia (2012-15), Kuwait (2013-15), Bahrain (2014-15), Belarus (2015- ), Lithuania (2016- ), and Latvia (2018- ).

Shalala

Shalala, Donna (Edna) (b. Feb. 14, 1941, Cleveland, Ohio), U.S. secretary of health and human services (1993-2001). In 1962-64 she served in Iran as one of the first Peace Corps volunteers. In 1977-80 she was assistant secretary for policy research and development at the Department of Housing and Urban Development in the administration of Pres. Jimmy Carter. Then, at age 39, she became the president of Hunter College, City University of New York, where she added to her reputation as a feminist by overseeing dramatic increases in the representation of women and minorities among faculty and administrators. In 1988 she became the chancellor of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and thus the first woman to head a Big Ten university. There she instituted the "Madison Plan" to combat racism. In 1993 she became Pres. Bill Clinton's secretary of health and human services. As the debate over universal health care came before Congress in 1994, she was one of the administration's key players, although Hillary Clinton took charge of that unsuccessful campaign. Shalala helped organize the Children's Health Insurance Programs (CHIP), which provides insurance for more than 2.5 million children, as well as crusading to end racial health disparities, violence against women, and for better medications to treat AIDS. Many of her campaigns worked alongside private and advocacy organizations to improve the health of children and young adults, especially in the fight against tobacco use. Serving until the end of the Clinton administration, she was the longest-serving health secretary in U.S. history. In 2001-15 she was president of the University of Miami. She was elected to the House of Representatives in 2018, but lost the seat again in 2020.

Shalamanov, Velizar (Mateev) (b. Dec. 24, 1961, Karlovo, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (2014).

Shalev, Gabriela (b. Aug. 19, 1941, Tel Aviv, Palestine [now in Israel]), Israeli diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-10).

Shalgham

Shalgham, Abdel Rahman (Mohamed), Arabic `Abd al-Rahman (Muhammad) Shalqam (b. Nov. 21, 1949, al-Ghrefa, Libya), foreign minister of Libya (2000-09). He was ambassador to Italy in 1984-95 and permanent representative to the United Nations in 2009-11.

Shalikashvili

Shalikashvili, John (Malchase David) (b. June 27, 1936, Warsaw, Poland - d. July 23, 2011, Tacoma, Wash.), U.S. military figure. His father, who was originally from Georgia (Caucasus), served as an officer in the Polish army until its defeat by the Germans in 1939 and later enlisted in the Georgian Legion, a Nazi-organized group of ethnic Georgians that fought the Soviets in an effort to end Communist rule; before the war ended he also became a member of the Waffen-SS. In 1944 the younger Shalikashvili fled Poland with his mother and settled in Germany. When he was 16, the family immigrated to the U.S. In 1958 he became a U.S. citizen and was drafted into the army as a private; he was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1959. Following service at various domestic posts, he was sent to Vietnam in 1968, where, with the rank of major, he served as a senior district adviser to South Vietnamese forces. He spent most of the 1970s and '80s serving in Europe, rising to brigadier general in 1982 and lieutenant general in 1989. In 1991 he took command of Operation Provide Comfort, airlifting food and medical supplies to Kurdish refugees in Iraq after the Gulf War and protecting them from aggression by Saddam Hussein's Iraqi forces while also calming the concerns of Turkey which had its own restive Kurdish minority. He received wide praise for his handling of the delicate situation. In 1992 he took up the post of NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe (and commander-in-chief of the U.S. European Command), and in 1993 Pres. Bill Clinton named him chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the first foreign-born holder of this office. He retired from the army in 1997.

Shalikov, Mikhail (Yakovlevich) (b. Nov. 24 [Nov. 12, O.S.], 1831 - d. Nov. 3 [Oct. 21, O.S.], 1909, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Erivan (1880-91) and military governor of Kutaisi (1891-98).

Shalom

Shamanov

Shalom, Silvan (b. Aug. 4, 1958, Gabès, Tunisia), finance minister (2001-03), foreign minister (2003-06), and interior minister (2015) of Israel. He was also minister of science and technology (1998-99), regional cooperation (2009-15), development of the Negev and Galilee (2009-15), and national infrastructure, energy, and water (2013-15).

Shamanov, Vladimir (Anatolyevich) (b. Feb. 15, 1957, Barnaul, Altay kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), head of the administration of Ulyanovsk oblast (2001-04). In 2004-06 he was Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov's assistant for veterans affairs and in 2009-16 commander of the Russian Airborne Forces.

Shamata, Halit (Osman) (b. Nov. 30, 1953, Kavajë, Albania), public order minister of Albania (1996-97).

Shamba

Ali al-Shami

Shamba, Sergey (Mironovich) (b. March 15, 1951, Gudauta, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), foreign minister (1997-2004, 2004-10) and prime minister (2010-11) of Abkhazia. He resigned from the position of foreign minister in June 2004 and ran in the presidential elections of October 3, taking third place behind Sergey Bagapsh and Raul Khadjimba. During this time, Shamba also created the Abkhaz Social Democratic Party, filling the post of party chair. In December 2004 the outgoing president Vladislav Ardzinba reappointed him foreign minister.

Shami, (Sayyid) Ahmad (ibn Muhammad) al- (b. Jan. 1, 1924, Dhala, Yemen - d. March 11, 2005, Bromley, Kent, England), foreign minister of the royalist government of Yemen (Sana) (1962-68). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1971-73) and France (1973-75).

Shami, Ali (Hussein) al- (b. April 21, 1945, Beirut, Lebanon), foreign minister of Lebanon (2009-11).

Shamigulov, Galy (Kamaletdinovich) (b. Oct. 15 [Oct. 3, O.S.], 1890, Sterlitamak, Ufa province [now in Bashkortostan republic], Russia - d. Nov. 25, 1959, Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1920).

Shamikh, Mubarak Abdallah al-, Arabic al-Mubarak `Abd Allah al-Shamikh (b. May 15, 1950, Benghazi, Libya), secretary of the General People's Committee (2000-03) and of the General People's Congress (2009-10) of Libya. He was also minister of transport and communications (1984-90), utilities, tourism, and communications (1992-94), and utilities and housing (1994-2000) and deputy prime minister (2008-09).

Shamir

Shamir, Yitzhak, original name Yitzhak Jazernicki, Russian Yezernitsky (b. Oct. 15, 1915, Ruzinoy, Poland, Russian Empire [now Ruzhany, Belarus] - d. June 30, 2012, Tel Aviv, Israel), prime minister of Israel (1983-84, 1986-92). He emigrated to Palestine in 1935. He joined the Israel Freedom Fighters ("Stern Gang"), was arrested by the British in 1941, escaped in 1942, was again arrested in 1946, sent to a prison camp in Eritrea, escaped once more, made his way to France, and returned to Palestine early in 1948. He is believed to have played a prominent part in planning the killings of British minister Lord Moyne and UN diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte. In 1955-65 he served as a Mossad secret-service operative in Europe. In 1970 he joined Menachem Begin's Herut movement, which in 1973 joined with other parties to form the Likud. First elected to the Knesset in 1973, he became its speaker after Likud's electoral victory in 1977. Begin, as prime minister, appointed him foreign minister in 1980. On Sept. 2, 1983, he was elected to succeed the retiring Begin as Likud leader, and on October 10 the Knesset approved a coalition government headed by Shamir. The elections of July 1984 were indecisive; in September, Shamir and Labour Party leader Shimon Peres formed a coalition government in which Peres served as prime minister for the first half of a 50-month term, with Shamir as deputy prime minister and foreign minister, the roles being reversed for the second 25 months. After another election deadlock in 1988, the two parties again formed a coalition government, with Shamir remaining prime minister. This government fell in 1990, but he succeeded in forming a new coalition, without Labour but including several representatives of ultraconservative groups. His government was defeated in the 1992 elections. He also held the portfolios of interior (1987-88), labour and social welfare (1988-90, 1990-92), finance (1990), defense (1990), and environment (1990-92). He did not seek reelection to the Knesset in 1996.

Shamkhalov, Shakhrudin (Magomedovich) (b. 1914, Tanusi, Dagestan oblast [now republic], Russia - d. Dec. 14, 2000, Makhachkala, Dagestan), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Dagestan A.S.S.R. (1970-78). He was also a (first) deputy premier (1953-57, 1962-70).

Shammas, Saeed Yacoob (b. July 27, 1927), Kuwaiti diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1962-63) and ambassador to the Soviet Union (1964-67), Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania (1965-67), and France (1967-71).

Shams-ud-Din, Khwaja (b. 1922 - d. April 19, 1999, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir), prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1963-64).

Shams-ud Doha, Aminur Rahman (b. Jan. 24, 1929, Murshidabad [now in West Bengal], India - d. March 3, 2012, Lebanon), foreign minister of Bangladesh (1982-84). He was also ambassador to Yugoslavia and Romania (1972-74) and Iran and Turkey (1974-77), high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1977-82), and minister of irrigation, water development, and flood control (1984).

Shamshetov, Dauletbay (Nuratdinovich) (b. Jan. 21, 1948, Chimbay, Karakalpak A.S.S.R., Uzbek S.S.R. - d. September 1998), first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1991) and chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1991) of the Karakalpak A.S.S.R. and president of Karakalpakstan (1991-92).

Shamshin, Vladislav (Pavlovich) (b. May 30, 1937, Biysk, Altay kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Yakut A.S.S.R. (1989-90). He was also mayor of Yakutsk (1980-83).

Shamsi, Abdulaziz Nasser (Rahma) al- (b. 1956, Ajman, Trucial States [now United Arab Emirates]), United Arab Emirates diplomat. He was ambassador to Brazil (1991-94), Argentina (1993-94), Chile (1993-94), France (1995-99), Switzerland (1997-99), and Italy (2009-14) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2001-07).

Shamuyarira, Nathan (Marwirakuwa) (b. Sept. 29, 1928 - d. June 4, 2014, Harare, Zimbabwe), foreign minister of Zimbabwe (1988-95). He was also minister of information and tourism (1980-82), information, posts, and telecommunications (1982-88), public service, labour, and social welfare (1995-96), and industry and commerce (1996-2000).

Shanahan, Foss (b. June 10, 1910, Alexandra, New Zealand - d. Sept. 13, 1964, Wellington, New Zealand), New Zealand diplomat. He was ambassador to Thailand (1956-58), high commissioner to Malaya (1957-58) and Canada (1958-61), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1958-61).

Shanghala, Sacky, byname of Sakeus Edward Twelityaamena Shanghala (b. June 13, 1977, Ondangwa, Namibia), justice minister of Namibia (2018-19). He was also attorney general (2015-18).

Shankar, Ramsewak (b. Nov. 6, 1937), president of Suriname (1988-90). He was also minister of justice and police (1969) and agriculture and fisheries (1969-71).

Shankar, Shiv Narayan, acting governor of Orissa (1976-77). He was chief justice of the Orissa High Court (1975-77).

Shankaranand, B. (b. Oct. 19, 1925, Chikodi, Belgaum district, Bombay province [now in Karnataka state], India - d. Nov. 20, 2009, Belgaum [now Belagavi], Karnataka), law and justice minister of India (1988-89). He was also minister of education (1980), health and family welfare (1980-84, 1993-94), irrigation and power (1984-85), water resources (1985-87, 1988-89), and petroleum and natural gas (1991-93).

Shanker, P(unjala) Shiv (b. Aug. 10, 1929, Mamidi Palli, Hyderabad [now in Telangana], India - d. Feb. 27, 2017, Hyderabad, India), foreign minister of India (1986) and governor of Sikkim (1994-95) and Kerala (1995-96). He was also minister of law and justice (1980-82, 1987-88), petroleum, chemicals, and fertilizers (1982), energy, petroleum, and coal (1982-84), commerce (1986-87), planning and programme implementation (1987-88), and human resource development (1988-89).

Shanks, Lyle Allen (b. Oct. 14, 1924, Helensville, New Zealand - d. Jan. 5, 2009, Wellington, New Zealand), resident commissioner of Niue (1962-68).

K. Shanmugam

P. Shanmugam

Shanmugam, Kasiviswanathan (b. March 26, 1959), home affairs minister (2010-11, 2015- ) and foreign minister (2011-15) of Singapore. He is also minister of law (2008- ).

Shanmugam, P(anchanatham) (b. March 29, 1927, Neduncadu, near Karaikal, French India [now in India] - d. Feb. 2, 2013, Karaikal), chief minister of Pondicherry (2000-01). He was a member of the Lok Sabha from Pondicherry thrice consecutively from 1980 to 1991. He was first elected to the Pondicherry territorial assembly in 1955 from Neduncadu constituency.

Shanmuganathan

Shanmuganathan, V. (b. Nov. 21, 1949), governor of Meghalaya (2015-17), Manipur (2015-16), and Arunachal Pradesh (2016-17).

Shann, Sir Keith Charles Owen, byname Mick Shann (b. Nov. 22, 1917, Kew, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Aug. 4, 1988, Darlinghurst, Sydney, N.S.W.), Australian diplomat; knighted 1980. He was acting permanent representative to the United Nations (1950-51), minister (1955-56) and ambassador (1956-59) to the Philippines, and ambassador to Indonesia (1962-66) and Japan (1974-77).

Shannon, James (b. 1791, Washington county, Pa. - d. June 1832, Izabal, Guatemala), U.S. diplomat; son-in-law of Isaac Shelby. He was appointed chargé d'affaires in Central America in 1832 but died before reaching his post.

Shannon, Tom, byname of Thomas Alfred Shannon, Jr. (b. 1958), acting U.S. secretary of state (2017). He was also ambassador to Brazil (2010-13).

Shannon, Wilson (b. Feb. 24, 1802, Mount Olivet, Ohio - d. Aug. 30, 1877, Lawrence, Kan.), governor of Ohio (1838-40, 1842-44) and Kansas (1855-56). He was also U.S. minister to Mexico (1844-45).

Shanshal, Abdul Jabbar Khalil (b. 1920, Mosul, Iraq - d. Sept. 20, 2014, Amman, Jordan), defense minister of Iraq (1989-91).

Shantsev

Shantsev, Valery (Pavlinovich) (b. June 29, 1947, Susanino, Kostroma oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Nizhny Novgorod oblast (2005-17). He was vice mayor of Moscow in 1996-2005.

Shapira, (Haim) Moshe (b. March 26, 1902, Grodno, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. July 16, 1970, Tel Aviv, Israel), interior minister of Israel (1949-52, 1955, 1959-70). He was also minister of health (1948-51, 1961-66), immigration (1948-51), religious affairs (1951-58), and social welfare (1952-58).

Shapira, Ya'acov Shimshon, Ya'acov also spelled Ya'akov (b. Nov. 4, 1902, Yelizavetgrad, Russia [now Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine] - d. Nov. 14, 1993), justice minister of Israel (1966-72, 1972-73). He was also attorney general (1948-50).

Shapiro, Josh(ua David) (b. June 20, 1973, Kansas City, Mo.), governor of Pennsylvania (2023- ).

Shapkenov, Serik (Zhambyluly) (b. July 29, 1979, Karatoba, Uralsk oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Zapadno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakhstan]), head of Atyrau oblast (2022- ). He was also mayor of Atyrau (2016-18) and Kazakh minister of labour and social protection (2021-22).

Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny (Ivanovich) (b. Feb. 3, 1942, Aksay district, Rostov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 8?, 2020, Moscow, Russia), defense minister of the Soviet Union (1991). He was also secretary of the Security Council of Russia (1993).

Shapovalyants, Andrey (Georgiyevich) (b. Feb. 23, 1952, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Oct. 13, 2021, Moscow), economy minister of Russia (1993 [acting], 1998-2000).

Shapps, Grant (b. Sept. 14, 1968, Hertfordshire, England), British home secretary (2022). He has also been a minister without portfolio (2012-15), transport secretary (2019-22), and secretary of state for business, energy, and industrial strategy (2022- ).

Shapsha

Shapsha, Vladislav (Valeryevich) (b. Sept. 20, 1972, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kaluga oblast (2020- ). He was mayor of Obninsk (2015-20).

Sharaa, Farouk al-, Arabic Faruq al-Shara` (b. 1938, Daraa, Syria), foreign minister (1984-2006) and vice president (2006-14) of Syria. He was also ambassador to Italy (1976-80).

Sharabassy, Ahmed al- (b. 1899, Kafr Abu Zikra, Daqahliya, Egypt - d. ...), Egyptian/United Arab Republic politician. He was minister of public works (1953-62) and waqfs (1964-65) and a deputy prime minister (1964-67).

Sharabi, Nizam (Bishara) al- (b. March 1, 1916), finance minister (1963-64) and defense minister (1964-65) of Jordan. He was also minister of national economy (1964, 1968-69) and communications (1964-65).

Sharaborin, Khristofor (Prokofyevich) (b. Oct. 29 [Oct. 16, O.S.], 1904, Dulgakhansky nasleg [village], Yakutsk oblast [now in Sakha republic], Russia - d. [executed] Jan. 16, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Yakut A.S.S.R. (1931-37).

E. Sharaf

Sharaf, Essam (Abdulaziz), Arabic `Asam `Abd al-`Aziz Sharaf (b. 1952, Giza governorate, Egypt), prime minister of Egypt (2011). He was transport minister in 2004-05.

Sharaf, Sharif Abdul Hamid, Arabic Sharif `Abd al-Hamid Sharaf (b. July 8, 1939, Baghdad, Iraq - d. July 3, 1980, Amman, Jordan), prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Jordan (1979-80); son of Sharaf ibn Rajih Al Fawwaz. He was also information minister (1965-67), ambassador to the United States (1967-72) and Canada (1969-72), permanent representative to the United Nations (1972-76), and chief of the royal court (1976-79).

Sharaf ibn Rajih Al Fawwaz, (Sharif) (b. 1880 - d. 1955, Amman, Jordan), regent of Iraq (1941). He fled to Iran on the approach of the Allied forces in 1941, but was captured and exiled to Southern Rhodesia until 1944. He is a 9th-generation descendant through the male line from Abdullah ibn Hassan, grand sharif of Mecca in 1630-31.

Sharafeyev, Said (Mingazovich) (b. 1906, Pseyevo, Vyatka province [now in Tatarstan republic], Russia - d. 1975), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars/Council of Ministers of the Tatar A.S.S.R. (1943-50, 1957-59). He was also people's commissar (1937-42) and minister (1951-57) of finance and deputy premier (1942-43).

Sharangovich, Vasily (Fomich) (b. March 4 [Feb. 20, O.S.], 1897, Kochany, Vilna province, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. [executed] March 15, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1937).

Sharansky

Sharansky, Natan, original name Anatoly (Borisovich) Shcharansky (b. Jan. 20, 1948, Stalino, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Donetsk, Ukraine]), Israeli politician. His job as a programmer at the Oil and Gas Research Institute in Moscow supposedly exposed him to state secrets and became the official reason for denying his request for an exit visa when he applied to emigrate to Israel in 1973. He became involved in the dissident movement in Moscow, was harassed by the KGB, and, in 1975, discharged from his job. In March 1977 a presumed fellow dissident, Sanya Lipavsky, named Shcharansky as working in a spy ring with U.S. diplomats, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Western journalists, and other dissidents. Arrested in Moscow on March 15, he was brought to trial, condemned as being "guilty of espionage and of assisting a foreign country in hostile activity against the U.S.S.R.," and received a sentence on July 14, 1978, of 13 years, the first three in prison and the rest in a corrective labour camp. His case shocked the West as a striking instance of the Soviet administration's harsh disregard for human rights. On Feb. 11, 1986, he and three men accused of being NATO spies were exchanged for five people from Warsaw Pact countries. He then went to Israel and adopted his current name. He led his new Yisrael Ba'Aliya party to a surprisingly strong showing in the 1996 parliamentary elections. The party of immigrants from the former Soviet Union captured seven seats in the 120-member parliament. He became minister of commerce and industry (1996-99), interior (1999-2001), construction and housing (2001-03), and minister without portfolio responsible for Jerusalem affairs (2003-05). He announced his retirement from politics in 2006.

Sharef, Ze'ev (b. April 21, 1906, Czernowitz, Austria [now Chernivtsi, Ukraine] - d. April 18, 1984), finance minister of Israel (1968-69). He was also minister of trade and industry (1966-69) and housing (1969-74).

Sharett

Sharett, Moshe, original name Moshe Shertok (b. Oct. 15, 1894, Kherson, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. July 7, 1965, Tel Aviv, Israel), foreign minister (1948-56) and prime minister (1953-55) of Israel.

N. Sharif

Sharif, (Mian Mohammad) Nawaz (b. Dec. 25, 1949, Lahore, Pakistan), Pakistani politician. He joined the Punjab cabinet as finance minister in 1981 and became the province's chief minister in 1985. As leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), the primary party of the coalition Islamic Democratic Alliance, he was elected prime minister in October 1990, after Benazir Bhutto's government was sacked by the president for alleged corruption in August. He became known for his efforts at economic revitalization as well as for his headstrong personality. He was himself dismissed on corruption charges in April 1993. In the October 1993 elections Bhutto regained power, but she was ousted again in November 1996. It was Sharif's turn as prime minister again when his PML won a landslide victory in the elections of Feb. 3, 1997. He soon set out to trim the powers of the president and the military. His attempt to block the appointment of five additional judges to the Supreme Court late in the year sparked a constitutional crisis. After Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah, one of Sharif's rivals, was suspended from the court on a technicality, Pres. Farooq Ahmed Leghari, rather than appointing a replacement, resigned from his post, bitterly accusing Sharif of attempting to grab sole power. In May 1998, despite international condemnation, Sharif responded to India's testings of nuclear weapons by sanctioning Pakistan's first-ever tests. In October 1999 he was overthrown in a coup led by Gen. Pervez Musharraf. In April 2000 he was given a life sentence in jail on two charges of hijacking and terrorism; the prosecution said that on the day of the coup Sharif attempted to prevent an aircraft carrying Musharraf from landing when it was running short of fuel. In December 2000 he was taken from prison and exiled to Saudi Arabia. The Supreme Court ruled in August 2007 that he had a right to return, but when he did so in September he was immediately deported again. He returned successfully in November. In February 2009 the Supreme Court disqualified him from public office because of his 2000 conviction, but the ruling was "set aside" in May. In 2013 his party again won elections and he became prime minister once more. Following the 2016 "Panama Papers" leak, in April 2017 the Supreme Court ruled 3-2 that there was insufficient evidence to remove him from office but ordered an investigation into offshore wealth held by his family; as a result, the court removed him in July 2017. In July 2018 he was sentenced to 10 years and in December to 7 years in prison on separate corruption charges.

S. Sharif

Sharif, (Mian) Shahbaz, also spelled Shehbaz (b. Sept. 23, 1951, Lahore, Pakistan), chief minister of Punjab (1997-99, 2008-09, 2009-13, 2013-18) and prime minister of Pakistan (2022- ). He replaced his brother Nawaz Sharif as president of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz on Aug. 3, 2002, but continued to live with the Sharif family in Saudi Arabia. In May 2004 he made an attempt to return to Pakistan, but after landing at Lahore airport he was deported back to Saudi Arabia. He returned with his brother in November 2007. In June 2008 he returned to head a coalition government in Punjab, with the Pakistan People's Party as the junior partner - a reversal of the roles played by the two parties in the federal government. A February 2009 Supreme Court decision disqualified and unseated him as chief minister, but another ruling by the court in March restored him.

Sharif-Emami

Sharif-Emami, Jaafar (b. Sept. 8, 1910, Tehran, Iran - d. June 16, 1998, New York City), prime minister (1960-61, 1978) and foreign minister (1960-61) of Iran. A close confidant of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, he became undersecretary of roads and communications (1950-51) and minister of industries and mines (1957-60). During his first term as prime minister, he attempted to institute economic reforms, but his unpopularity led to his replacement after 8 months. He was president of the Senate in 1963-78. During his second term as prime minister, he tried to quell growing civil unrest and mollify the increasingly powerful Islamic fundamentalists, but the situation continued to deteriorate and he resigned (November 1978) after some 3 months in office. After the shah's downfall in early 1979, Sharif-Emami fled to New York.

Sharipov, Ady (Sharipovich) (b. Dec. 19, 1912, Marinovka, Russia [now in Vostochno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakhstan] - d. Nov. 4, 1993, Almaty, Kazakhstan), foreign minister of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1963-66). He was also education minister (1958-63).

Sharipov, Isagali (Sharipovich) (b. Jan. 15 [Jan. 2, O.S.], 1905, Dolgoye, Astrakhan province, Russia - d. 1976), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1961-65). He was also a deputy premier (1939-53) and mayor of Alma-Ata (1953-54).

Sharir, Avraham (b. Dec. 23, 1932, Tel Aviv, Palestine [now in Israel] - d. March 24, 2017, Tel Aviv), justice minister of Israel (1986-88). He was also minister of tourism (1981-88).

Sharma, Anant Prasad (b. Dec. 25, 1919, Gaudarh village [now in Bhojpur district], Bihar, India - d. Oct. 11, 1988, New Delhi, India), governor of Punjab (1983) and West Bengal (1983-84). He was also Indian minister of shipping and transport (1980), tourism and civil aviation (1980-82), and communications (1982-83).

Sharma, Bhagwat Dayal (b. Jan. 28, 1918, Bairo, Rohtak district, Punjab [now in Haryana], India - d. Feb. 22, 1993, New Delhi, India), chief minister of Haryana (1966-67) and governor of Orissa (1977-80) and Madhya Pradesh (1980-84).

D. Sharma

Sharma, Dineshwar (b. May 21, 1956, Bihar state, India - d. Dec. 4, 2020, Chennai, India), administrator of Lakshadweep (2019-20). He was also director of the Intelligence Bureau of India (2015-17).

Sharma, Janardan, byname Prabhakar, home affairs minister (2017) and finance minister (2021-22, 2022) of Nepal. He was also minister of peace and reconstruction (2008-09) and energy (2016-17).

Sharma, K(alyan) D(utta) (b. Oct. 23, 1921, Alwar [now in Rajasthan], India), acting governor of Rajasthan (1981-82). He was chief justice of Rajasthan High Court (1981-83).

Sharma, Kamalesh (b. Sept. 30, 1941), secretary-general of the Commonwealth (2008-16). He was India's ambassador to Germany (1990-92) and Kazakhstan (1992-95), permanent representative to the United Nations (1997-2002), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2004-08) and UN special representative to East Timor (2002-04).

Sharma, Murari Raj (b. April 1951 - d. Jan. 15, 2020, London, England), Nepalese diplomat. He was foreign secretary (1997-2000), permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-05), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (2007-09).

Sharma, Nawal Kishore (b. July 5, 1925, Dausa [now in Rajasthan], India - d. Oct. 8, 2012, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India), governor of Gujarat (2004-09).

N. Sharma

O.P. Sharma

Sharma, Nirbhay (b. 1946, Lucknow, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India), governor of Arunachal Pradesh (2013-15) and Mizoram (2015-18).

Sharma, Om Prakash (b. Oct. 9, 1937, Banchari village, Faridabad district, Punjab [now in Haryana], India), governor of Nagaland (1996-2002).

Sharma, Rabindra Nath (b. 1930? - d. Nov. 22, 2008, Kathmandu, Nepal), foreign minister (1997) and finance minister (1997) of Nepal. He was also minister of law and justice (1972-74, 1976-77), posts and telecommunications (1976-77), food, agriculture, and irrigation (1977-79), and industry (1988-89).

S.D. Sharma

Sharma, Shankar Dayal (b. Aug. 19, 1918, Bhopal, India - d. Dec. 26, 1999, New Delhi, India), president of India (1992-97). Around 1940 he became actively involved in India's freedom struggle. For his role in the independence movement in Bhopal, he was imprisoned for eight months. After India gained independence (1947), his political career developed through a long association with the Indian National Congress and the Nehru-Gandhi family in particular. He was a member of the All-India Congress Committee for 32 years beginning in 1950, and in 1950-52 he was president of the Bhopal State Congress Committee. He also served as chief minister of Bhopal (1952-56). He was a member of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in 1956-71, and during that period he held a cabinet post for some 11 years. He then moved into the national arena, being a member of the Lok Sabha (lower house) in 1971-77. In 1972-74 he was president of the Indian National Congress and in 1974-77 minister of communications. He was again elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980. He held governorship posts in Andhra Pradesh (1984-85), Punjab (1985-86), and Maharashtra (1986-87) before becoming vice president in 1987. In 1992 he became president, having won 64.8% of the vote in the electoral college, composed of the elected members of both houses of parliament and of the state legislatures. Delivering his emotionally charged inaugural address amid a colourful and joyous ceremony, he called for equal respect for all religions as a basis for the achievement of national goals. He earned the reputation of being scrupulously impartial. He was a sentimental public leader who sometimes broke down in parliament before unruly lawmakers. He once said he believed in retaliating by shaming offenders with acts of kindness.

Sharma, Sheel Kanta (b. Jan. 10, 1950), secretary-general of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (2008-11). He was also Indian ambassador to Austria (2004-08).

Sharma, U(dit) N(arain) (b. Sept. 1, 1917, Sibsagar, Assam, India), chief commissioner of Tripura (1967).

Sharma, Yagya Dutt (b. Oct. 21, 1922, Takhatgarh village, Ropar district, Punjab, India - d. July 4, 1996), governor of Orissa (1990-93).

Sharmarke

Sharmarke, Omar Abdirashid Ali, Somali Cumar Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke, Arabic `Umar `Abd al-Rashid `Ali Sharmarki (b. June 19, 1960, Somalia), prime minister of Somalia (2009-10, 2014-17); son of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. He was also ambassador to the United States (2014).

Sharon

Sharon, Ariel, byname Arik Sharon, original name Ariel Scheinerman (b. Feb. 27, 1928, Kfar Malal, Palestine [now in Israel] - d. Jan. 11, 2014, Ramat Gan, Israel), prime minister of Israel (2001-06). He received military training early in life and took his new name when Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion insisted that all Israeli officers have Hebrew names. In the wars of 1956 and 1967, he both times captured the strategic Mitla pass in the Sinai Peninsula. Resigning from the army in July 1973, he was recalled for the October 1973 Yom Kippur war. That same year he was instrumental in the formation of the Likud party and became a member of the Knesset (parliament). He joined the government in 1977 as minister of agriculture in charge of settlements and remained in that post until becoming defense minister in 1981. In 1982 he was the chief architect of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon. The revelation that Israeli-allied Christian Lebanese militiamen had massacred Palestinian refugees at Sabra and Shatila caused worldwide condemnation. In response, Israel set up a judicial commission which found him indirectly responsible. He resigned as defense minister in 1983, but became minister of industry and trade (1984-90) and of construction and housing (1990-92). In 1996 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu created for Sharon the cabinet post of minister of national infrastructure. In 1998 he became foreign minister. He succeeded Netanyahu as Likud leader in 1999 and in 2001 defeated Ehud Barak in prime ministerial elections. He also held the portfolios of immigrant absorption (2001-03), health (2002), labour and social welfare (2002), interior (2002, 2004-05, 2005-06), industry and trade (2002-03), transport (2002-03), communications (2003), and religious affairs (2003). In 2005, after having withdrawn Israeli settlers and soldiers from the Gaza Strip, which was controversial within Likud, he founded the Kadima party. In 2006 a stroke left him in a coma; after 100 days he was considered permanently incapacitated, officially losing the position of prime minister.

Sharp

Sharp, Mitchell (William) (b. May 11, 1911, Winnipeg, Man. - d. March 19, 2004, Ottawa, Ont.), trade and commerce minister (1963-66), finance minister (1965-68), and foreign minister (1968-74) of Canada. He held various posts in the Trade Department, but left the civil service in 1958 shortly after the Conservatives swept to power under John Diefenbaker. Sharp's political career began soon afterward when Lester Pearson asked him to help create the Liberal Party's election platform in the early 1960s. He represented Toronto's Eglinton riding in the House of Commons from 1963 to 1978. He was one of the most outspoken foreign affairs ministers in Canadian history; during his tenure, the government established relations with China, shifted its policies regarding the United States, halved its military commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and began new dialogues with Europe and Japan. He left politics for an appointment as commissioner for the Northern Pipeline Agency and also served (1984) as co-chairman of a task force on conflict of interest, which published a report on ethical conduct in the public service. He was a deputy chairman of the Trilateral Commission, a private global policy discussion group, from 1976 to 1986. Later, at the age of 82, he signed on as a $1-a-year personal adviser to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien - and kept at it into his 90s.

A. Sharpe

Sharpe, Sir Alfred (b. May 19, 1853, Lancaster, Lancashire, England - d. Dec. 10, 1935, London, England), British colonial administrator. He resolved to go to Africa to shoot elephant and trade in ivory. Arriving in the Shire Highlands, south of Lake Nyasa, in 1887, he immediately became involved in a struggle with "Arab" slave traders. In 1889 H.H. Johnston came out to Nyasaland (now Malawi) with commissions from the British government and Cecil Rhodes. The British settlements were now threatened not only by the slavers but by the designs of other colonial powers. To Sharpe fell the task of winning the natives west of Nyasa to the British side, and he brought a large part of what became Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) into treaty relations with the Chartered Company and almost succeeded in adding Katanga (now in Congo [Kinshasa]) to the British sphere. Long struggles with turbulent tribes followed, but finally peace was established, Sharpe being one of the principal instruments in the extinction of the slave trade in that part of Central Africa. During 1889-95 he also explored and mapped Lake Mweru (in Zambia), the northern parts of Zambia, and Katanga. He was appointed vice-consul of Nyasaland protectorate in 1891, commissioner in 1896, and governor in 1908. He retired from the colonial service in 1910. In 1919 he explored the interior of Liberia. He was knighted in 1903.

Sharpe, Sir John (Henry) (b. Nov. 8, 1921 - d. July 11, 1999), finance minister (1968-75) and premier (1975-77) of Bermuda; knighted 1977.

Sharples, Sir Richard (Christopher) (b. Aug. 6, 1916, London, England - d. [assassinated] March 10, 1973, Pembroke parish, Bermuda), governor of Bermuda (1972-73); knighted 1972.

Sharpton, Al(fred Charles, Jr.) (b. Oct. 3, 1954, Brooklyn, New York City), U.S. politician. A controversial African-American civil rights activist, Reverend Sharpton was a candidate for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination.

Sharq, Mohammad Hassan (b. 1925, Farah, Afghanistan), prime minister of Afghanistan (1988-89). He was also deputy prime minister (1973-77, 1987-88) and ambassador to Japan (1977-78) and India (1980-86).

Shartava

Shartava, Zhiuli (Kalistratovich) (b. March 7, 1944 - d. [executed by separatists] Sept. 27, 1993), prime minister of Abkhazia (pro-Georgian government) (1993).

Sharvananda, (Desamanya) Suppiah (b. Feb. 22, 1923, Kayts, Jaffna, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. Jan. 10, 2007, Sydney, Australia), governor of Western province, Sri Lanka (1988-94). He was also chief justice of Sri Lanka (1984-88), the first Tamil to hold the post.

Shastri, Bhola Paswan (b. June 1914, Bairgachhi village, Purnea district, Bihar, India - d. Sept. 10, 1984), chief minister of Bihar (1968, 1969, 1971-72). He was also Indian minister of works and housing (1973-74).

L.B. Shastri

Shastri, Lal Bahadur (b. Oct. 2, 1904, Mughalsarai, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Jan. 11, 1966, Tashkent, Uzbek S.S.R.), prime minister of India (1964-66). He earned the title Shastri ("scholar") in 1926 and it became part of his name. He joined Mohandas Gandhi's Non-cooperation Movement against British rule in India and was imprisoned for a short time in 1921 and several times later. He attained influential positions in the Congress Party of the United Provinces (later Uttar Pradesh) and was elected to the legislature of the United Provinces in 1937 and again in 1946. After independence, he became minister for home affairs and transport in Uttar Pradesh, then in 1952 he was elected to the Indian legislature and became union minister for railways and transport. He resigned in 1956 because he felt that he was constitutionally responsible for a serious railway accident, but returned to the cabinet in 1957, first as minister of transport and communications, then (1958) of commerce and industry. He was appointed to the influential post of minister for home affairs in 1961, but resigned in 1963 under a plan whereby ministers should voluntarily leave office to devote themselves to the reform of the Congress Party. In January 1964, on Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's illness, he was recalled to the cabinet as minister without portfolio, and after Nehru's death he became prime minister in June. Rising prices, food shortages, and other disappointments at home lowered his reputation temporarily, but his firmness on the outbreak of hostilities with neighbouring Pakistan in 1965 restored his popularity. He died of a heart attack hours after signing an agreement with Pres. Mohammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan to seek a peaceful solution to the Kashmir dispute.

V.K. Shastri

Shatalov

Shastri, Vishnu Kant (b. May 2, 1929, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India - d. April 17, 2005, in train near Patna, Bihar, India), governor of Himachal Pradesh (1999-2000) and Uttar Pradesh (2000-04).

Shatalov, Mikhail (Mikhailovich) (b. Oct. 22, 1942), prime minister of North Ossetia-Alania (2002-04).

Shatigadud

Shatigadud, byname of Hassan Muhammad Nur, Somali Xasan Maxamed Nuur "Shaatigaduud" (b. 1945?, near Baidoa, Somalia - d. March 2, 2013, Bonn, Germany), Somali politician. In the post-1991 civil war he became chairman of the Rahanwein Resistance Army (RRA), which came to control the town of Baidoa. He was a co-chairman of the Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council, a Somali counter-government established at Baidoa in 2001. Then in April 2002 he became president of Southwestern Somalia, a newly-proclaimed state with Baidoa as capital. The city changed hands numerous times between July and December 2002. Shatigadud was opposed to the troops loyal to the faction of his former deputies (and then vice-chairmen of the RRA) Sheikh Aden Madobe and Mohamed Ibrahim Habsade who took control of the city. The state ultimately ceased to exist, and Baidoa became the seat of the recognized government of Somalia. In 2006-07 Shatigadud was finance minister in that government (which moved to Mogadishu in December 2006).

Shatter, Alan (Joseph) (b. Feb. 14, 1951, Dublin, Ireland), minister of justice, equality, and defence of Ireland (2011-14).

Shaukhamanov, Seilbek (Shaukhamanovich) (b. May 15, 1939, Ozgent, Kzyl-Orda [now Kyzylorda] oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. - d. Aug. 27?, 2018), first secretary of the party committee (1989-91) and head (1992-95) of Kyzylorda oblast. He was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Taldy-Kurgan oblast (1987-89).

Shava

Shava, Frederick (Musiiwa Makamure) (b. 1947?), foreign minister of Zimbabwe (2021- ). He was also minister of labour, manpower planning, and development (1981-86), ambassador to China (2007-14), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-21).

Shavlokhov, Aleksandr (Apollonovich) (b. 1940, Staliniri [now Tskhinvali], South Ossetian autonomous oblast, Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of South Ossetia (1996-98). He was also mayor of Tskhinvali (1974-81).

Shaw, Leslie M(ortimer) (b. Nov. 2, 1848, Morristown, Vt. - d. March 28, 1932, Washington, D.C.), governor of Iowa (1898-1902) and U.S. secretary of the treasury (1902-07).

Shaw, Sir Patrick (b. Sept. 18, 1913, Kew, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Dec. 27, 1975, Washington, D.C.), Australian diplomat; knighted 1972. He was ambassador to West Germany (1956-59), Indonesia (1960-62), Nepal (1970-73), and the United States (1974-75), permanent representative to the United Nations (1965-70), and high commissioner to India (1970-73).

Shaw, Thomas, byname Tom Shaw (b. April 9, 1872, Colne, Lancashire, England - d. Sept. 26, 1938, London, England), British secretary of state for war (1929-31). He was also minister of labour (1924).

V. Shaw

Shaw, Vernon (Lorden) (b. May 13, 1930, Roseau, Dominica - d. Dec. 2, 2013, Roseau), president of Dominica (1998-2003). In 1967 he was appointed Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Education and Health. Ten years later, in 1977, he was promoted to the post of secretary to the cabinet where he remained until he retired in June 1990. However, during that period he served the government of Dominica as ambassador-at-large and functioned at the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and at the London High Commission. Voting strictly along party lines, parliament elected Shaw as president in 1998 and denied Crispin Sorhaindo a second term. Shaw, the ruling United Workers Party (UWP) nominee, received all of the 18 UWP's votes while the opposition parties' nominee, Sorhaindo, received 13.

Shawabkah, Khalid Abdullah Krayyem, Jordanian diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2010) and ambassador to Russia (2021- ).

Shaways

Shaways, Rowsch (Nouri) (b. 1947 - d. Feb. 15, 2021, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq), prime minister (1996-99) and president of the National Assembly (1999-2004) of Iraqi Kurdistan (Kurdistan Democratic Party government) and a vice president (2004-05) and a deputy prime minister (2005-06, 2010-15) of Iraq.

Shawcross, Hartley William Shawcross, Baron (b. Feb. 4, 1902, Giessen, Germany - d. July 10, 2003, Cowbeech, Sussex, England), British politician. He was elected to Parliament when the Labour Party swept to power under Clement Attlee in 1945, ousting Winston Churchill's Conservative Party, and quickly became the new government's attorney general. He then was appointed Britain's chief prosecutor at the Nürnberg, Germany, trials of Nazi war criminals, signing an indictment along with representatives of the United States, France, and the Soviet Union. He called the Nazi defendants "black-hearted murderers, plunderers, and conspirators of which the world has not known their equal." As attorney general, he led one of the nation's most infamous treason cases, prosecuting William Joyce, known as "Lord Haw-Haw," for aiding the Nazi propaganda effort during World War II. Joyce was convicted and hanged. Shawcross also prosecuted Klaus Fuchs, a German-born physicist convicted of giving American and British atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. Shawcross, who also served as one of Britain's representatives at the United Nations through the late 1940s, left his job as attorney general in 1951, then served as president of the Board of Trade until the Labour government was defeated later that year. He stepped down as a lawmaker in 1958. He was knighted in 1945 and was made a life peer in 1959.

Shawi, Hisham (Ibrahim) al- (b. March 16, 1931, Baghdad, Iraq), acting foreign minister of Iraq (1974). He was also minister of higher education and scientific research (1972-74), permanent representative to the United Nations (1977), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1978-82), Austria (1982-85), and Canada (1985-93).

Shayakhmetov, Zhumabay (Shayakhmetovich) (b. Aug. 30 [Aug. 17, O.S.], 1902, Akmolinsk oblast [in present Omsk oblast], Russia - d. Oct. 17, 1966, Alma-Ata, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Almaty, Kazakhstan]), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1946-54). He was also chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet (1950-54) and first secretary of the party committee of Yuzhno-Kazakhstan oblast (1954-55).

Shaykenov, Nagashbay (Amangaleyevich) (b. March 6, 1947, Orenburg oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. March 25, 2000), Kazakh politician. He was justice minister (1993-95) and a deputy prime minister (1995-96).

Shaymardanov, Shaygardan (Shaymardanovich) (b. September 1890, Staroye Baysarovo, Ufa province [now in Tatarstan republic], Russia - d. [executed] Jan. 27, 1940), chairman of the Central Executive Committee (1924-27) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1927-28) of the Tatar A.S.S.R.

Shaymiyev, Mintimer (Sharipovich) (b. Jan. 20, 1937, Anyakovo, Tatar A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Supreme Council (1990-91) and president (1991-2010) of Tatarstan. He was also minister of land improvement and water management (1969-83), first deputy premier (1983), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1985-89), and first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1989-90) of the Tatar A.S.S.R. and a co-chairman of the United Russia party (2001-02).

Shayya, Jamil (b. Syria), Syrian politician. He was minister of supply (1964-65) and information (1966), ambassador to Brazil (1967-69), Italy (1969), and the Soviet Union (1970-75), and deputy prime minister for economic affairs (1976-80).

Shazar

Shazar, Zalman, original name Shneur Zalman Rubashov (of which "Shazar" is an acronym) (b. Oct. 6, 1889, Mir, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. Oct. 5, 1974, Jerusalem), president of Israel (1963-73). Becoming active in the Zionist movement in Russia while in his teens (and briefly imprisoned for his activities in 1905), he served as a translator for a Zionist newspaper in Vilna (now Vilnius, Lithuania). He emigrated to Palestine in 1924 and was a founder of Davar, the daily newspaper of the Histadrut, or General Federation of Jewish Labour; he was editor of the newspaper in 1944-49. He was active in the Labour Zionist movement and participated in several international conferences. Instrumental in drafting the Israeli proclamation of independence in 1948, he was named minister of education and culture in the first Israeli cabinet the following year but left the cabinet in 1950, thereafter serving as an executive of the World Zionist Organization, where he headed the Department for Education and Culture in the Diaspora (1954-63) and was chairman of the Zionist Executive (1956-61). Elected president by the Knesset (parliament) in 1963 and reelected in 1968, he remained committed to Jewish cultural and historical matters, serving as host to numerous Bible researchers during his presidency.

Shchadunts, Suren (Konstantinovich) (b. 1898, Dzhebrail, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] April 21, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Tadzhik S.S.R. (1935-37).

Shcheglovitov, Ivan (Grigoryevich) (b. Feb. 25 [Feb. 13, O.S.], 1861 - d. [executed] Sept. 5, 1918, Moscow, Russia), justice minister of Russia (1906-15). He was also chairman of the Imperial State Council (1917).

Shchegolev

Shchegolev, Igor (Olegovich) (b. Nov. 10, 1965, Vinnitsa, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Vinnytsya, Ukraine]), plenipotentiary of the president in Tsentralny federal district (2018- ). He was also Russian minister of telecommunications and mass communications (2008-12).

Shchelokov, Nikolay (Anisimovich) (b. Nov. 26 [Nov. 13, O.S.], 1910, Almaznaya, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now in Luhansk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Dec. 13, 1984, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1931. He became a local government and party worker in the Dnepropetrovsk region of the Ukraine (1938-41), served as a political officer in the army (1941-46), and returned to Ukrainian local politics (1947-51). A protégé of Leonid Brezhnev, he was through Brezhnev's influence transferred to the Moldavian S.S.R., where he was first deputy premier (1951-58, 1959-62, 1965), deputy premier (1962-63), and chairman of the Council of National Economy (1957-58, 1962-64). He headed (1966-82) the U.S.S.R. Ministry of Public Order (from 1968 renamed the Ministry of the Interior), was granted the rank of Soviet army colonel-general (1967), and was advanced to full general (1976). He was demoted and progressively disgraced under party leaders Yury Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Andropov, who as head of the Committee of State Security (KGB) had already been investigating corruption in Shchelokov's department, dismissed Shchelokov from office in December 1982 and removed him from membership of the CPSU Central Committee in June 1983. Under Chernenko he was stripped of military rank (November 1984). His unannounced death and hasty funeral (December 15) gave rise to rumours that he had committed suicide because he was distressed at the possibility of a trial on corruption charges.

Shcherbak, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 24, 1939, Popasnaya, Voroshilovgrad oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Popasna, Luhansk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Dec. 12, 2010), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1999-2000). He was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Krasnodar kray (1985-87) and minister of agriculture and food (1999).

Shcherbakov, Prokhor (Vasilyevich) (b. July 27, 1914, Turshemuchash, Vyatka province [now in Mari El republic], Russia - d. May 19, 1971, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Mari A.S.S.R. (1951-59).

Shcherbakov, Vladimir (Ivanovich) (b. Dec. 5, 1949, Novosysoyevka, Primorsky kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was chairman of the State Committee for Labour and Social Affairs (1989-91), a deputy premier (1991), and first deputy premier and minister of economy and forecasting (1991).

Shcherbatov, Knyaz (Prince) Mikhail (Mikhailovich) (b. Aug. 2 [July 22, O.S.], 1733, Moscow, Russia - d. Dec. 23 [Dec. 12, O.S.], 1790, Moscow), Russian official; son of Knyaz Mikhail (Yuryevich) Shcherbatov. Also known as a historian, he was president of the Collegium of State Income (1778-84).

Shcherbatov, Knyaz (Prince) Mikhail (Yuryevich) (b. Nov. 18 [Nov. 8, O.S.], 1678 - d. Aug. 2 [July 22, O.S.], 1738), governor of Arkhangelsk (1732-38).

Shcherbatov, Knyaz (Prince) Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. April 4 [March 23, O.S.], 1800 - d. Feb. 17 [Feb. 5, O.S.], 1863), governor of Moscow (1857-59).

Shcherbatov, Knyaz (Prince) Nikolay (Borisovich) (b. Jan. 22, 1868, Tsarskoye Selo [now Pushkin, part of St. Petersburg], Russia - d. June 29, 1943, Starnberg, Bayern, Germany), interior minister of Russia (1915); grandnephew of Knyaz Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) Shcherbatov. He was also head of the Chief Administration of State Horse Breeding (1913-15).

Shcherbatskoy, Ippolit (Fyodorovich) (b. 1827 - d. 1889), governor of Ufa (1873-76); brother of Nikolay Shcherbatskoy.

Shcherbatskoy, Nikolay (Fyodorovich) (b. July 19, 1826 - d. April 1, 1900), governor of Irkutsk (1862-63).

Shcherbina, Boris (Yevdokimovich) (b. Oct. 5, 1919, Debaltsevo, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Aug. 22, 1990, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was first secretary of the party committee of Tyumen oblast (1961-73), minister of construction of enterprises for the oil and gas industry (1973-84), and a deputy premier (1984-89).

Shcherbina, Vera (Georgiyevna) (b. Nov. 20, 1958, Chernyshevsk-Zabaikalsky, Chita oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting governor of Sakhalin oblast (2018). She has been chairperson of the government of Sakhalin oblast (2016-18) and Primorsky kray (2018- ).

Shcherbitsky

Shcherbitsky, Vladimir (Vasilyevich) (Russian), Ukrainian Volodymyr (Vasylyovych) Shcherbytsky (b. Feb. 17, 1918, Verkhnyodneprovsk, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now Verkhnyodniprovsk, Ukraine] - d. Feb. 16, 1990), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1961-63, 1965-72) and first secretary of the Communist Party (1972-89) of the Ukrainian S.S.R. He was also first secretary of the party committees of Dneprodzerzhinsk city (1952-54) and Dnepropetrovsk oblast (1955-57, 1963-65).

Shchuchkin, Nikolay (Ivanovich) (b. 1895, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Oct. 10, 1938, Simferopol, Crimean A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Crimea (1937-38).

She Okitundu

Shea

She Okitundu (Lundula), Léonard (b. March 26, 1946, Lodja, Belgian Congo [now in Sankuru province, Congo (Kinshasa)]), foreign minister of Congo (Kinshasa) (2000-03, 2016-19). He was also minister of human rights (1999-2000).

Shea Jia-dong (b. Oct. 9, 1948, Tainan county, Taiwan), finance minister of Taiwan (2000-02). He earlier was a deputy governor of the Central Bank of China.

Shearar, Jeremy Brown (b. Oct. 4, 1931, Queenstown, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa), South African diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-91).

Shearer, Hugh Lawson (b. May 18, 1923, Martha Brae, Trelawny parish, Jamaica - d. July 5, 2004, Kingston, Jamaica), prime minister (1967-72) and foreign minister (1967-72, 1980-89) of Jamaica.

Sheares

Sheares, Benjamin Henry (b. Aug. 12, 1907, Singapore - d. May 12, 1981, Singapore), president of Singapore (1970-81). He was a noted gynecologist and professor of medicine at the University of Malaya in Singapore before being unanimously elected president of Singapore by the parliament on Dec. 30, 1970. He was subsequently twice reelected for further four-year terms. He held a largely ceremonial role insofar as he had no executive powers in Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew's government. Sheares's approval, however, was imperative if an act of parliament was to become law. He died in office.

Shebarshin, Aleksey (Leonidovich) (b. July 9, 1959), Russian diplomat; son of Leonid Shebarshin. He has been ambassador to Sri Lanka and the Maldives (2005-08) and Nigeria (2018- ).

Shebarshin, Leonid (Vladimirovich) (b. March 24, 1935, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. [suicide] March 30, 2012, Moscow), acting director of the KGB (1991).

Shebeko, Nikolay (Ignatyevich) (b. Dec. 27 [Dec. 15, O.S.], 1834 - d. Jan. 6, 1905 [Dec. 24, 1904, O.S.]), governor of Bessarabia (1871-79).

Shebeko, Nikolay (Nikolayevich) (b. July 15 [July 3, O.S.], 1863, Mogilyov province, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. Feb. 21, 1953, Menton, Alpes-Maritimes, France), Russian diplomat; son of Nikolay (Ignatyevich) Shebeko. He was minister to Romania (1912-13) and ambassador to Austria-Hungary (1913-14).

Sheetrit

Sheetrit, Meir (b. Oct. 10, 1948, Skar-a-Souk, Morocco), Israeli politician. He immigrated to Israel in 1957 and was mayor of the development town of Yavneh (1974-87). In 1981 he was elected to the Knesset, and has remained a member since that time, except for the years 1988-92, when he served as treasurer of the Jewish Agency. He was appointed deputy speaker of the Knesset in 1996. In February-July 1999 he was finance minister. He was a candidate for the Likud party leadership in September 1999, but came third in the internal party election behind Ariel Sharon and Ehud Olmert. He became minister of justice (2001-03), transportation (2004-06), education, culture, and sport (2006), housing and construction (2006-07), and interior (2007-09).

Sheh bin Syed Abdullah Shahabuddin, Tun Syed (b. March 10, 1910, Alor Star, Kedah [now in Malaysia] - d. Jan. 31, 1969, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia), head of state of Penang (1967-69).

Sheh (al-Haj bin Syed) Hassan Barakbah, Tun Syed (b. Nov. 10, 1906, Alor Star, Kedah [now in Malaysia] - d. Oct. 8, 1975, Alor Star), head of state of Penang (1969-75). He was also lord president of the Federal Court (1966-68) and president of the Dewan Negara (1969) of Malaysia. He was awarded the title Tun in 1970.

Shehadie, Sir Nicholas (Michael) (b. Nov. 15, 1926, Sydney, N.S.W. - d. Feb. 11, 2018, Sydney), lord mayor of Sydney (1973-75); knighted 1976.

Shehi, Dashamir (Hamid) (b. Oct. 28, 1957, Tiranë, Albania), Albanian politician. He was minister of labour and social assistance (1992-94) and a deputy prime minister and minister of tourism (1994-96).

Shehu, Feçor (b. 1926, Hekal, near Mallakastër, Albania - d. [executed] September 1983), interior minister of Albania (1980-82); nephew of Mehmet Shehu.

Shehu, Mehmet (Ismail) (b. Jan. 10, 1913, Corush, Albania - d. Dec. 18, 1981, Tiranë, Albania), Albanian politician. In 1935 he was sent by King Zog I to the Military Academy in Naples, Italy. After he was expelled from the academy for his pro-Communist sympathies, he fought in the Spanish Civil War and was later interned in France. He escaped to Albania in 1942 and joined a partisan unit supported by Tito. After World War II he went to the Voroshilov Military Academy in Moscow and in 1946 was appointed chief of staff of the Albanian Army. A member of the Albanian (Communist) Party of Labour Politburo from 1948, he was party leader Enver Hoxha's trusted aide. Together they opposed Tito's attempt to include Albania in the Yugoslav federation. Shehu was chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1954 to 1981 after having served as minister of the interior from 1948 to 1954. He was also minister of defense from 1974 to 1980. It was announced in 1981 that Shehu killed himself in a moment of nervous depression. However, there was no national mourning and no state funeral was held, indicating that Shehu had fallen into disgrace. Persistent rumours maintained that he had been killed during a power struggle with Hoxha, and Hoxha in 1982 referred to him as "one of the most dangerous traitors and enemies" of his country, who, he claimed, had worked since before World War II for the American, the Yugoslavian, and then the Soviet intelligence services in turn.

Shehu, Musa (Sheikh), administrator of Rivers (1996-98).

T. Shehu

Shein

Shehu, Tritan (Masar) (b. April 24, 1949, Tiranë, Albania), deputy prime minister and foreign minister of Albania (1996-97). He was also minister of health (1992-94).

Shein, Ali Mohamed (b. March 13, 1948, Chokocho, Pemba, Zanzibar [now in Tanzania]), vice president of Tanzania (2001-10) and president of Zanzibar (2010-20).

Shekarau, (Alhaji Malam) Ibrahim (b. Nov. 5, 1955, Kano [now in Kano state], Nigeria), governor of Kano (2003-11).

Shekari, Ishaya Aboi (b. 1940, Magamia [now in Kaduna state], Nigeria), administrator of Kano (1978-79).

Shekhar

Shekhar, Chandra, original name Chandra Shekhar Singh (b. July 1, 1927, Ibrahimpatti [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. July 8, 2007, New Delhi, India), prime minister of India (1990-91). He started his political career with the Praja Socialist Party, but joined the ruling Congress Party in 1964. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) in 1962-77 and of the Lok Sabha (lower house) in 1977-84 and 1989-2007. He fell out with Congress Party leader Indira Gandhi in 1975 and was jailed for 21 months during the national emergency declared by her. In 1977 he was one of the founders of the Janata Party which defeated Gandhi, but the prime minister's post went to Morarji Desai, while Shekhar became party president. He undertook a cross-country marathon walk from Kanyakumari to Delhi in 1983 to highlight the problems of rural India and establish a rapport with the masses. In 1988 the Janata Party merged with several other opposition parties to form the Janata Dal under the leadership of V.P. Singh, who became prime minister in 1989. Shekhar broke with Janata Dal on Nov. 5, 1990, and formed the Janata Dal-Socialist faction (later renamed the Samajwadi Janata Party). Backed by Rajiv Gandhi's Congress (I) party, he replaced Singh as prime minister on November 10 to head a weak minority government in which he also held the defense, home, and several other portfolios. After Congress (I) withdrew its support he resigned on March 6, 1991, remaining in office as a caretaker until new elections were held in May and June, in which his Samajwadi Janata Party won only 5 seats.

Shekhawat

Shekhawat, Bhairon Singh (b. Oct. 23, 1923, Khachariyawas village, Sikar district [now in Rajasthan], India - d. May 15, 2010, Jaipur, India), chief minister of Rajasthan (1977-80, 1990-92, 1993-98) and vice president of India (2002-07).

Shelby, Isaac (b. Dec. 11, 1750, near Hagerstown, Maryland - d. July 18, 1826, Lincoln county, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1792-96, 1812-16).

Sheldon, George L(awson) (b. May 31, 1870, Nehawka, Neb. - d. April 4, 1960, Jackson, Miss.), governor of Nebraska (1907-09).

Shelepin

Shelepin, Aleksandr (Nikolayevich) (b. Aug. 18, 1918, Voronezh, Russia - d. Oct. 24, 1994, Moscow, Russia), Soviet government official. He served with the Red Army during the war with Finland (1939-40). In 1940 he joined the Communist Party. As first secretary of the Komsomol's central committee in 1952-58, he directed the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of youths for Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Program for the economic development of Central Asia. Long regarded as an ally of Khrushchev, Shelepin became a member of the party's Central Committee in 1957 and was chairman of the Committee for State Security (KGB) in 1958-61. As he was not originally from the security branches, his appointment was seen as an attempt by Khrushchev to bring the police apparatus more firmly under party control. He is thought to have ordered the assassination of Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera in Germany in 1959. In 1962 he was appointed chairman of the new Committee of Party and State Control, a powerful agency that supervised the economy and local administration. It was speculated that he played a major role in Khrushchev's ouster in 1964. Later that year he joined the party Presidium (later called Politburo). But he was apparently seen as a rival by the new party leader Leonid Brezhnev and was gradually removed from the political scene. His control committee was dissolved in 1965; he subsequently headed the national trade union organization, but after a 1975 trip to Britain in this capacity, which provoked huge protest demonstrations because of his KGB background, he was dropped from the Politburo and lost the trade union post. He was not reelected to the Central Committee at the 25th party congress in 1976.

Shelest, Pyotr (Yefimovich), Ukrainian Petro (Yukhymovych) Shelest (b. Feb. 14, 1908, Andreyevka, Russia [now Andriyivka, Ukraine] - d. Jan. 22, 1996, Moscow, Russia), first secretary of the Ukrainian Communist Party (1963-72). He joined the Communist Party in 1928 and rose through different party and administrative jobs, including first secretary of the party committee of Kiev oblast (1957-62), to become the Ukrainian Communist chief. In 1964, he also joined the Soviet Communist Party's Presidium, later renamed to Politburo. His policies promoting the use of the Ukrainian language over Russian and defending Ukrainian culture allowed him to preside over a brief cultural renaissance. In 1972, the Soviet leadership ousted him for encouraging Ukrainian nationalism and ordered a crackdown on Ukrainian intellectuals. After his removal, he served as Soviet deputy prime minister for one year, but owing to poor relations with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, he was dismissed, lost his Politburo seat, and was appointed director of a military enterprise outside Moscow, where he remained until his retirement.

Shema, Ibrahim Shehu (b. September 1957), governor of Katsina (2007-15).

Shemirani, Jamal (b. Nov. 22, 1932), Iranian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1979, 1980).

Shen Bingkun (b. 1862, Shanhua, Hunan, China - d. 1913, Beijing, China), governor of Guangxi (1911-12). He held posts in various provinces (Gansu, Yunnan, and then Guangxi) in the late Qing period. He was forced to accept the independence of Guangxi after the republicans took power in 1911. He was ousted by Lu Rongting shortly afterward and then became an advisor of the central government.

Shen Chang-huan

Shen Chang-huan, English name Sampson C. Shen (b. Oct. 16, 1913, Jiangsu province, China - d. July 2, 1998, Taipei, Taiwan), foreign minister of Taiwan (1960-66, 1972-78). He was also minister of information (1950-53) and ambassador to Spain (1959-60), the Vatican (1966-69), and Thailand (1969-72).

Shen Honglie (Pinyin), Wade-Giles Shen Hung-lieh (b. Oct. 27, 1882, Tianmen, Hubei, China - d. March 12, 1969, Taichung, Taiwan), chairman of the government of Shandong (1938-41) and Zhejiang (1946-48). He was also mayor of Qingdao special municipality (1931-37) and Chinese minister of agriculture and forestry (1941-44).

Shen Hongying (b. 1871, Enping, Guangdong, China - d. 1938, Hong Kong), military governor of Guangdong (1923-24).

Shengyun (b. 1858 - d. 1931, Tianjin, China), governor-general of Shengan (1905-08).

Shepilov

Shepilov, Dmitry (Trofimovich) (b. Nov. 4, 1905 - d. Aug. 18, 1995), foreign minister of the Soviet Union (1956-57). He was also editor-in-chief of Pravda (1952-56).

Shepley, George F(oster) (b. Jan. 1, 1819, Saco, Mass. [now in Maine] - d. July 20, 1878, Portland, Maine), acting mayor of New Orleans (1862) and military governor of Louisiana (1862-64).

Sheppard, Jon(athan Peter) (b. Jan. 12, 1945, Vizagapatam, India), acting director of the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (1982-83). He was also Australian ambassador to Ethiopia (1985-89), Jordan (1992-95), and Zimbabwe (2004-07).

Sher, Bolot, originally Bolotbek (Esentayevich) Sherniyazov, interior minister of Kyrgyzstan (2010). He shortened his name on June 1, 2010.

Sherali, Gul, originally Sherali Gulov, Tajik politician. He was chairman of the State Committee for Properties (2001-06) and minister of energy and industry (2006-13).

Sherbrooke, Robert Lowe, (1st) Viscount (b. Dec. 4, 1811, Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England - d. July 27, 1892, Warlingham, Surrey, England), British chancellor of the exchequer (1868-73) and home secretary (1873-74). He was also paymaster-general (1855-58). He was made viscount in 1880.

Sheremetev, Sergey (Alekseyevich) (b. April 5 [March 24, O.S.], 1836 - d. Dec. 27 [Dec. 15, O.S.], 1896, Moscow, Russia), commander-in-chief of the civil administration of the Caucasus (1890-96). He was also governor of Kuban oblast (1882-84).

Sheremetev, Vasily (Aleksandrovich) (b. Aug. 31 [Aug. 20, O.S.], 1795 - d. April 23 [April 11, O.S.], 1862), governor of Kharkov (1838-39), Chernigov (1839-41), and St. Petersburg (1841-43); great-grandson of Vladimir Sheremetev. He was also Russian minister of state properties (1856-57).

Sheremetev, Vasily (Sergeyevich) (b. March 2 [Feb. 20, O.S.], 1752 - d. Feb. 20 [Feb. 8, O.S.], 1831), governor of Izyaslav (1793-95) and Volyn (1795-96); grandnephew of Vladimir Sheremetev.

Sheremetev, Vladimir (Petrovich) (b. July 16 [July 6, O.S.], 1668 - d. June 20 [June 9, O.S.], 1737), governor of Kiev (1731-36).

Sheriff, Ali Modu (b. 1956, Ngala [now in Borno state], Nigeria), governor of Borno (2003-11).

Sherifo, Mahmoud (Ahmed), byname of Mahmoud Ahmed Mahmoud (b. April 4, 1947, Keren, Eritrea), foreign minister of Eritrea (1993-94). He was also minister of local government (1994-2001). He was arrested on Sept. 18, 2001, with 10 other officials after having written in May 2001 an open letter criticizing the concentration of powers in the hands of Pres. Isaias Afewerki and calling for reforms. Officially, they were arrested for "conspiring to overthrow the government, colluding with hostile foreign powers with a view to compromising the sovereignty of the state, undermining Eritrean national security, and endangering Eritrean society and the general welfare of the people." According to an unconfirmed report in 2009, 9 of the 11 had died by 2008, including Sherifo (Dec. 21, 2003).

Sherin, Valery (Vitalyevich) (b. Dec. 24, 1981, Kemerovo, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Tula oblast (2018-22).

Sherko, Mihal, foreign minister of Albania (1939). He was also minister of popular culture (1943).

Sherman, Charles Dunbar (b. Sept. 27, 1918, Robertsport, Liberia - d. 1986, Monrovia, Liberia), treasury secretary of Liberia (1958-66).

Sherman, James S(choolcraft) (b. Oct. 24, 1855, Utica, N.Y. - d. Oct. 30, 1912, Utica), U.S. vice president (1909-12). He was also mayor of Utica (1884-85) and a member of the House of Representatives (1887-91, 1893-1909).

Sherman, John (b. May 10, 1823, Lancaster, Ohio - d. Oct. 22, 1900, Washington, D.C.), U.S. secretary of the treasury (1877-81) and secretary of state (1897-98); brother of William T. Sherman.

Sherman, William T(ecumseh) (b. Feb. 8, 1820, Lancaster, Ohio - d. Feb. 14, 1891, New York City), commanding general of the U.S. Army (1869-83) and secretary of war (1869). He graduated from West Point (1840) and served in the Mexican War (1846-48). At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861-65) he was commissioned as colonel, and after the first Battle of Bull Run was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. He was sent to Kentucky, where he succeeded Robert Anderson in command of the Department of the Cumberland (October 1861), then was transferred to the Department of the Missouri (November). After distinguishing himself at the Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) he was made major general. In 1863 he drove Gen. Joseph Johnston out of Jackson, Miss. (May), was promoted to brigadier general (July), and became commander of the Army of the Tennessee (October); he joined Ulysses S. Grant at Chattanooga, and soon after relieved Ambrose Burnside, besieged at Knoxville. In March 1864 he was appointed to the command of the southwest and drove Johnston to Atlanta, which was evacuated on September 1. He then marched to the sea with 65,000 men, destroying everything in his path and finally capturing the coastal town of Savannah (December). In February 1865 he reached Columbia. From there he moved on Goldsboro, fighting two battles on the way. On April 9 Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered, and on April 26 Johnston made terms with Sherman (which were disapproved of as too lenient by Secretary Edwin Stanton). Sherman was promoted to lieutenant general in 1866 and to general in 1869; when Grant became president he was made head of the army. He made room for Philip Sheridan in 1883 and was retired on full pay in 1884. He resisted all efforts to draw him into politics ("If nominated I will not accept; if elected I will not serve").

Shermarke, Abdirashid Ali, Somali Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke, Arabic `Abd al-Rashid `Ali Sharmarki (b. Oct. 16, 1919, Haradere, Somalia - d. [assassinated] Oct. 15, 1969, Las Anod, northern Somalia), prime minister (1960-64) and president (1967-69) of Somalia.

Sherpao, Aftab Ahmad Khan (b. Aug. 20, 1944), chief minister of the North-West Frontier Province (1988-90, 1994-96); brother of Hayat Mohammad Khan Sherpao. He was minister of water and power (2002-04) and interior minister (2004-07) of Pakistan.

Sherpao, Hayat Mohammad Khan (b. 19... - d. Feb. 8, 1975, Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Pakistan), governor of the North-West Frontier Province (1971-72). He was killed in a bomb blast in Peshawar University.

Shershunov, Viktor (Andreyevich) (b. Nov. 16, 1950, Lenger, Yuzhno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Turkestan oblast, Kazakhstan] - d. [car accident] Sept. 20, 2007, northeast of Moscow, Russia), head of the administration of Kostroma oblast (1997-2007).

Shervashidze, Knyaz (Prince) Georgy (Dmitriyevich) (b. 1847 - d. March 26, 1918, Yalta, Crimea), governor of Tiflis (1888-97).

Sherwill, Sir Ambrose (James) (b. Feb. 12, 1890 - d. Sept. 25, 1968), bailiff of Guernsey (1946-59); knighted 1949.

Sherzai, Sultan Ahmad Khan (b. 1891, Kabul, Afghanistan - d. 1973), foreign minister of Afghanistan (1953). He was also chargé d'affaires in Turkey (1921-26), ambassador to Iran (1928-29), Turkey (1930-35, 1937-38), and the Soviet Union (1938-46, 1950-52), minister to Egypt (1935-37), and president of the National Assembly (1946-50).

Shestakov, Ivan (Alekseyevich) (b. April 13 [April 1, O.S.], 1820, Smilovo, Smolensk province, Russia - d. Dec. 3 [Nov. 21, O.S.], 1888, Sevastopol, Russia), governor of Vilna (1868-69). He was also gradonachalnik (city governor) of Taganrog (1866-68) and Russian navy minister (1882-88).

Shettar

Shettar, Jagadish (Shivappa) (b. Dec. 17, 1955, Kerur village, Bagalkot district, Mysore [now Karnataka], India), chief minister of Karnataka (2012-13).

Shevardnadze

Shevardnadze, Eduard (Amvrosiyevich), Georgian Eduard (Amvrosis dze) Shevardnadze, baptized on Nov. 23, 1992, with the name Giorgi (not in official use) (b. Jan. 25, 1928, Mamati, Georgian S.S.R. - d. July 7, 2014), foreign minister of the Soviet Union (1985-91, 1991) and head of state of Georgia (1992-2003). He joined the Komsomol (Young Communist League) in 1946 and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1948. He was first secretary of Georgia's Komsomol Central Committee in 1957-61. In 1964 he was appointed first deputy minister and the following year minister of internal affairs of the Georgian S.S.R. In 1972 he was elected first secretary of the Tbilisi city committee (July) and of the Central Committee of the Georgian party (September). He became a member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1976 and a candidate member of the Politburo in 1978. On July 1, 1985, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev promoted him to full membership in the Politburo and the next day named him foreign minister. He had no previous experience of foreign affairs. He became one of Gorbachev's closest associates, helping promote the reform policies of glasnost and perestroika and implement the withdrawal from Afghanistan. However, he resigned suddenly on Dec. 20, 1990, protesting against an increasing influence of conservatives in the government. Opposing the separatist tendencies in the republics, he returned briefly as Soviet foreign minister in late 1991, only to see the Soviet Union finally collapse. In 1992 he filled a leadership vacuum in Georgia following the overthrow of Pres. Zviad Gamsakhurdia, becoming head of state as chairman of the State Council (March) and then as chairman of the parliament (November). On Aug. 29, 1995, he survived an assassination attempt. He was elected president by large majorities on Nov. 5, 1995, and April 9, 2000, but was forced out of office in 2003 following claims that he rigged parliamentary elections.

Shevchenko, Ihor (Anatoliyovych) (b. Jan. 10, 1971, Aleksandriya [Oleksandriya], Kirovograd [Kirovohrad] oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian politician. He was minister of ecology and natural resources (2014-15) and a minor presidential candidate (2019).

Shevchenko, Valentina (Semyonovna) (b. March 12, 1935 - d. Feb. 3, 2020), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1984-90).

Shevchuk

Shevelyov

Shevchuk, Yevgeny (Vasilyevich) (b. June 19, 1968, Rybnitsa, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Rîbnita, Transnistria, Moldova]), president of Transnistria (2011-16). He was also chairman of the Supreme Soviet (2005-09).

Shevelyov, Andrey (Vladimirovich) (b. May 24, 1970, Leningrad, Russian S.F.S.R. [now St. Petersburg, Russia]), governor of Tver oblast (2011-16).

Shevich, Dmitry (Yegorovich) (b. June 8, 1839 - d. Oct. 24, 1906), Russian diplomat; brother of Ivan Shevich; grandson of Graf Dmitry Bludov. He was minister to Japan (1886-92) and Portugal (1892-96) and ambassador to Spain (1896-1905).

Shevich, Ivan (Yegorovich) (b. April 4, 1838 - d. Feb. 24, 1912), governor of Kaluga (1871-82) and Livonia (1882-85); grandson of Graf Dmitry Bludov.

Sheyman, Viktar (Uladzimiravich) (b. May 26, 1958, Grodno oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), interior minister of Belarus (1995). He was also secretary of the Security Council (1994-2000, 2006-08), prosecutor general (2000-04), and head of the administration of the president (2004-06).

Shi Jingting

Shi Jiuyong

Shi Jingting (b. 1886, Lijin, Shandong, China - d. Jan. 19, 1969, Taipei, Taiwan), chairman of the government of Shandong (1928-29).

Shi Jiuyong (b. Oct. 9, 1926, Zhejiang, China - d. Jan. 18, 2022, Beijing, China), president of the International Court of Justice (2003-06).

Shi Yousan (b. 1891, Kalun Village East [now in Changchun], Jilin, China - d. [assassinated] Dec. 1, 1940, near Puyang, Henan, China), chairman of the government of Anhui (1929-30).

Shi Zhaoji, name for Western use Sao-ke Alfred Sze (b. April 10, 1877, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China - d. Jan. 3, 1958, Washington, D.C.), transportation minister (1912) and foreign minister (1923, 1926) of China. He was minister to Great Britain (1914-21, 1929-32), minister (1921-29, 1933-35) and ambassador (1935-37) to the United States, senior adviser to the Chinese delegation at the United Nations conference in San Francisco (1945), and a member of the Advisory Council of the World Bank (1947-50).

Shibura, Albert (b. 1939), interior minister of Burundi (1969-73). He was also army chief of staff (1966-67), minister of public works, transport, and equipment (1968-69), and ambassador to China (1973-75) and Uganda (1980-81).

Shibusawa, Keizo, in full (1931-47) Shishaku (Viscount) Keizo Shibusawa (b. Aug. 25, 1896, Tokyo, Japan - d. Oct. 25, 1963), finance minister of Japan (1945-46). He was also president of the Bank of Japan (1944-45).

Shidehara, Kijuro, in full (1920-47) Danshaku (Baron) Kijuro Shidehara (b. Sept. 13, 1872, Osaka, Japan - d. March 10, 1951, Tokyo, Japan), foreign minister (1924-27, 1929-31) and prime minister (1945-46) of Japan. He was also ambassador to the United States (1919-22) and speaker of the House of Representatives (1949-51).

Shieh Tung-min, Shieh also spelled Hsieh, Pinyin Xie Dongmin (b. Jan. 25, 1907, Changhua, Taiwan - d. April 8, 2001, Taipei, Taiwan), Taiwanese politician. He served at different times as Kaohsiung county magistrate, director of the Department of Civil Affairs, and speaker of the Taiwan Provincial Assembly. He suffered serious injuries to both hands when a parcel bomb sent to his office blew up on Oct. 10, 1966. The bomb was sent by Wang Sing-nan, later a DPP legislator, to highlight the cause of Taiwan independence. Shieh was assigned to serve as Taiwan provincial governor in 1972 by then premier Chiang Ching-kuo, thereby becoming Taiwan's first civilian governor. Before him, all of Taiwan's provincial governors had military backgrounds. Subsequently Shieh was vice president (1978-84) under Chiang Ching-kuo, and he continued to be influential in the Kuomintang after stepping down. Shieh was the first ethnic Taiwanese to serve as Taiwan governor and vice president. He was one of the Kuomintang heavyweights who often helped mediate in the party's fierce internal strife over policies and ideology under Lee Teng-hui's chairmanship.

Shigemitsu, Mamoru (b. July 29, 1887, Oita prefecture, Japan - d. Jan. 26, 1957, Yugawara, Japan), foreign minister of Japan (1943-45, 1945, 1954-56). He was also minister to China (1931-33), ambassador to the Soviet Union (1936-38), the United Kingdom (1938-41), and China (Nanjing government; 1941-43), minister of Greater East Asia (1944-45, 1945), and deputy prime minister (1954-56).

A. Shihab

Shihab, Alwi (Abdurrahman) (b. Aug. 19, 1946, Rappang, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia), foreign minister of Indonesia (1999-2001). He was the deputy chairman of the Nation Awakening Party (PKB), which was founded by Abdurrahman Wahid and was the fourth largest party in parliament in 1999. Known to be close to Wahid, Shihab was instrumental in swinging PKB's support firmly behind Wahid's presidential bid, after Wahid was nominated for the top post by other political groups. He was also coordinating minister for people's welfare (2004-05).

Shihab, Hussain (b. 1949), Maldivian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1998-2002), ambassador to Saudi Arabia (2008-10), and high commissioner to Sri Lanka (2011-14).

Shihabi, Samir S(abhi) (b. May 27, 1925, Jerusalem, Palestine - d. Aug. 20, 2010, Portugal), president of the UN General Assembly (1991-92). He was Saudi chargé d'affaires in Italy (1959-61), ambassador to Turkey (1964-73), Somalia (1973-74), Pakistan (1980-83), and Switzerland (1994-99), and permanent representative to the UN (1983-93).

Shiimi, Ipumbu (Wendelinus), finance minister of Namibia (2020- ). He was also governor of the Bank of Namibia (2010-20).

Shiina, Etsusaburo (b. Jan. 16, 1898, Iwate prefecture, Japan - d. Sept. 30, 1979), foreign minister of Japan (1964-66). He was also minister of international trade and industry (1960-61, 1967-68).

Shikapwasha

Shikapwasha, Ronnie (b. Dec. 25, 1947, near Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), home affairs minister (2003-05, 2006-08) and foreign minister (2005-06) of Zambia. He was also minister of information and broadcasting (2008-11).

Shikhiyev, Ilaman (Shikhiyevich), Turkmen Ilaman (Syhyýewiç) Syhyýew (b. 1945, Bezmein, Ashkhabad oblast, Turkmen S.S.R. [now part of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]), a deputy prime minister of Turkmenistan (1995-98). He was also minister of social security (1997-2001).

Shikhmuradov, Boris (Orazovich) (b. May 25, 1949, Ashkhabad, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Ashgabat, Turkmenistan]), foreign minister of Turkmenistan (1995-2000). He was also a deputy prime minister (1993-99). In March 2001 he became ambassador to China, but when he was recalled in October 2001, he fled instead to Moscow and launched a blistering attack on Pres. Saparmurat Niyazov. The Turkmen government's response was to issue an arrest warrant for Shikhmuradov on a bewildering array of charges, including the theft of military jets worth nearly $30 million. He was also blamed for an alleged assassination attempt on Nov. 25, 2002, when Niyazov's motorcade came under fire. He was arrested Dec. 26, 2002, after indicating he would turn himself in to ease the persecution of other suspects. On December 30, in a trial of less than a day, he was convicted and given the maximum sentence of 25 years in prison for plotting to assassinate the president. Critics said the proceedings were reminiscent of the purges under Soviet ruler Iosif Stalin: a videotaped confession was shown in which Shikhmuradov took blame for the alleged coup attempt ("I am not a person who is capable of running the state, but on the contrary, a criminal who is capable only of destroying the state").

Shikhsaidov, Khizri (Isayevich) (b. Aug. 1, 1947, Buynaksk, Dagestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Dagestan (1997-2004).

Shilansky, Dov (b. March 21, 1924, Siauliai, Lithuania - d. Dec. 9, 2010, Tel Aviv, Israel), Israeli politician. He was speaker of the Knesset (1988-92).

Shilowa, Mbhazima (Samuel) (b. April 30, 1958, Olifantshoek village, Transvaal [now in Limpopo province], South Africa), premier of Gauteng (1999-2008).

Shimoun XIX Benyamin (b. 1887 - d. [assassinated] March 16, 1918), patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (1903-18).

Shimoun XXI Ishaya (b. 1908 - d. [assassinated] Nov. 6, 1975, San Francisco, Calif.), patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East (1920-75).

Shin Hyon Hwak (b. 1920, Chilgok, North Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. April 26, 2007, Seoul, South Korea), prime minister of South Korea (1979-80). He was minister of restoration in 1959-60. In 1973, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly on the ticket of the then-ruling Republican Party, the predecessor of the Grand National Party. Under the Park Chung Hee regime, he was appointed as minister of health and social affairs in 1975 and then deputy prime minister and minister of economic planning in 1978. He served as prime minister for about six months after Park was assassinated. He was once again elected as a Republican Party lawmaker in 1979. After the presidency was handed to another authoritarian ruler, Chun Doo Hwan, in 1980, Shin moved to Samsung Group, one of the nation's biggest family-run industrial conglomerates; in 1986-91 he was a chairman of Samsung Corp., the group's trading arm.

Shin Sung Mo (b. 1891, South Kyongsang province, Korea [now in South Korea] - d. May 1960), home affairs minister (1948-49), defense minister (1949-51), and acting prime minister (1950) of South Korea.

E. Shinde

S.K. Shinde

Shinde, Eknath (Sambhaji) (b. Feb. 9, 1964, Satara, Maharashtra, India), chief minister of Maharashtra (2022- ).

Shinde, Sushil Kumar (b. Sept. 4, 1941, Solapur [now in Maharashtra], India), chief minister of Maharashtra (2003-04), governor of Andhra Pradesh (2004-06), and home affairs minister of India (2012-14). He was also minister of power (2006-12).

Shingarev, Andrey (Ivanovich) (b. Aug. 31 [Aug. 19, O.S.], 1869, Borovoye, Voronezh province, Russia - d. [killed] Jan. 20 [Jan. 7, O.S.], 1918, Petrograd [now St. Petersburg], Russia), finance minister of Russia (1917). He was also minister of agriculture (1917).

Shingiro

Shingiro, Albert (b. Dec. 31, 1970, Buhiga, Karusi province, Burundi), foreign minister of Burundi (2020- ). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (2014-20).

Shinkafi, Alhaji Umaru (b. Jan. 19, 1937, Kaura Namoda [now in Zamfara state], Nigeria - d. July 6, 2016, London, England), interior minister of Nigeria (1975-78).

Shinkuba, Bagrat (Vasilyevich) (b. May 12 [April 29, O.S.], 1917, Chlou, Sukhumi okrug, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Abkhazia, Georgia] - d. Feb. 25, 2004, Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Abkhaz A.S.S.R. (1958-78). He was also known as writer.

Shinwell, Emanuel Shinwell, Baron, byname Manny Shinwell (b. Oct. 18, 1884, London, England - d. May 8, 1986, London), British politician. He joined a trade union in 1901, later organized striking Clydeside seamen, and after a demonstration in 1919 was imprisoned for incitement to riot. He was Labour member of Parliament for Linlithgow (1922-24, 1928-31), serving as parliamentary secretary to the Department of Mines (1924, 1930-31) and as financial secretary to the War Office (1929-30). He lost his seat in 1931 but four years later was elected for the Seaham division of Durham, defeating his former leader, Ramsay MacDonald, who had deserted Labour in 1931 to form the National Government. Although staunchly patriotic, Shinwell stayed outside the World War II coalition government. When Labour gained power, he was appointed minister of fuel and power (1945-47) and carried through the nationalization of the mines. Severely criticized for coal shortages during the bitter winter of 1946-47, he became secretary of state for war (1947-50) outside the cabinet. In 1947-48 he was chairman of the Labour Party. He returned to the cabinet as minister of defence (1950-51). He sat in the House of Commons as member for the Easington division of Durham (1950-70), but he lost his seat on Labour's National Executive in 1951 and four years later left the shadow cabinet. Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party for the period 1964-67, he resigned after strongly opposing an attempt to join the European Communities. He went to the House of Lords as a life peer in 1970. Concern over the growth of militant left-wing influence in the Labour Party caused him to resign the post of party whip in 1982. His 100th birthday was enthusiastically celebrated by politicians of all persuasions; although a hard-hitting speaker, he had always been generous to individuals and was much loved.

Shiokawa

Shiokawa, Masajuro (b. Oct. 13, 1921, Higashiosaka, Japan - d. Sept. 19, 2015, Osaka, Japan), finance minister of Japan (2001-03). He was also minister of transport (1980-81), education (1986-87), and home affairs (1991-92).

Shiota, Koichi (b. Oct. 15, 1965), governor of Kagoshima (2020- ).

Shiotani, Yoshiko (b. April 5, 1939), governor of Kumamoto (2000-08).

Shipanga, Andreas (Zack) (b. Oct. 26, 1931, Ondangwa, northern South West Africa [now Namibia] - d. May 10, 2012, Uuhehe village, Oshikoto region, Namibia), chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of Namibia (1987, 1988).

Shipley

Shipley, Dame Jenny, byname of Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley, née Robson (b. Feb. 4, 1952, Gore, N.Z.), prime minister of New Zealand (1997-99). Having held a variety of positions on community organizations and in local government, she entered national politics in 1987 by successfully contesting the Ashburton seat for the New Zealand National Party (NP). She was appointed to cabinet in 1990. As minister of social welfare she oversaw major organizational and policy reforms. In 1993 she was appointed minister of health and sought to secure public health services that kept pace with the changing face of modern medicine and people's rising expectations balanced against what New Zealand could realistically afford. She was a strong supporter of the economic and social reforms of the 1980s and '90s. In 1990-96 she was also the minister of women's affairs and actively promoted legislative change that advanced the status of New Zealand women. In 1996 she was appointed to the portfolios of state services, transport, state owned enterprises, accident rehabilitation compensation insurance, and Radio New Zealand. In these roles she pursued policies consistent with her belief in an economic programme that repays debt, lowers taxes, reduces trade barriers, and sells assets where appropriate. In September 1997 she was reappointed minister of women's affairs and relinquished the state services portfolio. She challenged Prime Minister Jim Bolger's leadership and succeeded in replacing him as NP leader in November 1997, then in December became the country's first female prime minister. In 1998 the coalition with the New Zealand First Party collapsed, but she maintained herself in office until the 1999 elections, when the NP was defeated by the Labour Party. She quit as party leader on Oct. 8, 2001. She was knighted in 2009.

Shipov, Ivan (Pavlovich) (b. June 23, 1865, Kostroma province, Russia - d. 1919/20, Kislovodsk, Russia), finance minister of Russia (1905-06). He was also minister of commerce and industry (1908-09) and governor of the State Bank of the Russian Empire (1914-17).

Shippard, Sir Sidney (Godolphin Alexander) (b. May 29, 1837, Brussels, Belgium - d. March 29, 1902, London, England), British colonial administrator. After holding important appointments in Griqualand West as attorney general (1875-77) and recorder of the high court (1877-78), he became a Cape Supreme Court judge (1880-85). When Britain formally took over Bechuanaland, he became chief magistrate and administrator of British Bechuanaland and resident commissioner of the Bechuanaland protectorate (1885-95). He was knighted in 1887. He enthusiastically approved of Cecil Rhodes's plans to extend British influence northward, forestalling possible advance there by the Germans or the Boers. In 1887, he pressed Sir Hercules Robinson, the high commissioner in South Africa, not to sanction a treaty between Lobengula, ruler of Matabeleland-Mashonaland (now in Zimbabwe), and Piet Grobler, who represented the Transvaal, but to send the Rev. J.S. Moffat to negotiate a treaty (February 1888) pledging the chief not to cede territory without British consent. He then helped to persuade Lobengula to grant to Rhodes's agents in October 1888 the C.O. Rudd mineral concession, which became the basis of the British South Africa Company, chartered in 1889. Shippard's complicity in the raid (December 1895) of L.S. Jameson was suspected, but never proved. He persuaded two protectorate chiefs in 1894 to let the company administer their territory on the Transvaal border, including Pitsani, the jumping-off point for the raid. He was in Johannesburg during the abortive rising in December, and publicly, though unofficially, asked the Reform Committee to lay down its arms. He afterward retired to England and was made a director of the British South Africa Company in 1898.

Shirdon

Shirdon, Abdi Farah, Somali Cabdi Faarax Shirdoon (b. 1958, Dhusamareb, Somalia), prime minister of Somalia (2012-13).

Shire, Saad Ali, Somali Sacad Cali Shire (b. December 1952), foreign minister (2015-18) and finance minister (2018- ) of Somaliland. He was also minister of planning and development (2012-15).

Shirindzhanov, Mirzodzhan (b. 1922, Fergana oblast, Turkestan A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [in present Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan]), chairman of the Executive Committee of Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (1961-67).

Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Knyaz (Prince) Aleksey (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 18 [Nov. 6, O.S.], 1862, Vilna, Russia [now Vilnius, Lithuania] - d. Dec. 22, 1930, Sèvres, France), Russian official; grandnephew of Knyaz Platon Shirinsky-Shikhmatov. He was governor of Tver (1903-04) and chief procurator of the Holy Synod (1906).

Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, Knyaz (Prince) Platon (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 29 [Nov. 18, O.S.], 1790, Dernovo, Smolensk province, Russia - d. May 17 [May 5, O.S.], 1853, St. Petersburg, Russia), education minister of Russia (1849-53).

Shirk, George H(enry) (b. May 1, 1913, Oklahoma City, Okla. - d. March 1977, Oklahoma City), mayor of Oklahoma City (1964-67).

Shiroka, Kolë (b. 1922 - d. May 21, 1994, Belgrade, Serbia), president of the Presidency (1982-83) and secretary of the League of Communists (1985-86) of Kosovo.

Shirokova

Shirokova, Natalya (Sergeyevna) (b. March 23, 1975, Maykop, Adygey autonomous oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting prime minister of Adygeya (2016-17).

Shirshin, Grigory (Chooduyevich) (b. Aug. 5, 1934, Naryn, Tannu Tuva [now Tuva republic, Russia]), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Tuva A.S.S.R. (1973-91).

Shirvani(-Mustafabekov), Ali Geydar Ibash (b. 1894, Shirvan, Persia [now Iran] - d. [executed] April 26, 1938), people's commissar of foreign affairs of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. (1922), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Tadzhik A.S.S.R. (1927-29), and executive/first secretary of the party committee of Mari autonomous oblast (1930-35).

Shishakli

Shishakli, Adib (al-Hasan) al- (b. 1909, Hama, Syria - d. [assassinated] Sept. 28, 1964, Ceres, Brazil), president of Syria (1953-54).

Shishkanov, Stepan (Sergeyevich) (b. 1897, Staroye Shaygovo, Penza province, Russia - d. May 1, 1962, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Executive Committee of Mordovian national okrug (1928-30).

Shishkin, Nikolay (Pavlovich) (b. Aug. 11, 1830 - d. Dec. 11, 1902), acting foreign minister of Russia (1895, 1896-97); grandson of Nikolay Baranov. He was consul-general to Serbia (1863-75), minister to the United States (1875-80), Greece (1880-84), and Sweden (1884-91), and deputy foreign minister (1891-97).

Shishkov, Aleksandr (Semyonovich) (b. March 20 [March 9, O.S.], 1754, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. April 21 [April 9, O.S.], 1841, St. Petersburg), Russian statesman. The admiral was secretary of state (1812-14) and education minister (1824-28).

Shishmanov, Dimitur (Ivanov) (b. Nov. 19, 1889, Sofia, Bulgaria - d. [executed] Feb. 1, 1945, Sofia), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1943-44). He was also minister to Greece (1935-40).

Shitikov, Aleksey (Pavlovich) (b. March 14 [March 1, O.S.], 1912, Gorka, Kostroma province, Russia - d. Aug. 2, 1993, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was first secretary of the Communist Party committees of Yevreyskaya autonomous oblast (1952-55) and Khabarovsk kray (1957-70) and chairman of the Soviet of the Union (1970-84).

Shivarov, Svetoslav (Stoyanov) (b. Feb. 7, 1944, Sozopol, Bulgaria), a deputy prime minister of Bulgaria (1995-97). He was also minister of agriculture and food (1996).

Shivdasani, Hiranand Rupchand (b. Aug. 9, 1904 - d. Dec. 23, 1951), chief commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara (1944-47).

Shkidchenko, Volodymyr (Petrovych) (b. Jan. 1, 1948, Chita, Russian S.F.S.R.), defense minister of Ukraine (2001-03). He was also chief of the general staff (1998-2001).

Shkolnik, Vladimir (Sergeyevich) (b. Feb. 17, 1949, Serpukhov, Moscow oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), Kazakh politician. He was minister of science (1994-99), energy (1999-2006, 2014-16), and industry and trade (1999-2000, 2006-07, 2008-09), president of the Academy of Sciences (1996-99), and a deputy prime minister (2000-02).

Shkolnikov, Aleksey (Mikhailovich) (b. Jan. 15 [Jan. 2, O.S.], 1914, Pashino [or Yegoryevsk], Ryazan province, Russia - d. Feb. 7, 2003, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was first secretary of the party committees of Tambov (1952-55), Voronezh (1955-60), and Stalingrad/Volgograd (1960-65) oblasti, a first deputy chairman (1965-73) and joint acting chairman (1971) of the Council of Ministers of the Russian S.F.S.R., and chairman of the People's Control Committee of the U.S.S.R. (1974-87).

Shkurti, Thanas (b. Aug. 24, 1927 - d. July 31, 2012), Albanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1992-93).

Shlapak, Oleksandr (Vitaliyovych) (b. Jan. 1, 1960, Irkutsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), finance minister of Ukraine (2014). He was also economy minister (2001-02).

Shlyonov, Dmitry (Vasilyevich) (b. 1891, Shilovo, Moscow province, Russia - d. August 1957, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Udmurt A.S.S.R. (1938-39). He was also people's commissar of interior (1937-39).

Shmakov, Mikhail (Viktorovich) (b. Aug. 12, 1949, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (1993- ).

Shmarov, Valeriy (Mykolayovych) (b. Aug. 4, 1945, Zheloby [Zholoby], Vinnitsa [Vinnytsya] oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R. - d. Oct. 14, 2018), defense minister of Ukraine (1994-96). He was also a deputy prime minister (1993-95).

Shmit, Yevgeny (Ottovich) (b. Jan. 12, 1845 [Dec. 31, 1844, O.S.] - d. Oct. 24 [Oct. 11, O.S.], 1915), governor-general of the Steppes (1908-15).

Shmull, Temmy (Lee) (b. Aug. 3, 1948), minister of state of Palau (2001-09). He was also governor of Peleliu (2013-22).

Shmyhal

Shmyhal, Denys (Anatoliyovych) (b. Oct. 15, 1975, Lvov, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Lviv, Ukraine]), prime minister of Ukraine (2020- ). He was also governor of Ivano-Frankivsk oblast (2019-20) and a deputy prime minister and minister of regional development (2020).

Shoaib, Mohammad (b. Sept. 6, 1905, Jaunpur, India - d. May 12, 1976), finance minister of Pakistan (1958-62, 1962-66). He was also minister of economic coordination (1962).

Shobokshi, Fawzi (bin Abdul Majeed) (b. 1938, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia), Saudi diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Taiwan (1971-79), ambassador to the Philippines (1979-83), Japan (1983-97), and Russia (1997-99), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1999-2008).

Shodavlatov, Shodavlat (Gulomiddinovich) (b. 1939, Shokhdarinsky district, Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast, Tadzhik S.S.R. [now Tajikistan] - d. March 13, 2022), chairman of the Executive Committee of Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (1991-93).

Shofry bin Haji Abdul Ghafor, Dato Paduka Haji (b. Oct. 21, 1958), Bruneian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2002-06).

Shohat, Avraham, also spelled Shochat (b. June 14, 1936, Tel Aviv, Palestine [now in Israel]), finance minister of Israel (1992-96, 1999-2001). He was also mayor of Arad (1967-88) and minister of national infrastructure (2000-01).

Shoigu

A. Shoman

Shoigu, Sergey (Kuzhugetovich) (b. May 21, 1955, Chadan, Tuva autonomous oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Moscow oblast (2012) and defense minister of Russia (2012- ). Earlier he was chairman of the state committee (1991-94) and minister (1994-2012) for civil defense, emergency situations, and disaster relief and a deputy prime minister (2000). He was also leader (1999-2001) and co-chairman of the Supreme Council (2001-02) of the United Russia party.

Shokhin, Aleksandr (Nikolayevich) (b. Dec. 25, 1951, Savinsky, Arkhangelsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Russia (1991-94, 1994, 1998). He was also minister of labour and employment (1991-92) and economy (1994).

Shoman, Assad (b. Feb. 13, 1943, Belize, British Honduras [now Belize]), foreign minister of Belize (2002-03). He was also attorney general and minister of economic planning (1974-78), minister of health, housing, and cooperatives (1979-84), high commissioner to the United Kingdom and ambassador to Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain (1998-2002), ambassador to Cuba (2003-04), minister of national development (2004-05), and special envoy of the prime minister (2005-08).

L. Shoman

Shoman, Lisa (Marie) (b. Jan. 27, 1964, Belize, British Honduras [now Belize]), foreign minister of Belize (2007-08); niece of Assad Shoman. She was ambassador to the United States in 2000-07.

Shomoyev, Klim (Kirillovich) (b. 1930, Kukunut, Irkutsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. 2010), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Buryat A.S.S.R. (1987-90).

Shonekan

Shoniyin

Shonekan, Ernest (Adegunle Oladeinde) (b. May 9, 1936, Lagos, Nigeria - d. Jan. 11, 2022, Lagos), chairman of the Transitional Council (1993) and head of the Interim National Government (1993) of Nigeria.

Shoniyin, B. Elias, acting foreign minister of Liberia (2015-16).

Short, Sir Apenera (Pera) (b. Feb. 4, 1916, Takuvaine, Cook Islands - d. June 15, 2011, Muri, Cook Islands), queen's representative of the Cook Islands (1990-2000); knighted 1997.

Short, Clare (b. Feb. 15, 1946, Birmingham, England), British politician. Elected as Labour MP for Birmingham Ladywood in 1983, she served on Neil Kinnock's shadow ministerial team, and on Labour's return to power in 1997 was appointed by Prime Minister Tony Blair as secretary of state for international development. She resigned in May 2003 in protest against the Iraq war and became one of Blair's harshest critics.

Shorten, Bill, byname of William Richard Shorten (b. May 12, 1967, Melbourne, Vic.), Australian politician. He has been minister for financial services and superannuation (2010-13), employment and workplace relations (2011-13), education and workplace relations (2013), and National Disability Insurance Scheme and government services (2022- ) and was leader of the Labor Party and leader of the opposition from October 2013 to May 2019.

Shortt, Edward (b. March 10, 1862, Byker, Newcastle upon Tyne, England - d. Nov. 10, 1935, London, England), British home secretary (1919-22). He was also chief secretary for Ireland (1918-19) and president of the British Board of Film Censors (1929-35).

Shostak, Fyodor (Aleksandrovich) (b. April 29 [April 17, O.S.], 1853 - d. 19...), military governor of Zakaspiyskaya oblast (1911-13).

Shotman, Aleksandr (Vasilyevich) (b. Sept. 6 [Aug. 25, O.S.], 1880, Aleksandrovskoye, St. Petersburg province, Russia - d. [executed] Oct. 30, 1937, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Karelian A.S.S.R. (1923-24).

Shoukry

Shpak

Shport

Shoukry, Sameh (Hassan) (b. Oct. 20, 1952, Cairo, Egypt), foreign minister of Egypt (2014- ). He was also ambassador to Austria (1999-2003), permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-08), and ambassador to the United States (2008-12).

Shoup, George L(aird) (b. June 15, 1836, Kittanning, Pa. - d. Dec. 21, 1904, Boise, Idaho), governor of Idaho (1889-90).

Shpak, Georgy (Ivanovich) (b. Sept. 8, 1943, Rostov, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Ryazan oblast (2004-08). He was also commander of the Russian Airborne Forces (1996-2003).

Shport, Vyacheslav (Ivanovich) (b. June 16, 1954, Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Khabarovsk kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Khabarovsk kray (2009-18).

Shrestha, Badri Prasad (b. Aug. 2, 1932, Kathmandu, Nepal - d. Oct. 28, 2018, Lalitpur, Nepal), finance minister of Nepal (2002-03). He was also ambassador to Japan (1979-85).

Shrestha, Marich Man Singh (b. 1942, Khalanga, Salyan district, Nepal - d. Aug. 15, 2013, Kathmandu, Nepal), prime minister of Nepal (1986-90). He was also minister of water, power, and irrigation (1979-80) and education (1980-81) and chairman of the National Panchayat (1981-85).

N.K. Shrestha

Shtansky

Shrestha, Narayan Kaji, byname Prakash (b. Oct. 18, 1960, Jaubari, Gorkha district, Nepal), home affairs minister (2011) and foreign minister (2011-12, 2012-13) of Nepal. He was general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre) in 1995-2003 and then co-general secretary (2003-07) and general secretary (2007-09) of the CPN (Unity Centre-Masal). He made himself public in 2008 after 18 years of clandestine political activity. He has also been a deputy prime minister (2011, 2011-13, 2022- ) and minister of physical infrastructure and transport (2022- ).

Shrivastava, Oudh Narain (b. April 1935, Bhopal, India), governor of Nagaland (1994-96) and Manipur (1994-99).

Shriver, Sargent, in full Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr. (b. Nov. 9, 1915, Westminster, Md. - d. Jan. 18, 2011, Bethesda, Md.), U.S. director of the Peace Corps (1961-66); brother-in-law of John F., Robert F., and Edward M. Kennedy. He was also ambassador to France (1968-70) and Democratic vice presidential candidate (1972).

Shtansky, Nina (Viktorovna) (b. April 10, 1977, Tiraspol, Moldavian S.S.R. [now in Transnistria, Moldova]), foreign minister of Transnistria (2012-15). She married the president of Transnistria, Yevgeny Shevchuk, in 2015.

Shtayyeh

Shtayyeh, Mohammad (b. 1958, Nablus, Jordan [now in Palestine]), prime minister (2019- ) and interior minister (2019-22) of Palestine. He was also minister of public works and housing (2005-06, 2009-10).

Shtof, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1844 - d. 19...), acting commerce and industry minister of Russia (1906).

Shtoyk, Garri (Gvidovich) (b. May 29, 1939, Novorossiysk, Russian S.F.S.R.), Kazakh politician. He was minister of industry and trade (1994-96) and a deputy prime minister (1996).

Shtygashev, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. Oct. 18, 1939), chairman of the Executive Committee of Khakass autonomous oblast (1982-88) and chairman of the Supreme Council of Khakassia (1992-97).

Shtykov, Terenty (Fomich) (b. March 13 [Feb. 28, O.S.], 1907, Lyubki, Russia [now in Vitsebsk voblast, Belarus] - d. Oct. 25, 1964, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He was ambassador to North Korea (1949-50) and Hungary (1959-60) and first secretary of the party committees of Novgorod oblast (1953-56) and Primorsky kray (1956-59).

Shtylla, Behar (b. 1918, Korçë, Albania - d. 1994), foreign minister of Albania (1953-66). He was also minister to France (1950-52) and Italy (1952-53), chairman of the People's Assembly (1969-70), and ambassador to China (1973-79).

Shtyrov

Shtyrov, Vyacheslav (Anatolyevich) (b. May 23, 1953, Khandyga, Yakut A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. [now Sakha republic, Russia]), prime minister (1993-94) and president (2002-10) of Sakha.

Shtyurmer

Shtyurmer, Boris (Vladimirovich)¹ (b. July 27 [July 15, O.S.], 1848 - d. Sept. 2 [Aug. 20, O.S.], 1917, Petrograd [St. Petersburg], Russia), prime minister of Russia (1916). He began his career in the Russian Senate in 1872, was appointed president of the zemstvo board of the government of Tver in 1892, and then governor of Novgorod (1894-96) and of Yaroslavl (1896-1902). For many years he was master of ceremonies at the imperial court, and he became a department head in the Ministry of the Interior. On Feb. 2, 1916, while Emperor Nikolay II was at the front with his troops, leaving the administration of the country to his wife, Aleksandra, and to her personal advisor, Grigory Rasputin, Shtyurmer, because of his association with those two, was made prime minister. But Aleksandra and Rasputin were the decision-makers, and he did not establish policies of his own. In March he was also given the key post of interior minister, but he failed to deal effectively with domestic problems, including inflation, a transportation breakdown, and consequent food shortages. On July 20 he exchanged the interior post for the more prestigious office of foreign minister, but he proved to be equally incompetent in that position. His reactionary attitude provoked strong opposition; rumours accusing him of being a German sympathizer were widespread but without proof. Willfully or not, however, he aided Germany during World War I by his inept administration. When the Duma met in November, Pavel Milyukov indicted him as at once the puppet and the patron of the "dark forces" behind the throne. He was forced to resign on November 23 and became grand chamberlain of the imperial court. He was arrested after the revolution of March 1917 and died in prison.
¹ During World War I, before becoming prime minister, he asked Nikolay II for permission to change his German surname Shtyurmer (Stürmer) to Panin, but nothing came of this.

Shuaibu, Habibu (Idris), administrator of Plateau (1996-98) and Niger (1998-99).

Shubrikov, Vladimir (Petrovich) (b. March 8 [Feb. 24, O.S.], 1895, Vladikavkaz, Russia - d. [executed] Oct. 30, 1937), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Kirgiz A.S.S.R. (1927-29). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Sredne-Volzhsky kray (1932-35)/Kuybyshev kray (1935-36)/Kuybyshev oblast (1936-37).

Shukairy

Shukairy, Ahmed (Asaad), also spelled Ahmad Shuqayri, etc., Arabic Ahmad (Asa`d) al-Shukayri (b. 1907, Tebnin, southern Lebanon - d. Feb. 26, 1980, Amman, Jordan), Palestinian leader. Having been involved in the Palestinian nationalist movement, he fled Palestine after the abortive Arab revolt of 1936-39. Returning in the late 1940s, he held several positions in the civil administration before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. He later became an official of the Arab League, was a member of the Syrian delegation at the United Nations in 1949-50 and Saudi Arabia's permanent representative to the UN in 1957-62. He was elected chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) after it was formed in 1964, and as such was a leading spokesman for the Palestinian cause and a negotiator with Arab governments and international organizations. After the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War (1967) he found himself increasingly isolated by a younger, more militant Palestinian leadership, and he resigned in December of that year. He then retired from active politics, making only occasional statements on the Palestine situation.

Shukeyev, Umirzak (Yestayevich) (b. March 12, 1964, Turkestan, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Kostanay oblast (1998-2004), Astana city (2004-06), Yuzhno-Kazakhstan oblast (2006-07), and Turkestan oblast (2019-22). He was also Kazakh minister of economy (1995-97), economy and trade (1997), and agriculture (2017-19), deputy prime minister (1997, 2007-09, 2017-19), and first deputy prime minister (2009-11).

Shukla, Ravi Shankar (b. Aug. 2, 1877, Sagar, Central Provinces [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. Dec. 31, 1956, Delhi, India), chief minister of the Central Provinces and Berar (1946-50) and Madhya Pradesh (1950-56).

Shukla, Shiv Pratap (b. April 1, 1952, Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh, India), governor of Himachal Pradesh (2023- ).

S.C. Shukla

Shukla, Shyama Charan (b. Feb. 27, 1925, Raipur [now in Chhattisgarh], India - d. Feb. 14, 2007, Raipur), chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1969-72, 1975-77, 1989-90); son of Ravi Shankar Shukla.

Shukla, Vidya Charan (b. Aug. 2, 1929, Raipur [now in Chhattisgarh], India - d. June 11, 2013, Gurgaon [now Gurugram], Haryana, India), foreign minister of India (1990-91); brother of Shyama Charan Shukla; son of Ravi Shankar Shukla. He was also minister of water resources (1991-96) and parliamentary affairs (1993-96). He died of injuries sustained in a Naxalite attack on a Congress party motorcade in Chhattisgarh on May 25, 2013.

Shuleva, Lidiya (Santova) (b. Dec. 23, 1956, Velingrad, Bulgaria), a deputy prime minister of Bulgaria (2001-05). She was also minister of labour and social policy (2001-03) and economy (2003-05).

Shultz

Shultz, George (Pratt) (b. Dec. 13, 1920, New York City - d. Feb. 6, 2021, Stanford, Calif.), U.S. secretary of state (1982-89). He served as secretary of labor (1969-70), director of the Office of Management and Budget (1970-72), and secretary of the treasury (1972-74) in Richard Nixon's administration. He was untouched by the Watergate scandal and left government months before Nixon's resignation to become president of Bechtel Corp., an international engineering firm. It came as no surprise to government leaders when Pres. Ronald Reagan named Shultz to be secretary of state after the forced resignation of Alexander Haig in 1982. Shultz had wanted the job when the Reagan administration came to power, but instead became head of a new Economic Policy Advisory Board in 1981. In 1982, however, his nomination to be Haig's replacement sailed through the Senate with no opposition. Shultz was known as a quiet, soft-spoken team player whose personal style contrasted dramatically with that of the mercurial Haig, who frequently clashed with the White House and other cabinet members over questions of policy and jurisdiction. Shultz also had the advantage of having worked at Bechtel with Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who had been involved in a running feud with Haig. In taking over at the State Department, Shultz made the point that policy would not change, since he served the same president. An agreement he worked out with Lebanon and Israel in 1983 fell apart under Syrian pressure. He also failed to entice Palestinians into negotiations with Israel, or even to talk to him. His most lasting achievement may have been to recognize the change in Moscow after Mikhail Gorbachev's ascent to power in 1985 and to play a leading role within the administration in responding to Soviet arms control overtures. He left office with Reagan in 1989.

Shumeyko, Vladimir (Filippovich) (b. Feb. 10, 1945, Rostov-na-Donu, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He was a first deputy prime minister (1992-94), minister of press and information (1993), and chairman of the Federation Council (1994-96).

Shumkov

Shumkov, Vadim (Mikhailovich) (b. March 9, 1971, Shastovo, Kurgan oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kurgan oblast (2018- ).

Shumov, Vladimir (Georgiyevich) (b. Nov. 18, 1941, Nizhny Mashad, Yuzhno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Turkestan oblast, Kazakhstan] - d. May 18, 2020, Moscow, Russia), interior minister of Kazakhstan (1992-94).

Shumyatsky, Boris (Zakharovich) (b. Nov. 16 [Nov. 4, O.S.], 1886, Verkhneudinsk [now Ulan-Ude], Russia - d. July 29, 1938), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far-Eastern Republic (1920-21). He was also Soviet ambassador to Iran (1923-25).

Shunevich, Ihar (Anatolyevich) (b. March 27, 1967, Lugansk oblast, Ukrainian S.S.R.), interior minister of Belarus (2012-19).

Shunk, Francis R(awn) (b. Aug. 7, 1788, Trappe, Montgomery county, Pa. - d. July 20, 1848, Harrisburg, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (1845-48); son-in-law of William Findlay.

Shuraiki, Muhammad Pasha al- (b. 1898, Latakia, Ottoman Empire [now in Syria] - d. ...), foreign minister of Jordan (1944-45, 1946-47, 1950). He was also minister of finance and economy (1945-46), education (1946-47), and justice (1950) and chief of the royal court (1947).

Shurchanov, Valentin (Sergeyevich) (b. Jan. 19, 1947, Starye Shaltyamy, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 18, 2020, Moscow, Russia), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Chuvash A.S.S.R. (1990-91).

Shurgucheyev

Shurgucheyev, Ochir (Sandzhiyevich) (b. June 7, 1978, Elista, Kalmyk A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), acting prime minister of Kalmykia (2022).

Shushkevich

Shushkevich, Stanislau (Stanislavavich), Russian Stanislav (Stanislavovich) Shushkevich (b. Dec. 15, 1934, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R. - d. May 4, 2022, Minsk), chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus (1991-94). He joined the Communist Party in 1968 but entered politics only as a result of his concern at the Soviet cover-up of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. He was elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the U.S.S.R. in 1989 and to the Belorussian Supreme Soviet as a nationalist "reform Communist" in 1990, becoming its first deputy chairman. Following a declaration of independence in August 1991, he was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) in September, at the time the name Republic of Belarus was adopted. He was one of the few prominent politicians who spoke Belarusian instead of Russian. In December 1991 he played a key role in the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as the successor to the U.S.S.R., being instrumental in the decision to locate its main offices in Minsk. A supporter of free-market reforms, he opposed the alignment of Belarus's economic and foreign policy with that of neighbouring Russia. In 1994 he was removed in a no-confidence vote brought on vague allegations of corruption, having become increasingly unpopular among the conservative parliamentary majority; in an interview he said that the vote signified "the restoration of nomenklatura power."

Shuteyev, Vasily (Ivanovich) (b. July 23, 1942), chairman of the Executive Committee (1991) and head of the administration (1991-96) of Kursk oblast.

Shuvalov, Igor (Ivanovich) (b. Jan. 4, 1967, Bilibino, Magadan oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), a first deputy prime minister of Russia (2008-18). He was also head of the Government Apparatus (2000-03).

Shuvalov, Graf (Count) Pavel (Andreyevich) (b. Nov. 25 [Nov. 13, O.S.], 1830, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. April 20 [April 7, O.S.], 1908, Yalta, Russia [now in Ukraine]), governor-general of Warsaw (1894-96); brother of Graf Pyotr Shuvalov. He was also Russian ambassador to Germany (1885-94).

Shuvalov, Graf (Count) Pyotr (Andreyevich) (b. June 27 [June 15, O.S.], 1827, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. March 22 [March 10, O.S.], 1889, St. Petersburg), governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1864-66). He was also Russian ambassador to the United Kingdom (1874-79).

Shuvayev, Dmitry (Savelyevich) (b. Oct. 24 [Oct. 12, O.S.], 1854, Ufa, Russia - d. [executed] Dec. 19, 1937, Lipetsk, Russia), war minister of Russia (1916-17).

Shvanebakh, Pyotr (Khristianovich), German Peter von Schwanebach (b. Feb. 2 [Jan. 21, O.S.], 1848, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Sept. 15, 1908, Magdeburg, Germany), Russian official. He was acting minister of agriculture and state properties (1905), head of the Chief Administration of Land Organization and Agriculture (1905), and state comptroller (1906-07).

Shvarts, Aleksandr (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 16 [Jan. 4, O.S.], 1848, Tula, Russia - d. Jan. 18 [Jan. 5, O.S.], 1915, Petrograd [now St. Petersburg], Russia), education minister of Russia (1908-10).

Shvarts, Pyotr (Ivanovich) (b. 1786 - d. Aug. 25, 1862, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Kovno (1851-54).

Shvernik

Shvernik, Nikolay (Mikhailovich) (b. May 19 [May 7, O.S.], 1888, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 24, 1970, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1944-46) and of the U.S.S.R. (1946-53). He was also people's commissar of workers' and peasants' inspection of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1924-25), first secretary of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1930-44, 1953-56), chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet (1938-46), and chairman of the Party Control Committee (1956-62) and Party Commission (1962-66).

Siadous, Bernard Jacques Victorin (b. July 30, 1879, Pamiers, Ariège, France - d. July 14, 1967, Toulouse, Haute-Garonne, France), governor of French Guiana (1929-31) and New Caledonia (1933-36).

Siala

Siala, Mohamed Taha, foreign minister of Libya (2016-21).

Siale Bileka, Silvestre (b. March 8, 1940, Baney, Spanish Guinea [now Equatorial Guinea]), prime minister of Equatorial Guinea (1992-96). He was also justice minister (1989-92).

Siam, Said, Arabic in full Sa`id Muhammad Sha`ban Siyyam (b. 1959, Shati refugee camp, Gaza Strip - d. [Israeli airstrike] Jan. 15, 2009, Gaza city, Gaza Strip), interior minister of the Palestinian Authority (2006-07, continuing in the Gaza Strip 2007-09).

Siambos, Alekos (b. March 13, 1939, Luvaras, Limassol district, Cyprus), justice and public order minister of Cyprus (2002-03). He was also high commissioner to Kenya and Zimbabwe (1985-87), ambassador to Egypt, Oman, and Sudan (1987-90), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-95).

Sianard, Charles Maurice (b. Nov. 12, 1927, Boko-Songho, Middle Congo [now Congo (Brazzaville)] - d. Jan. 16, 2010), economy and finance minister (1969-70) and interior minister (1973-75) of Congo (Brazzaville). He was also minister of commerce, industry, and mines (1970) and posts and telecommunications (1973-75).

Siaosi, (Tuatagaloa) Tofa, original name George Nauer (b. 1942? - d. June 1981, Apia, Western Samoa [now Samoa]), finance minister of Western Samoa (1970-73); nephew-in-law of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV.

Siazon, Domingo (Lim, Jr.) (b. July 9, 1939, Aparri, Cagayan, Philippines - d. May 3, 2016, Tokyo, Japan), foreign secretary of the Philippines (1995-2001). He was also ambassador to Austria (1976-85), director-general of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (1985-93), and ambassador to Japan (1993-95, 2001-10).

Siba, Thurston K. (b. July 28, 1937, Lelu, Kosrae, Micronesia [now in Federated States of Micronesia] - d. Jan. 4, 2021, Inkoanong, Lelu), governor of Kosrae (1991-95).

Sibal, Kapil (b. Aug. 8, 1948, Jalandhar, Punjab, India), law and justice minister of India (2013-14). He was also minister of science and technology (2004-09, 2010-11), ocean development (2004-09), human resource development (2009-12), earth sciences (2010-11), and communication and information technology (2010-14).

Sibanyoni, Shadrack J(ohn) S(elwyn) (b. Nov. 17, 1927, Middelburg, South Africa - d. May 20, 2007, Manzini, Swaziland), foreign minister of Swaziland (1986-87).

Sibbern, Carl (b. April 10, 1809, Rygge, Smaalenenes amt [now in Viken fylke], Norway - d. May 17, 1880, Rygge), governor of Smaalenenes amt (1855-80); son of Valentin Christian Wilhelm Sibbern.

Sibbern, Georg Christian (b. March 29, 1816, Rygge, Smaalenenes amt [now in Viken fylke], Norway - d. Oct. 4, 1901, Rygge), Swedish diplomat; son of Valentin Christian Wilhelm Sibbern. He was chargé d'affaires (1850-54) and minister-resident (1854-56) to the United States, minister to the Ottoman Empire (1858) and France (1878-84), and Norwegian minister in Stockholm (1858-61, 1861-71).

Sibbern, Valentin Christian Wilhelm (b. Sept. 9, 1779, Rygge, Smaalenenes amt [now in Viken fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 1, 1853, Rygge), governor of Smaalenenes amt (1814-30) and Aggershuus amt (1822-30) and Norwegian minister of auditing (1832, 1834-35, 1845-46, 1848-49), justice and police (1832-33, 1836-37, 1838-39, 1842-43, 1846), army (1835-36, 1839-40, 1846-47), navy (1840-41, 1843-44), and finance (1849-50).

Siber

A. Sibomana

Siber, Sibel (b. 1960, Nicosia, Cyprus), prime minister of North Cyprus (2013). She was also speaker of parliament (2013-18) and a presidential candidate (2015).

Sibomana, Adrien (b. Sept. 4, 1953, Bukeye, Burundi), prime minister of Burundi (1988-93). He was also governor of Muramvya province (1987-88).

Sibomana, Jean-Marie, Rwandan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-84).

Sibour, Paul (Émile) Daclin (b. June 1, 1840, Chalon-sur-Saône, Saône-et-Loire, France - d. ...), governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1896-99).

Sicaud

Sicaud, Pierre (René Jean) (b. March 14, 1911, Le Mans, France - d. Jan. 15, 1998, Île de Groix, France), governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1955-58) and of French Polynesia (1958-60).

Siches (Pastén), Izkia (Jasvin) (b. March 4, 1986, Arica, Chile), interior minister of Chile (2022). She was also president of the Medical College of Chile (2017-21).

Siclait, Raoul (b. April 3, 1921, Petit-Goâve, Haiti - d. July 3, 2007, Miami-Dade county, Fla.), Haitian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1973-76).

Sicurani, Jean (Charles) (b. May 13, 1915, Bône [now Annaba], Algeria - d. July 9, 1977, Paris, France), French high commissioner of the Sudanese Republic (1958-60) and governor of French Polynesia (1965-69).

C. Sid Cara

N. Sid Cara

Sid Cara, Chérif (b. Nov. 26, 1902, Mila, near Constantine, Algeria - d. March 6, 1999, Grenoble, France), co-president of the Central Committee of Public Safety of Algeria (1958).

Sid Cara, Nafissa (b. April 18, 1910, Saint-Arnaud, Algeria - d. Jan. 1, 2002), French politician; sister of Chérif Sid Cara. As a secretary of state in 1959-62, she was the first Muslim member of a French government.

Sid'Ahmed

Sid'Ahmed, Ahmed Ould, Arabic Ahmad walad Sid'Ahmad (b. Aug. 11, 1949, Tidjikja, Mauritania), foreign minister of Mauritania (1998-2001, 2005-07). He was ambassador to Egypt (1988-90), Senegal (1992-93), Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (1993-96), the United States (1997-98), and Syria (2003-05) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1996-97).

Siddaramaiah

Siddaramaiah, K. (b. Aug. 12, 1948, Siddaramanahundi, Mysore district, Mysore [now Karnataka] state, India), chief minister of Karnataka (2013-18).

Siddhi Savetsila (b. Jan. 7, 1919, Bangkok, Siam [now Thailand] - d. Dec. 5, 2015), foreign minister of Thailand (1980-90). He was also a deputy prime minister (1986).

Siddig, Omer Mohamed Ahmed, Sudanese diplomat. He was ambassador to Germany and Poland (2005-06), the United Kingdom and Ireland (2006-10), and South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, and Swaziland (2013-17) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2019-22).

Siddiky, Badruddin Ahmed (b. Jan. 4, 1915, Dacca, India [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] - d. Dec. 3, 1991), Bangladeshi permanent representative to the United Nations (1986-88). He was also chief justice of East Pakistan (1967-71).

Siddiqui, Saeed-uz-Zaman (b. Dec. 1, 1937, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India - d. Jan. 11, 2017, Karachi, Pakistan), governor of Sindh (2016-17). He was also chief justice of Pakistan (1999-2000).

Siddon, Thomas Edward (b. Nov. 9, 1941, Drumheller, Alta.), defence minister of Canada (1993). He was also minister of fisheries and oceans (1985-90) and Indian affairs and northern development (1990-93).

Sidersky, Zinovy (Osipovich) (b. Dec. 28 [Dec. 16, O.S.], 1897, Kovno, Russia [now Kaunas, Lithuania] - d. [executed] Aug. 22, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1935-37). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Glukhov okrug (1925-27) and acting people's commissar of agriculture of the Ukrainian S.S.R. (1937).

Sidhu

Sidhu, Shivinder Singh (b. Oct. 13, 1929 - d. Oct. 25, 2018), secretary-general of the International Civil Aviation Organization (1988-91) and governor of Manipur (2004-08), Meghalaya (2007-08), and Goa (2008-11).

Sidi, Ahmed Salem Ould, Arabic Ahmad Salim walad Sidi (b. 1939, Mederdra, Mauritania - d. March 26, 1981, at a military base 25 km north of Nouakchott, Mauritania), acting prime minister of Mauritania (1979). He was also minister of equipment (1978-79) and transport and communications (1979). He was executed after an attempted coup against Pres. Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla.

Sidi Baba, Dey Ould (b. 1921, Atar, Mauritania - d. Sept. 19, 1992), Moroccan diplomat/politician. He was Mauritanian minister of domain, town planning, housing, and tourism (1957-58) and commerce, industry, and mines (1958) before pledging allegiance to Morocco, for which he then served as ambassador to Guinea (1961-62) and Saudi Arabia (1971-72), chargé d'affaires (1964-65) and permanent representative (1965-67) to the United Nations, minister of education (1973-74) and Islamic affairs and habous (1974-77), and president of the Chamber of Representatives (1977-83).

C.M.K. Sidibé

Sidibé, Cissé Mariam Kaïdama (Cissé is married name) (b. Jan. 4, 1948, Tombouctou, Mali - d. Nov. 6, 2021, Tunis, Tunisia), prime minister of Mali (2011-12). The country's first female prime minister, she was earlier minister of plan and international cooperation (1991-92), agriculture and environment (1992), and rural development (2002).

Mandé Sidibé

Modibo Sidibé

Sidibé, Mandé (b. Jan. 20, 1940, Bafoulabé, near Kayes, French Sudan [now Mali] - d. Aug. 25, 2009, Paris, France), prime minister of Mali (2000-02). He was a presidential candidate in 2002 (2% of the vote).

Sidibé, Modibo (b. Nov. 4, 1952, Bamako, French Sudan [now Mali]), foreign minister (1997-2002) and prime minister (2007-11) of Mali; brother of Mandé Sidibé. He was also minister of health, solidarity, and the elderly (1993-97).

S. Sidibé

Sidibé, Souleymane (Yacouba), byname Bebel (b. May 24, 1949, Ké-Macina circle, near Ségou, French Sudan [now Mali]), foreign minister of Mali (1991-92). The colonel was security minister in 2002-04.

Sidick, Abba, also spelled Siddick (b. Dec. 25, 1924, Oubangui-Chari [now Central African Republic] - d. Dec. 1, 2017, Paris, France), Chadian politician. He was minister of education (1957-59, 1959-60, 1982-90) and higher education (1979-81) and titular leader of the National Liberation Front rebel group (1969-78).

A.A. Sidick

Sidick, Amine Abba, foreign minister of Chad (2020-21); son of Abba Sidick. He was also ambassador to France (2017-20).

Sidikou, Abdou (b. 1927, Kouré, near Niamey, Niger - d. July 26, 1973), foreign minister of Niger (1967-70). He was also ambassador to the United States and Canada and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-64) and ambassador to West Germany, Austria, and the Benelux and Scandinavian countries (1964-65).

Sidikou, Fatima Djibo, Nigerien diplomat; wife of Maman Sambo Sidikou. She has been ambassador to Switzerland, Austria, and Liechtenstein (2015-19) and Senegal (2019- ).

Sidikou, Maman Sambo (b. c. 1949), foreign minister of Niger (1997-99). He has also been ambassador to the United States (2011-14), head of the African Union mission in Somalia (2014-15), UN special representative for Congo (Kinshasa) (2015-18), executive secretary of the G5 Sahel (2018-21), and high representative of the African Union for Mali and the Sahel (2021- ).

Sidimé

Sidimé, Lamine (b. 1944, Mamou, French Guinea [now Guinea]), prime minister of Guinea (1999-2004). He was also president of the Supreme Court (1992-2009).

I. Sidiya

Sidiya, Ismail Ould Bedda Ould Cheikh (b. March 17, 1961, Boutilimit, Mauritania), prime minister of Mauritania (2019-20). He was also minister of housing, urban development, and regional planning (2009-13) and employment, vocational training, information technology, and communication (2014).

Sidiya, Mohamed Sidina Ould (b. Jan. 22, 1942, Tichit, Tagant, Mauritania - d. Feb. 3, 2013), foreign minister of Mauritania (1988-89). He was also minister of economy and finance (1982-84), fisheries and maritime economy (1989-90), and interior, posts, and telecommunications (1990).

Sidler, Rudolf (b. June 23, 1863, Küssnacht, Schwyz, Switzerland - d. Feb. 22, 1938, Schwyz, Schwyz), Landammann of Schwyz (1932-34).

Sidler, Rudolf (b. Jan. 13, 1899, Schwyz, Switzerland - d. May 1, 1964, Zug, Switzerland), Landammann of Schwyz (1952-54); son of the above.

Sidler, Rudolf (b. Feb. 26, 1931, Schwyz, Switzerland - d. Dec. 13, 2012), Landammann of Schwyz (1978-80); son of the above.

Sidmouth, Henry Addington, (1st) Viscount (b. May 30, 1757, London, England - d. Feb. 15, 1844, Richmond, Surrey, England), British prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer (1801-04) and home secretary (1812-22). He was also speaker of the House of Commons (1789-1801), lord president of the council (1805, 1806-07, 1812), and lord privy seal (1806). He was created viscount in 1805.

Sidorov

Sidorov, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. June 14, 1962, Kuchkayevo, Mordovian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Mordovia (2021-22).

Sidorova, Sofya (Petrovna) (b. Aug. 8 [July 26, O.S.], 1904, Yakutsk, Yakutsk oblast [now in Sakha republic], Russia - d. Jan. 23, 1951, Yakutsk), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Yakut A.S.S.R. (1938-47).

Sidorova, Vera (Vasilyevna) (b. Aug. 15, 1934, Tishanka, Voronezh oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1988-89).

Sidorski

Sidorski, Syarhey (Syarheyevich), Russian Sergey (Sergeyevich) Sidorsky (b. March 13, 1954, Gomel, Belorussian S.S.R.), prime minister of Belarus (2003-10). He was also a deputy prime minister (2001-02) and first deputy prime minister (2002-03).

Sidya, Souleymane Ould Cheikh (b. 1925, Boutilimit, Mauritania), Mauritanian politician. He was permanent representative to the United Nations and ambassador to the United States (1961-63) and president of the National Assembly (1963).

Siegelman

Siegelman, Don(ald Eugene) (b. Feb. 24, 1946, Mobile, Ala.), governor of Alabama (1999-2003). He was first elected to public office in 1978 as secretary of state and reelected to the same office in 1982. In 1986 he was elected attorney general, and in 1994 lieutenant governor. In the 1998 gubernatorial election Siegelman, a Democrat in a Southern state that had grown increasingly Republican, dared to take on the religious right by backing gambling to help pay for education. From a lieutenant governor's office that traditionally has been a political dead end in Alabama, he ousted Republican governor Fob James. His GOP critics labeled him a liberal and Bill Clinton clone, but Siegelman won by currying the support of business and independents enthusiastic about his plan to create college scholarships and bolster funding of public schools. He drew fire from Christian conservatives who sided with James largely because of his stand in favour of teacher-led prayer in public schools. In an October 1999 referendum, voters rejected his education lottery scheme 54%-46%. "I have no Plan B," he said, and state spending on education was cut. He had success in attracting automakers Honda and Hyundai to the state, got a compromise between trial lawyers and business leaders on limits to jury awards, and installed the CHIP children's health care program. He convinced voters to approve Amendment One for $425 million in bonds to fund road and bridge building. But he continued to have trouble on education funding. A special session in mid-2001 rejected his entire proposal; another in December 2001 passed $140 million in business and telephone taxes. In a close election in 2002 he was defeated by Republican Bob Riley. In June 2006 Siegelman was convicted on federal charges of bribery and conspiracy.

Siegwart-Müller, Konstantin (b. Oct. 10, 1801, Lodrino, Bellinzona, Helvetic Republic [now in Ticino, Switzerland] - d. Jan. 13, 1869, Altdorf, Uri, Switzerland), president of the Diet of Switzerland (1844) and Schultheiss of Luzern (1844, 1846).

Siele, Peter (Letlhogonolo), labour and home affairs minister of Botswana (2008-11). He was also minister of local government (2011-14).

Sieling

Sieling, Carsten (Günter Erich) (b. Jan. 13, 1959, Nienburg, Niedersachsen, West Germany), mayor of Bremen (2015-19).

Siembo, Sylvanius (b. Jan. 28, 1951), governor of Oro (1995-2002). He was also Papua New Guinean minister of correctional services (1994-95).

Siemiatkowski, Zbigniew (b. Oct. 8, 1957, Ciechanów, Poland), interior minister of Poland (1996). He was also head of the State Protection Office (acting, 2001-02) and the Intelligence Agency (2002-04).

Siemoniak, Tomasz (b. July 2, 1967, Walbrzych, Poland), defense minister (2011-15) and a deputy prime minister (2014-15) of Poland.

Sienkiewicz, Bartlomiej (Henryk) (b. July 29, 1961, Kielce, Poland), interior minister of Poland (2013-14).

Sierra (y Velarde), Mariano de (b. Aug. 13, 1797, Arequipa, Peru - d. April 22, 1860), foreign, interior, and war and navy minister (1835-36) and finance minister (1836) of Peru.

Sierra Bullones, Juan de Zavala y de la Puente, marqués de, conde de Paredes de Nava (b. Jan. 19, 1804, Lima, Peru - d. Dec. 29, 1879, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1874). He was also minister of foreign affairs (1855-56), navy (1860-63, 1865-66), and war (1872, 1874). He was made marquess in 1860.

Sierra Cruz, Jorge Luis (b. Sept. 4, 1961 - d. Oct. 28, 2014, Havana, Cuba), a vice premier of Cuba (2009-10). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Holguín province (1994-2003) and minister of transport (2006-10).

Sierra Méndez, Justo (b. Jan. 26, 1848, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico - d. Sept. 13, 1912, Madrid, Spain), Mexican politician. He was minister of education (1905-11) and minister to Spain (1912).

Sieveking, Kurt (b. Feb. 21, 1897, Hamburg, Germany - d. March 16, 1986, Hamburg), first mayor of Hamburg (1953-57). He was also West German minister to Sweden (1951-53).

Siew

Siew, Vincent (C.), Wade-Giles Hsiao Wan-chang, Pinyin Xiao Wanchang (b. Jan. 3, 1939, Chiayi, Taiwan), premier (1997-2000) and vice president (2008-12) of Taiwan. He led the Mainland Affairs Council and the Council for Economic Planning and Development, Taiwan's top economic policy planning agency, in 1993-94. He was Taiwan's top policymaker toward rival China, which lies just across the Taiwan Strait, when he headed the Mainland Affairs Council in 1994-95. Under Siew, the Mainland Affairs Council set up "offshore transshipment centres" that allowed Taiwan and mainland ships to sail directly across the Taiwan Strait for the first time since 1949. Siew, who was generally seen as a liberal, also represented Pres. Lee Teng-hui at two Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summits and was handpicked by Lee to run for a parliament seat in 1995. After Lien Chan, who was elected vice president in 1996, tendered his resignation as prime minister in 1997, Pres. Lee Teng-hui named Siew, a rising star in the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), to succeed him. Siew vowed to improve the island's icy relations with China and maintain its status as an "Asian tiger" economy. He was Lien Chan's running mate in the 2000 elections, but the Kuomintang was defeated. In 2008, however, he stood again as Kuomintang vice presidential candidate, and the ticket led by Ma Ying-jeou was successful.

Sifi

Sifi, Mokdad, Arabic Muqdad Sifi (b. April 21, 1940, Tébessa, Algeria), prime minister of Algeria (1994-95). He was also minister of equipment (1992-94). In 1999 he ran for president, backed by a faction in the main ruling RND party. He pledged to "free Algerians from economic misery and Islamic terror." He won 2.2% of the vote.

Sifton, Sir Clifford (b. March 10, 1861, Middlesex county, Canada West [now Ontario] - d. April 17, 1929, New York City), interior minister of Canada (1896-1905); knighted 1915. He was also superintendent-general of Indian affairs (1896-1905).

Sigala (Álvarez), Honorio (b. Dec. 31, 1894, Curarigua, Lara, Venezuela - d. Nov. 22, 1976, Barquisimeto, Lara), president of Lara (1936-37, 1939-41). He was also Venezuelan minister of health and social assistance (1937-38) and ambassador to Mexico (1957-58).

Sigcau (a Mandlonke), Botha (Manzolwandle Jongilizwe) (b. 1913 - d. Dec. 1, 1978, Umtata, Transkei), paramount chief of East amaPondo (1937-78) and president of Transkei (1976-78).

S. Sigcau

Sigcau, Stella (Margaret Nomzamo) (b. Jan. 4, 1937, Lusikisiki, East Pondoland, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa - d. May 7, 2006, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), prime minister of Transkei (1987); daughter of Botha Sigcau. She entered politics during Transkei's 1968 election and won a seat for Lusikisiki. She became Transkei's interior affairs minister after that homeland's independence and was prime minister for three months before Gen. Bantu Holomisa - the chief of the defense force at the time - ousted her. She led the Transkei National Independence Party for 13 years until 1990, when she disbanded the party. She was appointed public enterprises minister in the first post-apartheid government of South Africa in 1994, became minister of public works in 1999, and died in office.

Sigcawu, Xolilizwe (Mzikayise) (b. June 26, 1926 - d. Dec. 31, 2005, Pretoria, South Africa), paramount chief of the Xhosa (1965-2005).

Sigfússon, Steingrímur J(óhann) (b. Aug. 4, 1955, Gunnarsstadir, Iceland), finance minister of Iceland (2009-11). He has also been minister of agriculture and communications (1988-91), fisheries and agriculture (2009, 2011-12), economic affairs and trade (2011-12), and industry and innovation (2012-13) and president of the Althing (2016-17, 2017- ).

Sigrah, Rensley A. (b. March 2, 1955), governor of Kosrae (1999-2007).

Sigrist, Albert (b. April 9, 1923 - d. March 19, 2005, Rafz, Zürich, Switzerland), president of the government of Zürich (1984-85).

Sigua

Sigua, Tengiz (Ippolitovich), Georgian Tengiz (Ippolitis dze) Sigua (b. Sept. 11, 1934 - d. Jan. 21, 2020, Tbilisi, Georgia), prime minister of Georgia (1990-91, 1992-93).

Sigurbjörnsdóttir, Áslaug Arna (b. Nov. 30, 1990, Reykjavík, Iceland), justice minister of Iceland (2019-21). She has also been minister of innovation, industry, and universities (2021- ).

Sigurdardóttir

Sigurdardóttir, Jóhanna (b. Oct. 4, 1942, Reykjavík, Iceland), prime minister of Iceland (2009-13). A member of the Althing since 1978, she was minister of social affairs in 1987-94 and 2007-09. She was perhaps best known for her reaction to a failed bid to become chairman of the Social Democratic Party in 1994. Despite a heavy loss, she predicted: "My time will come." In 1995, she quit the Social Democrats and formed her own party, Thjódvaki - translated as "Waking The Nation" - which won four parliamentary seats. She rejoined her old party when it merged with three other centre-left groups, including Thjódvaki, in 2000 as the Social Democratic Alliance. When the conservative-led government resigned in January 2009 after weeks of raucous street protests whipped up by anger and desolation at the startling collapse of Iceland's financial system, she became leader of an interim government, a coalition of the Social Democrats and the Left-Green Movement, to take the country to elections in April. She not only became the first female prime minister of Iceland (which had a female president before), but more notably the modern world's first openly gay or lesbian national leader (head of state or government). In 2010 she also became the first "gay-married" national leader.

Sigurdsson, Halldór E(ggert) (b. Sept. 9, 1915, Haukabrekka, Iceland - d. May 25, 2003), finance minister of Iceland (1971-74). He was also minister of agriculture and communications (1974-78).

Sigurdsson, Jón (b. June 17, 1811, western Iceland - d. Dec. 7, 1879, Copenhagen, Denmark), Icelandic political leader. He was president of the Althing (1849, 1853, 1857, 1865-77).

Sigurdsson, Jón (b. April 17, 1941, Ísafjördur, Iceland), justice and church minister of Iceland (1987-88). He was also minister of commerce (1987-93) and industry (1988-93) and joint governor of the Central Bank (1993-94, 2003-06).

Siimann

Siimann, Mart (b. Sept. 21, 1946, Kilingi-Nõmme, Pärnu county, Estonian S.S.R.), prime minister of Estonia (1997-99). He was also president of the Estonian Olympic Committee (2001-12).

Sík, Endre (b. April 2, 1891, Budapest, Hungary - d. April 10, 1978, Budapest), foreign minister of Hungary (1958-61). He was also minister to the United States (1948-49).

Sik, Ota (b. Sept. 11, 1919, Plzen, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Aug. 22, 2004, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1968). He was known as the economic reformer during the "Prague Spring."

Sika, Seïdou Mama, interior minister of Benin (2005-06).

Semisi Sika

Sikatana

Sika, Semisi (Kioa Lafu) (b. Jan. 31, 1968), deputy prime minister (2018-19), acting foreign minister (2019), and acting prime minister (2019) of Tonga. He was also minister of infrastructure and tourism (2016-19).

Sikatana, Mundia (Fred) (b. March 6, 1938 - d. June 14, 2012, Lusaka, Zambia), foreign minister of Zambia (2006-07). He was also minister of agriculture and cooperatives (2002-06).

Sikivou, Semesa (Koroikilai) (b. Feb. 13, 1917, Vutia, Rewa, Fiji - d. 1990), foreign minister of Fiji (1985-86). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1970-76), ambassador to the United States and high commissioner to Canada (1971-76), and minister of education (1977-82) and communications and works (1982-85).

R. Sikorski

Sikorski, Radoslaw (Tomasz), byname Radek Sikorski (b. Feb. 23, 1963, Bydgoszcz, Poland), defense minister (2005-07) and foreign minister (2007-14) of Poland. In 2014-15 he was marshal of the Sejm.

W. Sikorski

Sikorski, Wladyslaw (Eugeniusz) (b. May 20, 1881, Tuszów Narodowy, Austria-Hungary [now in Poland] - d. July 4, 1943, Gibraltar), Polish statesman. A reserve officer of the Austrian army, he was, with Józef Pilsudski, one of the founders, in 1908, of a secret military organization of Polish nationalists, and from August 1914 to September 1916, during World War I, he headed the military department of the Supreme National Committee, organizing the Polish Legion to fight on the Austrian side against Russia. Having distinguished himself in the Russo-Polish War (1920-21), he was appointed chief of the Polish general staff on April 1, 1921. In 1922-23 he served briefly as prime minister of Poland. As minister of military affairs in 1924-25, he contributed to the modernization of the armed forces. Commander of the Lwów army corps from December 1925, he remained neutral during Pilsudski's coup d'état of May 1926. Even so, he was dismissed from his post in March 1928. He then joined the anti-Pilsudski group headed by Ignacy Paderewski, Wincenty Witos, and Wojciech Korfanty. When World War II broke out with the German attack on Poland in 1939, Sikorski went to Paris to become prime minister of the exile government, moving to London in 1940. He established good relations with Allied leaders and organized Polish forces in various parts of the world. But when in April 1943 his government asked the International Red Cross to investigate the killing at Katyn of thousands of Polish officers who had been in Soviet hands, Soviet ruler Iosif Stalin broke off Soviet-Polish diplomatic relations. In July Sikorski was killed in an air crash at Gibraltar, after inspecting Polish forces in the Middle East.

Sikorskis, Romualdas (b. Nov. 16, 1926, Kaunas, Lithuania - d. Feb. 25, 1997, Vilnius, Lithuania), finance minister of the Lithuanian S.S.R./Lithuania (1957-91).

Sikua

Sikua, (David) Derek (b. Sept. 10, 1959), prime minister of the Solomon Islands (2007-10). He was also minister of education and human resources development (2006-07, 2014-15).

H. Silajdzic

Silajdzic, Haris (b. Oct. 1, 1945, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), foreign minister (1990-93), prime minister (1993-96), and co-prime minister (1997-2000) of Bosnia and Herzegovina and prime minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1994-96). He became a familiar figure in the Western media during the Bosnian conflict, appealing for military intervention to end the Serb siege of Sarajevo. In November 1995, he played a central role at peace talks in the United States that led to the signing of a peace treaty ending the war. He resigned from the prime minister's post and from the Party of Democratic Action (SDA) in January 1996 to form his own party (the Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina) and contest national elections. Handsome, mercurial, intellectual, and combative, Silajdzic was a solo artist rather than a team player. He rebelled against SDA party discipline and what he saw as its flirtation with Muslim fundamentalism. Easily the second most popular Muslim in Bosnia after Pres. Alija Izetbegovic, Silajdzic campaigned for a united, multiethnic Bosnia. He appealed to those who wanted a change from the SDA, but change at the hands of someone tested and familiar. He ran as a candidate for the presidency in the country's first peacetime elections held in September 1996, but lost to Izetbegovic, who was elected as the chairman of a new three-man collective presidency. Silajdzic's nomination as co-prime minister in December 1996 gave a boost to his political career after his party's poor showing in the elections. He temporarily withdrew from the political scene in 2001, but in 2006-10 he was the Muslim member of the tripartite presidency, holding its rotating chairmanship in 2008 and 2010.

Silajdzic, Samir (b. May 19, 1963, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), premier of Sarajevo canton (2006-08).

Silanyo, Ahmed Mohamed (Mohamoud), Somali Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud Siilaanyo (b. 1936, Burao, British Somaliland [now Somaliland]), finance minister (1997-99) and president (2010-17) of Somaliland. He was also Somalian minister of planning (1969-73), domestic and foreign trade (1974-76), and commerce (1980-82) and an unsuccessful presidential candidate in Somaliland (2003).

Silayev, Boris (Ivanovich) (b. Feb. 28, 1946, Lyalichi village, Mikhailov rayon, Primorsky kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), Kyrgyz politician. An ethnic Russian, he was acting minister of labour and social security (1992-93) and mayor of Bishkek (1995-98). In April 1998, he became sole deputy prime minister (previously there were three) and in that capacity was acting prime minister twice (1998, 1999). In 1999 he was named to the new post of first deputy prime minister, but resigned in 2000. In 2001 he moved to Moscow.

I. Silayev

Silayev, Ivan (Stepanovich) (b. Oct. 21, 1930, Bakhtyzino, Nizhny Novgorod oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Feb. 8, 2023, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), Soviet politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1959 and became a full member of the Central Committee in 1981. He became deputy minister of aviation in 1974, first deputy in 1977, and minister of the machine tool industries in 1980. In 1981-85 he was minister of aviation. From 1985 to 1990 he was a deputy premier. He survived criticism for economic failure by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at a Communist Party plenum in June 1987, and in 1988 he assumed responsibility for economic cooperation with West Germany. He was nominated Russian prime minister by Russian president Boris Yeltsin in 1990 as a compromise candidate. His background in the defense economy made him suspect from the reformers' point of view, but he kept his promise to pursue market reforms. After the failed coup of Aug. 19-21, 1991, he was nominated by Yeltsin to oversee economic policy on an all-Union scale. However, the inability of the republics to agree on a reform agenda led Russia to decide to go it alone, although an economic union was agreed to on paper. In September Silayev became in effect Soviet prime minister as chairman of the interrepublican committee that coordinated communications, transport, energy, nuclear energy, aviation, and statistics. This body recruited able personnel after the demise of many all-Union ministries. He was in a position to play a vital role in helping to implement the goals of Russian economic reform on an all-Union basis - at least in the sectors under his aegis. These sectors were almost all in the former military-industrial complex, where he gained his industrial experience. His task was exacerbated by growing regionalism and in December the Soviet Union was finally dissolved.

Silberzahn, Claude (b. March 18, 1935, Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin, France - d. April 18, 2020, Simorre, Gers, France), prefect of French Guiana (1982-84). He was also prefect of the French départements of Seine-Maritime (1985-86) and Doubs (1986-89) and director-general of the Direction Générale de Sécurité Extérieure (the French external intelligence service) (1989-93).

Silerio Esparza, Maximiliano (b. March 14, 1939, Ejido Yerbabuena, Rodeo municipality, Durango, Mexico), governor of Durango (1992-98). He was also mayor of Durango (1971-74).

Siles (del Valle), Juan Ignacio (b. April 10, 1961, Chile), foreign minister of Bolivia (2003-05); nephew of Jaime del Valle Alliende.

Siles Alvarado, (Efraín) Hugo, Bolivian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-08).

Siles Reyes, (Mariano) Hernando (b. Aug. 5, 1882, Sucre, Bolivia - d. Nov. 23, 1942, aboard airplane flying from Arequipa to Lima, Peru), war minister (1922-23) and president (1926-30) of Bolivia. He was also minister of education and agriculture (1922-23), minister to Peru (1924-25) and Chile (1934-37), and ambassador to Chile (1939-40) and Peru (1941-42).

Siles Salinas

Siles Salinas, Luis Adolfo (b. June 21, 1925, La Paz, Bolivia - d. Oct. 19, 2005), president of Bolivia (1969); son of Hernando Siles Reyes; half-brother of Hernán Siles Zuazo. A founder and leader of the Social Democratic Party, he was vice president under Pres. René Barrientos, who was killed in a helicopter crash in April 1969. Siles took over the presidency, but was toppled five months later in a military coup led by Gen. Alfredo Ovando, who began 16 years of coups and military dictatorships in Bolivia. Siles was sent into exile in neighbouring Chile, but returned home a few months later, becoming a devoted human rights activist and playing a key role in the pro-democracy efforts that succeeded in 1982 with the restoration of an elected government.

Siles Zuazo

Siles Zuazo, Hernán (b. March 21, 1914, La Paz, Bolivia - d. Aug. 6, 1996, Montevideo, Uruguay), president of Bolivia (1956-60, 1982-85); son of Hernando Siles Reyes. Nicknamed el conejo ("the rabbit"), he was first elected to parliament in 1942, having helped form the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) together with Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Wálter Guevara Arze, and the writer Augusto Céspedes. Members of the MNR, including Siles Zuazo, were forced into exile in 1946, but he returned in 1952 when he joined mining union leader Juan Lechín Oquendo in a successful uprising that resulted in Paz Estenssoro taking power. Siles Zuazo became vice president. When he was elected president in 1956, he faced an economic crisis after the price of tin plummeted. He brought the unions into line by going on a hunger strike and was then able to impose an International Monetary Fund agreement on the country, which helped relaunch the economy. He was defeated in the 1960 elections and then served as ambassador to Uruguay (1960-62) and Spain (1963-64). In 1963 Paz Estenssoro and Siles Zuazo came into conflict when the former put himself forward for a third time for president. Siles Zuazo defeated the move, but this precipitated a military coup in 1964, and he was forced into exile. After having helped destabilize three military regimes that had usurped his election victories in 1978, 1979, and 1980, he returned to power in 1982 when the military junta agreed to hand over power to a civilian government. He inherited widespread social unrest and an economy in shambles. His four-year term was cut short when hyperinflation, a hostile Congress, and angry labour unions forced him to call early elections. He then went into a voluntary exile in Uruguay.

Silfverhielm, Claes Erik friherre (b. Jan. 25, 1725 - d. Nov. 21, 1792, Trästena, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), governor of Jönköping (1762-78), Skaraborg (1778-84), and Uppsala (1784).

Silfverschiöld, Arvid friherre, originally Arvid Silfverskiöld (b. Dec. 15, 1710, Jönköping, Sweden - d. Nov. 24, 1781, Göteborg, Sweden), governor of Halland (1761-71); son of Nils Silfverskiöld. He was made friherre (baron) in 1771.

Silfverskiöld, Nils (b. April 18, 1674, Lund, Skåne, Sweden - d. Feb. 16, 1753, Tåssjö socken [now part of Ängelholm municipality], Kristianstad [now in Skåne], Sweden), governor of Kristianstad (1739-45).

Silfverskiöld, Nils Nilsson (b. Oct. 19, 1751 - d. Dec. 9, 1822, Eksjö, Jönköping, Sweden), governor of Värmland (1793-1802); grandson of Nils Silfverskiöld; nephew of Arvid friherre Silfverschiöld.

Silfverstolpe, Fredrik Otto (b. Aug. 25, 1795, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 24, 1882, Stockholm), governor of Västmanland (1849-63). He was also Swedish minister of ecclesiastical affairs (1844-48).

Silguy, Yves-Thibault (Christian Marie) de (b. July 22, 1948, Rennes, France), French politician. He was EU commissioner for economic and financial affairs (1995-99).

Silikiotis, Neoklis, also spelled Sylikiotis (b. Jan. 24, 1959, Limassol, Cyprus), interior minister of Cyprus (2006-07, 2008-12). He was also minister of commerce, industry, and tourism (2012-13).

Silingas, Stasys (b. Nov. 23, 1885, Vilna, Russia [now Vilnius, Lithuania] - d. Nov. 13, 1962, Kelme, Lithuanian S.S.R.), justice minister of Lithuania (1926-28, 1934-38).

Silins, Elmars (b. Sept. 27, 1937, Viesturi parish, Latvia), finance minister of Latvia (1990-93).

Silk

Silk, John (M.) (b. Sept. 15, 1956, Kwajalein island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands), foreign minister of the Marshall Islands (2009-12, 2016-20). He was also minister of resources and development (2000-07) and minister in assistance to the president (2017).

Silkalna, Solveiga (b. Nov. 22, 1970, Melbourne, Vic.), Latvian diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2005-08).

Sillari, Enn-Arno (Augustovich) (b. March 4, 1944, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Estonian S.S.R. (1990-91). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Tartu city (1984-86) and Tallinn city (1986-89).

Siller, Jerónimo (b. Sept. 30, 1880, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico - d. March 14, 1962, Monterrey, Nuevo León), governor of Nuevo León (1925-27). He was also mayor of Monterrey (1918, 1924).

Silovic, Darko (b. Nov. 28, 1934, Zagreb, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia]), Yugoslav diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-92).

Silu, Fawzi al-, also spelled Selo (b. 1905, Damascus, Ottoman Empire [now in Syria] - d. April 29, 1972), defense minister (1950-53), head of state (1951-53), prime minister (1951-53), and interior minister (1952-53) of Syria.

Siluanov, Anton (Germanovich) (b. April 12, 1963, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), finance minister of Russia (2011- ). He was also first deputy prime minister (2018-20).

Silupa, Yawa, internal security minister of Papua New Guinea (2002-03). He was also minister of correctional and administrative services (2003-07).

Silva, Abilio José Tavares da (d. 1872), acting president of Pernambuco (1867).

Silva, Aderbal Ramos da (b. Jan. 18, 1911, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Feb. 13, 1985, Florianópolis), governor of Santa Catarina (1947-51); grandson of Vidal José de Oliveira Ramos Júnior; nephew of Nereu de Oliveira Ramos.

Silva, Agesilão Pereira da (b. 1846, Valença do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil - d. 1913, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), president of Amazonas (1877-78).

Silva, Alberto Tavares e (b. Nov. 10, 1918, Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil - d. Sept. 28, 2009, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Piauí (1971-75, 1987-91). He was also mayor of Parnaíba (1948-51, 1955-59).

Silva, Alcínio Cravid e, São Tomé and Príncipe diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2017- ).

Silva, Álvaro Rocha Pereira da (b. Feb. 9, 1874, Ipiabas, Valença municipality [now in Barra do Piraí municipality], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 30?, 1964, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro), federal interventor in Rio de Janeiro (1947).

Silva, Aníbal Miranda Ferreira da (b. Sept. 23, 1916 - d. Aug. 26, 2004, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil), governor of Acre (1962-63).

Silva, Antonino Freire da (b. May 10, 1876, Amarante, Piauí, Brazil - d. Sept. 15, 1934, Teresina, Piauí), governor of Piauí (1910-12).

Silva, Antonio, interior and justice minister (1865-66) and foreign minister (1865-66, 1867) of Nicaragua. He was also minister of development (1863-68).

Silva, Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada Machado e (b. Nov. 1, 1773, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Dec. 5, 1845, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), principal minister of Brazil (1840-41).

Silva, Antonio da Costa Pinto e (b. March 13, 1826, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 1, 1887, Rio de Janeiro), president of Paraíba (1855-57), Rio Grande do Sul (1868-69), São Paulo (1870-71), and Rio de Janeiro (1885-86).

Silva, Antonio José da, acting president of Mato Grosso (1836).

Silva, António Maria da (b. May 26, 1872, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Oct. 14, 1950, Lisbon), member of the Constitutional Junta (1915) and prime minister (1920, 1922-23, 1925, 1925-26) of Portugal. He was also minister of development (1913-14, 1915-16), labour and social welfare (1916-17), finance (1920, 1920, 1921), interior (1922-23, 1925-26), agriculture (1922-23), and war (1923, 1925).

A.W.G. da Silva

A.O. da Silva

Silva, Antônio Waldez Góes da (b. Oct. 29, 1961, Gurupá, Pará, Brazil), governor of Amapá (2003-10, 2015-23). He has also been Brazilian minister of integration and regional development (2023- ).

Silva, Ari Marcos da (b. May 22, 1927, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil - d. June 1, 1988), governor of Rondônia (1963).

Silva, Aristides Ocante da (b. Dec. 23, 1966, Bissau, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau]), defense minister (2009-11) and foreign minister (2019) of Guinea-Bissau.

Artur Silva

A.S. Silva

B. da Silva

Silva, (Augusto António) Artur (da) (b. 1956?), defense minister (2009-10), foreign minister (2015-16), and prime minister (2018) of Guinea-Bissau. He was also minister of fishing (1994-99) and national education, culture, sciences, youth, and sports (2010-12).

Silva, Artur da Costa e (b. Oct. 3, 1899¹, Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 17, 1969, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister (1964-66) and president (1967-69) of Brazil. He was also minister of mines and energy (1964).
¹ Upon joining the army, he declared that he was born in 1902, which from then on he adopted as his birth year.

Silva, Augusto Santos (b. Aug. 20, 1956, Porto, Portugal), defense minister (2009-11) and foreign minister (2015-22) of Portugal. He has also been minister of education (2000-01), culture (2001-02), and parliamentary affairs (2005-09) and president of the Assembly of the Republic (2022- ).

Silva, Auriz Coelho e (b. April 10, 1915 - d. March 14, 1991), governor of Rio Branco (1955).

Silva, Belivaldo Chagas (b. April 19, 1960, Simão Dias, Sergipe, Brazil), governor of Sergipe (2018-23).

Silva (Sampaio), Benedita (Souza) da (b. March 11, 1942, Praia do Pinto, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Rio de Janeiro (2002-03).

Silva, Benedito Augusto da (d. June 7?, 1970), federal interventor in Alagoas (1935).

Silva, Bertino Dutra da (b. Sept. 23, 1896, Bahia state, Brazil - d. Dec. 5, 1973), federal interventor in Rio Grande do Norte (1932-33).

Silva, Caetano Silvestre da, president of Alagoas (1842-44).

Silva, Carlos Medeiros (b. June 19, 1907, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 10, 1983, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice and interior minister of Brazil (1966-67). He was also attorney general (1957-60).

Silva, Carlos Moisés da (b. Aug. 17, 1967, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil), governor of Santa Catarina (2019-23).

Silva, Cincinato Pinto da (b. Sept. 20, 1833, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil - d. Oct. 7, 1912, Salvador, Bahia), president of Sergipe (1864-65), Alagoas (1878-80), and Maranhão (1880-81).

Silva, Coriolano de Carvalho e (b. May 23, 1857, Barras, Piauí, Brazil - d. March 9, 1926, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Piauí (1892-96).

Silva, Duarte Leite Pereira da (b. Aug. 11, 1864, Porto, Portugal - d. Sept. 29, 1950, Porto), prime minister and interior minister of Portugal (1912-13). He was also finance minister (1911) and ambassador to Brazil (1914-31).

Silva, Edmundo de Macedo Soares e (b. June 9, 1901, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 9, 1989, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio de Janeiro (1947-51); cousin of José Carlos de Macedo Soares. He was also Brazilian minister of transport and public works (1946) and industry and commerce (1967-69).

E. da Silva

F.D. da Silva

Silva, Estanislau (da Conceição Aleixo Maria) da (b. Aug. 4, 1952, Dili, Portuguese Timor [now Timor-Leste]), prime minister of Timor-Leste (2007). He was also minister of agriculture (2001-07).

Silva, Evaristo Ladisláu e, president of Espírito Santo (1852-53).

Silva, Felisberto Pereira da (b. 1831, Cachoeira [now Cachoeira do Sul], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. June 3, 1911, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1879).

Silva, Fernando Azevedo e (b. 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), defense minister of Brazil (2019-21). He was also army chief of staff (2016-18).

Silva, Fernando Delfim da (b. May 13, 1956, Bissau, Portuguese Guinea [now Guinea-Bissau]), foreign minister of Guinea-Bissau (1996-99, 2013-14). He was also minister of national education (1993) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2017-20).

Silva, Florencio Carlos de Abreu e (b. Oct. 20, 1839, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 12, 1881, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1881).

Silva, Francisco Bernardino Rodrigues (b. Oct. 10, 1853, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. April 14, 1920, Belmiro Braga, Minas Gerais), president of Piauí (1877).

Silva, Francisco de Assis Rosa e (b. Oct. 4, 1857, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. July 1, 1929, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), justice minister (1889) and vice president (1898-1902) of Brazil; brother of José Marcellino da Rosa e Silva.

Silva, Francisco José da, Júnior (b. Jan. 18, 1879, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil - d. Dec. 27, 1948, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in São Paulo (1938).

Silva, Francisco Victor da Fonseca e (b. March 15, 1848, São Gonçalo, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. July 25, 1905, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting governor of Rio de Janeiro (1889).

Silva, Francisco Xavier da (b. April 2, 1838, Castro, São Paulo [now in Paraná], Brazil - d. June 11, 1922, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor (1892-93, 1894-96, 1900-04) and president (1908-12) of Paraná.

Silva, Frederico Augusto Álvares da (b. 1828, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. June 10, 1899, Juiz de Fora), acting president of Minas Gerais (1891).

Silva, Geraldo Freire da (b. June 29, 1912, Boa Esperança, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. July 1, 2002, Brasília, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1970-71).

Silva, Golbery do Couto e (b. Aug. 21, 1911, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Sept. 18, 1987, São Paulo, Brazil), justice minister of Brazil (1980). He was also head of the National Intelligence Service (1964-67) and head of the civil cabinet (1974-81).

Silva, Henrique Adriano da (b. 1956), Guinea-Bissau diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in the United States, Canada, and Mexico (1998-2006), ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland (2006-10) and Nigeria (2017-21), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2021-22).

Silva, Herculano de Carvalho e (b. Oct. 31, 1892, Sapucaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. March 11, 1963, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), military governor of São Paulo (1932).

Silva, Hugo (b. Dec. 8, 1900, Porto Alegre, Brazil - d. March 12, 1982, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Rio de Janeiro (1946-47).

Silva, Isidro Francisco de Paula Mesquita e, acting president of Pernambuco (1844).

Silva, Israel Pinheiro da (b. Jan. 4, 1896, Caeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. July 6, 1973, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), prefect of the Distrito Federal (1960-61) and governor of Minas Gerais (1966-71); son of João Pinheiro da Silva.

Silva, Jayme Augusto da Costa e (b. May 25, 1917 - d. June 2011), governor of Fernando de Noronha (1961-71).

Silva, João José Guimarães e (d. Feb. 29, 1831, Oeiras, Piauí, Brazil), president of Piauí (1829-31).

Silva, João Pinheiro da (b. Dec. 16, 1860, Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Oct. 25, 1908, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), president of Minas Gerais (1890, 1906-08).

Silva, João Thomé da (b. Jan. 25, 1842, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil - d. April 4, 1884, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil), president of Espírito Santo (1872-73), Santa Catarina (1873-75), and Alagoas (1875).

Silva, João Thomé de Saboya e (b. Aug. 4, 1870, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil - d. July 26, 1945, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Ceará (1916-20); nephew of João Thomé da Silva.

Silva, Joaquim Monteiro de Carvalho e (b. Nov. 13, 1853, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Dec. 6, 1917, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), acting governor (1890, 1890), member of the Governing Junta (1891-92), and acting president (1907-08) of Paraná.

Silva, Joaquim Victor da (b. June 15, 1863, Ceará province [now state], Brazil - d. Sept. 20, 1933, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), prefect of Alto Acre (1915).

Silva, José Antonio Correia da, governor of Pernambuco (1890-91).

Silva, José Antonio de Oliveira e (b. 1817? - d. May 1877), president of Sergipe (1851-53).

Silva, José Bonifácio de Andrada e (b. June 13, 1763, Santos, Brazil - d. April 6, 1838, Niterói, Brazil), principal minister and foreign minister of Brazil (1822-23). Going to Portugal as a student, he gained international fame as a geologist before returning at age 56 to Brazil (1819). Seeking a peaceful solution to Brazilian unrest against Portuguese rule, he urged the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and influenced the prince regent to declare (1822) Brazilian independence and proclaim himself Emperor Pedro I. As minister he worked successfully to strengthen the unity of the new empire and to obtain its recognition by foreign powers. His insistence upon a liberal constitution, however, led to his banishment from Brazil (1823-29). Many of his ideas were included in the 1824 constitution, however, and he later (1831-33) served as tutor to the child emperor Pedro II. He is regarded as the "patriarch" of Brazilian independence.

Silva, José Bonifácio de Andrada e, "o Moço" (b. Nov. 8, 1827, Bordeaux, France - d. Oct. 26, 1886, São Paulo, Brazil), navy minister (1862) and interior minister (1864) of Brazil; son of Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada (1775-1844); grandson and nephew of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838).

Silva, José Bonifácio de Andrada e (b. Sept. 29, 1871, Barbacena, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Feb. 24, 1954, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian diplomat; brother of Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada; grandson of Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada (1775-1844); nephew of José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1827-1886). He was ambassador to Portugal (1931-33), Argentina (1933-37), and the Vatican (1937-39).

Silva, José de Castro e (b. Aug. 4, 1776, Aracati, Ceará, Brazil - d. March 5, 1841), acting president of Ceará (1830-31).

Silva, José Domingues da (b. Sept. 25, 1879, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 29, 1965), federal interventor in Pernambuco (1946).

Silva, José Eloy Pessoa da (b. June 27, 1792, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. [assassinated] March 2, 1841, São Salvador da Bahia), president of Sergipe (1837-38).

Silva, José Faustino dos Santos e (b. March 8, 1884 - d. Dec. 5, 1963), federal interventor in Pará (1946-47).

Silva, José Gomes da (b. March 6, 1900, Misericórdia [now Itaporanga], Paraíba, Brazil - d. Sept. 27, 1970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Paraíba (1946-47).

Silva, José Gonçalves da (b. Dec. 22, 1838, Mata de São João, Bahia, Brazil - d. Aug. 15, 1911, Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia), governor of Bahia (1890-91).

Silva, José Ignacio da, president of the Provisional Government of Rio Grande do Sul (1823-24).

Silva, José Inácio da, governor-general of Angola (1920-21).

Silva, José Lourenço de Moraes e (b. 1857, Castelo do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil - d. 1925, Teresina, Piauí), acting governor of Piauí (1908).

Silva, José Marcellino da Rosa e (b. June 2, 1856, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. September 1939, Recife), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1888-89).

Silva, José Moreira Alves da (b. Nov. 28, 1850, Escada, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 2, 1909, Acre territory [now state], Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1885-86), Alagoas (1886-87), and Maranhão (1888-89).

Silva, José Waldemar de Alcântara e (b. April 12, 1912, São Gonçalo do Amarante, Ceará, Brazil - d. Dec. 10, 1990, Fortaleza, Ceará), acting governor of Ceará (1978-79).

Silva, Josino do Nascimento (b. July 31, 1811, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 6, 1886, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of São Paulo (1853-54) and Rio de Janeiro (1871-72).

Silva, Luís Antônio da Gama e (b. March 15, 1913, Mojimirim, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Feb. 2, 1979, São Paulo, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was rector of the University of São Paulo (1963-69), justice and interior minister and education minister (1964), justice minister (1967-69), and ambassador to Portugal (1970-74).

Silva, Luiz Antonio Domingues da (b. June 11, 1862, Turiaçu, Maranhão, Brazil - d. July 11, 1922, São Luís, Maranhão), president of Maranhão (1910-14).

Silva, Luiz Barbosa da (b. Oct. 30, 1840, Bananal, São Paulo, Brazil - d. June 26, 1875, Passa Três, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1866-67).

Silva, Luiz Mendes da (d. Jan. 3, 1997), governor of Amapá (1964-67).

Silva, Manoel de Mattos Duarte (b. Nov. 1, 1877, Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. May 14, 1944, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio de Janeiro (1927-30).

Silva, Manoel do Nascimento Castro e (b. Dec. 25, 1788, Aracati, Ceará, Brazil - d. Oct. 23, 1846, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), finance minister (1834-37) and acting principal minister (1835) of Brazil; brother of José de Castro e Silva. He was also president of Rio Grande do Norte (1825).

Silva, Manoel do Nascimento Castro e (b. Dec. 25, 1851, Granja, Ceará, Brazil - d. Jan. 20, 1901, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), acting president (1890-91) and member of the Governing Junta (1891-92) of Rio Grande do Norte.

Silva, Manoel Joaquim Pereira da (b. 17..., Portugal - d. April 21, 1839), president of Ceará (1829-30) and Paraíba (1830-31).

Silva, Manuel Cícero Peregrino da (b. Sept. 7, 1866, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Oct. 3, 1956, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting prefect of Distrito Federal (1918-19). He was also director of the National Library (1900-24) and rector of the University of Rio de Janeiro (1926-30).

Silva, Marina, byname of Maria Osmarina Marina da Silva Vaz de Lima (b. Feb. 8, 1958, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil), Brazilian politician. She has been environment minister (2003-08, 2023- ) and a presidential candidate (2010, 2014, 2018).

Silva, Mário Gomes da (b. March 20, 1898, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. April 2, 1984, Brasília, Brazil), federal interventor in Paraná (1946-47).

Silva, Moacyr Ubirajara Moreira da (b. Sept. 25, 1897, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. 19...), federal interventor in Espírito Santo (1946-47).

Silva, Patricio José de Almeida e (b. Maranhão captaincy [now state], Brazil - d. Dec. 21, 1847, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), acting president of Maranhão (1825).

Silva, Quintiliano José da (baptized Dec. 23, 1807, Sabará, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Aug. 25, 1889, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1844-47).

Silva, Raimundo Nicolau da (d. October 1959, Amazonas state, Brazil), federal interventor in Amazonas (1946).

Silva, Raymundo José Vieira da (b. 1861?, Maranhão province [now state], Brazil - d. Feb. 27, 1928, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Piauí (1888-89); son of Luiz Antonio Vieira da Silva, visconde de Vieira da Silva.

Silva, Raymundo Theodorico de Castro e (b. 1837, Cascavel, Ceará, Brazil - d. August 1902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Piauí (1884-85).

Silva, Reinaldo Azambuja (b. May 13, 1963, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso [now in Mato Grosso do Sul], Brazil), governor of Mato Grosso do Sul (2015-23).

Silva, Renato Bayma Archer da (b. July 10, 1922, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil - d. June 20, 1996, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician; son of Sebastião Archer da Silva. He was minister of science and technology (1985-87) and social security (1987-88).

R.R. Silva

Silva, Roberto Requião de Mello e (b. March 5, 1941, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), governor of Paraná (1991-94, 2003-10). He was also mayor of Curitiba (1986-89).

Silva, Rodrigo Augusto da (b. Dec. 7, 1833, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Oct. 17, 1889, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister of Brazil (1888-89). He was also minister of agriculture (1887-88, 1889).

Silva, Romildo Magalhães da (b. April 9, 1946, Feijó, Acre, Brazil), governor of Acre (1992-95).

Silva, Samuel Figueiredo da (b. April 15, 1884, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. 1975), federal interventor in Rio Grande do Sul (1945-46).

Silva, Sebastião Archer da (b. March 26, 1883, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil - d. Aug. 25, 1974, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Maranhão (1947-51). He was also mayor of Codó (1935-41).

Silva, Sebastião Gonçalves da (b. Jan. 20, 1827, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Dec. 16, 1879, Paris, France), acting president of Paraná (1863-64) and Ceará (1867).

Silva, Sebastião Luiz Tinoco da (b. Aug. 3, 1758, Viana, Portugal - d. June 11, 1839, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), finance minister of Brazil (1823). He was also justice minister (1822, 1825-26).

Silva, Stênio Gomes da (b. Jan. 2, 1907, Baturité, Ceará, Brazil - d. July 29, 1961, Fortaleza, Ceará), acting governor of Ceará (1954-55).

Silva, Theodoro Machado Freire Pereira da (b. Sept. 25, 1832, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. May 19, 1910, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1868-69), Rio de Janeiro (1870-71), and Bahia (1885-86). He was also Brazilian minister of agriculture, commerce, and public works (1871-72).

U. Silva

Silva Calderón

Silva, (José) Ulisses (de Pina) Correia e (b. July 4, 1962, Praia, Cape Verde [now Cabo Verde]), prime minister of Cabo Verde (2016- ). He was also secretary of state for finance (1995-98) and minister of finance (1999-2000).

Silva, Vespasiano Gonçalves de Albuquerque e (b. March 3, 1852, Goiana, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. July 9, 1924, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), war minister (1912-14) and acting navy minister (1913) of Brazil.

Silva, Wanderley Vallim da (b. Aug. 12, 1936, Ituverava, São Paulo, Brazil - d. July 9, 2022, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Distrito Federal (1990-91).

Silva Calderón, Álvaro (b. 1929, Teresen, Venezuela), secretary-general of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (2002-03). He was also Venezuelan minister of energy and mines (2000-02).

Silva Campo, Gustavo (b. July 14, 1885, Combarbalá, Chile - d. Sept. 10, 1959, Santiago, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1923). He was also president of the Chamber of Deputies (1924) and ambassador to Ecuador (1941-44).

Silva Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, Pedro de (b. Aug. 18, 1945, Gijón, Asturias, Spain), president of Asturias (1983-91).

Silva Cimma

Silva Cimma, Enrique (b. Nov. 11, 1918, Iquique, Chile - d. July 14, 2012), foreign minister of Chile (1990-94).

Silva Cruz, Carlos (b. 1872, Santiago, Chile - d. 1945), war and marine minister of Chile (1920-21); brother of Raimundo Silva Cruz.

Silva Cruz, Raimundo (b. 1853, Santiago, Chile - d. Oct. 23, 1905, Madrid, Spain), Chilean minister of foreign affairs, worship, and colonization (1897-98, 1901, 1904) and interior (1899). He was also minister to Spain (1905).

Silva Herzog Flores, Jesús (b. May 8, 1935, Mexico City, Mexico - d. March 6, 2017), finance minister of Mexico (1982-86). He was also ambassador to Spain (1991-93) and the United States (1995-97) and minister of tourism (1993-94).

Silva Luján, Gabriel (b. Oct. 5, 1957, Barranquilla, Colombia), defense minister of Colombia (2009-10). He was also ambassador to the United States (1993-94, 2010-12).

Silva Nieto, Fernando (b. Nov. 24, 1950, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico), governor of San Luis Potosí (1997-2003).

Silva Peña, Eugenio (b. Oct. 5, 1896, Guatemala City, Guatemala - d. Sept. 25, 1968, Guatemala City), foreign minister of Guatemala (1945-47). He was also ambassador to the United States (1945).

Silva Santisteban (Castañeda), Antonio (b. May 31, 1884, Cajamarca, Peru - d. July 3, 1959, Lima, Peru), war minister of Peru (1944-45).

Silva Sepúlveda, Matías (b. Feb. 7, 1882, Talca, Chile - d. Feb. 7, 1951, Talca), interior minister of Chile (1936-38). He was also minister of development (1933-36) and agriculture (1934-35).

Silva Somarriva, Jorge (b. March 7, 1871, Santiago, Chile - d. Oct. 16, 1963, Santiago), finance minister of Chile (1925-26).

Silveira, Antônio Francisco Azeredo da (b. Sept. 22, 1917, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. April 27, 1990, Rio de Janeiro), foreign minister of Brazil (1974-79). He was also ambassador to Argentina (1969-74), the United States (1979-83), and Portugal (1983-85).

Silveira, Badger Teixeira da (b. March 10, 1916, Bom Jesus de Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. May 9, 1999, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio de Janeiro (1963-64).

Silveira, Carlos Balthazar da (b. June 6, 1843, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Brazil - d. May 3, 1913, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Rio de Janeiro (1891-92). He was also Brazilian navy minister (1898-99).

Silveira, Hélio Prates da (b. Oct. 29, 1920, São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 12, 1997, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul), governor of Distrito Federal (1969-74).

Silveira, Ivo (da) (b. March 26, 1918, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Aug. 2, 2007, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina), governor of Santa Catarina (1966-71).

Silveira, Joaquim Xavier da, Junior (b. Oct. 11, 1864, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil - d. March 5, 1912, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1890) and prefect of Distrito Federal (1901-02).

Silveira, Jorge Roberto Saad (b. Sept. 9, 1952, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician; son of Roberto Teixeira da Silveira. He was mayor of Niterói (1989-93, 1997-2002, 2009-13).

Silveira, Luiz Henrique da (b. Feb. 25, 1940, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. May 10, 2015, Joinville, Santa Catarina), governor of Santa Catarina (2003-06, 2007-10). He was also mayor of Joinville (1977-82, 1997-2002) and minister of science and technology (1987-88).

Silveira, Manoel Fernandes da (b. 1757, Estância, Sergipe, Brazil - d. Nov. 26, 1829, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Bahia, Brazil), president of Sergipe (1824-25).

Silveira, Manoel Sotero Vaz da (b. 1886 - d. 1949), acting federal interventor in Piauí (1946).

Silveira, Manuel Guilherme da, Filho (b. Feb. 7, 1882, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Nov. 4, 1974, Rio de Janeiro), finance minister of Brazil (1949-51). He was also president of the Bank of Brazil (1929-30 [acting], 1945-49).

M. Silveira

Silveira, Maria do Carmo (Trovoada Pires de Carvalho) (b. Feb. 14, 1961), prime minister and finance minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2005-06). She was also governor of the Central Bank (1999-2006, 2011-16) and executive secretary of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (2017-18).

Silveira, Roberto Teixeira da (b. June 11, 1923, Bom Jesus de Itabapoana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. [injuries from helicopter crash] Feb. 28, 1961, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro), governor of Rio de Janeiro (1959-61); brother of Badger Teixeira da Silveira.

Silvela (Blanco), Francisco Agustín (b. Aug. 28, 1803, Valladolid, Spain - d. Sept. 20, 1857, Madrid, Spain), interior minister (1838) and justice minister (1840) of Spain.

Silvela y de Le Vielleuze, Francisco (b. Dec. 15, 1843, Madrid, Spain - d. May 29, 1905, Madrid), prime minister of Spain (1899-1900, 1902-03); son of Francisco Agustín Silvela; brother of Manuel Silvela y de Le Vielleuze. He was also minister of interior (1879, 1890-91), justice (1884-85), foreign affairs (1899-1900), and navy (1900).

Silvela y de Le Vielleuze, Manuel (b. March 9, 1830, Paris, France - d. May 25, 1892, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (1869, 1877-79); son of Francisco Agustín Silvela. He was also ambassador to France (1884-85).

Silver

Silver, Sandy, byname of Sidney Alexander Silver (b. Oct. 15, 1969, Antigonish, N.S.), premier of Yukon (2016-23).

Silvestr, secular name Simeon (Petrovich) Kulyabka (b. 1701, Lubny, Poltava province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. April 28 [April 17, O.S.], 1761, St. Petersburg, Russia), metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1750-61). He was also bishop of Kostroma (1745-50).

Silvestre, Achille (Louis Auguste) (b. Jan. 1, 1879, Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, France - d. April 1937, Rochefort), resident-superior of Cambodia (1929 [acting], 1932-35), administrator of Kwangchowan (1929-32), and governor of French Somaliland (1935).

Silvestrini, Achille Cardinal (b. Oct. 25, 1923, Brisighella, Emilia-Romagna, Italy - d. Aug. 29, 2019, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Vatican City (1979-88). He was elevated to cardinal on June 28, 1988.

Silwal, Yadav Kant (b. January 1938, Kathmandu, Nepal), secretary-general of SAARC (1994-95). He was also Nepalese ambassador to the Soviet Union/Russia (1991-92) and foreign secretary (1992-93).

Sim Var (b. Feb. 2, 1906, Tbaung Khmum, Kompong Cham province, eastern Cambodia - d. Oct. 12, 1989, Paris, France), prime minister (1957-58, 1958) and foreign minister (1957-58) of Cambodia. He was also defense minister (1953, 1958), agriculture minister (1954-55), president of the National Assembly (1955-56), and ambassador to Japan (1958-64, 1970-74).

Sima, Hans (b. June 4, 1918, Saifnitz, Kärnten, Austria - d. Oct. 7, 2006, Klagenfurt, Kärnten), Landeshauptmann of Kärnten (1965-74).

Sima, Horia (b. July 3, 1906, Bucharest, Romania - d. May 25, 1993, Augsburg, Germany), Romanian politician. Leader of the fascist Iron Guard from 1938, he was minister of education (1940), vice premier (1940-41), and prime minister of a government in exile (1944-45). Sentenced to death in absentia in 1946, he later lived in Spain.

Sima Ekua Avomo, Lino (b. April 4, 1957, Mongomo, Spanish Guinea [now Equatorial Guinea]), Equatorial Guinean diplomat. He was ambassador to France, the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Switzerland (1990-2000) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2003-09).

Simansons, Davids (b. April 4, 1859, Valmiera parish, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. Jan. 13, 1933), defense minister of Latvia (1919). He was also commander-in-chief of the army (1919).

Simão, José Veiga (b. Feb. 13, 1929, Guarda, Portugal - d. May 3, 2014, Lisbon, Portugal), defense minister of Portugal (1997-99). He was also minister of education (1970-74) and industry and energy (1983-85) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-75).

L. Simão

Simão, Leonardo (Santos) (b. June 6, 1953, Matsinhe, Gaza province, Mozambique), foreign minister of Mozambique (1994-2005). He was also minister of health (1988-94).

Simasius, Remigijus (b. Jan. 12, 1974, Taurage, Lithuanian S.S.R.), justice minister of Lithuania (2008-12). He has also been mayor of Vilnius (2015- ).

Simati, Aunese Makoi (b. April 22, 1967, Nauru), Tuvaluan diplomat. He has been high commissioner to Fiji (2010-12) and the United Kingdom (2019- ), permanent representative to the United Nations (2012-17), and ambassador to the United States (2013-17), Belgium (2018- ), and the United Arab Emirates (2021- ).

Simbachawene, George (Boniface Taguluvala) (b. July 5, 1968), home affairs minister of Tanzania (2020- ). He was also minister of energy and minerals (2015).

Simbananiye, Artémon (b. 1935, Bururi district, Burundi), foreign minister of Burundi (1971-74). He was also minister of justice (1965-67), attorney general (1966-67), minister of national security and immigration (1967), planning (1969-74), and education (1974-76), permanent representative to the United Nations (1977-81), and ambassador to Ethiopia (1981-85).

Simbyakula, (Robert) Ngosa (b. May 13, 1954, Nalube, Southern province, Northern Rhodesia [now Zambia]), home affairs minister (2013-15) and justice minister (2015-16) of Zambia. He was also ambassador to the United States (2017-20) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2020-22).

Simelum, Maki (Stanley) (b. March 3, 1972), finance minister of Vanuatu (2013-15). He was also minister of justice and social welfare (2013).

Simeon

Simeon II, civil name Simeon (Borisov) Sakskoburggotski (b. June 16, 1937, Sofia, Bulgaria), king (1943-46) and prime minister (2001-05) of Bulgaria. When his father, Boris III, died under mysterious circumstances in 1943, the six-year-old crown prince ascended the throne under a regency including Boris' brother Prince Kirill, former war minister Lt.Gen. Nikola Mihov, and former premier Bogdan Filov. After Bulgaria left the Axis side in World War II and the Communists, aided by the Soviet Red Army, seized power in 1944, the regents were arrested and later executed as enemies of the state and collaborators with the Germans. He then ruled through another three-man regency, but a referendum on Sept. 8, 1946, resulted in the abolition of the monarchy, and Simeon and his mother, Queen Ioanna, went into exile in Egypt. In 1951, they were granted asylum by Spain. Simeon eventually married a Spanish heiress, Margarita, and worked as a business consultant. For 13 years he was chairman of the Spanish subsidiary of the French defense and electronics group Thomson CSF. He first returned to Bulgaria in 1996, and other visits followed. The Bulgarian government returned the royal residence to his family in 1998. In April 2001 he launched the National Movement Simeon II, which won 120 of 240 seats in the June parliamentary elections, and he became prime minister in July, using the surname Sakskoburggotski, derived from the name of his royal house, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He famously declared Bulgarians would have a higher standard of living within 800 days, just more than halfway through his mandate. Support for his party dropped by half when that deadline passed. In the 2005 elections his party won only 53 seats and he lost his post, although his party remained in government as part of a coalition headed by the Socialist Party.

Siméon, Joseph Balthazard, comte (b. Jan. 6, 1781, Aix-en-Provence [now in Bouches-du-Rhône département], France - d. Sept. 14, 1846, Dieppe, Seine-Inférieure [now Seine-Maritime], France), French administrator; son of Joseph Jérôme, comte Siméon. He was prefect of the départements of Var (1815-18), Doubs (1818), and Pas-de-Calais (1818-24).

Siméon, Joseph Jérôme, comte (b. Sept. 30, 1749, Aix-en-Provence [now in Bouches-du-Rhône département], France - d. Jan. 19, 1842, Paris, France), interior minister of France (1820-21). He was also president of the Council of Five Hundred (1797), interior minister (1807-08) and justice minister (1807-13) of Westphalia, prefect of Nord département (1814-15), and first president of the Court of Accounts (1837-39). He was made comte (count) in 1818.

Simeon, Seoule (Davidson), Seoule also spelled Seule (b. Oct. 10, 1970), acting president of Vanuatu (2022). He has been minister of youth and sport (2016-19) and education (2020-21) and speaker of parliament (2019-20, 2021- ).

Simeonov, Valeri (Simeonov) (b. March 14, 1955, Dolni Chiflik, Bulgaria), a deputy prime minister of Bulgaria (2017-18).

Simete, Emeni, byname of Erménégilde Narcisse Maria Simete (b. Nov. 23, 1958), president of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2005-07).

Simic, Djordje (S.) (b. Feb. 16, 1843, Belgrade, Serbia - d. Oct. 11, 1921, Zemun, Serbia), prime minister and foreign minister of Serbia (1894, 1896-97). He was also minister to Russia (1887-90), Austria-Hungary (1890-94, 1894-96, 1906-12), Italy (1900-01), and the Ottoman Empire (1903-06) and president of the State Council (1901-03).

Simic, Stanoje (b. July 16, 1893, Belgrade, Serbia - d. Feb. 26, 1970, Belgrade), foreign minister of Yugoslavia (1946-48). He was also minister (1942-43) and ambassador (1943-45) to the U.S.S.R. and ambassador to the U.S. (1945-46).

Simic, Vladimir (b. 1894, Vranje, Serbia - d. 1974, Belgrade, Serbia), president of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia (1945-53).

Simicskó, István (b. Nov. 29, 1961, Tiszalök, Hungary), defense minister of Hungary (2015-18).

Simina, Wesley W. (b. Sept. 10, 1961), governor of Chuuk (2005-11). In 2015 he was elected speaker of the Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Simitis

Simitis, Kostas, byname of Konstantinos (Georgiou) Simitis (b. June 23, 1936, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1996-2004). He participated in clandestine political activities against the 1967-74 dictatorship. From 1969 he was exiled in Germany, where he continued to be active in Greek liberation politics. When democracy was restored in 1974, he returned to Greece and became a founder of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). PASOK first became the ruling party in Greece in 1981, and he held the portfolios of agriculture (1981-85), national economy (1985-87), education (1989), and industry, energy, technology, and commerce (1993-95) during the administrations of Andreas Papandreou. He was elected to parliament in 1985 for the district of Piraeus. He criticized Papandreou for clinging to power in spite of his failing health; finally, on Jan. 18, 1996, he was elected by PASOK parliamentary deputies to succeed the ailing leader as prime minister, receiving 86 votes against 75 for Akis Tsochatzopoulos. He advocated a plan for economic stability that would help Greece follow European Union (EU) policies in preparation for an EU single currency. Following Papandreou's death in June, Simitis was also elected president of PASOK. Confident that PASOK had grown in popularity under his premiership, he called for an early election in August and was successful on September 22. He revived the economy and laid the groundwork for a settlement with Turkey and for Cyprus' admission to the European Union during the EU summit in Helsinki in 1999. Narrowly reelected in 2000, he spearheaded Greece's admission to the euro zone (Jan. 1, 2001) and cracked down on domestic extremists by dismantling the November 17 group. He retired in 2004.

Simko, Ivan (b. Jan. 1, 1955, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), justice minister (1992), a deputy prime minister (1994), interior minister (2001-02), and defense minister (2002-03) of Slovakia.

Simmonds

Simmonds, Sir Kennedy A(lphonse) (b. April 12, 1936, Basseterre, St. Kitts), premier (1980-83) and prime minister and foreign minister (1983-95) of St. Kitts and Nevis. A founding member of the People's Action Movement (PAM) in 1965, he made three unsuccessful attempts to enter the House of Assembly before winning a by-election in the Central Basseterre constituency in January 1979. The seat had become vacant on the death of the sitting member, Premier Robert Bradshaw. Simmonds was reelected in the general election of Feb. 18, 1980, when the coalition of the PAM and the smaller Nevis Reformation Party (NRP) defeated the Labour Party, which had held power for 30 years. In St. Kitts, Simmonds was in the minority, Labour winning 58% of the votes and four of the seven seats, but the NRP's two Nevis seats gave the coalition a single-seat majority. Simmonds led his country to full independence on Sept. 19, 1983. The opposition, which had claimed that Simmonds had no right to proceed to independence without holding new elections, also complained that the independence constitution gave too much power to Nevis, the lesser of the two islands in the new federation. Simmonds replied that the draft constitution, which gave Nevisians "autonomy over certain of their affairs," had been thoroughly discussed throughout the country. Simmonds' pro-business administration intended to diversify agriculture, strengthen light industry and tourism, and seek more aid from the U.S. He was also minister of home affairs (1980-95), trade, development, and industry (1980-84), and finance (1984-95). The 15-year rule of the PAM was ended in 1995 elections won by the Labour Party; Simmonds lost his seat. He was knighted in 2004.

Simmons, Sir David (Anthony Cathcart) (b. April 28, 1940), home affairs minister of Barbados (1994-2001); knighted 2001. He was also attorney general (1985-86, 1994-2001) and chief justice (2002-10).

Simmons, Sir Ira Marcus (b. March 17, 1917 - d. Oct. 5, 1974), governor of Saint Lucia (1971-74); knighted 1974.

Simões, Fulgencio Firmino (b. July 23, 1856, Alenquer, Pará, Brazil - d. Aug. 10, 1942, Belém, Pará), president of Goiás (1887-88).

Simon, François (b. Sept. 10, 1887 - d. Oct. 9, 1965), Luxembourg politician. He was minister of economic affairs and agriculture (1950-51).

Simon, François C. Antoine (b. Oct. 10, 1844, Les Cayes, Haiti - d. Jan. 10, 1923), president of Haiti (1908-11).

Simon, Ioane, justice minister of Vanuatu (2010-11). He was also minister of education (2010, 2011).

Simon, John (Allsebrook) Simon, (1st) Viscount (b. Feb. 28, 1873, Manchester, England - d. Jan. 11, 1954, London, England), British home secretary (1915-16, 1935-37), foreign secretary (1931-35), chancellor of the exchequer (1937-40), and lord chancellor (1940-45). He was knighted in 1910 and made a viscount in 1940.

Simon, Josef (b. March 10, 1921, Medlesice, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Dec. 18, 2003, Prague, Czech Republic), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1974-81). He was also minister of industry of the Czech Socialist Republic (1969-71) and minister of metallurgy and machine building (1971-73) and metallurgy and heavy machine building (1973-74) of Czechoslovakia.

Simon, Jules, byname of François Simon Jules Suisse (b. Dec. 27, 1814, Lorient, Morbihan, France - d. June 8, 1896, Paris, France), prime minister and interior minister of France (1876-77). He was also minister of public instruction, worship, and fine arts (1870-73).

M.M. Simon

P.J. Simon

Simon, Mary (Jeannie) May, née May, Inuk name Ningiukudluk (b. Aug. 21, 1947, George River [now Kangiqsualujjuaq], Que.), governor general of Canada (2021- ).

Simon, Paul (Martin) (b. Nov. 29, 1928, Eugene, Ore. - d. Dec. 9, 2003, Springfield, Ill.), U.S. politician. He was a representative (1975-85) and senator (1985-97) from Illinois and a candidate for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination.

Simon, Pedro Jorge (b. Jan. 31, 1930, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), governor of Rio Grande do Sul (1987-90). He was also Brazilian minister of agriculture (1985-86).

W. Simon

Simon, William E(dward) (b. Nov. 27, 1927, Paterson, N.J. - d. June 3, 2000, Santa Barbara, Calif.), U.S. treasury secretary (1974-77). Having made his name on Wall Street, he was appointed deputy treasury secretary in 1973. That same year he also took the helm of the new Federal Energy Office, which dealt with problems arising from the Arab oil embargo. As Pres. Richard Nixon's "energy czar," he tried to ease public anger prompted by fuel shortages which created long lines at gasoline pumps from coast to coast. In 1974, he was promoted to become treasury secretary. He spent just four months under Nixon before the embattled president resigned in the Watergate scandal. He retained his job under Pres. Gerald Ford. While some expected Simon to pursue a political career in his native New Jersey after Ford lost his bid for reelection against Jimmy Carter in 1976, he decided instead to return to the world of finance. He was also an active member of the U.S. Olympic Committee for more than 30 years, serving a four-year stint as its president (1981-85).

Y. Simon

Simon (Munaro), Yehude (Isa) (b. July 18, 1947, Chiclayo, Peru), prime minister of Peru (2008-09). He served as a lawmaker for the United Left party from 1985 to 1990 before he was accused of ties to Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) rebels by Alberto Fujimori's government. He was arrested in 1992 and served more than eight years in prison before being pardoned in 2000. He was elected president of Lambayeque region in 2003, a post he kept after assuming the premiership, until it was declared vacant in March 2009.

Simon-Sam, (Paul) Tirésias (Augustin Antoine), ci-devant duc de l'Acul du Nord (b. May 15, 1835, Grande Rivière du Nord, Haiti - d. 1916), president of Haiti (1896-1902). He was also minister of interior and agriculture (1879) and war and navy (1887-88, 1893-96).

Simoncini

Simoncini, Giacomo (b. Nov. 30, 1994, Borgo Maggiore, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2021-22).

Simonds, Gavin Turnbull Simonds, (1st) Viscount (b. Nov. 28, 1881, Reading, England - d. June 28, 1971, London, England), British lord chancellor (1951-54). He was knighted in 1937, made a life peer as Baron Simonds in 1944, and created hereditary (1st) Baron Simonds in 1952 and viscount in 1954.

Simoneau, (Guillaume Louis Antoine) Hector (b. June 25, 1866, Saint-Pierre, Martinique - d. June 20, 1954, Paris, France), acting governor of the French Settlements in Oceania (1919).

Simonen, Aarre (Edvard) (b. Nov. 18, 1913, Helsingfors [now Helsinki], Finland - d. Feb. 3, 1977, Helsinki), interior minister (1948-50) and finance minister (1956-57) of Finland. He was also minister of justice (1954, 1966-70) and trade and industry (1954-56) and deputy prime minister (1957).

Simonet, Henri (François) (b. May 10, 1931, Brussels, Belgium - d. Feb. 15, 1996), foreign minister of Belgium (1977-80). He was also mayor of Anderlecht (1966-84), minister of economic affairs (1972), and a vice president of the European Commission and commissioner for taxation and energy (1973-77).

J. Simonet

Simonis

Simonet, Jacques (b. Dec. 21, 1963, Watermaal-Bosvoorde [Watermael-Boitsfort], Belgium - d. June 14, 2007), minister-president of Brussels-Capital (1999-2000, 2004); son of Henri Simonet.

Simoni, Paul (Dominique) (b. Dec. 28, 1863, Mers-el-Kébir, Algeria - d. July 6, 1931, Paris, France), resident-superior of Tonkin (1909-12) and governor of French Somaliland (1915-16).

Simonis, Heide, née Steinhardt (b. July 4, 1943, Bonn, Germany), minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein (1993-2005).

Simonise, Jean-Robert (b. July 20, 1955, Jacmel, Haiti - d. Dec. 11, 2014), foreign minister of Haiti (1991-92).

Simonov, Nikolay (Petrovich) (b. Nov. 7, 1956), chairman of the government of Penza oblast (2015- ).

Simonovic, Ivan (b. May 2, 1959, Zagreb, Croatia), Croatian politician. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (1997-2003, 2019- ) and justice minister (2008-10).

Simonovic, Velimir (b. Sept. 7, 1928, Ravno Bucje, near Knjazevac, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia] - d. Dec. 12, 2016, Belgrade, Serbia), acting president of the National Assembly of Serbia (2004).

Simonovich, Fyodor (Fomich), governor of Georgia province (1813-15).

Simonovský, Milan (b. Feb. 17, 1949, Brno, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister of the Czech Republic (2004-06). He was also minister of transportation (2002-06).

Simons, Carlos W. (b. Oct. 8, 1954, Salt Cay, Turks and Caicos Islands), member of the Advisory Council of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1986-87).

Simons, Ernest (Charles Damien) (b. Jan. 17, 1835, Diekirch, Luxembourg - d. April 11, 1873), interior minister (1864-66) and finance minister (1866) of Luxembourg; son of Mathias Simons.

Simons, (Charles) Mathias (b. March 27, 1802, Bitburg, France [now in Germany] - d. Oct. 5, 1874, Luxembourg, Luxembourg), prime minister and foreign minister of Luxembourg (1853-60). He was also acting justice minister (1859) and president of the Council of State (1869-70).

W. Simons

Simons, Walter (b. Sept. 24, 1861, Elberfeld, Prussia [now part of Wuppertal, Germany] - d. July 14, 1937, Babelsberg [now part of Potsdam], Germany), foreign minister (1920-21) and acting president (1925) of Germany. After serving in the German foreign ministry from 1911 to 1921, he became president of the German Supreme Court (1922-29). When Pres. Friedrich Ebert died, Simons became temporary president (March-May 1925) until the election and installation of Paul von Hindenburg.

Simonsen, Mário Henrique (b. Feb. 19, 1935, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Feb. 9, 1997, Rio de Janeiro), finance minister of Brazil (1974-79). He was also minister of planning (1979).

Simonsen, Palle (Julius Skipper) (b. May 6, 1933, Sall, Denmark - d. April 16, 2014), finance minister of Denmark (1984-89). He was also minister of social affairs (1982-84).

Simonsen, Thorkild (b. July 7, 1926, Sønder Rubjerg, Denmark - d. Sept. 4, 2022, Risskov, Denmark), interior minister of Denmark (1997-2000). He was also mayor of Århus (1982-97).

Simony, Carl Frederik (b. April 28, 1806, Aalborg, Denmark - d. Nov. 30, 1872, Copenhagen, Denmark), justice minister (1855-59) and interior minister (1856) of Denmark. He was also minister of church and education (1852-53) and minister for Slesvig (1863-64).

Simony, Carl Fredrik (b. March 12, 1909, Sukkertoppen [now Maniitsoq], Greenland - d. Dec. 4, 1983), governor of North Greenland (1945-47) and South Greenland (1945-50); son of Christian Simony.

Simony, Christian (b. Aug. 15, 1881, Bredholt, Denmark - d. May 14, 1961), acting inspector of South Greenland (1924).

Simonyan, Alen (Roberti) (b. Jan. 5, 1980, Yerevan, Armenian S.S.R.), acting president of Armenia (2022). He has been chairman of the National Assembly (2021- ).

Simonyi-Semadam, Sándor (b. March 23, 1864, Csesznek, Hungary - d. June 4, 1946, Budapest, Hungary), prime minister (1920) and acting foreign and interior minister (1920) of Hungary.

Simonyte

Simonyte, Ingrida (b. Nov. 15, 1974, Vilnius, Lithuanian S.S.R.), finance minister (2009-12) and prime minister (2020- ) of Lithuania. She was a presidential candidate in 2019.

Simpson, Clarence Lorenzo (b. 1896, Royesville, Liberia - d. Jan. 22, 1969, Monrovia, Liberia), secretary of state of Liberia (1934-43). He was also speaker of the House of Representatives (1931-34), vice president (1944-52), and ambassador to the United States (1952-56) and the United Kingdom (1956-59).

Simpson Miller

Simpson Miller, Portia (Lucretia), until 1998 Portia Simpson (b. Dec. 12, 1945, Wood Hall, St. Catherine parish, Jamaica), prime minister and defense minister of Jamaica (2006-07, 2012-16). She was also minister of labour (1989-2000), welfare (1989-95), social security (1995-2000), sports (1989-93, 1995-2006), tourism (2000-02), and local government and community development (2002-06).

Simson, (Martin) Eduard (Sigismund) (from 1880:) von (b. Nov. 10, 1810, Königsberg, Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia] - d. May 2, 1899, Berlin, Germany), president of the Reichstag of Germany (1871-74).

Simson, Kadri (b. Jan. 22, 1977, Tartu, Estonian S.S.R.), Estonian politician. She has been minister of economic affairs and infrastructure (2016-19) and EU commissioner for energy (2019- ).

Simunek, Otakar (b. Oct. 23, 1908, Náchod, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. June 19, 1972, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1959-68). He was also minister of chemical industry (1951-54) and chairman of the State Planning Board (1954-60) and State Planning Commission (1960-62).

Simutis, Anicetas (b. Feb. 11, 1909, Tirksliai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. March 8, 2006, New York City), Lithuanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-94).

Simuusa

Sinatambou

Simuusa, Wylbur (Chisiya) (b. Sept. 9, 1962), foreign minister of Zambia (2013-14). He has also been minister of mines (2011-13), lands, natural resources, and environment (2013), and agriculture and livestock (2014-15) and ambassador to South Korea (2017- ).

Sin Son Ho (b. July 5, 1948), North Korean diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-14).

Sin Song (b. 1947, Prey Veng province, Cambodia - d. early March 2001), interior minister of Cambodia (1988-92). He was also minister of state affairs (1986-88) and national security (1992-93). He was arrested in Bangkok, Thailand, in November 1994, after being sentenced in absentia by a Phnom Penh court to 20 years' imprisonment for leading a failed coup in July.

Sinatambou, (Marie Joseph Noël) Étienne (Ghislain) (b. Dec. 25, 1963, Port Louis, Mauritius), foreign minister of Mauritius (2014-16). He was also minister of information technology (2005-08), technology, communication, and innovation (2016-17), and social security, national solidarity, reform institutions, environment, sustainable development, and disaster and beach management (2017-19).

Sinckler

Sinckler, Christopher (Peter) (b. Oct. 1, 1967, Barbados), foreign minister (2008) and finance minister (2010-18) of Barbados.

Sinclair, Ian (McCahon) (b. June 10, 1929, Sydney, N.S.W.), defence minister of Australia (1982-83). He was also minister of social services (1965-68), shipping and transport (1968-71), primary industry (1971-72, 1975-79), agriculture and Northern Australia (1975), special trade representations (1980), and communications (1980-82), leader of the National Party (1984-89), and speaker of the House of Representatives (1998).

Sinclair, Jonathan (William Rossiter) (b. 1970?, Seychelles), governor of Pitcairn Island (2014-17). He was also British high commissioner to New Zealand (2014-17) and Samoa (2015-17).

Sinclair, Noel G(ordon) (b. Dec. 26, 1940, Georgetown, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. Feb. 4, 2017), Guyanese diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires (1978-79) and permanent representative (1979-87) to the United Nations.

Sindermann

Sindermann, Horst (b. Sept. 5, 1915, Dresden, Germany - d. April 20, 1990, East Berlin, East Germany), East German politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1929. He was arrested in 1933 for anti-Nazi activities and spent more than a decade in prison and in the Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps. After World War II he worked as a journalist and editor for Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED) newspapers in Dresden, Chemnitz, and East Berlin until he was named to the SED Central Committee in 1959. As first secretary (1963-71) of the SED district council in Halle, he worked to develop industry in that region. He joined the Politburo as a candidate member in 1963 and gained full membership in 1967. As chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier; 1973-76), vice-chairman of the Council of State (1976-89), and president of the Volkskammer (parliament; 1976-89), he was one of East Germany's most visible officials until the Communist leadership was ousted in the 1989 pro-democracy movement. Despite the apparent importance of his posts and his position at the head of the faltering East German economy, he held little real political power. He faced possible prosecution in a judicial inquiry in 1989, but because of his declining health charges were never brought.

Sindikubwabo, Théodore (b. 1928, Zivu, Butare prefecture, Rwanda - d. c. 1998, Kinshasa, Congo [Kinshasa]?), acting president of Rwanda (1994). He was president of the National Development Council (parliament) from 1989 to 1994. He is thought to have fled to Kinshasa in late 1996 where he eventually died.

Singa Boyenge Mosambayi, Alexandre (b. Oct. 10, 1932, Ibembo, Orientale province, Belgian Congo [now in Bas-Uélé province, Congo (Kinshasa)] - d. July 22, 2001, Kinshasa), commissioner of Shaba (1978-80) and defense minister of Zaire (1988-89). He was also armed forces chief of staff (1980-85) and minister of territorial security and veterans' affairs (1989-90).

A.K. Singh

Singh, A(jay) K(umar), lieutenant governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (2013-16) and Puducherry (2014-16).

Singh, Ajai (b. Nov. 20, 1935), governor of Assam (2003-08).

Singh, (Chaudhary) Ajit (b. Feb. 12, 1939, Bhadola, Meerut district, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. May 6, 2021, Gurugram, Haryana, India), Indian politician; son of Charan Singh. He was minister of industry (1989-90), food (1995-96), agriculture (2001-03), and civil aviation (2011-14).

Datuk A. Singh

Singh, Datuk Ajit (b. Sept. 25, 1938, Muar, Johor [now in Malaysia]), secretary-general (1993-98) of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). He joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia in August 1963. He served in Malaysian missions in Canberra, Addis Ababa, and New York and held various posts in the Foreign Ministry. He was posted as ambassador to Vietnam, 1980-82; to Austria, 1982-85; Brazil (with concurrent accreditation to Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela), 1985-89; and Germany, July-November 1992. He was selected as the first secretary-general of ASEAN by ASEAN heads of state and government, effective Jan. 1, 1993. His tenure as director-general of ASEAN-Malaysia from July 1989 to July 1992 provided him with an opportunity to play an active role at various ASEAN meetings. He had hands-on experience on the multifaceted activities of ASEAN and had become familiar with various issues and challenges faced by ASEAN as it moved into a new and higher plane of intensified intra-ASEAN cooperation. Singh had wide diplomatic experience, particularly in multilateral diplomacy, having represented his country at numerous meetings of the bodies of the United Nations (UN) such as the UN General Assembly, Special Committee Against Apartheid, the Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the United Nations Commission on Narcotics and Drugs (UNCND). He also represented his country at various meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Amarinder Singh

Anshuman Singh

Singh, Amarinder (b. March 11, 1942, Patiala [now in Punjab], India), chief minister of Punjab (India) (2002-07, 2017-21); son of Yadavindra Singh.

Singh, Anshuman (b. July 7, 1935, Allahabad [now Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh], India - d. March 8, 2021, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh), governor of Gujarat (1998-99) and Rajasthan (1999-2003).

Singh, Arjan (b. April 15, 1919, Lyallpur, India [now Faisalabad, Pakistan] - d. Sept. 16, 2017, New Delhi, India), lieutenant governor of Delhi (1989-90). He was also Indian chief of the air staff (1964-69), ambassador to Switzerland and the Vatican (1971-74), and high commissioner to Kenya (1974-77).

Arjun Singh

Singh, Arjun (b. Nov. 5, 1930, Churhat, Sidhi district [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. March 4, 2011, New Delhi, India), Indian politician. Chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1980-85, 1988-89) and governor of Punjab (1985), he had the knack of bouncing back to centre-stage from near wilderness. He proved his exceptional abilities as a troubleshooter when, within hours of his reelection as chief minister, he was called upon to take the gubernatorial assignment in Punjab. He was instrumental in conducting popular elections in the strife-torn state and installing a popular ministry. He also paved the way for the Rajiv-Longowal accord that attempted to end the militancy in the state. He was union minister of commerce (1985-86), communications (1986-88), and human resources development (1991-94, 2004-09). In 1995 he and N.D. Tiwari and a few Rajiv Gandhi loyalists staged a rebellion and formed the Indira Congress, popularly known as the Congress (Tiwari) faction, but the 1996 general election proved a disaster for both the breakaway faction and the mother organization and Singh returned to the Congress.

Singh, Ashni (Kumar), finance minister of Guyana (2006-15, 2020- ).

Singh, Avtar (b. Oct. 18, 1921), Indian political officer in Sikkim (1964-66). He was also high commissioner to Kenya (1969-70) and Nigeria (1977-78) and ambassador to Switzerland (1974-77).

Singh, (Kunwar) Awadesh Pratap (b. October 1888 - d. June 16, 1967, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India), chief minister of Vindhya Pradesh (1948-49).

Balmiki P. Singh

Singh, Balmiki Prasad (b. Nov. 4, 1941), governor of Sikkim (2008-13).

Singh, Bhanu Prakash (b. June 22, 1929), governor of Goa (1991-94).

Singh, Bhanu Pratap (b. Aug. 10, 1917, Bulandshahr [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Aug. 20, 2006, Lucknow, India), governor of Karnataka (1990-91).

Singh, Bhishma Narain (b. July 13, 1933, Palamau, Bihar, India - d. Aug. 1, 2018, New Delhi, India), governor of Assam (1984-89), Meghalaya (1984-89), Sikkim (1985), Arunachal Pradesh (1987), and Tamil Nadu (1991-93) and lieutenant governor of Pondicherry (1993). He was also Indian minister of communications (1980), parliamentary affairs (1980-83), works and housing (1980-83), and civil supplies and supply (1983).

Bhopal Singh

Singh (Bahadur), Sir Bhopal (b. Feb. 24, 1884, Udaipur [now in Rajasthan], India - d. July 4, 1955, Udaipur), maharana of Udaipur (1930-47) and rajpramukh of Rajasthan (1948-55).

Singh, Bhopinder (b. March 20, 1946, Allahabad [now Prayagraj], India), lieutenant governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (2006-13) and Puducherry (2008).

Singh, Bir Bahadur (b. Jan. 18, 1935, Harnahi village [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. May 30, 1989), chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (1985-88). He was also Indian minister of communications (1988-89).

Singh, Bodhachandra (b. 1909 - d. Dec. 9, 1955), maharaja of Manipur (1941-49); son of Churachandra Singh.

Singh, (Sardar) Buta (b. March 21, 1934, Mustafapur village, Jalandhar district, Punjab, India - d. Jan. 2, 2021, New Delhi, India), home affairs minister of India (1986-89) and governor of Bihar (2004-06). He was also minister of parliamentary affairs, sports, works, and housing (1983-84), agriculture and rural development (1984-86), civil supplies, consumer affairs, and public distribution (1995-96), and communications (1998).

Singh, C(handreshwar) P(rasad) N(arain) (b. April 18, 1901, Parsgarh, Bihar, India - d. 1993), governor of Punjab (1953-58), acting governor of Tamil Nadu (1977), and governor of Uttar Pradesh (1980-85). He was also ambassador to Nepal (1949-52) and Japan (1959-60).

Charan Singh

Singh, (Chaudhary) Charan (b. Dec. 23, 1902, Noorpur, Meerut district, United Provinces [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. May 29, 1987, New Delhi, India), prime minister of India (1979-80). Joining the Indian National Congress in 1929, he was jailed several times in the years before Indian independence in 1947. He served in the United Provinces (later Uttar Pradesh) state assembly from 1937 on, held various state ministerial offices (1951-67), and became chief minister of the state (1967-68, 1970). He broke with the Congress party in 1967 and formed the agricultural-based Bharatiya Kranti Dal (Indian Revolutionary Party), which merged with others in 1974 to form the Lok Dal (People's Party). With other federal opposition leaders, he was imprisoned (1975-76) following Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's declaration of a state of emergency. In 1977 he helped forge a coalition challenging Gandhi for reelection, allying his Lok Dal with Morarji Desai's Janata Party. He served as minister of home affairs (1977-78) and deputy prime minister and finance minister (January-July 1979) in India's first non-Congress government, led by Desai; in the former capacity he decided to arrest Gandhi on charges of corruption. But the government was fractious from the outset; he broke with Desai in 1978, then rejoined him in 1979, but broke again the same year because of objections to the involvement in the coalition of a right-wing Hindu organization. In July 1979 he became prime minister with the support of Gandhi, but he served for less than a month before Gandhi withdrew her support and he then headed a caretaker government until the elections of January 1980 which returned Gandhi to power. He never again held high office, and his party fell into disarray after he suffered an incapacitating stroke in 1985.

Singh, Chaudhary Randhir (b. July 1, 1924, Bayanpur [now in Haryana], India), governor of Sikkim (1996-2001).

Singh, Churachandra (b. April 15, 1885 - d. Nov. 7, 1941), raja (1891-1918) and maharaja (1918-41) of Manipur.

Singh, Darbara (b. Feb. 10, 1916, Jandiala, Punjab, India - d. March 11, 1990, New Delhi, India), chief minister of Punjab (1980-83).

Singh, Darbara (b. Feb. 25, 1927, Chak 26 JB village, near Lyallpur [now Faisalabad], India [now in Pakistan] - d. May 24, 1998, New Delhi, India), governor of Rajasthan (1998).

Dharam Singh

Singh (Narayan Singh), Dharam (b. Dec. 25, 1936, Nelogi village, Gulbarga district, Hyderabad state [now in Karnataka], India - d. July 27, 2017, Bengaluru, India), chief minister of Karnataka (2004-06).

Digvijay Singh

Dinesh Singh

Singh, Digvijay (b. Feb. 28, 1947, Indore [now in Madhya Pradesh], India), chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1993-2003).

Singh, (Rajah) Dinesh (b. July 19, 1925, Kalakankar [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Nov. 30, 1995, New Delhi, India), foreign minister of India (1969-70, 1993-95). He was also minister of commerce (1967-69, 1988-89), industrial development and international trade (1970-71), and water resources (1988).

Singh, Gopal (b. Nov. 29, 1919, Serai Niamat Khan, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], India [now in Pakistan]), administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1984-89), lieutenant governor of Goa, Daman and Diu (1984-87), governor of Goa (1987-89), governor of Nagaland (1989-90), and acting governor of Arunachal Pradesh (1990).

Singh, (Kunwar) Govind Narayan (b. July 25, 1920, Rampur Baghelan [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. May 10, 2005, New Delhi, India), chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1967-69) and governor of Bihar (1988-89); son of Awadesh Pratap Singh.

Singh (Bahadur), Gulab (b. March 12, 1903 - d. April 13, 1950), maharaja of Rewa (1918-46).

Singh, Gurbachan (b. Feb. 9, 1923, Rawalpindi, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Oct. 7, 2012), Indian political officer in Sikkim (1974-75). He was also ambassador to Morocco (1969-70) and Switzerland (1978-81) and high commissioner to Kenya (1970-72) and Sri Lanka (1975-78).

Gurmit Singh

Singh, Gurmit (b. Feb. 1, 1956, Jalal Usman, Amritsar district, Punjab, India), governor of Uttarakhand (2021- ).

Singh, Gurumukh Nihal, Gurumukh also spelled Gurmukh (b. March 14, 1895 - d. Dec. 22, 1969, Delhi, India), chief minister of Delhi (1955-56) and governor of Rajasthan (1956-62).

Singh, (Sir) Hari (b. Sept. 23, 1895 - d. April 26, 1961, Bombay [now Mumbai], India), maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir (1925-52); knighted 1918.

Singh, Harihar Prasad (b. 1899? - d. 19...), chief minister of Bihar (1969).

Singh, Hukam (b. Feb. 28, 1926, Charkhi Dadri [now in Bhiwani district, Haryana], India - d. Feb. 26, 2015, Gurgaon [now Gurugram], Haryana, India), chief minister of Haryana (1990-91).

Singh, I(nder) J(eet) Bahadur (b. June 12, 1914 - d. 1987), Indian political officer in Sikkim (1961-64). He was also ambassador to Italy and high commissioner to Malta (1967-69) and ambassador to Egypt, Libya, and Yemen (Sana) (1969-72).

I. Singh

J. Singh

J.J. Singh

Singh, Iqbal (b. June 4, 1945, Okara Mandi, Jalandhar district, Punjab, India), lieutenant governor of Puducherry (2009-13).

Singh, Jaswant (b. Jan. 3, 1938, Jasol, Barmer district [now in Rajasthan], India - d. Sept. 27, 2020, New Delhi, India), finance minister (1996, 2002-04), foreign minister (1998-2002), and defense minister (2001) of India.

Singh, Joginder Jaswant (b. Sept. 17, 1945, Bahawalpur, India [now in Pakistan]), governor of Arunachal Pradesh (2008-13). He was India's chief of army staff in 2005-07, the first Sikh to hold the position.

Singh, K(anwar) Bahadur (b. 1910 - d. May 8, 2007, Kota, Rajasthan, India), lieutenant governor of Himachal Pradesh (1967-71).

K.N. Singh

Kalyan Singh

Singh, K(anwar) Natwar (b. May 16, 1931, Bharatpur [now in Rajasthan], India), foreign minister of India (2004-05). He was also ambassador to Poland (1971-73) and Pakistan (1980-82) and high commissioner to Zambia and Botswana (1977-80).

Singh, Kalyan (b. Jan. 5, 1932, Atrauli, Aligarh district [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Aug. 21, 2021, New Delhi, India), chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (1991-92, 1997-98, 1998-99) and governor of Rajasthan (2014-19) and Himachal Pradesh (2015).

Singh, Karan (b. March 9, 1931, Cannes, France), regent (1949-52), head of state (1952-65), and governor (1965-67) of Jammu and Kashmir; son of Hari Singh. He was also Indian minister of tourism and civil aviation (1967-73), health and family planning (1973-77), and education (1979-80) and ambassador to the United States (1989-90).

Singh, Kewal (b. June 1, 1915, Lyallpur, India [now Faisalabad, Pakistan] - d. Oct. 18, 1991, Lexington, Ky.), chief commissioner of Pondicherry (1954-56). He was also Indian chargé d'affaires in Portugal (1951-53), ambassador to Cambodia (1957-58), Sweden, Denmark, and Finland (1958-62), the Soviet Union (1966-68), West Germany (1970-72), and the United States (1976-77), and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1962-65) and Pakistan (1965-66).

Singh, Khadga Man (b. March 1907, Kathmandu, Nepal - d. 1994), foreign minister of Nepal (1952-53). He was also minister of parliamentary affairs (1951-52) and ambassador to Pakistan (1974-78).

Singh, Krishna Pal (b. Aug. 2, 1922, Birhuli [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. Sept. 27, 1999), governor of Gujarat (1996-98).

Singh, L(al) R(am) S(haran) (b. March 1907, Baikunthpur, Korea state [now in Chhattisgarh], India - d. ...), chief commissioner of Pondicherry (1958-61). He was also Indian ambassador to Brazil (1956-58), Poland (1961-64), and Italy (1964-65).

Singh, Lallan Prasad (b. July 1, 1912, Bihar, India - d. Oct. 27, 1998, Delhi, India), governor of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Nagaland (1973-81) and Tripura (1973-80). He was also Indian ambassador to Nepal (1971-73).

Singh, M(aharaj) K(umar) Priyobrata (b. Feb. 17, 1911 - d. Oct. 29, 2005, Imphal, Manipur, India), chief minister of Manipur (1947-49); son of Churachandra Singh; brother of Bodhachandra Singh.

Singh, M(airembam) Koireng (b. Dec. 19, 1915 - d. Dec. 27, 1994), chief minister of Manipur (1963-67, 1967, 1968-69).

Manmohan Singh

Singh, Manmohan (b. Sept. 26, 1932¹, Gah village, Punjab, India [now in Pakistan]), finance minister (1991-96), prime minister (2004-14), and foreign minister (2005-06) of India. He had worked at almost every level of the Indian civil service - including as head of the central Reserve Bank of India (1982-85) and also on the board of the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund - when he was tapped by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao to reel India back from the worst financial crisis in its history. In 1991 hard currency reserves had sunk so low, India was on the brink of defaulting on its foreign loans. As finance minister Singh unleashed sweeping change that broke sharply with India's state-directed economy. He began the process of abolishing what was known as the "license raj," a system of economic management ruled by government monopolies, quotas, and permits that dictated what firms could make. He devalued the rupee to spur exports, loosened foreign investment rules, opened oil refining, telecommunications, and the stock exchanges, slashed taxes, and sought to cut through red tape ensnaring companies. Foreign investors rushed in, inflation halved from 17 to 8.5%, and an economic boom was sparked. When the Congress party was voted out of power in 1996, he stayed in politics, heading the opposition in the upper house of parliament. Generally known for being honest and most-often described as soft-spoken, he was a key ally of the Gandhi family and was seen as confidant of Sonia Gandhi. He was pitchforked into the prime minister's post by the shock decision of Gandhi to turn down the role after she led Congress to a stunning upset win over the ruling Hindu nationalists in 2004. A Sikh, he became India's first non-Hindu prime minister. He remained in office after Congress won the 2009 elections.
¹ Official date. He explained that he lost his mother a few weeks after his birth, and therefore never got to know his birthday, and at the time he was enrolled in primary school an approximate date was given as his date of birth for the school records.

Singh, Markandey (b. 1925? - d. April 6, 2007, New Delhi, India), lieutenant governor of Delhi (1990-92).

Singh, Martand (b. March 15, 1923 - d. Nov. 20, 1995, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India), maharaja of Rewa (1946-47) and rajpramukh of Vindhya Pradesh (1948-49).

Singh, Nagendra (b. March 18, 1914, Dungarpur [now in Rajasthan], India - d. Dec. 11, 1988), president of the International Court of Justice (1985-88).

Singh, Naresh Chandra (b. Nov. 21, 1908 - d. Sept. 11, 1987), raja of Sarangarh (1946-47) and chief minister of Madhya Pradesh (1969).

N.B. Singh

Singh, Nongthombam Biren (b. Jan. 1, 1961, Luwangsangbam Mamang Leikai, Manipur, India), chief minister of Manipur (2017- ).

O.I. Singh

R.K.D. Singh

Singh, Okram Ibobi (b. July 19, 1948, Athokpam village, Thoubal district, Manipur), chief minister of Manipur (2002-17).

Singh, (Sir) Padam (b. 1873 - d. April 16, 1947), raja of Bashahr (1914-47); knighted 1945.

Singh, R(aj) K(umar) Dorendra (b. Sept. 30, 1934, Imphal, Manipur, India - d. March 30, 2018, Imphal), chief minister of Manipur (1974-77, 1980, 1992-93).

Singh, R(aj) K(umar) Jaichandra (b. Feb. 28, 1942 - d. June 13, 1994), chief minister of Manipur (1988-90).

Singh, R(aj) K(umar) Ranbir (b. 1929? - d. Jan. 27, 2006, Imphal, Manipur, India), chief minister of Manipur (1990-92).

Singh, Raja (Sir) Maharaj (b. May 17, 1878, Jullundur [now Jalandhar], Punjab, India - d. June 6, 1959, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India), prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir (1943) and governor of Bombay (1948-52). He was also chief minister of Jodhpur (1931-32) and agent-general for India in South Africa (1932-35). He was knighted in 1933.

Singh, Rajnath (b. July 10, 1951, Bhabhaura village, Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India), chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (2000-02) and home affairs minister (2014-19) and defense minister (2019- ) of India. He was also Indian minister of surface transport (1999-2000) and agriculture (2003-04) and president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2005-09, 2013-14).

Singh, Raman (b. Oct. 15, 1952), chief minister of Chhattisgarh (2003-18).

Ranaudip Singh

S.K. Singh

Singh (Bahadur), Ranaudip (b. April 3, 1825 - d. [assassinated] Nov. 22, 1885, Kathmandu, Nepal), prime minister of Nepal (1877-85); brother of Jang Bahadur Rana.

Singh, Rao Birendra, Birendra also spelled Birender (b. Feb. 20, 1921, Nangal, Punjab [now in Haryana], India - d. Sept. 30, 2009, Gurgaon [now Gurugram], Haryana, India), chief minister of Haryana (1967). He was also Indian minister of agriculture (1980-84) and food and civil supplies (1984-85).

Singh, Rawal Amar, dewan (1949) and chief commissioner (1949) of Manipur.

Singh, S(hilendra) K(umar) (b. Jan. 24, 1932 - d. Dec. 1, 2009, Delhi, India), governor of Arunachal Pradesh (2004-07) and Rajasthan (2007-09). He previously served as India's ambassador to Jordan, Lebanon, and Cyprus (1974-77), Afghanistan (1977-79), Austria (1982-85), and Pakistan (1985-89).

Singh, Sardar Gurnam (b. 1899 - d. [plane crash] May 31, 1973), chief minister of Punjab (1967, 1969-70).

Singh, Sardar Hukam (b. Aug. 30, 1895, Montgomery, India [now Sahiwal, Pakistan] - d. May 27, 1983, New Delhi, India), governor of Rajasthan (1967-72). He was speaker of the Lok Sabha in 1962-67.

Singh, Sardar Jogendra (b. 1903, Rae Bareli, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Feb. 9, 1979), governor of Orissa (1971-72) and Rajasthan (1972-77).

Singh, Sardar Raghbir (b. 1894 - d. Jan. 7, 1955), premier (1951-52) and chief minister (1954-55) of PEPSU.

Singh, Sardar Swaran (b. Aug. 19, 1907, Shankar village, Jalandhar district, Punjab, India - d. Oct. 30, 1994, Delhi, India), foreign minister (1964-66, 1970-74) and defense minister (1966-70, 1974-75) of India. He was also minister of works, housing, and supplies (1952-57), commerce and consumer industries (1956), steel, mines, and fuel (1957-62), railways (1962-63), food and agriculture (1963-64), and industry and supply (1964).

Singh, Sardar Ujjal (b. Dec. 27, 1895, Sindhi Sagar Doab, Punjab, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Feb. 15, 1983, New Delhi, India), governor of Punjab (1965-66) and Madras (1966-71).

Singh, Sarup (b. Jan. 9, 1917, Sanghi village, Rohtak district, Punjab [now in Haryana], India - d. Aug. 5, 2003), governor of Kerala (1990) and Gujarat (1990-95), lieutenant governor of Pondicherry (1990-93), and acting governor of Rajasthan (1991-92).

Singh, Sultan (b. Sept. 19, 1923, Majra Farmana village, Rohtak district, Punjab [now in Haryana], India - d. Dec. 16, 2014, Delhi, India), governor of Tripura (1989-90).

Singh, Tribhuvan Narain (b. Aug. 8, 1904, Varanasi [now in Uttar Pradesh], India - d. Aug. 3, 1982, Varanasi), chief minister of Uttar Pradesh (1970-71) and governor of West Bengal (1977-81).

U. Singh

Singh, Urmila (b. Aug. 6, 1946, Gondwana, Raipur district [now in Chhattisgarh], India), governor of Himachal Pradesh (2010-15).

Singh, Sir Vijay (Raghubar) (b. July 13, 1931, Ba, Viti Levu island, Fiji - d. Sept. 25, 2006, Brisbane, Australia), Fijian politician. He was first elected into the Legislative Council in British colonial Fiji in 1959. In 1965, together with Ratu Kamisese Mara, he formed Fiji's first multiracial political party, the Alliance Party. After the party's victory in the 1966 elections, he was appointed minister of social services. He played an active role in the multiparty talks held in London, which resulted in the new constitution and Fiji's independence in 1970. He served in Prime Minister Mara's government in a variety of positions, including speaker of the House of Representatives, before being appointed attorney-general in 1977, a post he held till 1979. He was knighted in 1976. Following the coup in 1987, which saw the ouster of an ethnic-Indian-dominated government, Sir Vijay campaigned for the expulsion of Fiji from the Commonwealth and succeeded. He was then barred from entering Fiji and took up residence in Australia. He returned to Fiji after the restoration of democracy.

Virbhadra Singh

Singh, Virbhadra (b. June 23, 1934, Sarahan [now in Himachal Pradesh], India - d. July 8, 2021, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh), raja of Bashahr (1947) and chief minister of Himachal Pradesh (1983-90, 1993-98, 2003-07, 2012-17); son of Padam Singh. He was also Indian minister of steel (2009-11) and micro, small, and medium enterprises (2011-12).

V.P. Singh

Singh, Vishwanath Pratap (b. June 25, 1931, Allahabad [now Prayagraj], India - d. Nov. 27, 2008, Delhi, India), prime minister of India (1989-90). As a member of the Congress Party, he became a member of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh in 1969, won election to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the federal parliament) in 1971, became a deputy minister of commerce in 1974, and was minister of commerce in 1976-77. He became chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 but resigned in 1982 when he proved unable to end violent outrages in the state. He returned to the post of commerce minister in 1983. In 1984 Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi appointed Singh finance minister. In that post he hired an American detective agency to investigate the illegal foreign assets of prominent Indians, some apparently close to Gandhi. The move irked Gandhi and in January 1987 Singh was transferred to the post of defense minister. He soon announced an investigation into alleged kickbacks paid in the purchase by the Indian navy of West German submarines. He resigned on April 12 after his investigations were squelched. By July it was clear to Gandhi that Singh's popularity was becoming a serious threat. In an effort to undermine Singh's position, on July 15 Gandhi expelled from the party three key politicians who supported Singh. Singh quickly tendered his resignation from the party. Gandhi refused it, but on July 19 he expelled him too. Singh created an alliance of centrist opposition parties called the National Front, and after the general elections of December 1989 he was able to form a coalition government together with two other major opposition parties. Though it started with enormous goodwill, antipathy between coalition partners and feuds within his own Janata Dal party left Singh little time to tackle India's problems, and he was defeated in a confidence vote in parliament on Nov. 7, 1990.

Singh, W(ahengbam) Nipamacha (b. March 1, 1930, Wangoi, Manipur, India - d. July 17, 2012, Imphal, Manipur), chief minister of Manipur (1997-2001).

Singh, Yadavindra (b. Jan. 7, 1913 - d. June 17, 1974, The Hague, Netherlands), maharaja of Patiala (1938-47) and rajpramukh of PEPSU (1948-56). He was also Indian ambassador to Italy (1965-66) and the Netherlands (1971-74) and president of the Indian Olympic Committee (1938-60).

Z. Singh

Singh, Zail, original name Jarnail Singh (b. May 5, 1916, Sandhwan, Faridkot [now in Punjab], India - d. Dec. 25, 1994, Chandigarh, India), president of India (1982-87). In 1931 he was inspired by the deeds of Bhagat Singh, a revolutionary executed by the British, and became active in the Akali Dal, a Sikh organization. His traditional studies in Sikh holy books earned him the title Giani ("learned man"). In 1938 he established the Praja Mandal, an organization allied to the Indian National Congress, in the princely state of Faridkot. This brought him a five-year jail sentence. Having nicknamed himself Jail Singh during his incarceration, he came to like the name so that he changed it only slightly to Zail and kept it. In 1946 he led a movement to assert the right of people in Faridkot to hoist the national flag. He even set up a "parallel government" and was arrested again. After India became independent in 1947, Faridkot was merged in the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), which itself was integrated with Punjab in 1956. Singh served as a minister in PEPSU and then in Punjab. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament) in 1956-62 and chief minister of Punjab in 1972-77. He continued to support Indira Gandhi after she was voted out as prime minister in 1977, and was rewarded for his loyalty when she returned to office in 1980, being named minister of home affairs. He had been elected to the Lok Sabha (lower house) from Hoshiarpur. In 1982 he was named the Congress (I) party's presidential candidate and easily defeated H.R. Khanna, becoming India's first Sikh president. Many saw it as a move by Gandhi to appease extremist Sikhs in Punjab, but if so, it had no lasting effect. Singh died after sustaining serious injuries in a car accident on Nov. 29, 1994.

Singhateh, Sir Farimang Mamadi (b. Nov. 30, 1912 - d. May 19, 1977), governor-general of The Gambia (1966-70); knighted 1966.

Sinha, Deep Narayan (b. Jan. 14, 1908 - d. June 12, 1971), acting governor of West Bengal (1969). He was chief justice of Calcutta High Court (1966-70).

Manoj Sinh

Mridula Sinhaa

Sinha, Manoj (Kumar) (b. July 1, 1959, Mohanpura, Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh, India), lieutenant governor of Jammu and Kashmir (2020- ).

Sinha, Mridula (b. Nov. 27, 1942, Chhapra village, Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India - d. Nov. 18, 2020), governor of Goa (2014-19).

S.K. Sinha

Sinha, S(rinivas) K(umar) (b. Jan. 7, 1926, Gaya, Bihar, India - d. Nov. 17, 2016, New Delhi, India), governor of Assam (1997-2003), Arunachal Pradesh (1999), and Jammu and Kashmir (2003-08). He was Indian ambassador to Nepal in 1990-91.

Sinha, Sarat Chandra (b. Jan. 1, 1914, Bhakatpara village, Dhubri district, Assam, India - d. Dec. 25, 2005, Guwahati, Assam), chief minister of Assam (1972-78).

Sinha, Satya Narayan (b. July 9, 1900, Shambhupatti, Bihar, India - d. July 26, 1983, Samastipur, Bihar), governor of Madhya Pradesh (1971-77). He was also Indian minister of parliamentary affairs (1952-67), information and broadcasting (1963-64, 1969-71), civil aviation (1964), communications (1964-67, 1969-71), and health and family planning (1967-69).

Sinha, Satyendra Narayan (b. July 12, 1917, Koima village, Aurangabad district, Bihar, India - d. Sept. 4, 2006, Patna, Bihar), chief minister of Bihar (1989).

Y. Sinha

Sinha, Yashwant (b. Nov. 6, 1937, Patna, Bihar, India), finance minister (1990-91, 1998-2002) and foreign minister (2002-04) of India.

Sinijärv, Riivo (b. May 27, 1947, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), foreign minister (1995 and [acting] 1996) and interior minister (1996-97) of Estonia. He was also minister without portfolio, responsible for European affairs (1996).

Sinimbu, João Lins Vieira Cansansão de Sinimbu, visconde de (b. Nov. 20, 1810, São Miguel dos Campos, Alagoas, Brazil - d. Dec. 22, 1906, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), foreign minister (1859-61) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (1878-80) of Brazil. He was also president of Alagoas (1840), Sergipe (1841), Rio Grande do Sul (1852-55), and Bahia (1856-58), minister to Uruguay (1843), minister of agriculture (1862-63, 1878-80), justice (1863-64), finance (1878), and war (1879), and president of the Senate (1887-88). He was created viscount in 1888.

Siniora

Sinirlioglu

Siniora, Fouad (Abdul Basset), Arabic Fu´ad `Abd al-Basit al-Sanyura (b. July 1943, Sidon, Lebanon), finance minister (2000-04) and prime minister (2005-09) of Lebanon.

Sinirlioglu, Feridun (Hadi) (b. Jan. 30, 1956, Giresun, Turkey), foreign minister of Turkey (2015). He was also ambassador to Israel (2002-07) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-23).

Sinka, Seydou (b. Aug. 19, 1970, Bobo Dioulasso, Upper Volta [now Burkina Faso]), Burkinabe diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires in the United States (2014-17) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Sinkevicius, Virginijus (b. Nov. 4, 1990, Vilnius, Lithuania), Lithuanian politician. He has been minister of economy and innovation (2017-19) and EU commissioner for environment, oceans, and fisheries (2019- ).

Sinon, Guy (Philippe François) (b. Oct. 27, 1933, Mahe island, Seychelles - d. June 30, 1991), foreign minister of Seychelles (1977-79). He was also minister of education and social development (1975-77) and administration and political affairs (1979-82).

Sinon, Peter (Guy Andrew) (b. 1966?), Seychelles politician; son of Guy Sinon and Rita Sinon. He was minister of investment, natural resources, and industry (2010-15).

Sinon, Rita (Sera Françoise), née Rusteau (b. 1943 - d. May 8, 1989, Victoria, Seychelles), internal affairs minister of Seychelles (1986-89); wife of Guy Sinon.

Sinowatz

Sinowatz, Fred (b. Feb. 5, 1929, Neufeld an der Leitha, Burgenland, Austria - d. Aug. 11, 2008, Vienna, Austria), chancellor of Austria (1983-86). He entered the Burgenland state government service in 1953, became an active member of the Socialist Party (SPÖ), and was elected to the state legislature (Landtag) in 1961. The same year he became party secretary to the Burgenland SPÖ organization. When the SPÖ won the 1964 state election, Sinowatz became first president of the Landtag. He was state spokesman on cultural affairs from 1966 until he became federal minister of education and the arts in 1971. He presided over far-reaching reforms of the Austrian school system, aimed at achieving equality of opportunity for the nation's youth. Sinowatz, having been vice-chancellor since 1981, became chancellor in May 1983 at the head of a coalition government consisting of the SPÖ and the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ). He succeeded Bruno Kreisky who resigned after the SPÖ lost its absolute majority in the April election to the Nationalrat (lower house of parliament) but had remained as SPÖ leader during the coalition negotiations with the FPÖ. Five months later, at a national convention of the SPÖ, Sinowatz was elected party chairman. During his chancellorship, Austria gained notoriety for a wine scandal in 1985, when vintners were found to have put anti-freeze in their product. He also had to navigate through popular protests against the Hainburg power plant on the Danube in 1984 and through a scandal involving arms shipments to Iraq and Iran in the early 1980s. He resigned as chancellor in 1986 after Kurt Waldheim was elected president against the SPÖ candidate. In 1988 he also resigned as party leader.

Sinunguruza

Sinunguruza, Thérence (b. Aug. 2, 1959, Rurtyazo, Burundi - d. May 8, 2020, Bujumbura, Burundi), foreign minister (2001-05) and first vice president (2010-13) of Burundi. He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-94) and justice minister (1997-2001).

Sinzogan, Benoît (b. July 14, 1930, Abomey, Dahomey [now Benin] - d. Jan. 11, 2021, Bohicon, Benin), foreign minister of Dahomey (1967-68, 1969-70). He was also minister of justice and education (1969-70).

Siöblad, Carl Georg friherre (b. Nov. 2, 1683 - d. Sept. 1, 1754, Balkäkra socken, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden), governor of Blekinge (1733-40) and Malmöhus (1740-54); son of Erik friherre Siöblad.

Siöblad, Erik friherre (b. Aug. 28, 1647, Halmstad, Halland, Sweden - d. May 31, 1725), governor of Blekinge (1683-1700) and Göteborg och Bohus (1700-11). He became friherre (baron) in 1687.

Sione, Sir Tomu (Malaefono), Tomu also spelled Toomu (b. Nov. 17, 1941, Niutao, Gilbert and Ellice Islands [now in Tuvalu] - d. April 2016), governor-general of Tuvalu (1993-94); knighted 2001. He was also minister of commerce and natural resources (1975-81) and natural resources and home affairs (1989-93) and speaker of parliament (1998-2002).

Sipilä

Sipilä, Juha (Petri) (b. April 25, 1961, Veteli, Finland), prime minister of Finland (2015-19). He was also leader of the Centre Party (2012-19) and speaker of the Eduskunta (2015).

Sipötz, Johann (b. Oct. 10, 1941, Pamhagen, Germany [now in Burgenland, Austria]), Landeshauptmann of Burgenland (1987-91).

Sipyagin, Dmitry (Sergeyevich) (b. March 20 [March 8, O.S.], 1853, Kiev, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [assassinated] April 15 [April 2, O.S.], 1902, St. Petersburg, Russia), interior minister of Russia (1899-1902). He was also governor of Courland (1888-91) and Moscow (1891-93).

V. Sipyagin

Sipyagin, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) (b. Feb. 19, 1970, Kharkov, Ukrainian S.S.R.), governor of Vladimir oblast (2018-21).

Siqueira, Alexandre Joaquim de (b. Dec. 19, 1814, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 15, 1874, Vassouras, Rio de Janeiro), president of Minas Gerais (1850).

Siqueira, Antonio Joaquim de (b. 1805, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. March 8, 1859, Rio de Janeiro), president of Rio Grande do Norte (1848) and Espírito Santo (1849).

Siqueira, João Bonifacio Gomes de (b. May 13, 1816, Jaraguá, Goiás, Brazil - d. June 17, 1901, Goiás, Goiás), acting president of Goiás (1857, 1862-63, 1864-65, 1867-68, 1870-71, 1871).

Siqueira, Otávio Lage de (b. Dec. 28, 1924, Buriti Alegre, Goiás, Brazil - d. [car accident] July 14, 2006, Goiânia, Goiás), governor of Goiás (1966-71).

Sirajuddin

Sirajuddin ibni al-Marhum Syed Putra Jamalullail, Syed (b. May 16, 1943, Arau, Perlis [now in Malaysia]), raja of Perlis (2000- ) and yang di-pertuan agong (head of state) of Malaysia (2001-06). He is the second child of Syed Putra Jamalullail (raja of Perlis, 1945-2000) and Raja Perempuan Tengku Budriah Tengku Ismail. He is a Sandhurst-trained cadet officer who served as a lieutenant in the armed forces until Dec. 31, 1969. He married Tengku Fauziah Tengku Abdul Rashid on Feb. 15, 1967. The couple have a son, Syed Faizuddin (b. Dec. 30, 1967), and daughter, Sharifah Fazira (b. June 5, 1973). Syed Sirajuddin was appointed the Raja Muda (crown prince) on Oct. 30, 1960. He became regent for the first time when Syed Putra went on an extended European trip between June 3 and Oct. 24, 1967. He became raja after the death of his father in April 2000.

Sircar

Siregar

Sircar, Jamiruddin (b. Dec. 1, 1931, Tetulia upazila [subdistrict], Panchagarh district, Bengal, India [now in Bangladesh]), acting president of Bangladesh (2002). He was speaker of parliament in 2001-08.

Siregar, Raja Inal (b. March 5, 1938, Medan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sumatera Utara, Indonesia] - d. [plane crash] Sept. 5, 2005, Medan), governor of Sumatera Utara (1988-98).

Sireteanu(-Vragaleva), Veronica (b. Nov. 4, 1985, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), finance minister of Moldova (2023- ).

Sirisena, H(ewa) G(ampalage), chief minister of Southern province, Sri Lanka (2001-04).

M. Sirisena

Sirisena, (Pallewatte Gamaralalage) Maithripala (Yapa) (b. Sept. 3, 1951, Yagoda village, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka]), president of Sri Lanka (2015-19). He was also minister of Mahaweli development (1997-2001), river basin development and Rajarata development (2004-05), agriculture, environment, irrigation, and Mahaweli development (2005-07), agricultural development and agrarian services development (2007-10), health (2010-14), defense, Mahaweli development, and environment (2015-19), law and order (2018-19), and youth affairs (2018).

Sirko, Ivan (Nikolayevich) (b. May 12, 1900, Kinashev, Galicia, Austria [now Kynashiv, Ivano-Frankivsk oblast, Ukraine] - d. Nov. 3, 1976), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1932-33).

Sirleaf, Momolu (V. Sackor), foreign minister of Liberia (1995-96).

Siroký, Viliam (b. May 31, 1902, Pressburg, Hungary [now Bratislava, Slovakia] - d. Oct. 6, 1971, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy premier (1945-53), foreign minister (1950-53), prime minister (1953-63), and acting president (1957) of Czechoslovakia.

Sirotkovic, Jakov (b. Feb. 7, 1922, Rab island, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Nov. 1, 2002, Zagreb, Croatia), chairman of the Executive Council of Croatia (1974-78).

Sirri, Hussein, 1936-52 Hussein Sirri Pasha (b. Dec. 21, 1892, Cairo, Egypt - d. Jan. 6, 1961, Cairo), war and marine minister (1939, 1952), finance minister (1939-40), prime minister (1940-42, 1949-50, 1952), foreign minister (1940-41, 1949-50, 1952), and interior minister (1940-42, 1949-50) of Egypt. He was also minister of public works (1937-39, 1940) and communications (1940).

Sisavang

Sisavang Vong (b. July 14, 1885, Luang Phra Bang, Luang Phra Bang [now Luang Prabang, Laos] - d. Oct. 29, 1959, Luang Prabang), king of Luang Phra Bang (1904-45, 1946) and of Laos (1945, 1946-59). He succeeded to the throne of Luang Phra Bang (in northern Laos) in 1904 following the death of his father, King Sakkarin. He had about 15 wives and about 50 children, though he lost 14 children as a result of a canoe accident in 1931. He ruled peacefully under French protection until World War II. The Vichy government of France allowed the Japanese to use Laos as a base of military operations, and Japan declared Laos independent in March 1945. Japan surrendered to the Allies the following August, and France began to reassert its authority over its empire. The Lao Issara (Free Laos) party declared Laos a united independent state in September but Sisavang Vong did not accept the provisional constitution drawn up in October and was forced to abdicate. French troops arrived in Indochina in early 1946 and forced the Lao Issara government into retreat. Sisavang Vong was reestablished as king of Luang Phra Bang in May and of a unified Laos in August. He sponsored a constitution that made Laos a parliamentary monarchy in May 1947. Laos signed a treaty with France in July 1949 that granted the kingdom limited self-government within the French Union. Pro-Communist Pathet Lao rebels were assisted by Viet Minh troops in an invasion of Laos in 1953. The king refused to leave the capital as the rebels advanced. The rebels withdrew before reaching the capital. In October 1953, while on a visit to France, he signed with French president Vincent Auriol a treaty establishing the full sovereignty of Laos.

Sisavath

Sisavath Keobounphanh (b. May 1, 1928, Houay Kaleum village, Houaphan province, Laos - d. May 12, 2020), prime minister of Laos (1998-2001). He was regarded as a conservative leader. He commanded the Lao army that fought a border war with Thailand in 1988 and was interior minister (1982-86), agriculture minister (1991-96), and vice president (1996-98). In a 2001 reshuffle, he was forced to resign as prime minister to take responsibility for the mismanagement of the impoverished Asian nation's economy.

Sisay, Sheriff (Saikouba) (b. 1935, Niamina district, Gambia - d. March 4, 1989, London, England), finance minister (1962-67, 1982-89) and foreign minister (1967-68) of The Gambia.

Sisi

Sisi, Abdel Fattah (Saeed Hussein Khalil) al-, Arabic `Abd al-Fattah (Sa`id Husayn Khalil) al-Sisi (b. Nov. 19, 1954, Cairo, Egypt), defense minister (2012-14) and president (2014- ) of Egypt. He graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1977 and advanced through the ranks to command a mechanized infantry division and then served as commander of Egypt's northern military region. Following the ouster of Pres. Hosni Mubarak after an uprising in early 2011, he was appointed director of military intelligence. He was also the youngest member of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), a body of senior military officers that took over the government after Mubarak's departure. He became defense minister and commander of the armed forces in August 2012 when the recently elected president, Mohamed Morsy, managed to force the most senior members of the SCAF into retirement and then promoted the little-known Sisi to the top position. In the summer of 2013, a protest movement dubbed Tamarrud ("Rebellion") demanding the removal of Morsy reached an intensity not seen since the ouster of Mubarak. On July 1 Sisi issued an ultimatum to Morsy to resolve the crisis within 48 hours or face military intervention. When Morsy refused to step down or agree to early elections, on July 3 the military deposed him and put him under arrest. A figurehead president was installed, but it was clear that Sisi, who retained the title of defense minister, wielded power. The coup was condemned by Morsy's supporters in the Muslim Brotherhood. In subsequent weeks, Sisi launched a campaign to demolish the Muslim Brotherhood as a political force. The situation soon exploded into violence; more than 50 people were killed in a confrontation between police and protesters in July, and hundreds more in August when security forces moved to disperse sit-ins. However, Sisi soon found significant political support. A variety of political groups were formed to tout him as a strong leader and urge him to seek the presidency. Sisi initially denied having any desire to hold the office, but in March 2014 he announced that he would resign from the military to run for president. He was the overwhelming favourite, many of the most-prominent figures in Egyptian politics having already ruled out running. As expected, Sisi easily defeated his only opponent, the leftist Hamdeen Sabahi, in May. He won another practically uncontested election in 2018. In 2019-20 he was chairman of the African Union.

Sisilo, Robert (b. 1956), Solomon Islands diplomat. He has been ambassador to Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands and high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1996-2004), permanent representative to the United Nations (2017-19), ambassador to the United States (2017-19), and high commissioner to Australia (2020- ).

Sisniega Otero (Barrios), Lionel (b. March 16, 1925, Guatemala City, Guatemala - d. Sept. 17, 2012, Guatemala City), Guatemalan politician; great-grandson of Justo Rufino Barrios. He was a minor presidential candidate in 1985.

Sison, Michele J(eanne) (b. May 27, 1959, Arlington, Va.), U.S. diplomat. She was ambassador to the United Arab Emirates (2005-08), Lebanon (2008-10), Sri Lanka and Maldives (2012-14), and Haiti (2018-21) and chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (2017).

Sisouk na Champasak (b. March 29, 1928, Pakse, Champasak [now in Laos] - d. May 10, 1985, Garden Grove, Calif.), finance minister (1964-74) and defense minister (1970-75) of Laos. He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1961-63) and ambassador to India (1963-64).

Sisowath

Sisowath, also spelled Sisovath, or Si Suvata (b. Sept. 7, 1840, Battambang, Cambodia - d. Aug. 9, 1927, Phnom Penh, Cambodia), king of Cambodia (1904-27). With his half-brother Norodom, he was educated at Bangkok; the Thai kingdom, with Vietnam, was holding Cambodia in vassalage and choosing Cambodian sovereigns. When his father, King Ang Duong, died in 1860, he went to the old Cambodian capital Oudong, just north of Phnom Penh, to force out his younger half-brother Si Votha and prevent him from seizing the throne. However, the Thais recalled him to Bangkok and enthroned Norodom, seen as more compliant. Sisowath instead became obbareach ("second king," or heir presumptive). The French secured the protectorate over Cambodia in an 1863 treaty with Norodom, and Sisowath withdrew to Saigon, where he was subsidized by the French, enabling them to control Norodom by the threat of his potential replacement by Sisowath. In 1867 Sisowath left Saigon to quell anti-French uprisings in Cambodia. He made clear his readiness to accede to French direction. When Norodom died in 1904, Sisowath succeeded to the throne. He was crowned in 1906, in which year he also visited France, accompanied by a large suite; he attended the Colonial Exhibition at Marseille and afterwards came to Paris, where he was accorded a very cheerful reception. Throughout his reign, he supported the French resident with consistent friendship and was himself regarded as one of the most enlightened personages in his realm. During World War I he assisted in recruiting labourers and soldiers for France. In 1916 he managed to calm peasant protests against the corvée system.

Sisowath Duong Chivin, Prince (b. 1933 - d. [killed] April 17, 1975), Cambodian politician; son of Sisowath Monivong; son-in-law of Sisowath Sirik Matak. He was governor of Kampot (1970-71) and minister of agriculture (1973-74).

Sisowath Essaro, Prince (b. May 2, 1920, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. Aug. 12, 2004, Paris, France), Cambodian politician; brother of Sisowath Sirik Matak and Prince Sisowath Methavi. He was minister of education and information (1954).

Sisowath Methavi, Prince (b. c. 1917, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. [killed] 1978, Cambodia), Cambodian diplomat; brother of Sisowath Sirik Matak. He was ambassador to East Germany (1970 and [for Sihanouk government] 1974-76).

Sisowath Monipong, Samdech Krom Luong (b. Aug. 20, 1912, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. Aug. 31, 1956, Paris, France), prime minister of Cambodia (1950-51); son of Sisowath Monivong. He was also minister of foreign affairs and education (1945-46), interior and information (1950), and health, labour, and social action (1951) and high commissioner to France (1955-56).

Sisowath Monireth, Prince (b. Nov. 25, 1909, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. [executed] September 1975), prime minister (1945-46) and chairman of the Regency Council (1960) of Cambodia; son of Sisowath Monivong. He was also interior (1945-46) and defense (1945-46, 1956) minister and high commissioner to France (1952-55).

Sisowath Monivong

Sisowath Monivong (b. Dec. 27, 1875, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. April 23, 1941, Phnom Penh), king of Cambodia (1927-41); son of Sisowath.

Sisowath Poracsi, Prince (b. May 1, 1921, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. [killed] 1975), Cambodian politician; great-grandson of Sisowath. He was minister of agriculture (1961) and labour and social action (1961-62).

Sisowath Sirik Matak (b. Jan. 22, 1914, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. [executed] April 21, 1975, Phnom Penh), prime minister of Cambodia (1972). He was also governor of Pursat (1948-49), minister of defense (1953, 1955-56, 1957-58, 1971-72), posts and telecommunications (1953), foreign affairs (1953), education (1956, 1964-66), and information and tourism (1957-58), ambassador to China and Mongolia (1962-64) and Japan (1966-69), a deputy prime minister (1969-71), and prime minister-delegate (1971-72). He renounced his title of prince with the proclamation of the republic in 1970.

Sisowath Sirirath, Prince (b. June 21, 1946, Kompong Siem, Cambodia), co-defense minister of Cambodia (1998-2004); son of Sisowath Sirik Matak. He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-97).

Sisowath Watchayavong, Prince (b. Sept. 13, 1891, Phnom Penh, Cambodia - d. Jan. 30, 1972, Phnom Penh), prime minister of Cambodia (1947-48). He was also justice minister (1946-48).

Sisowath Youtevong, Prince (b. 1913, Oudong, Cambodia - d. July 17, 1947, Phnom Penh, Cambodia), prime minister and interior minister of Cambodia (1946-47).

Sissoko, Charles Samba (b. Jan. 5, 1932, Kaolack, Senegal - d. July 18, 2000, Bamako, Mali), foreign minister of Mali (1970-78). He was also minister of defense, interior, and security (1968-70).

L. Sisulu

Sisulu, Lindiwe (Nonceba), former married name Lindiwe Sisulu-Guma (b. May 10, 1954, Johannesburg, South Africa), defense minister (2009-12) and international relations minister (2018-19) of South Africa; daughter of Walter Sisulu. She has also been minister of intelligence (2001-04), housing (2004-09), public service and administration (2012-14), human settlements (2014-18), human settlements, water, and sanitation (2019-21), and tourism (2021- ).

Sisulu, Max (Vuyisile) (b. Aug. 23, 1945, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa), speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa (2009-14); son of Walter Sisulu.

W. Sisulu

Sisulu, Walter (Max Ulyate) (b. May 18, 1912, Engcobo, South Africa - d. May 5, 2003, Johannesburg, South Africa), South African political activist. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1940. With Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo he formed the ANC Youth League in 1944, hoping to press the older leadership to adopt more aggressive tactics. With the league's backing, he became ANC secretary general (1949-55). He helped organize the 1952 "defiance campaign," a program of civil disobedience against apartheid laws. Initially a staunch black nationalist, he began softening his views after groups representing other races helped the ANC with the defiance campaign. In 1953 he officially advocated the ANC philosophy of non-racialism. He was charged in December 1956 with treason, along with Mandela and 154 other South Africans of all races who had supported the Freedom Charter, calling for a nonracial democracy and a socialist-based economy. All were acquitted in 1961 after a five-year trial. In March 1963 he was convicted of furthering the aims of the ANC - banned three years earlier - and encouraging blacks to strike. He was sentenced to six years in prison and placed under house arrest while appealing. He went underground and joined the ANC's guerrilla wing, exasperating the government when he used a secret ANC transmitter to send a pirate radio message exhorting the nation to unite against apartheid. In July he was arrested at the ANC's secret headquarters in Rivonia, outside Johannesburg. Sisulu and Mandela were convicted in 1964 of plotting anti-government sabotage in a highly publicized trial. The death penalty was expected, but under international pressure, the judge issued life sentences. Both were sent to the notorious Robben Island prison off Cape Town. Sisulu was released in 1989.

Sitai, David (Wote) (b. 1949), foreign minister of the Solomon Islands (1996-97, 2001). He was also minister for national planning and development (1994-96).

Sitaldin, Sunil Algram (b. Aug. 20, 1968, Paramaribo, Suriname), Surinamese diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2022- ).

Sitaramayya

Sitaramayya, B(hogaraju) Pattabhi (b. Nov. 24, 1880, Gundugolanu, West Godavari district, Madras province [now in Andhra Pradesh state], India - d. Dec. 17, 1959, Hyderabad, India), governor of Madhya Pradesh (1952-57).

Sitaryan, Stepan (Aramaisovich) (b. Sept. 27, 1930, Manes, Armenian S.S.R. [now Alaverdi, Armenia] - d. Aug. 3, 2009, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was a deputy premier (1989-91).

Sitaula, Krishna Prasad (b. Nov. 9, 1949, Sankranti, Terhathum district, Nepal), home affairs minister (2006-08) and a deputy prime minister and defense and justice minister (2012) of Nepal.

Sitek, Ján (b. June 19, 1956, Trstená, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), defense minister of Slovakia (1994-98).

Sithanen, Rama(krishna) (b. April 21, 1954), finance minister of Mauritius (1991-95, 2005-10). He was also a vice prime minister (2005-10).

Sitharaman, Nirmala (b. Aug. 18, 1959, Madurai, Madras [now Tamil Nadu] state, India), defense minister (2017-19) and finance minister (2019- ) of India. She was also minister of state (independent charge) for commerce and industry (2014-17).

Sithole

Sithole, Ndabaningi (b. July 21, 1920, Nyamandhlovu, Matabeleland, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe] - d. Dec. 12, 2000, Philadelphia, Pa.), Zimbabwean politician. The publication of his book African Nationalism (1959) and its immediate banning by the Rhodesian government brought him a rapturous audience and secured his immediate political future. He was founding president in 1963 of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) party, which was banned in 1964. Nicknamed Magigwana (Zulu for warrior), he was an early advocate of guerrilla war against the white minority government. He was detained for his political activities in 1964-74. In Salisbury Prison in 1968, he wrote letters to colleagues in exile in Zambia, urging them to find someone to assassinate Smith and his cabinet. His courier was a Rhodesian special branch informer who had the letters photocopied before passing them on. Sithole was tried and convicted the following February. After the verdict he renounced the armed struggle; this obtained for him a relatively short sentence of six years but destroyed his political career. Robert Mugabe ousted Sithole as ZANU leader in August 1974, charging him with "selling out" the struggle for black majority rule. Sithole later formed his own ZANU-Ndonga party. He joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, but his small opposition group failed to win any seats in elections that swept Mugabe to power in 1980. In 1983 he declared that his life was in danger from Mugabe's party, and he subsequently went into self-imposed exile (settling in Silver Spring, Md.), but he returned in 1992. He was elected to parliament in 1995. In December 1997 he was convicted of conspiring to kill Mugabe in 1995; he was granted an appeal, but as his health deteriorated the case was set aside.

Sitnikov

Sitnikov, Sergey (Konstantinovich) (b. Jan. 18, 1963, Kostroma, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kostroma oblast (2012- ).

Situmorang, Sodjuangon (b. June 7, 1950, Tarutung, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia), acting governor of Kalimantan Tengah (2005) and Papua (2006).

Siurob Ramírez, José (b. Nov. 11, 1886, Querétaro, Mexico - d. Nov. 5, 1965, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Querétaro (1915), Guanajuato (1915-16), and Quintana Roo (1927-30) and chief of government of the Distrito Federal (1938-39).

Siuruainen, Eino (Olavi) (b. March 20, 1943, Pudasjärvi, Finland), governor of Oulu (1991-2009).

Sivakou, Yury (Leanidavich) (b. Aug. 5, 1946, Onory, Sakhalin, Russian S.F.S.R.), interior minister of Belarus (1999-2000). He was also minister of sports and tourism (2003-05).

Sivero-Odoyevsky, Opanas (Semenovych), Russian Afanasy (Semyonovich) Severov-Odoyevsky (b. 1884, Aleksandrovsk, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [executed] Aug. 26, 1938, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), member of the All-Ukrainian Bureau for Directing the Partisan Resistance Against the German Occupiers (1918).

Sivers, Fyodor (Fyodorovich), German Friedrich Wilhelm von Sivers (b. July 26, 1748, Euseküll manor, Russia [now in Mulgi municipality, Estonia] - d. Dec. 27, 1823, Ranzen, Russia [now Renceni, Latvia]), governor of Courland (1811-14) and Volyn (1816).

Siwicki, Florian (b. Jan. 10, 1925, Luck, Poland [now Lutsk, Ukraine] - d. March 11, 2013, Warsaw, Poland), defense minister of Poland (1983-90). He was also chief of the general staff (1973-83).

Six, Willem (b. Aug. 20, 1829, Utrecht, Netherlands - d. Feb. 15, 1908, The Hague, Netherlands), king's commissioner of Zeeland (1876-79) and interior minister of the Netherlands (1879-82).

Sjaastad, Anders C(hristian) (b. Feb. 21, 1942, Oslo, Norway), defense minister of Norway (1981-86).

Sjaastad, Gustav Adolf (b. April 6, 1902, Skogn, Nordre Trondhjems amt [now in Trøndelag fylke], Norway - d. May 7, 1964), governor of Nord-Trøndelag (1959-64). He was also Norwegian minister of justice (1954-55) and industry (1955-59).

Sjachroedin Z(aenal) P(agaralam) (b. Feb. 7, 1947, Tanjungkarang [now Bandar Lampung], Lampung, Indonesia), governor of Lampung (2004-08, 2009-14).

Sjahrir, Sutan (b. March 5, 1909, Padangpandjang, Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. April 9, 1966, Zürich, Switzerland), prime minister and foreign minister (1945-47) and home affairs minister (1945-46) of Indonesia.

Sjarifoeddin

Sjarifoeddin, Amir, modern spelling Syarifuddin (b. 1903 - d. Dec. 20, 1948), prime minister of Indonesia (1947-48). He was also minister of information and internal security (1945-46) and defense (1946-48). He was executed for his complicity in a Communist uprising against President Sukarno's rule.

Sjöcrona, Cornelius (Alexander) (b. Oct. 22, 1835, Hardeberga socken, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. June 30, 1917, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Skaraborg (1879-1906).

Sjögren

Sjögren, Katrin (b. Feb. 2, 1966), lantråd of the Åland Islands (2015-19). She was also minister of social affairs and environment (2007-11).

Skaff, Elias (Joseph), also called Elie Skaff (b. Oct. 11, 1948, Zahle, Lebanon - d. Oct. 10, 2015, Beirut, Lebanon), Lebanese politician; son of Joseph Skaff. He was minister of industry (2003-04) and agriculture (2004-05, 2008-09).

Skaff, Joseph (Tohme) (b. April 20, 1922, Zahle, Lebanon - d. Nov. 5, 1991, Paris, France), defense minister of Lebanon (1974-75, 1979-82). He was also minister of agriculture (1955-56, 1961-64, 1979-80), health and social affairs (1957-58), social affairs and labour (1960-61), hydraulic and electrical resources (1972-74), and information (1984-87).

Skaiste, Gintare (b. Aug. 4, 1981, Kaunas, Lithuanian S.S.R.), finance minister of Lithuania (2020- ).

Skakov, Abylkair (Baktybayevich) (b. July 9, 1974, Aktogay district, Pavlodar oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Pavlodar oblast (2020-22).

Skalický, Jirí (b. April 26, 1956, Kolín, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister of the Czech Republic (1997-98). He was also minister of administration and privatization of state property (1992-96) and environment (1996-98) and chairman of the Civic Democratic Alliance (1997-98).

Skalon, Aleksandr (Antonovich) (b. March 25, 1796 - d. Sept. 6, 1851), governor of Georgia-Imereti (1841-43).

Skalon, Georgy (Antonovich) (b. Nov. 5 [Oct. 24, O.S.], 1847, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Feb. 14 [Feb. 1, O.S.], 1914, Warsaw, Poland, Russian Empire), governor-general of Warsaw (1905-14); second nephew of Nikolay Skalon.

Skalon, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 15 [Nov. 3, O.S.], 1809 - d. Nov. 14 [Nov. 2, O.S.], 1857), governor of Mogilyov (1854-57); cousin of Aleksandr Skalon.

Skalon, Yevstafy (Nikolayevich) (b. Sept. 21 [Sept. 9, O.S.], 1845 - d. July 3, 1902, Berlin, Germany), governor of Estonia (1894-1902); son of Nikolay Skalon.

Skancke, Ragnar (Sigvald) (b. Nov. 9, 1890, Ås, Norway - d. [executed] Aug. 28, 1948, Oslo, Norway), Norwegian politician. He was acting councillor of state (from 1941, minister) of church and education during the 1940-45 German occupation.

Skare-Ozbolt, Vesna (b. June 20, 1961, Osijek, Croatia), justice minister of Croatia (2003-06). She was a minor presidential candidate in 2009.

Skarphédinsson, Fridjón (b. April 15, 1909, Oddsstadir, Iceland - d. March 31, 1996, Reykjavík, Iceland), justice, agriculture, and social affairs minister of Iceland (1958-59). He was also president of the Althing (1959-63).

Ö. Skarphédinsson

Skarphédinsson, Össur (b. June 19, 1953, Reykjavík, Iceland), foreign minister of Iceland (2009-13). He was also minister of environment (1993-95), industry (2007-09), and Nordic cooperation (2007-08).

Skarpnes, Oluf (b. Dec. 26, 1932, Smøla, Møre [now Møre og Romsdal], Norway - d. Dec. 29, 2019), governor of Vest-Agder (1982-98).

Skate

Skate, Sir William (Jack), known before knighthood as Bill Skate (b. Sept. 26, 1953, Ara'ara village, Baimuru district, Gulf province, Papua New Guinea - d. Jan. 3, 2006, Brisbane, Australia), prime minister of Papua New Guinea (1997-99). He became general manager of the National Capital District Commission (NCDC) in 1987 and also an adviser to the Paias Wingti government. He entered parliament in 1992 and immediately became speaker. His support was essential to Wingti regaining the prime minister's position. In August 1994 Skate resigned as speaker and the following month was elected deputy opposition leader on the change of government. He formed his own political party, the People's National Congress. He resigned in July 1995 to become the first governor of NCDC. As governor, he promoted civic beautification projects. In the 1997 elections he retained his NCD seat and became the first prime minister from Papua. He also was minister of defence (1997-98) and communications (1998). He negotiated peace with the rebels on Bougainville, but a controversial deal struck with Taiwan in an attempt to revive the country's fledgling economy led to his resignation in 1999. In 2002 he became parliament speaker again and by that virtue became acting governor-general when that post fell vacant in 2003. After serving in the vice-regal post for six months while attempts to elect a new governor-general were twice overruled by the courts, he announced in 2004 that he would relinquish his post as acting governor-general and resume the speakership. Some believed that this was not legally possible, and the Ombudsman Commission directed him to return to Government House, which he defied, telling the ombudsman he was on "leave of absence" from his role as speaker. The parliament then ousted him as speaker in a motion of no confidence. He was knighted (K.C.M.G.) in January 2005.

Skau, Bjørn (b. Feb. 26, 1929, Borre [now part of Horten], Vestfold [now in Vestfold og Telemark], Norway - d. March 2, 2013, Fredrikstad, Østfold [now in Viken], Norway), justice minister of Norway (1981).

Skauge, Arne (b. Jan. 27, 1948, Bergen, Norway), finance minister of Norway (1986, 1989-90). He was also minister of trade and shipping (1981-83).

Skavronsky, Graf (Count) Pavel (Martynovich) (b. May 17, 1757 - d. Nov. 23, 1793, Naples, Kingdom of Sicily [now in Italy]), Russian diplomat; grandnephew of Yekaterina I. He was minister to Sicily (1785-93).

Skeel, Erik Vilhelm Robert (b. Feb. 22, 1818, Rørby, Denmark - d. Nov. 5, 1884, Copenhagen, Denmark), interior minister of Denmark (1875-84).

Skegro, Borislav (b. March 17, 1955, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina), finance minister of Croatia (1997-2000). He was also a deputy prime minister (1993-2000).

Skele

Skele, Andris (b. Jan. 16, 1958, Ape, Latvian S.S.R.), prime minister (1995-97, 1999-2000) and acting finance minister (1996-97, 1997) of Latvia. A no-nonsense businessman, he was credited with giving a big push to the reforms Latvia launched after quitting the Soviet Union in 1991. His main achievements were speeding privatization and getting state finances in order by forcing through balanced budgets. He was forced to resign in 1997 after a string of ministerial resignations amid corruption scandals. He was also involved in increasingly bitter rows with the seven parties that formed his government, making his position untenable. He became prime minister again in 1999 but again resigned in April 2000 over a privatization row within his three party centre-right coalition government.

Skelemani

Skelemani, Phandu (Tombola Chaha) (b. Jan. 5, 1945, Mapoka village, Bechuanaland [now Botswana]), defense minister (2007-08) and foreign minister (2008-14) of Botswana. He was also minister of presidential affairs and public administration (2004-07).

Skembarevic, Branislav (b. 1920 - d. Jan. 15, 2003), president of the Presidency of Kosovo (1985-86).

Skerrit

Skerrit, Roosevelt (b. June 8, 1972, Vieille Case, Dominica), prime minister (2004- ), finance minister (2004-22), and foreign minister (2007-08, 2010-14) of Dominica.

Skinner, Carlton S. (b. April 8, 1913, Palo Alto, Calif. - d. June 22, 2004, Boston, Mass.), governor of Guam (1949-53). During World War II, he commanded the first racially integrated ship in the U.S. Coast Guard and, after the Coast Guard was merged with the Navy, the first integrated warship in the Navy. In 1948 he drafted Guam's Organic Act (constitution). In 1949, Pres. Harry S. Truman appointed Skinner to be the first civilian governor of Guam. He oversaw the shift from Navy control of the U.S. territory to a civilian representative government. During that time, he established the Territorial College of Guam, now the University of Guam, and established Guam Memorial Hospital.

Skinner-Klée (Cantón), Jorge (b. July 21, 1923, San Francisco, Calif. - d. Aug. 21, 2008), foreign minister of Guatemala (1956-57).

Skinner-Klée Arenales, Jorge (b. Dec. 11, 1957, Guatemala City, Guatemala), Guatemalan diplomat; son of Jorge Skinner-Klée. He has been ambassador to Germany (1993-98), Canada (1998-2000), Belize (2000-03), Honduras (2003-04), Belgium and Luxembourg (2012-16), the Netherlands (2019-22), and Austria (2022- ) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2004-08, 2016-19).

Skipitis, Rapolas (b. Jan. 31, 1887, Baukai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Feb. 23, 1976, Chicago, Ill.), interior minister of Lithuania (1920-22).

Skippings, Oswald O('Neil) (b. 1953), chief minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1980, 1988-91).

Skipwith, Fulwar (b. Feb. 21, 1765, Dinwiddie county, Virginia - d. Jan. 7, 1839, Montesano plantation, near Baton Rouge, La.), governor of West Florida (1810).

Skirmunt, Konstanty (b. Aug. 30, 1866, Molodów, Poland [now Moladava, Belarus] - d. June 24, 1949, Walbrzych, Poland), foreign minister of Poland (1921-22). He was also minister to Italy (1919-21) and minister (1922-29) and ambassador (1929-34) to the United Kingdom.

Skjånes, Ivar (b. March 5, 1888, Kolvereid, Nordre Trondhjems amt [now in Trøndelag fylke], Norway - d. June 5, 1975), governor of Sør-Trøndelag (1948-58). He was also mayor of Trondheim (1935-40).

Skjelbred, Brit (b. June 29, 1949, Trondheim, Norway), governor of Sør-Trøndelag (2015-17).

Skjoldborg, Jan Greve (b. Sept. 14, 1832, Hammer, Hedemarkens amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. Dec. 16, 1901, Lillehammer, Kristians amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway), governor of Kristians amt (1878-1900).

Skjöldebrand, Anders Fredrik greve (b. July 14, 1757, Algiers, Algeria - d. Aug. 28, 1834, Stockholm, Sweden), acting governor of Stockholm city (1810-12). He was made friherre (baron) in 1814 and greve (count) in 1819.

Skjöldebrand, Knut Erik friherre (b. Jan. 7, 1807, Erikslund, Södermanland, Sweden - d. May 29, 1874, Motala, Östergötland, Sweden), governor of Kalmar (1852-73); son of Per Erik friherre Skjöldebrand.

Skjöldebrand, Per Erik friherre (b. Dec. 8, 1769, Sörby, Södermanland, Sweden - d. Nov. 11, 1826, Erikslund, Södermanland), governor of Södermanland (1815-24); brother of Anders Fredrik greve Skjöldebrand. He was made friherre (baron) in 1819.

Sklyar, Roman (Vasilyevich) (b. May 8, 1971, Pavlodar, Kazakh S.S.R.), a deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan (2019- ). He was also minister of industry and infrastructure development (2019).

Sklyarov, Ivan (Petrovich) (b. June 22, 1948, Yevstratovka village, Voronezh oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Feb. 26, 2007, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia), governor of Nizhny Novgorod oblast (1997-2001). He was mayor of Arzamas (1985-91) and of Nizhny Novgorod (1994-97).

Skobelev, Matvey (Ivanovich) (b. Nov. 9 [Oct. 28, O.S.], 1885, Baku, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] July 29, 1938, Moscow oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), labour minister of Russia (1917). He was also a member of the State Duma (1912-17).

Skobelev, Mikhail (Dmitriyevich) (b. Sept. 29 [Sept. 17, O.S.], 1843, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. July 7 [June 25, O.S.], 1882, Moscow, Russia), governor of Fergana oblast (1876-77).

Skoda, Václav (b. July 13, 1913 - d. Oct. 2, 1989), justice minister (1953-54, 1956-60) and a deputy premier (1954-56) of Czechoslovakia.

Skogö, Ingemar (b. Jan. 4, 1949, Säby, Jönköping, Sweden - d. May 28, 2019), governor of Västmanland (2009-14). He was also director-general of the Swedish civil aviation administration (1992-2001) and road administration (2001-09).

Skoknic Tapia, Milenko (Esteban) (b. Feb. 9, 1954), Chilean diplomat. He was ambassador to Austria, Slovenia, and Slovakia (2005-10) and Argentina (2013-14) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2018-22).

Sköld, Per Edvin (b. May 25, 1891, Svedala, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. Sept. 13, 1972, Stockholm, Sweden), defense minister (1938-45) and finance minister (1949-55) of Sweden. He was also minister of agriculture (1932-36, 1945-48) and commerce (1936-38).

Skoog, (Björn) Olof (b. Sept. 6, 1962, Lund, Sweden), Swedish diplomat. He has been ambassador to Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador (2001-04), permanent representative to the United Nations (2015-19), and head of the European Union delegation to the United Nations (2020- ).

Skopljak, Pero (b. June 4, 1943, Vitez [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), chairman of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000).

Skoptsov, Viktor (Aleksandrovich) (b. Oct. 15, 1939, Ivanovka, Mordovian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. 2009), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Mordovian A.S.S.R. (1990-91).

Skoropadsky, Ivan (Illich) (b. 1646, Uman, Ukraine - d. July 14 [July 3, O.S.], 1722, Hlukhiv, Ukraine), hetman of Ukraine (1708-22).

Skoropadsky, Pavlo (Petrovych) (b. May 15, 1873, Wiesbaden, Germany - d. April 26, 1945, Metten, Bayern, Germany), hetman of Ukraine (1918); great-great-great-great-grandnephew of Ivan Skoropadsky; son-in-law of Pyotr (Pavlovich) Durnovo.

Skosana, Simon S(omkhahlekwa) (b. Jan. 15, 1927, near Middelburg, South Africa - d. Nov. 17, 1986, Johannesburg, South Africa), chief minister of KwaNdebele (1977-86).

Skotner, Hans O(ugen) (b. Dec. 4, 1903 - d. Jan. 7, 1987), governor of Troms (1940-45).

Skowron, Werner (b. Oct. 30, 1943), finance minister of East Germany (1990).

Skrabalo

Skrypnyk

Skrabalo, Zdenko (b. Aug. 4, 1929, Sombor, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia] - d. Jan. 12, 2014, Zagreb, Croatia), foreign minister of Croatia (1992-93). He was also ambassador to Switzerland (1993-95) and Hungary (1996-2000).

Skrindo, Thor (b. Jan. 31, 1910, Ål, Buskerud [now in Viken], Norway - d. Oct. 16, 1992), governor of Sør-Trøndelag (1958-63).

Skromach, Zdenek (b. Dec. 31, 1956, Hodonín, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy prime minister of the Czech Republic (2004-06). He was also minister of labour and social affairs (2002-06) and health (acting, 2005).

Skrypnyk, Mykola (Oleksiyovych) (b. Jan. 25 [Jan. 13, O.S.], 1872, Yasinuvata settlement, Bakhmut district, Yekaterinoslav province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [suicide] July 7, 1933, Kharkov, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Kharkiv, Ukraine]), chairman of the People's Secretariat and people's secretary for foreign affairs of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1918). He was also commissar for state control (1919-20), workers' and peasants' inspection (1920-21), internal affairs (1921-22), justice (1922-27), and education (1927-33) and a deputy premier and chairman of the State Planning Commission (1933) of the Ukrainian S.S.R.

Skrzeszewski, Stanislaw (b. April 27, 1901, Nowy Sacz, Poland, Russian Empire - d. Dec. 20, 1978, Warsaw, Poland), foreign minister of Poland (1951-56). He was also minister of education (1944-45, 1947-50) and ambassador to France (1945-47).

Skrzynski

Skrzynski, Aleksander (Józef) hrabia (Count), h. Zaremba (b. March 18, 1882, Zagórzany, Galicia, Austria-Hungary [now in Poland] - d. Sept. 25, 1931, Ostrów, Poland), Polish statesman. He entered the diplomatic service in 1906 and, when the new Polish state was established, became its minister at Bucharest, subsequently succeeding in concluding a Polish-Romanian political treaty. In December 1922 he became minister of foreign affairs, inaugurating a pacific policy based on the stabilization of frontiers. He lost office when a cabinet of the right was formed in May 1923, but returned to the foreign minister's post in August 1924. He was credited with having strengthened Poland's economic position by regulating the British and American debts, by a concordat with the Vatican, and by improving relations with Czechoslovakia. He took an active part in the League of Nations, elaborating the scheme for the Geneva Protocol and securing settlement of the Danzig disputes in a manner favourable to Poland. In November 1925 he was entrusted with the formation of a government. It was a coalition cabinet and when the Socialists seceded he lost power in May 1926. Later that month Józef Pilsudski led a coup d'état. In June, Count Skrzynski took part in a duel with Count Stanislaw Maria Szeptycki, former minister of war, who had refused to shake hands with Skrzynski in a Kraków club, saying that he saw in Skrzynski's undecided and weak policy the real cause of the events of May. After the general missed him from 15 paces, Skrzynski refused to fire; the seconds decided that both parties' honour was satisfied. In 1928 he served as neutral member of the standing committee on arbitration between the United States and Peru. He was killed in a car accident.

Skubiszewski, Krzysztof (Jan) (b. Oct. 8, 1926, Poznan, Poland - d. Feb. 8, 2010, Warsaw, Poland), foreign minister of Poland (1989-93).

Skucas, Kazys (b. March 14, 1894, Mauruciai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. [executed] July 30, 1941, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), interior minister of Lithuania (1939-40).

Skudra, Viktors (b. July 10, 1943, Makonkalns parish, Latvia - d. May 22, 2011), justice minister of Latvia (1988-93).

Skujenieks, Margers (b. June 23, 1886, Riga, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. [executed] July 12, 1941, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister (1926-28, 1931-33), interior minister (1926-28, 1931-32), and finance minister (1932-33) of Latvia. He was also deputy prime minister (1934-38) and president of the Latvian Olympic Committee (1934-38).

Skulkov, Igor (Petrovich) (b. June 25 [June 12, O.S.], 1913, Krasnoyarsk, Russia - d. July 22, 1971, Kostroma, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Udmurt A.S.S.R. (1959-63). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Ulyanovsk (1952-58) and Kostroma (1965-71) oblasti and chairman of the Commission of Soviet Control of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1958-59).

Skulski, Leopold (b. Nov. 15, 1878, Zamosc, Poland, Russian Empire - d. between 1939 and 1945), prime minister (1919-20) and interior minister (1920-21) of Poland. He was also mayor of Lódz (1917-19).

Skuratov, Yury (Ilich) (b. July 3, 1952, Ulan-Ude, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He was prosecutor general (1995-2000) and a minor presidential candidate (2000).

Skvernelis

Skvernelis, Saulius (b. July 23, 1970, Kaunas, Lithuanian S.S.R.), interior minister (2014-16) and prime minister (2016-20) of Lithuania.

Skvortsov, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. Oct. 14, 1899, Tsvetnoye, Astrakhan province, Russia - d. Jan. 15, 1974, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh S.S.R. (1938-45). He was also Soviet people's commissar/minister of industrial crops (1945-47) and state farms (1947-53).

Skytte, Carl Gustaf friherre (b. Dec. 12, 1647 - d. June 11, 1717, Malmö, Sweden), governor of Skåne (1716-17). He was made friherre (baron) in 1715.

Slade, Marcus John (b. Jan. 22, 1801 - d. March 7, 1872), lieutenant governor of Guernsey (1859-64).

Slade, Tuiloma Neroni (b. April 8, 1941, Apia, Western Samoa [now Samoa]), secretary-general of the Pacific Islands Forum (2008-14). He was also (Western) Samoan permanent representative to the United Nations, ambassador to the United States, and high commissioner to Canada (1993-2003) and chairman of the Alliance of Small Island States (1997-2002).

Slakteris, Atis (b. Nov. 21, 1956, Code parish, Latvian S.S.R.), defense minister (2004, 2006-07) and finance minister (2007-09) of Latvia. He was also minister of state for cooperation (1996-97) and minister of agriculture (2000-02).

Slamecka, Gustáv (b. June 5, 1959, Nitra, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), Czech politician. He has been minister of transport (2009-10) and ambassador to South Korea (2019- ).

Slamet, Hasan (b. Aug. 6, 1926, Tasikmalaya, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Barat, Indonesia] - d. Jan. 8, 1999, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Maluku (1975-87).

Slaniceanu, George (b. April 23, 1835, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. Jan. 12, 1885, San Remo, Italy), war minister of Romania (1876-77, 1880-81). He was also chief of the General Staff (1877, 1878-81, 1882-83).

Slánský

Slánský, Rudolf, original name Rudolf Salzmann (b. July 31, 1901, Nezvestice, near Plzen, Austria-Hungary [now in Czech Republic] - d. Dec. 3, 1952, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), Czechoslovak politician. He joined the Communist Party when it was established in 1921, became editor of the party newspaper, Rudé Právo (1924), was appointed party secretary in Ostrava region (1927), and was elected to the Central Committee (1929). He served in the National Assembly in 1935-37 and, considered an indispensable Communist leader, he spent the years 1939-44 in Moscow while Czechoslovakia was under German control. He helped organize Czechoslovak military units on Soviet soil and assisted the Slovak uprising against the Germans in 1944. After the war he became one of the two top leaders of the party, second only to Klement Gottwald. In 1946 he became secretary-general, with Gottwald as chairman. The two led the Communists in their seizure of power in February 1948. In November 1951, the post of party secretary-general was abolished and he became vice-premier in the government. Shortly afterward, he was arrested and charged with having organized a "Titoist" conspiratorial centre and being the ringleader of a "Jewish" plot to assassinate Gottwald and overthrow the Communist regime with American and British assistance. After the application of physical and psychological pressure, he confessed to the charges in a trial held Nov. 20-27, 1952. With 10 others, he was sentenced to death on December 2 and hanged the next day. The unconvincing charges and the anti-Semitic overtones of the trial (8 of the 11 were Jews) embarrassed the party leadership in later years, and he was posthumously rehabilitated in 1963 and more fully in 1968.

Slánský, Rudolf (b. Feb. 6, 1935, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. April 17, 2006), Czech diplomat; son of Rudolf Slánský (1901-1952). He was Czechoslovak/Czech ambassador to the U.S.S.R./Russia (1990-96) and Slovakia (1997-2004).

Slaoui, Driss (b. Dec. 12, 1926 - d. Feb. 7, 1999), Moroccan politician. He was minister of commerce, industry, and mines (1960-61), public works (1962-63), finance (1963-65), and justice (1968-69) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1974-76, 1986-90).

Slastenin

Slastenin, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) (b. Oct. 25, 1959, Kuybyshev, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Samara, Russia]), prime minister of Ingushetia (2020- ).

D. Slater

Slater, Douglas (b. Aug. 19, 1955, Clare Valley, Saint Vincent), foreign minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2010-13). He was also minister of health and environment (2001-10) and foreign trade and consumer affairs (2010-13).

Slater, Samuel (Eric), home affairs minister of Saint Vincent (1969-72). He was also minister of social services (1961, 1962-64, 1966-67), education (1961, 1966-67), and communications and works (1965-66, 1967-69).

Slaveski, Trajko (b. 1960, Ohrid, Macedonia), finance minister of Macedonia (2006-09). He was also minister of development (1999-2000).

Slaveykov, Petko (Rachov) (b. Nov. 17, 1827, Turnovo, Ottoman Empire [now Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria] - d. July 1, 1895, Sofia, Bulgaria), interior minister of Bulgaria (1880-81, 1884-85). A noted writer, he was also chairman of the National Assembly (1880) and education minister (1880).

Slávik, Juraj (b. Feb. 18, 1890, Dobrá Niva, Hungary [now in Slovakia] - d. May 30, 1969, Washington, D.C.), interior minister of Czechoslovakia (1929-32 and [in exile] 1940-45). He was also agriculture minister (1926), minister to Poland (1936-39), and ambassador to the United States (1946-48).

Slavochinsky, Adam (Ivanovich) (b. Aug. 18, 1855 - d. Oct. 18, 1925), governor of Kutaisi (1907-14).

Slawek, Walery (Jan), pseudonym Gustaw (b. Nov. 2, 1879, Strutynka, Russia [now in Vinnytsya oblast, Ukraine] - d. [suicide] April 3, 1939, Warsaw, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1930, 1930-31, 1935). He was also marshal of the Sejm (1938).

Slawoj-Skladkowski, Felicjan (b. June 9, 1885, Gabin, Poland - d. Aug. 31, 1962, London, England), interior minister (1926-29, 1930-31, 1936-39) and prime minister (1936-39) of Poland.

Slechtová, Karla (b. May 22, 1977, Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister of the Czech Republic (2017-18). She was also minister of regional development (2014-17).

Sleszynski(-Doliwa), Józef (b. 1888, Odessa, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. 1943), acting governor of Wolynskie województwo (1930).

Slezevicius, Adolfas (b. Feb. 2, 1948, Mirsiskes, Siauliai district, Lithuanian S.S.R. - d. Dec. 6, 2022), prime minister of Lithuania (1993-96).

Slezevicius, Mykolas (b. Feb. 21, 1882, Drembliai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. Nov. 11, 1939, Kaunas, Lithuania), prime minister (1918-19, 1919, 1926) and foreign minister (1926) of Lithuania. He was also justice minister (1926).

M. Slim

Slim, Mongi, Arabic al-Munji Salim (b. Sept. 15, 1908, Tunis, Tunisia - d. Oct. 23, 1969, Tunis), president of the UN General Assembly (1961-62) and foreign minister of Tunisia (1962-64). He was also interior minister (1955-56), ambassador to the United States and Canada (1956-61), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1956-62).

Slim, Taïeb (b. Jan. 19, 1914, Tunis, Tunisia - d. 1993), Tunisian diplomat; brother of Mongi Slim. He was ambassador to the United Kingdom (1956-62), Morocco (1970-73), and Canada (1973-76) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-67, 1980-84).

W. Slim

Slim (of Yarralumla and Bishopston), William (Joseph) Slim, (1st) Viscount (b. Aug. 6, 1891, Bristol, Gloucestershire, England - d. Dec. 14, 1970, London, England), governor-general of Australia (1953-60). In World War I he volunteered as a private, but within a few days became a commissioned officer and saw active service in Belgium, France, Iraq, and the Dardanelles. In 1920 he was granted a regular commission and transferred to the Indian army. In World War II he commanded the 10th infantry brigade of the 5th Indian Division, which advanced into Eritrea (1940), and led the 10th Indian Division in Iraq and Iran, making the first contact with the Soviet army at Tehran (1941). In 1942 he commanded the 1st Burma Corps and assisted in conducting a 1,450-km-long retreat as Japanese forces overran Burma. As commander-in-chief of the 14th Army from 1943, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Japanese; after repulsing the enemy at Imphal and Kohima in northeastern India (March-July 1944) and capturing Mandalay (March 1945), he drove the Japanese down the Irrawaddy River to Rangoon, which fell on May 3, 1945. He became commander-in-chief of Allied land forces in Southeast Asia in June 1945 and was promoted to the rank of general in August. His plans for the invasion of Malaya were made obsolete by the Japanese surrender on August 14. He became chief of the Imperial General Staff (1948-52) and was promoted to field marshal (1949). As governor-general of Australia, his personality and good humour served him well and he left a positive impression; his original appointment was prolonged for two years. Slim, who had been knighted in 1944, was created a viscount in 1960. From 1964 to June 1970 he was governor and constable of Windsor Castle, a royal residence west of London.

Sliman, Agamemnon (b. March 16, 1878, Athens, Greece - d. 1954, Paris, France), general administrator of Epirus (1935). He was also Greek minister to the United States (1914). He was the son of German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and his Greek wife.

Sliwinski, Artur (b. Aug. 17, 1877, Ruszki, near Kutno, Poland - d. Jan. 16, 1953, Warsaw, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1922).

Slizhevsky, Oleg (Leonidovich), Belarusian Aleh (Leanidavich) Slizheuski (b. Aug. 16, 1972, Grodno, Belorussian S.S.R.), justice minister of Belarus (2011-21).

Slizys, Balys (b. Nov. 13, 1885, Gyvatyne, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. July 20, 1957, New York City), defense minister of Lithuania (1922-24). He was also minister of transport (1924-26).

Slobbe, Bartholomaeus Wouther Theodorus van (b. Oct. 31, 1882, Schiedam, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands - d. Nov. 28, 1956, Breda, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands), governor of Curaçao (1930-36). He was also mayor of Breda (1936-44, 1944-47).

Slovo

Slovo, Joe, original name Yossel Mashel Slovo (b. May 23, 1926, Obelai, Lithuania - d. Jan. 6, 1995, Johannesburg, South Africa), South African politician. His family immigrated to South Africa in 1935. He became involved in the labour movement and joined the South African Communist Party (SACP) in 1942, partly, as he said later, because it was the only organization in the country without a colour bar. At the University of Witwatersrand he became friends with Nelson Mandela. The SACP was declared illegal in 1950, but he remained with it when it was reconstituted underground and in 1953 became a member of its Central Committee. In 1954 he was banned from attending meetings. That kept him from attending a historic meeting where the Freedom Charter of the African National Congress (ANC), which he helped draft, was adopted. He was arrested and charged with treason for supporting the charter in 1956, but the charges against him were dropped in 1958. In 1961 he participated in the formation of the ANC military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"). Following Mandela's arrest in 1963, he fled South Africa and lived thereafter in London and in various southern African countries. His first wife, Ruth First, was killed in Maputo, Mozambique, in 1982 by a parcel bomb believed sent by South African security forces; her story was told in the 1988 film A World Apart. The chief white leader in the struggle against apartheid, he was chairman (1984-87, 1991-95) and general secretary (1987-91) of the SACP and in 1985 became the first white person to be elected to the national executive of the ANC. He returned to South Africa under an amnesty in 1990, the same year Mandela was freed. He was appointed minister of housing in the first multiracial government in 1994.

Slutsky, Anton (Yosypovych) (b. 1884, Warsaw, Poland - d. April 24, 1918, near Alushta, Crimea, Russia), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Republic of Tavrida (1918). He was shot by counterrevolutionaries.

Slutsky, Leonid (Eduardovich) (b. Jan. 4, 1968, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He has been chairman of the Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia (2022- ).

Sluvis, Mikhail (Vasilyevich) (b. July 22, 1888, Bendery, Bessarabia province, Russia [now Tighina, Moldova] - d. [executed] Sept. 16, 1938), chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Pamir okrug (1923-24).

Slyunkov, Nikolay (Nikitich) (b. April 26, 1929, Gorodets, Belorussian S.S.R. [now in Homel voblast, Belarus] - d. Aug. 9, 2022, Minsk, Belarus), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1983-87). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Minsk city (1972-74).

Slyunyayev, Igor: see Albin, Igor.