Approved r-or Release Exoerimental. Dream Telenatny-Clajyj~Lq and Act vity Michael Persinger, PhD, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and Stanley Krinprier, PhD, Saybrook Institute, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Introduction Several studies involvina outative soors-vaneous 'Velepatnic-clairvoyant to (T-C) experiences concernino death or r.,-risis to family members or to frients have suggested a peomannetic contri~jtttion to these Phenomena. Tt-lere is some evidence (e.g., Schaut 9. Persinqer. 19B5) that spont aneo~A~; !'-C L-APe~'IE-r-,CeS have Occurred when the qeornaunetic activitv wis lower 0-e- ca~roler) tt-Var, thp days before or afterwards and lower ttian weans of -he monthly velues. WP e 4- a decided to study whether this oattern was evident tri exo rimen~ I 7-C experiences as well. 'The exoeriments ir, T-C dreams qrew out of Montaque Ullmirt's (1969) observations, in his psych i.atr ic Ora& o f ost ens i n' e .- nortia I o i t9 COmmunication apoearing in the context o-r sortie dreams reported by Clients. Ullman decided t (-j inalure whothor thiski6henooenors would apnear ,ri dreams that were experimental.1y worlit'..'red under cont 1-0 A I prj conoitions ',,-~at WOuld seem to exclude alternative Y.nterrretations. Ullriiarv was joined in Plolect by Stanley Krippner, n,w or,.-,fes5cAr of ,jsyrh,--,1ory at Saybrook Institute, San Francisco, and Charles Honorton, now cirector f t He PSYchophysical Research Laboratories, Princpton, New Jp-\ -V., The Pyrierifverits ca~'ried out in the Dream L.ahorptco,y of Ma1((10r1?dPT-\ Modic',l. cpnter~ .,459 -00792ROO040003000i -0 Iii CIA-RDP96 Approved For Release 2000108 Y"jvlu~ror Keiease zuuuiuBli 1 CIA-RDP96-00792RO0040003060-1-O Firooi,~Ivri. where Ullman served. a s d i rect or of the Community Menta). ~4,,jth t e r. 'he tynical proceoure followed at Maimonides was for the perc_~piert (or gubliect) to arrive at the laboratory in tiree to meet 'the anerst -- a oers.:,n who Would soend much of the night focusing upon the contents of an art Drint. The Derc i o i ent I s t as Lt. was to dream About this art print ever, though it wo~.tld to selecteo once the r,)ercipient was isolated f rom the agent. The percipient would also meet the two exioerlmenters who w,-iu.Id explain the procedures. (On a fpvj ocrasions, tnP art print was ~.elpctexd randoisily, was not removed from the sealed envelope, and nO aQ2nt Wa9 Uc,;Pd. The percipient was simply instructed to attempt dreaminn about the art print. After electroops were attached to the percipient's head f or the worij tor x no of brain waves ano further corita6t with the anent tnrew dice that, ir, combination that corresoonded tc~ one or. a erivelooe was opened orice the clist,arit part of the building. agent focused during the course eye mc!,,ements, the oercioient wou 1 d have no i1 --it i I the following morning. Ar, experimenter, with a random number table, provided a number sealed envelope containinq an art print. The auent reached his or her -3rivate rooril in a Fhis.art print became the target on which the nF the night (Ullmar, & Krinprier, 1978). 7ne experimenters took. t u r rvi monitoring the percipient's sleep. Toward the end of each period of raoic eye movement (REM), the percipient was awaLteried ov an exioerimenter via intercom and described any dream cr-'riterit that could be recalled. TI-lese comments were tape recorded as waq a morning interview in which the percioierit asgociated to his or her dream recall.. The interview was conducted dOUDIP b 1 i rid; neither the percipient not- the 460 Approved for Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 Approved For Release 2000108111 : CIA experimenters knew the identity of the target nor the pool of art orints fropi which the target had been randomly selected. The target for a given night and the dreams for the night often contained a number of striking similarities, suggesting that ar anomaly (so-callee "telepathy" or "clairvoyance") occurred. For example, or, 23 May .1966 tne target was a print of a zebra painted by an unknown Tndiari artist. T t, e percipient dreamed about a "horse show," a "horse race," and a "strioed tie." But it could have been the case that any transcript of a nioht's dl,~'eams mi~7iht have contained passages of striking similarity to any picture to Which they might have been compared Whild, 1985). To evaluate the chance hypothesis, the mair(tortides tParn obtoined 3udgments of similarity between the dream content and each of thp other oot ent i a I targets in the pool from which the actual target had beey! Y-Andr,mlv sie I er t ed. Typically, ttiree judges were used who we.-ri4.ed WAnd and frcm O~her with materials that had been mailed to t~lerll. Thev ha-v no infor~flation about which picture had been randomly selected as the t,7,rret, Pov difference between taroets and norr-targets in t1lei- sirt-ilarity to d-,-earo, COhtent was considered an apparent anomaly. TypicallLy, tre tarnet Dools iised by the judges were duplicates that had nevey, been handled by the apent5. Although percipients sometimes evalLiatet' their own cve8ms aPA I rt S t the Urget pool (before they discovered the idel-ii-Ity Of t?le A:- t k~~ 3 1 t6~lgt-.t) , Ar~d 41thOuqh some experiments reauired the Ji.Ad.neq t o rate tA r g e t / C, rea, 111"ilarities on a 100-ooint scale, the only form in wriicn data-( a-L- avail;~t)le for a I sessions is a count of judges' Iiits and misses. the actoal tarne-l; #1, 1-2, 4-1 In a beer' ranked nin the upper half of the tarcet oc-ol (e,. u."\ 461 J I CIA-RDP9ra-00792ROO0400030OOi-0 or Release 20001081 Approved F Ap _U proved For Release 2000/08/11 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 A D001 0 f s ix) f or simi laritv to the dreams and Post-sleep into rview, outcorfle was considered a hit. If the actual tarnet had been ranked in th e low9r "alf of the 0--,01 (e. 44, #5, #6 in a Pool of six), the outcome Was cconsiderec LR wiss. The med i an qc,_-~re of the three udges was i selected to c~eterrnine hits and misses. ~i 4 Fr. r t n e ouroc--ses of thi-, -5 t Lit! Y, the ranks were divided into four catecories. P "hirili tiit" WOLAI'd op a rank in the top ouartile (e.9, #1 or #2 in a oool o,117 eight; #1 in a Pool --,f six), a "low hit" would be a rank in the sec(DrO c u a r t i I e ~e. n. #3 or #4 in a pool of eipht; 42 or #32 in a pool of i 0 . A `iiuh reiss" would bp a ran~t. in the third quartile (P.g., #5 or #6 in a oool of eight; #4 or #5 ir, a Pool of six) a "low miss" would be a rank in the fourtil ouartile (47 or 08 ir, A ooll of eight; #6 in a pool of six). The first night' eac"i sub ect spent at the Maimoni0es Laboratory was utilizea and the other niahts were discarded. This yielded 62 experimental --L niuhts avA,, I able f or analy~ s 18 "h i gh h i ts, 29 1 ow hits, 7 "high 611 sses, and 8 "low misses. " Pie 62 cases represent an almost total collection of subiects geen betwern and 1.969 at Mairilonides. Procedure It was decioed to lise geomapnetic activity as measured by the AA index. Nortnern nernisohere AA values were collected for the 3 days, before, the day and the 3 cays after the day that each subject began the dream exDeriment. These PA values were determined from Mayaud's (1973) data and conseouent monthly uodates. Mean rtiont"ly values were also listed. Subjects (cases) were coded accordinq to qf~rider and to the closeness of their dreams9 462 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 ase 2000/08111 : CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 Approved For Rele correspondence to the target (i.e., "hi.-th hit" or HH; " low nit" or LH; '"ligh J miss" or HM, "low miss" or LM). In other wo-ds, these four groups reoresente~_. ranks of successive order from strongest "hits" to stronnest The major design involved MANOVA UmAltiole analyses of variance). T~je ur #2 -he of i n in was ode)(- daY repeated measure was the AA values for the three days before, the day of, and judges' "misses. " the three days after the day the experiment was held (a total of 7 days). 7he range of the key day plus/minus 3 bavs was selected b e c au s e qeordauriet i c activity within this period tends to be cori-elAted, ,)articularly witl a give-, day plus/minus 1 or 2 days. Excent f ..-,r specific per i .--.b i c i t i es, t h intercorrelat ions between geomagrietic activity or, a day and roore than th~-ee days before or afterwards are not statistically significant, -The two major main factors (non-re peat ed) were gender (walp vs. female) and Beca-..,se the numbers of subjects within the HM and LM groups were smal'. (N=7, G respectively), additional analyses were roinpleteC with these two qr'COXOS combined. The ma base 10 transformations of the cai'y AA jor analyses involved lon. V&lues. This was completed in order to renuce the contriblAtions from sincie Outlier cases (days) and to increase the homogeneity of variance between groups and between repeateo measures. Wmevqr, all arialv5es were als;o COMPleted using the original AA values as square root transformations because th* latter were not as extreme as the I u c modifications. q pci~teriori "ntrasts were completed using correlatec t-test5 for each groun a n01 t-tests (between groups on a aiven day) to 6etermire the source of fACtor by repeated measure interactions. 463 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001-0 proved For Releas 6 2000/0811 Correlated t-tests with P values set at p (.01 (to reduce the effect of multiple t orobabilities) were completed for each group for the AA values of each of the 7 days during the exneriment and the PA average for the month in which toe experierjce~ occurred. The latter analyses were completed tr, determine the absolute activity oF the days of the experience compared to the typical monthly values ratner than restricting the analyses to the relative differences between th e key day and the days before and afterwards. All analyses were completed using SPSc;X software on a DEC2020 com.putpr. Results MANOVA for all 62 subjects according to the three major groups (HH, LH, LM plus HM), gender, and the sever, repeated measures (key days plus/minus 3 days) of geomagnetic activity (AA values) demonstrated no significant grouD or aericer interactions. HowevPr, there was a significant (F=2.53, df=12, p=.003) interaction between prOUDS and the geortvaqnetir activity over days for the log a4se transformed AA values (F i g 1.kre 1). There was also a nearly significant caily difference 0~7=2.54, df=6,336, ,)=.03). There were neither gender by day or gender by group by day interartions. The group by day interaction was significant (p=.Ol) for the absol6te PA values as Well. Six of the experimental days involved the testing of two subjects rather tnan one. To determine if this slight modification in procedure may have alterea the geornagnetic contribution to the psi effect, additional analyses were completed on those days (cases) where only one Subject was tested. The basic results are shown ir, Figure 2. There was no appreciable change in the aeomagnetic temaoral oattern and the significant day by group interactions were riot affected. &64 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 CIA-P,-DP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 Approved For Release 2000108111 : CIA-RDP9 When all four proups were analyzed in a similar desion, the same basic results were noted. There were no significant main effect differences between the four groups or between genders. Again, there was a significant group by days interactions (F=2.02, df=18,324, p=.009) and a between days-, difference. Removing the second main (non-repeated) fact--.,, of gender and simply usmi 1,1~e Thpre were still si-jnificant repeateo day effects (F-3.76, df=6,348, P=.001) anc,, a day by groun (P=,?.2.31, df=AS~, P=.003) interaction. The basic results are oresented in Piqure 3. four arouos did not change the effect. A pogt er i or i tests. showed that the t,~nly near-s).ortificant d i f f erence between days for the four, grouos occurred or-, 3 days before the key day (-.32), Or, this (lay, the geomagnetic activity wes higher (F=21.40, df=58, n=.02). T11 is finding was confirmed by Duncan's analysis (n=.05). Correlated t for within prouo comparisons (set at v=.Oi) demonstrated that the nigInt-, of t~-,e experiments for Group I (HH) were ouieter than day - -1 df=17) and--2:' (t=3.04, df=17). 'The night in f the exper)ence (plits I) WA-eni SignIf3CantIV quieter than the average of the month (t=4.5,5, df=17, rr--001). Both the ~~ey day (t=2.82) and the days -1 ant plus 2 (t=3.84) were ouieter than the month. For the second croup (LH), correlatee t--tests indicator.' that day -73 (t`2-80) was significantly nuieter than the moy~tt-hly averages. There were rin 619nif icant d i f -f erences between the key days and tne days bef ore ,4fterwards. The third group (HM) dersionst r at ed am unlISUai Dattern. 7he "C"agnetic activity on day -3 was higher, (tz-4.81) than tne rtir-inthly avetiLit?.P the -we- than activity on days olus I (t=7.78) and plus 2. (t=3.71) were IC MOnthly averages. In addition, day plus I was 5i[)rIi.9irantlV 1 owp~, 465 -00792ROO040003000i -0 CIA-RDP963 For Release 2000108 pproved A Approved For Release 2000/08/11 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 . . I U~ V (t=9.80) than day -3. Finally, for group four (LM), there ware no signifi cant cifferences oetween geomagnetic activity between any of the days. Combining qrouos tnree and four (df=14), ric. statistically significance differences were 'I k Ty Found between the geomagnetic ac-,ivity on any of the days. However9 activity on days DJ. us 1 (t=3.71~ df=14), plus 2 (t=22.87), and plus 3 (t=2.75) were 1 ower than for rilontlly averaqes. Discussion The results of the HH protio in this study are basically similar to the V-shaped Dattern in aeomaqnetic activity that has been observed during soontaneous I'--C experiences (e.g... Persinger & Schaut, 1986). However, the HM group in the Mairfionides data did show a temporal pattern that was similar to that of-t-he group that demonst rat ed the strongest psi effect. Because the third day oefore tne key day demonstrated such elevated geonfagnetic activity in the HM proup, we suspect that the apparent V-shape is misleading and that magnetic storms nad beer, in nrogress. Our hyoothesis was confirmed as can be seer, in Figure 4. Analyses of the geomaqnetic activity for the HM group indicated that day (three days before the key day) displayed significantly preater aeomagnetic activity. than the monthly average. This pattern is strongly reminiscent of geortiagnet.-t.c storms. On the other hand, the HH croup, the one that showed the greatest psi, demonstrated a pattern where there was no pre-experience elevation in geomagnetic activity compared to ri-ionthly values. Instead, there was a sodden deer-ease in peomagnetic activity; this activity was significantly lower than -Por the month of for the days before or afterwards. This latter Dattern and not the Dattern displayed by the HM group is more typical of profiles than 466 Approved For Release 2000/08/11 CIA-RDP96-00792ROO0400030001 -0 AP have been found in the cases of spontaneous T-C, The use of AP values must be viewed wito some caution. Data collected at several stations is averaged to produce olobai and hPri-.z~3nhe--.c results. Various types of monitoring devices are used, ranging FrOfil rrucle Sophisticated. It will come as no surprise to learn that frenuently there little or no correlation between daily geomagnetic activity mortitor?d at the various stations, esoecially those 1000 k-, lometers or more cistant. . The AA values are derived from a logarithmic process that orvits mucr) of the data in orcer to derive averapes. Nevertheiess, thig anaroaco does serve the of determining the existence of electromanneL ,c str-~rros. The best index for the study of anomalol.,,; behavior of iaboratr-,rv sub--ect-7, 1: would be one based on readings from a ma;lrtet~--,roeter in cl,~, aclac'ent to tLie laboratory itself. Optimally, these re,idin.pq smrililfi be Y relationship to solar and lunar effecxFi, cornoeting el e-- t roriia ncs't i c C effects (e.q., radiation), arto bjolor.~icai cvcle~., -,f the Op rfl- studied. If significant data are still obta:ined under thp~,c- 00tential mechanisms involved can be studied. Would t he absence of "Orms on nights of teleoathy--clairvoyancp "hit- ii-par, t~,At 1:'.i e On" I ronment affects the subject's receotivity? Or, o(-' elect-3c,6i StOr'rOT, 1"tQrfere with the "transmission" of the I'S i gria I jr~ S,-,Cpp t4aV'~ 71-lere 3S. no 'Coroclusive evidence that gecimagnetic Pctivity exerts de-.ecr-9ble effect'i behavior, although pre I iminary cl LAt a collerted Be(-.'-eer, ,gests a relationshin between av m i s s~ ir- crates me e a sup and magnet ic st orms (Do. 243-270). Tt-)ere f oile 'A Y'l V t S t 1-0 003000 467 CIA-RDP96.00792ROO040 e 2000108 pproved For Releas A correlation netween AA values and anomalous laboratory behavior would be of interest not oniy to Parapsychologists but to mgpy other researchers as well, References Becker. R.0.. & Seleen. G. (19B5). Electromagnetism and the foundAtIgn of life. New York: William Morrow. Child, 1. L. (1985). Psychology and anomalous observations.- The question of ESP ir, crearns. American Psychr-,logist, 40, 1219-1230. Maval-W, Q. N. (1973). A hundred year series of geomagnetic data 1868-1967. 'AIGA Bulletin, No. .33. Persinuer, M. P. Schaut, B. D. (1986). Manuscript submitted to the Journal of the American Socigty for Psychical Research. A. (t985). Subjective telepathic Scha,..it, B. B., & Persinqer, M. exoeriences, geomagnetic activity ano the ELF hyaothesis. Plart 1. Data analyses. Psi Researcn. 4 U). 4-- -1). U I I r1l a r1, M. ,& Kriooner, S. (1979). Experimental dream studies. I n M. Ebc-n (Eo.). The S i priet handboo,( of oarapsychology (pp. 409-422). New York: New American Library. Ullman, M. (1969). TeleDathy and areams. EXDerimental Medicine and i~z' 19-38. Approved For Release 2000/08/11 : CIA-RdA%6-00792ROO0400030001 -0