Letters (38.3%) were tested on days 9 to 14. Of the 134 student con- tacts tested on day 3, 14 (10.4%) were positive for SARS- CoV-2 infection. Of the 839 student contacts tested on days 9 to 14, 40 (4.8%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 388 student contacts in high school who were tested, 32 (8.2%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection on days 9 to 14 compared with 8 (1.8%) of 451 student contacts in elementar y and middle school who tested positive (P < .001; Table). Among 799 student contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases with a negative test result on days 9 to 14, only 1 stu- dent became symptomatic after returning to school and had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result on day 14 after an initial negative test result on day 9. The virus from this student was genetically distinct from the virus isolated from the confirmed COVID-19 case to which the student had been exposed (GenBank confirmed case: MW307809; GenBank 9-day student contact: MW308137). Loss of instruction decreased by 3649 days with the 9-day testing protocol (8097 days missed) compared with a theoretical 14-day quarantine without testing (11 746 days missed). Discussion | In this study of a 9-day testing protocol for stu- dent contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases in 1 Florida county, a reduction in loss of instructional time was found that was less than what would have occurred with a 14-day quarantine. There was no evidence that an earlier return to school with a negative test result was linked with subse- quent symptomatic illness. Had students returned to school before day 14 without testing on day 9 or thereafter, 8.2% of high school contacts would have returned to school with SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings should be considered when evaluating the December 2020 CDC recommendation for a 10-day quarantine without testing or a 7-day quarantine with testing.5 Limitations of this study include (1) contact testing rang- ing from days 9 to 14; (2) lack of testing for students who quar- antined for 14 days; and (3) use of symptomatic illness alone for follow-up of negative test results. Eric J. Nelson, MD, PhD, MS Sarah L. McKune, PhD, MPH Kathleen A. Ryan, MD John A. Lednicky, PhD, MS Susanne R. Crowe, MHA Paul D. Myers, MS J. Glenn Morris Jr, MD, MPH&TM Author Affiliations: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville (Nelson, Ryan); Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville (McKune, Lednicky); Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville (Crowe); Florida Department of Health, Gainesville (Myers); Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville (Morris). Corresponding Author: Eric J. Nelson, MD, PhD, MS, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611 (eric.nelson@ufl.edu). Accepted for Publication: February 9, 2021. Published Online: February 19, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.2392 Author Contributions: Mr Myers had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and Dr Morris takes responsibility for the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Nelson, McKune, Ryan, Lednicky, Morris. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Nelson, McKune, Ryan, Morris. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Nelson, Morris. Administrative, technical, or material support: McKune, Ryan, Lednicky, Myers. Supervision: McKune, Ryan, Morris. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. Additional Contributions: We acknowledge the data aggregation and analysis efforts of Michael Smith, RN, and Cameron Livingston, RN (both with the Alachua County Health Department); the insight and guidance of the Scientific and Medical Advisory Committee members Michael Lauzardo, MD, and Yana Banks, MD (both University of Florida faculty members); and the commitment of the School Board of Alachua County, the Florida Department of Health, the Alachua County Health Department, and the families of Alachua County to keep schools open and safe from COVID-19. No compensation was received by any of these individuals for their role in this study. Additional Information: Testing, contact tracing, and follow-up were conducted as part of the Alachua County Health Department surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Alachua County Schools. Deidentified data were analyzed and shared with permission from the Alachua County Health Department. 1. Macartney K, Quinn HE, Pillsbury AJ, et al; NSW COVID-19 Schools Study Team. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Australian educational settings: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(11):807-816. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30251-0 2. Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, Maraolo AE, Schafers J, Ho A. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2 (1):e13-e22. doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30172-5 3. Davies NG, Klepac P, Liu Y, Prem K, Jit M, Eggo RM; CMMID COVID-19 Working Group. Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics. Nat Med. 2020;26(8):1205-1211. doi:10.1038/s41591-020- 0962-9 4. Lednicky JA, Lauzardo M, Fan ZH, et al. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:476-482. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.025 5. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Options to reduce quarantine for contacts of persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection using symptom monitoring and diagnostic testing. Accessed February 12, 2021. https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-options-to-reduce- quarantine.html Acute Allergic Reactions to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines Anaphylaxis to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines is currently estimated to occur in 2.5 to 11.1 cases per 1 million doses, largely in individuals with a history of allergy.1 Allergic concerns contribute to vac- cine hesitancy; we investi- gated acute allergic reaction incidence after more than 60 000 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administrations. Supplemental content Methods | We prospectively studied Mass General Brigham (MGB) employees who received their first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (12/16/2020-2/12/2021, with follow-up through 2/18/2021) (eMethods in the Supplement). For 3 days after vaccination, employees completed symptom sur- veys through a multipronged approach including email, text message, phone, and smartphone application links. Acute allergic reaction symptoms solicited included itching, rash, 1562 JAMA April 20, 2021 Volume 325, Number 15 (Reprinted) jama.com © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/05/2022 Letters P value .03 .76 .44 .75 .45 Table 1. Acute Allergic Reactions Self-reported Through Voluntary Reporting and Multipronged Prospective System Surveillance After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination Self-reported allergic reactiona 1365 (2.10) [1.99-2.22] 506 (1.95) [1.79-2.13] 859 (2.20) [2.06-2.35] Both mRNA vaccines (n = 64 900) Pfizer-BioNTech (n = 25 929) Moderna (n = 38 971) No. (%) [95% CI] Confirmed anaphylaxisb Either criteria Brightonc NIAID/FAANd Both criteria 16 (0.025) [0.014-0.040] 7 (0.027) [0.011-0.056] 9 (0.023) [0.011-0.044] 14 (0.022) [0.012-0.036] 7 (0.027) [0.011-0.056] 7 (0.018) [0.007-0.037] 9 (0.014) [0.006-0.026] 4 (0.015) [0.004-0.040] 5 (0.012) [0.004-0.030] 7 (0.011) [0.004-0.022] 4 (0.015) [0.004-0.040] 3 (0.008) [0.002-0.023] Abbreviations: mRNA, messenger RNA; NIAID/FAAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. a Itching or rash other than at the injection site (n = 788), respiratory symptoms (n = 342), hives (n = 244), or swelling (n = 191) (see the eAppendix in the Supplement). Numbers do not sum to 1365 because employees could report more than 1 reaction. b See Table 2 for details of reactions. c The Brighton Collaboration2 case definition uses combinations of symptoms to define levels of diagnostic certainty. Brighton level 1 represents the highest level of diagnostic certainty that a reported case represents anaphylaxis; levels 2 and 3 are successively lower levels of diagnostic certainty; level 4 is a case reported as anaphylaxis but that does not meet the Brighton Collaboration case definition; and level 5 is a case that was neither reported as anaphylaxis nor meets the case definition. This study considered Brighton levels 1 or 2 anaphylaxis cases. d NIAID/FAAN clinical criteria3 for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis must meet 1 of the following criteria: (1) acute onset with involvement of skin and/or mucosal tissue and either (a) respiratory compromise or (b) reduced blood pressure or associated symptoms of end organ dysfunction; (2) 2 or more of the following occur after exposure to a likely allergen for that patient: (a) involvement of skin or mucosal tissue, (b) respiratory compromise, (c) reduced blood pressure or associated symptoms, or (d) persistent gastrointestinal symptoms; and (3) reduced blood pressure after exposure to a known allergen for that patient. hives, swelling, and/or respiratory symptoms (eAppendix in the Supplement). To identify anaphylaxis, allergists/immunologists re- viewed the electronic health records of employees (1) report- ing 2 or more allergy symptoms, (2) described as having an allergic reaction in MGB safety reports, (3) logged by the on-call MGB allergy/immunology team supporting employee vaccination, and (4) referred to MGB allergy/immunology. Episodes were scored using the Brighton Criteria2 and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (NIAID/FAAN) criteria.3 Con- firmed anaphylaxis required meeting at least 1 of these 2 sets of criteria. We described characteristics and outcomes of anaphy- laxis cases. We calculated incidence rates and 95% CIs of self- reported acute allergic reactions and confirmed anaphylaxis, using vaccine administrations as the denominator. We com- pared frequencies using χ2 tests, considering a 2-sided P value of .05 statistically significant. Analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4. This study was approved by the MGB Human Re- search Committee with a waiver of informed consent. Results | Of 64 900 employees who received their first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, 25 929 (40%) received the Pfizer- BioNTech vaccine and 38 971 (60%) received the Moderna vac- cine. At least 1 symptom survey was completed by 52 805 (81%). Acute allergic reactions were reported by 1365 employ- ees overall (2.10% [95% CI, 1.99%-2.22%]), more frequently with the Moderna vaccine compared with Pfizer-BioNTech (2.20% [95% CI, 2.06%-2.35%] vs 1.95% [95% CI, 1.79%- 2.13%]; P = .03) (Table 1). Anaphylaxis was confirmed in 16 employees (0.025% [95% CI, 0.014%-0.040%]): 7 cases from the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (0.027% [95% CI, 0.011%- 0.056%]) and 9 cases from the Moderna vaccine (0.023% [95% CI, 0.011%-0.044%]) (P = .76). Individuals with anaphylaxis were a mean age of 41 (SD, 13) years, and 15 (94%) were female (Table 2); 10 (63%) had an allergy history and 5 (31%) had an anaphylaxis history. Mean time to anaphylaxis onset was 17 (SD, 28; range, 1-120) minutes. One patient was admitted to intensive care, 9 (56%) received intramuscular epinephrine, and all recov- ered. Three employees, with prior anaphylaxis history, did not seek care. Discussion | In this prospective cohort of health care employ- ees, 98% did not have any symptoms of an allergic reaction after receiving an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The remaining 2% reported some allergic symptoms; however, severe reactions consistent with anaphylaxis occurred at a rate of 2.47 per 10 000 vaccinations. All individuals with anaphylaxis recov- ered without shock or endotracheal intubation. The incidence rate of confirmed anaphylaxis in this study is larger than that reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on passive spontaneous reporting methods (0.025-0.11 per 10 000 vaccinations).1 However, the overall risk of anaphylaxis to an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine remains extremely low and largely comparable to other com- mon health care exposures.4 Although cases were clinically compatible with anaphylaxis, the mechanism of these reac- tions is unknown. Most of the vaccine recipients with anaphylaxis had al- lergy histories, with 31% having prior anaphylaxis. However, given that approximately 5% of adults have severe food al- lergy histories5 and 1% of adults have severe drug allergy histories,6 this MGB employee cohort likely included almost 4000 individuals with severe food or medication allergy his- tories who were safely vaccinated. Limitations of this study include the use of self-reported data. However, cohort participants were largely health care workers, and therefore self-reported data reliability may be jama.com (Reprinted) JAMA April 20, 2021 Volume 325, Number 15 1563 © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/05/2022 Letters Characteristics Age, mean (SD), y Female Prior allergic reactions Prior anaphylaxis Symptoms Symptom timing ≤15 min ≤30 min Received epinephrine Treatment settingc Emergency department Hospitalization Intensive care unit Brighton leveld NIAID/FAAN criteriae 1 2 3 Severityf Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade IV Elevated tryptaseg Table 2. Anaphylaxis Cases After mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination (n = 16) Both mRNA vaccines (n = 16) Pfizer-BioNTech (n = 7) Moderna (n = 9) Pruritus, urticaria, and/or angioedema Sensation of throat closure, cough, wheeze, and/or dyspnea Hypotension and/or tachycardia Nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea Minutes to onset, mean (SD) [range] 17 (28) [1-120] 14 (7) [10-30] 19 (38) [1-120] No. (%) 41 (13) 15 (94) 10 (63) 5 (31) 14 (88) 14 (88) 7 (44) 8 (50) 14 (88) 15 (94) 9 (56) 9 (56) 1 (6) 1 (6) 1 (6) 13 (81) 2 (13) 9 (56) 7 (44) 9 (56) 0 0 1 (6) 41 (14) 6 (86) 3 (43)a 1 (14) 6 (86) 6 (86) 3 (43) 3 (43) 6 (86) 7 (100) 6 (86) 4 (57) 1 (14) 1 (14) 7 (100) 4 (57) 3 (43) 4 (57) 0 0 0 0 0 41 (13) 9 (100) 7 (78)b 4 (44) 8 (89) 8 (89) 4 (44) 5 (56) 8 (89) 8 (89) 3 (33) 5 (56) 0 0 1 (11) 6 (67) 2 (22) 5 (56) 4 (44) 5 (56) 0 0 1 (11) Abbreviations: mRNA, messenger RNA; NIAID/FAAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network. a Allergies to (1) dexamethasone and propranolol, (2) penicillin and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine, and (3) venom, tree nuts, shellfish, aspirin, and sulfites. b Allergies to (1) gadolinium, (2) tree nuts and sulfonamide antibiotics, (3) sulfonamide antibiotics and cat dander, (4) peanuts, tree nuts, and morphine, (5) shellfish, tree nuts, and sulfonamide antibiotics, (6) ciprofloxacin, and (7) peanut, penicillin, sulfonamide antibiotics, and gadolinium. c Highest level of care reported. There were 3 employees who did not seek treatment, 1employeewhowastreatedinanurgentcareclinic,and1employeewhowastreated in the Mass General Brigham health system vaccine clinic. d The Brighton Collaboration2 case definition uses combinations of symptoms to define levels of diagnostic certainty. Brighton level 1 represents the highest level of diagnostic certainty that a reported case represents anaphylaxis; levels 2 and 3 are successively lower levels of diagnostic certainty; level 4 is a case reported as anaphylaxis but that does not meet the Brighton Collaboration case definition; and level 5 is a case that was neither reported as anaphylaxis nor meets the case definition. This study considered only Brighton level 1 or 2 as anaphylaxis cases. Brighton level 3 cases met NIAID/FAAN clinical criteria.3 e NIAID/FAAN clinical criteria3 for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis must meet 1 of the following criteria: (1) acute onset with involvement of skin and/or mucosal tissue and either (a) respiratory compromise or (b) reduced blood pressure or associated symptoms of end organ dysfunction; (2) 2 or more of the following occur after exposure to a likely allergen for that patient: (a) involvement of skin or mucosal tissue, (b) respiratory compromise, (c) reduced blood pressure or associated symptoms, or (d) persistent gastrointestinal symptoms; and (3) reduced blood pressure after exposure to a known allergen for that patient. f Grade I, cutaneous symptoms; grade II, measurable but not life-threatening symptoms; grade III, life-threatening symptoms; grade IV, cardiac and/or respiratory arrest. Based on a scale of anaphylactoid reactions in Lancet. 1977;1(8009):466-469. g Tryptase measurement was captured acutely in 5 cases (32%). An elevated tryptase level was defined as either above the upper limit of normal or >(2 + 1.2 × baseline tryptase level). One patient with a baseline tryptase level of 4.3 ng/mL had an acute tryptase level of 7.7 ng/mL associated with Moderna vaccine anaphylaxis. high. The use of vaccine administrations as the denominator for allergic reaction incidence may have resulted in some in- accuracy. Although study methods might have missed cases of potential anaphylaxis, comprehensive prospective surveil- lance methods were used, and symptom survey alone cap- tured 81% of all vaccinated employees. A northeastern US co- hort may not be generalizable. Kimberly G. Blumenthal, MD, MSc Lacey B. Robinson, MD, MPH Carlos A. Camargo Jr, MD, DrPH Erica S. Shenoy, MD, PhD Aleena Banerji, MD Adam B. Landman, MD Paige Wickner, MD, MPH 1564 JAMA April 20, 2021 Volume 325, Number 15 (Reprinted) jama.com © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/05/2022 Letters Author Affiliations: Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Blumenthal, Robinson, Banerji); Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Camargo); Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Shenoy); Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Landman); Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (Wickner). Corresponding Author: Kimberly G. Blumenthal, MD, MSc, The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, 100 Cambridge St, 16th Floor, Boston, MA 02114 (kblumenthal@mgh.harvard.edu). Accepted for Publication: March 2, 2021. Published Online: March 8, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3976 Author Contributions: Dr Blumenthal had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Landman and Wickner are co–senior authors. Concept and design: Blumenthal, Robinson, Camargo, Banerji, Landman, Wickner. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: Blumenthal. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Blumenthal. Obtained funding: Blumenthal. Administrative, technical, or material support: Blumenthal, Banerji, Landman, Wickner. Supervision: Blumenthal, Shenoy, Landman, Wickner. Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Blumenthal reported receiving grants from the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) Foundation, CRICO, and Massachusetts General Hospital outside the submitted work. Dr Camargo reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) outside the submitted work. Dr Landman reported receiving personal fees from Abbott Medical Device Cybersecurity Council outside the submitted work. Dr Wickner reported receiving grants from CRICO outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported. Funding/Support: This work was supported by NIH grant K01 AI125631 and the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine Transformative Scholar Program. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or Massachusetts General Hospital. Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Additional Contributions: We thank many colleagues in the Mass General Brigham health system for the design and implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program, including Dean M. Hashimoto, MD, Paul D. Biddinger, MD, Thomas D. Sequist, MD, MPH, Upeka Samarakoon, MS, PhD, MPH, Rajesh Patel, MD, MPH, Leeann Ouimet, MBA, Allen Judd, AB, Anna R. Wolfson, MD, Rebecca Saff, MD, PhD, Aidan A. Long, MD, Lily Li, MD, Tanya M. Laidlaw, MD, David I. Hong, MD, Anna M. Feldweg, MD, Katrin Stinson, MPH, Amanda J. Centi, PhD, Lynn Simpson, MPH, Nahal Beik, PharmD, BCPS, Christian M. Mancini, BS, Amelia S. Cogan, MPH, and Aubree E. McMahon, BA. We thank Xiaoqing Fu, MS, for assistance with data analysis. No compensation was received by any of these individuals. 5. Gupta RS, Warren CM, Smith BM, et al. Prevalence and severity of food allergies among US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(1):e185630. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2018.5630 6. Dhopeshwarkar N, Sheikh A, Doan R, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis documented in electronic health records. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7 (1):103-111. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.010 COMMENT & RESPONSE Fractional Flow Reserve Treatment and Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease To the Editor The study by Dr Sud and colleagues,1 which mea- sured single-vessel fractional flow reserve (FFR) in patients with coronary artery disease, demonstrated that percutane- ous coronary intervention (PCI) was associated with a lower rate of major adverse cardiac events for ischemic lesions on FFR but a higher rate of major adverse cardiac events for nonischemic lesions, compared with those not receiving PCI. While these findings support an FFR-based threshold for PCI procedures, we are concerned about its use in patients with heart failure. The authors do not appear to have considered the potential influence of central venous pressure in the analy- sis of FFR measurement in patients with heart failure in- cluded in their study. The mean right atrial pressure, when in the normal range, is considered to have a negligible influence on FFR measurement.2,3 However, an elevated central ve- nous pressure, often seen in patients with heart failure, may have an important effect on FFR measurement, which may in- fluence the determination of coronary artery lesion severity.4 Therefore, the results of this large retrospective analysis should be interpreted cautiously for patients with heart failure. Gianluca Rigatelli, MD, PhD Marco Zuin, MS Author Affiliations: Section of Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Endoluminal Interventions, Rovigo General Hospital, Rovigo, Italy (Rigatelli); University of Ferrara School of Medicine, Ferrara, Italy (Zuin). Corresponding Author: Gianluca Rigatelli, MD, PhD, Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Endoluminal Interventions, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Viale Tre Martiri 140, 45100 Rovigo, Italy (jackyheart@libero.it). Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported. 1. Sud M, Han L, Koh M, et al. Association between adherence to fractional flow reserve treatment thresholds and major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2020;324(23):2406-2414. doi:10.1001/jama. 2020.22708 1. Shimabukuro TT, Cole M, Su JR. Reports of anaphylaxis after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in the US—December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021. JAMA. Published online February 12, 2021. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1967 2. Gori T. The impact of venous pressure on FFR: do diuretics affect FFR? In: Gori T, Fineschi M, eds. Atlas of FFR-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Springer; 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47116-7_37 2. Rüggeberg JU, Gold MS, Bayas JM, et al; Brighton Collaboration Anaphylaxis Working Group. Anaphylaxis: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine. 2007;25(31): 5675-5684. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.064 3. Toth GG, De Bruyne B, Rusinaru D, et al. Impact of right atrial pressure on fractional flow reserve measurements: comparison of fractional flow reserve and myocardial fractional flow reserve in 1,600 coronary stenoses. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(5):453-459. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2015.11.021 3. Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network Symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(2):391-397. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1303 4. Kim MH, Lee SY, Lee SE, et al. Anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast media: clinical characteristics related with development of anaphylactic shock. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e100154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100154 4. Cook C, Ahmad Y, Petraco R, et al. TCT-42 accounting for right atrial pressure in the calculation of fractional flow reserve (FFR) significantly increases the number of physiologically significant stenoses suitable for PCI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15)(suppl):B18-B19. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.089 In Reply The concern raised by Dr Rigatelli and Mr Zuin regard- ing our study1 involves the influence of heart failure on FFR jama.com (Reprinted) JAMA April 20, 2021 Volume 325, Number 15 1565 © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/05/2022