Case Report Acute Transverse Myelitis after COVID-19 Vaccination Yu-Ting Hsiao 1 , Ming-Jen Tsai 1 , Ying-Hao Chen 2,* and Chi-Feng Hsu 1,* 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan; amy810129@gmail.com (Y.-T.H.); tshi33@gmail.com (M.-J.T.) 2 Department of Neurology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan * Correspondence: i760113@gmail.com (Y.-H.C.); alcooltw@gmail.com (C.-F.H.) Abstract: The adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine have been discovered as the rapid application of the vaccines continues. Neurological complications such as transverse myelitis raise concerns as cases were observed in clinical trials. Transverse myelitis is a rare immune-mediated disease with spinal cord neural injury, resulting in neurological deficits in the motor, sensory, and autonomic system. Vaccine-related transverse myelitis is even rarer. We present a case of acute transverse myelitis after vaccination against COVID-19 with the ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine (AZD1222), which was the first case reported in Taiwan. Although it rarely occurs, post-vaccination neurological complications should not be ignored. As the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and concern about vaccination efficacy and safety rises, heterologous vaccination were implemented in health public policy in several countries. A literature review of several clinical trials shows promising effects of mix-and-match vaccination. Further study on different combinations of vaccines can be expected. Keywords: transverse myelitis; COVID-19; vaccine Citation: Hsiao, Y.-T.; Tsai, M.-J.; Chen, Y.-H.; Hsu, C.-F. Acute Transverse Myelitis after COVID-19 Vaccination. Medicina 2021, 57, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ medicina57101010 Academic Editor: Pierpaolo Di Micco Received: 3 September 2021 Accepted: 23 September 2021 Published: 25 September 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1. Introduction Since the rapid administration of COVID-19 vaccines, specialists are facing questions regarding potential neurological complications. Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) post- vaccination raises concerns as three cases were observed during ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) clinical trials among 11,636 participants [1]. Vaccine related ATM is rare. The incidence is approximately 1.739/per million people as reported by the previous COVID-19 vaccine adverse event database [2]. Early diagnosis and treatment could benefit the recovery and prevent reccurrence. The adverse events also raise discussions regarding heterologous vaccination, which has been performed in multiple countries. Here, we present the first case of acute transverse myelitis after vaccination against COVID-19 with AZD1222 in Taiwan and review the related policy regarding adverse events after vaccination from the Taiwan Centers of Disease Control. 2. Case Report A 41-year-old man with diabetes under well medical control who works as an emer- gency physician received his first dose of AZD1222 2 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms. He first presented with left peripheral facial palsy, which was resolved after oral pred- nisolone. In the following week, a tingling sensation over T4 dermatome was experienced, followed by progressive paresthesia below T4, along with lower-limb weakness and clumsi- ness, which developed in the 6th week after vaccination. Neurologic examination revealed the loss of pinprick sensation below T4 bilaterally; decreased lower-limb muscle power, which was more severe over the left side; loss of joint position; and vibration over both lower limbs as well as increased bilateral knee reflex. The patient was admitted to the neurology ward for workups 7 weeks post-vaccination. Laboratory analysis showed unremarkable findings in the complete blood cell count, Medicina 2021, 57, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101010 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/medicina medicina (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:1) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7) Medicina 2021, 57, 1010 2 of 7 complete metabolic profile, and negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Brain and whole spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. The contrast-enhanced MRI of the spine revealed an intramedullary-enhancing lesion over the spinal cord at the T1 to T6 vertebral levels (Figure 1). The MRI of the brain was normal (Figure 2). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed mild pleocytosis (WBC:11/uL, lymphocyte predomminant: 100%) and mild elevated protein levels (44.3 mg/dL). Infectious disease of central nervous system was ruled out by the CSF analysis and virus culture. The tumor marker and autoimmune profiles, including the serum rheumatoid factor, serum complement C3 and C4, anti-Ro/La antibody, antinuclear antibody, and anti-ds-DNA antibody, were all in the normal range. Due to longitudinal transverse myelitis, Aquaporin4 antibodies were checked and showed negative. Therefore, neuromyelitis optica was not favored. Multiple sclerosis was also less likely due to the longitudinal transverse myelitis, normal brain MRI, and considering the fact that it could not fulfill the McDonald criteria. Coagulation profiles were also checked with the concern of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, which were all within normal limits. By the typical findings of the spine MRI and clinical symptoms, the patient was finally diagnosed with acute transverse myelitis (ATM) with suspicion of vaccine-associated neurological adverse effect. The patient received pulse therapy with 1000 mg of methylprednisolone daily for 5 days and had a dramatic improvement in the limb weakness. He maintained oral prednisolone with a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for other residual symptoms and was tapered as symptoms gradually subsided. Due to the patient having a major adverse event with AZD1222, the second dose of the vaccine was switched to the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine in the 14th week after the first dose and no major adverse event was observed until now. Sixteen weeks after first vaccination, a follow-up contrast-enhanced MRI over the thoracic spine was arranged, which revealed the resolution of the T1-T6 lesion (Figure 3). The patient is now doing well under regular follow-up without neurological sequelae. Figure 1. The MRI of the thoracic spine on the T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery scan (A) showed a hyperintense lesion on T1-T6 (indicated by arrowheads). The lesion was enhanced in the early-phase contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fast spin echo scan (B) and post-contrast T1-weighted fast spin echo scan (C). The axial view of the post-contrast T1-weighted fast spin echo scan over T4 (D) and T5 (E) revealed the enhanced lesion in the spinal cord (indicated by arrows). Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW    3 of 8  Figure 1. The MRI of the thoracic spine on the T2‐weighted short tau inversion recovery scan (A) showed a hyperintense  lesion on T1‐T6 (indicated by arrowheads). The lesion was enhanced in the early‐phase contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted  fast  spin  echo  scan  (B)  and  post‐contrast  T1‐weighted  fast  spin  echo  scan  (C).  The  axial  view  of  the  post‐contrast  T1‐ weighted fast spin echo scan over T4 (D) and T5 (E) revealed the enhanced lesion in the spinal cord (indicated by arrows).      Medicina 2021, 57, 1010 3 of 7 Figure 2. The serial axial MRI (A–D) of the brain on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images showed no multiple sclerosis lesion in the periventricular area. Figure 3. The follow-up MRI 16 weeks after vaccination of the thoracic spine on the T2-weighted short tau inversion recovery scan (A) and post-contrast T1-weighter fast spin echo scan (B) revealed the recovery of the previous lesion over T1-T6 (indicated by arrowheads). The axial view of the post-contrast T1-weighter fast spin echo scan over T4 (C) and T5 (D) also had similar findings. Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW    4 of 8  Figure 2. The serial axial MRI (A–D) of the brain on T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images showed no  multiple sclerosis lesion in the periventricular area.      Medicina 2021, 57, x FOR PEER REVIEW    5 of 8    Figure 3. The follow‐up MRI 16 weeks after vaccination of the thoracic spine on the T2‐weighted  short tau inversion recovery scan (A) and post‐contrast T1‐weighter fast spin echo scan (B) revealed  the recovery of the previous lesion over T1‐T6 (indicated by arrowheads). The axial view of the post‐ contrast T1‐weighter fast spin echo scan over T4 (C) and T5 (D) also had similar findings.  3. Discussion  Acute  transverse  myelitis  is  a  rare  clinical  syndrome  in  which  immune‐mediated  processes  cause  spinal  cord  neural  injury,  resulting  in  motor,  sensory,  and  autonomic  dysfunction  [3].  Since  the  pandemic  of  COVID‐19  developed,  COVID‐19‐related  transverse  myelitis  has  been  reported  and  the  incidence  is  about  0.5  case/per  million  people,  which  could  account  for  1.2%  of  all  COVID‐19‐related  neurological  complications.[1]  The  incidence  of  ATM  is  estimated  to  be  up  to  3–5  cases  per  million  people a year and vaccine‐associated ATM cases are even more rare [3]. According to the  Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) of the United States, a total of 119 post‐ vaccination ATM cases were reported during the period of 1985 to 2017 [4]. For COVID‐ 19  vaccine‐related  events,  a  total  of  51,755,447  doses  of  COVID‐19  vaccines  were  administered until March 2021 and nine cases of related ATM were reported among 9442  adverse  events;  the  incidence  is  approximately  1.739/per  million  people  [2].  After  the  literature review, we summarized the published case reports of SARS‐CoV2 vaccination‐ related transverse myelitis with detailed clinical information in Table 1 [5–12].  According  to  the  VAERS  of  the  Taiwan  Centers  for  Disease  Control,  since  the  beginning  of  vaccination  administration  on  22  March  2021  to  28  July  2021,  there  were  9,987,157  doses  of  vaccines  administered  in  Taiwan  and  5620  adverse  effect  cases  reported.  Among  the  2548  cases  of  severe  adverse  events,  neurological  complications,  including 208 strokes, 42 facial palsy, seven Guillain–Barre Syndrome reports, two acute  disseminated encephalomyelitis, and two transverse myelitis, were recognized [13]. This    Medicina 2021, 57, 1010 4 of 7 3. Discussion Acute transverse myelitis is a rare clinical syndrome in which immune-mediated processes cause spinal cord neural injury, resulting in motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction [3]. Since the pandemic of COVID-19 developed, COVID-19-related trans- verse myelitis has been reported and the incidence is about 0.5 case/per million people, which could account for 1.2% of all COVID-19-related neurological complications [1]. The incidence of ATM is estimated to be up to 3–5 cases per million people a year and vaccine- associated ATM cases are even more rare [3]. According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) of the United States, a total of 119 post-vaccination ATM cases were reported during the period of 1985 to 2017 [4]. For COVID-19 vaccine-related events, a total of 51,755,447 doses of COVID-19 vaccines were administered until March 2021 and nine cases of related ATM were reported among 9442 adverse events; the incidence is approximately 1.739/per million people [2]. After the literature review, we summarized the published case reports of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related transverse myelitis with detailed clinical information in Table 1 [5–12]. According to the VAERS of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, since the be- ginning of vaccination administration on 22 March 2021 to 28 July 2021, there were 9,987,157 doses of vaccines administered in Taiwan and 5620 adverse effect cases reported. Among the 2548 cases of severe adverse events, neurological complications, including 208 strokes, 42 facial palsy, seven Guillain–Barre Syndrome reports, two acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and two transverse myelitis, were recognized [13]. This is the first case reported of acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan. The pathogenesis of transverse myelitis is thought to be immune-mediated from infec- tion, para-infection, autoimmune disease, and paraneoplastic [6]. Related pathogens in- clude cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein bar virus, and coxsackieviruses [14]. The proposed mechanism of the post-infection neurological disorder is the concept of “Molecular Mimicry”, which means that the microorganism epitope shares a similar struc- ture to the host’s antigen. The cross-reaction between the epitope and self-antigen activates B lymphocyte and the bystander activation of T cells, which induces the immune response. These mechanism appears to be the explanation for the vaccine with viral antigen adju- vants, which might mediate immune responses targeting the spinal cords [1,6,7,15]. This could be somehow explained by the pleocytosis found in patients’ CSF considering that the blood–brain barrier might have been broken down within a focal area of the spinal cord [6,15]. It is noticeable that both the AZD1222 and Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccines contain adenovirus antigens, and they might induce ATM by the same pathogene- sis [1,7]. As other vaccines are without a viral vector, a similar hypothesis was proposed that immune dysregulation secondary to vaccination might trigger ATM [6]. However, the clear causal relation between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and ATM is still an issue for further investigation. Medicina 2021, 57, 1010 5 of 7 Table 1. Summary of the published case reports of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced transverse myelitis in the literature. Reference Age and Gender Type of Vaccine Onset Time * Clinical Presentations Involved Region Management Outcome Notghi et al. [5] 58 Male AstraZeneca 7 days Khan et al. [6] 67 Female Moderna 1 day Tahir et al. [7] 44 Female Johnson & Johnson 7 days T2–T10 C1–C3 IV methylprednisolone then oral prednisolone Plasmapheresis IV Methylprednisolone and plasmapheresis Improved Improved C2–C3 and T2 IV prednisolone and plasmapheresis Improved Erdem et al. [8] 78 Female CoronaVAC 3 weeks C1–T3 No information No information Pagenkopf et al. [9] 45 Male AstraZeneca 1 week C3–T2 IV prednisolone Improved Helmchen et al. [10] 40 Female AstraZeneca 2 weeks T7–T10 and optic neuritis IV Methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, and immunoadsorption Improved Singh et al. [11] 36 Male AstraZeneca 8 days T2 IV Methylprednisolone Improved Vegezzi et al. [12] 44 Female AstraZeneca (ABV 2856) 4 days T7–T8 and T10–T11 IV Methylprednisolone Improved This case report 41 Male AstraZeneca 2 weeks T1–T6 Improved IV Methylprednisolone and then oral prednisolone * Onset time refers to the time duration from vaccination to symptom onset. Lower-limb numbness, genital dysesthesia, urinary incontinence, and hyperreflexia Four limbs’ weakness and hyperreflexia, and loss of vibration up to ankle Back pain, urinary retention, paresthesia in neck and abdomen, numbness, weakness, and hyperreflexia in the lower extremities Tetraparesis, urinary retention, and paresthesia of bilateral upper extremities Thoracic back pain, urinary retention, acute flaccid tetraparesis, and sensory level at T9 Back pain, incontinence, paraplegia, and paresthesia under abdomen level Abnormal sensations in both lower limbs and sense of vibration impaired up to sternum Bilateral plantar feet ascending paresthesia and reduced sensation in lower back Paresthesia below T4, lower-limb weakness and clumsiness, loss of joint position and vibration, and hyperreflexia Medicina 2021, 57, 1010 6 of 7 Due to the concerns regarding vaccine adverse effects and the persisting pandemic of COVID-19, heterologous vaccine regimens raise discussions. Some countries are now per- forming heterologous prime-boost vaccine schedules [16]. Currently in Taiwan, people who developed major adverse events after the first dose of vaccination are strongly suggested to receive the second dose vaccine with a different mechanism. Clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy have been conducted. Heterologous vaccination with either the adenoviral-vectored or mRNA vaccine induced a higher immune response than that of ho- mologous vaccinations in mice [17]. An interim analysis in the UK Com-COV trial, which investigated heterologous prime-boost regimens of the AZD1222/BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine, found increased reactogenicity following heterologous boost with BNT162b2 rather than with homologous AZD1222 after the initial vaccination with AZD1222 in In a a 28-day interval, but with greater systemic reactogenicity after the boost [16]. German study comparing the prime-boost vaccine schedule of BNT162b2/BNT162b2 and AZD1222/BNT162b2, T-cell reactivity was significantly higher after heterologous AZD1222/BNT162b2 boost immunization compared to homologous BNT162b2/BNT162b2 boost immunization [18]. A small cohort study in Sweden also reported similar re- sults [19]. Studies regarding the immune response against different virus strains also found advantages in heterologous groups [19,20]. Other studies are evaluating the effects of the heterologous prime-boost on the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna). Promising results are expected [16]. 4. Conclusions Although they rarely occur, the association of the COVID-19 vaccine and the disease, along with other neurological complications, should not be ignored. As mix-and-match COVID-19 vaccines are under greater discussion in Taiwan, studies examining it are also on the way. As I (C.-F.H., the corresponding author) am the patient described above, I recommend that clinicians keep vaccine-related neurological complications in mind. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may cause sequela. I also propose that my experience of the heterologous vaccination could open up discussion regarding the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.-F.H. and Y.-H.C.; data collection, C.-F.H., Y.-H.C., and Y.-T.H.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.-T.H. and C.-F.H.; writing—review and editing, M.-J.T. and Y.-H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research study received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and both ethical review and approval were waived for the single case report. Informed Consent Statement: The patient described in the article is the corresponding author (C.-F.H.) himself. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient to publish this paper. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this paper are available from the corresponding author, C.-F.H., upon reasonable request. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. 2. 3. 4. Roman, G.C.; Gracia, F.; Torres, A.; Palacios, A.; Gracia, K.; Harris, D. Acute Transverse Myelitis (ATM): Clinical Review of 43 Patients With COVID-19-Associated ATM and 3 Post-Vaccination ATM Serious Adverse Events with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222). Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 653786. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Samudralwar, R.D.; Das, R.R.; Nath, A. ANA Investigates: Neurological Complications of COVID-19 Vaccines. Ann. Neurol. 2021, 89, 856–857. Agmon-Levin, N.; Kivity, S.; Szyper-Kravitz, M.; Shoenfeld, Y. 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