Meanwhile, genetic engineering and human-centered bioengineering are already seeing effects in society.This paper examines the trajectory of advancements in these areas, and it derives relevant issues and considerations for the military.To put these latest technologies into perspective, we examined the history of human modification and observed that humans have been extensively modifying themselves for a long time, and they will continue to do so.The latest human modifications focus on the human “hardware”: the neural, somatic, and germline, as well as things fused with the body; these human modifications are different from those that have come before.And various newly formed groups want to choose deliberately the path that humanity takes as it explores these modifications.We examined the trends in research of genetic engineering and “human-centered bioengineering” (our term for cyborgs that also encompasses a few more technological options).Advances in the nuclease2 family of gene editing tools, of which TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases) and CRISPR-associated (CRISPR-Cas) are the latest members, have enabled ever more precise and flexible options for researchers.