And advances in prosthetics (including sensory and organ parts), brain-machine interfaces, and wearables (including exoskeletons) continue to make smaller, lighter, cheaper, and more “restorative” technologies possible.In the near term, we expect the trends for these research areas to continue focusing on correcting human diseases and injuries.As researchers work through nontrivial safety issues, expanding options and availability will transform the lives of those who need them.In the longer term, these research areas have the potential to expand from corrective applications to enhancement applications; both research areas stand at this threshold, with human-centered bioengineering perhaps a bit further ahead.While the United States, China, and Russia continue to invest heavily in these research areas, the biohacker community plays an important role.With the connectivity of the internet, the sharing of information and procedures, the providing of equipment and alternatives, and a passion to explore and experiment (sometimes on themselves), biohackers are helping to push the envelope of research.