Aug 1870 occupied by Germany
28 Jun 1871 annexed by Germany as a Reichsland
22 Nov 1918 retaken by France (confirmed by Treaty of Versailles
effective 10 Jan 1920)
15 Jun 1940 - 20 Mar 1945 occupied by Germany
Governor-general
Aug 1870 - Sep 1871 Friedrich Graf von Bismarck-Bohlen (b. 1818 - d. 1894)
Oberpräsident
Sep 1871 - 1879 Eduard von Moeller (b. 1814 - d. 1880)
Kaiserliche Statthalter
1 Oct 1879 - 17 Jun 1885 Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel (b. 1809 - d. 1885)
Oct 1885 - 1894 Chlodwig Fürst zu
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
1894 - 1907 Hermann Fürst von
Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
1907 - Apr 1914 Karl Graf von Wedel (b. 1842 - d. 1919)
Apr 1914 - Oct 1918 Nikolaus Michael Louis Hans von
Dallwitz (b. 1855 - d. 1919)
14 Oct 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Rudolf Schwander (b. 1868 - d. 1950)
Secretaries of state
1 Oct 1879 - Jul 1880 Karl Joseph Benjamin Herzog (b. 1827 - d. 1902)
Oct 1880 - 1887 Karl Hofmann (from 1882, Karl
von Hofmann) (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
1887 - Jul 1901 Maximilian von Puttkamer (b. 1831 - d. 1906)
Jul 1901 - 1908 Ernst Matthias von Köller (b. 1841 - d. 1928)
1908 - Feb 1914 Hugo Freiherr Zorn von Bulach (b. 1851 - d. 1921)
10 Feb 1914 - May 1916 Siegfried Graf von Roedern (b. 1870 - d. 1954)
May 1916 - Oct 1918 Georg Freiherr von Tschammer und
Quaritz (b. 1869 - d. 1954)
Oct 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Karl Hauss (b. 1871 - d. 1925)
French high commissioner
22 Nov 1918 - Mar 1919 Georges Maringer (b. 1862 - d. 1941)
French general commissioners
Mar 1919 - Jan 1920 Alexandre Millerand (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
Jan 1920 - 15 Mar 1920 Jean Rimbert (acting) (b. 1871 - d. 1943)
15 Mar 1920 - 1 Aug 1924 Gabriel Alapetite (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
1 Aug 1924 - 15 Oct 1925 Henri Cacaud (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
Chief of civil administration in Alsace
7 Aug 1940 - 20 Mar 1945 Robert Wagner (b. 1895 - d. 1946)
Chiefs of civil administration in Lorraine
7 Aug 1940 - 28 Sep 1944 Josef Bürckel (b. 1895 - d. 1944)
29 Sep 1944 - 20 Mar 1945 Willi Stöhr (b. 1903 - d. ...)
10 Jul 1603 Principality of Anhalt partitioned into 5 principalities
(Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Köthen,
Anhalt-Plötzkau, Anhalt-Zerbst)
30 Aug 1863 Duchy of Anhalt unified
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes
- Askanien dynasty -
30 Aug 1863 - 22 May 1871 Leopold IV (b. 1794 - d. 1871)
22 May 1871 - 24 Jan 1904 Friedrich I (b. 1831 - d. 1904)
24 Jan 1904 - 21 Apr 1918 Friedrich II (b. 1856 - d. 1918)
21 Apr 1918 - 13 Sep 1918 Eduard (b. 1861 - d. 1918)
13 Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Joachim Ernst (b. 1901 - d. 1947)
Sep 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Aribert (regent) (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
Ministers of state
12 Sep 1863 - 1868 Carl Friedrich Ferdinand Sintenis (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
1868 - 1875 Karl August Alfred von Larisch (b. 1819 - d. 1897)
1875 - 1892 Anton von Krosigk (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
1892 - 1902 Karl von Koseritz
1903 - 1909 Nikolaus Michael Louis Hans von
Dallwitz (b. 1855 - d. 1919)
1 Jan 1910 - 8 Nov 1918 Ernst Laue (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
8 Nov 1918 - 14 Nov 1918 Max Gutknecht (b. 1876 - d. 19...)
14 Nov 1918 - 23 Jul 1919 Wolfgang Heine (b. 1861 - d. 1944)
23 Jul 1919 - 9 Jul 1924 Heinrich Deist (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1962)
9 Jul 1924 - 25 Nov 1924 R. Willi Knorr (b. 1878 - d. 1937)
25 Nov 1924 - 21 May 1932 Heinrich Deist (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 May 1932 - 8 Jan 1940 Alfred Freyberg (b. 1892 - d. 1945)
5 May 1933 - 23 Oct 1935 Friedrich Wilhelm Loeper (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
(Reichsstatthalter)
Oct 1935 - Apr 1937 Fritz Sauckel (b. 1894 - d. 1946)
(acting Reichsstatthalter)
8 Jan 1940 - Apr 1945 Rudolf Jordan (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(also Reichsstatthalter from Apr 1937)
10 Jul 1603 Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg
8 Apr 1806 Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg
19 Aug 1863 incorporated into Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
2 Oct 1656 - 14 Feb 1718 Viktor Amadeus (b. 1634 - d. 1718)
14 Feb 1718 - 22 Apr 1721 Karl Friedrich (b. 1668 - d. 1721)
22 Apr 1721 - 18 May 1765 Viktor Friedrich (b. 1700 - d. 1765)
18 May 1765 - 9 Apr 1796 Friedrich Albrecht (b. 1735 - d. 1796)
9 Apr 1796 - 8 Apr 1806 Alexius Friedrich Christian (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Bernburg], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
8 Apr 1806 - 24 Mar 1834 Alexius Friedrich Christian (s.a.)
24 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1863 Alexander Karl (b. 1805 - d. 1863)
8 Oct 1855 - 19 Aug 1863 Duchess Friederike Karoline
Juliane (f) (co-regent) (b. 1811 - d. 1902)
Presidents of the government
1810 - 1827 Johann Vollrath Ludwig Freiherr
von Salmuth (b. 1761 - d. 1827)
1827 - 1831 Wilhelm Ernst Carl Pfau (from 12
Jun 1828, Wilhelm Ernst Carl
von Pfau) (b. 1775 - d. 1847)
1831 - 1848 Friedrich Wilhelm August von
Kersten (b. 1773 - d. 1852)
Ministers of state
24 Jul 1848 - 2 Nov 1848 Friedrich Wilhelm August von
Kersten (s.a.)
3 Nov 1848 - 14 Dec 1850 Carl Magnus Heinrich von Krosigk (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
14 Dec 1850 - 17 Apr 1853 Johann Victor Andreas von Hempel (b. 1792 - d. ...)
17 Apr 1853 - 12 Sep 1863 Maximilian Theodor von Schaetzell (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
17 Apr 1630 separated from Anhalt-Bernburg 14 Dec 1709 reincorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Harzgerode], Graf von Askanien) - Askanien dynasty - 17 Apr 1630 - 30 Jun 1670 Friedrich (b. 1613 - d. 1670) 30 Jun 1670 - 14 Dec 1709 Wilhelm (b. 1643 - d. 1709)
1707 separated from Anhalt-Bernburg
24 Dec 1812 reincorporated into Anhalt-Bernburg
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
1707 - 17 May 1727 Leberecht (b. 1669 - d. 1727)
17 May 1727 - 15 Apr 1772 Viktor I (b. 1693 - d. 1772)
15 Apr 1772 - 20 Aug 1806 Karl (b. 1723 - d. 1806)
20 Aug 1806 - 22 Apr 1812 Viktor II (b. 1767 - d. 1812)
22 Apr 1812 - 24 Dec 1812 Friedrich (b. 1741 - d. 1812)
10 Jul 1603 Principality of Anhalt-Dessau
18 Apr 1807 Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau
2 May 1853 merges with Anhalt-Köthen to form Duchy of
Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
17 Aug 1693 - 9 Apr 1747 Leopold I "der alte Dessauer" (b. 1676 - d. 1747)
9 Apr 1747 - 16 Dec 1751 Leopold II (b. 1700 - d. 1751)
16 Dec 1751 - 18 Apr 1807 Leopold III (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Dessau], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
18 Apr 1807 - 9 Aug 1817 Leopold III (s.a.)
9 Aug 1817 - 2 May 1853 Leopold IV (b. 1794 - d. 1871)
Presidents of the Government
1763 - 1793 Wilhelm Lebrecht Stubenrauch (b. 1711 - d. 1793)
1794 - 1809 Carl Eschwien von Krosigk (b. 17... - d. 1840)
1810 - 1831 Wolff Carl August von
Wolfframsdorff (b. 1769 - d. 1831)
1831 - 1835 Ludwig von Basedow (b. 1774 - d. 1835)
1835 - 1848 Leopold von Morgenstern (b. 1790 - d. 1864)
10 Jul 1603 Principality of Anhalt-Köthen
23 Apr 1665 merged with Anhalt-Plötzkau
1 Jun 1807 Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen
23 Nov 1847 jointly administered by Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Bernburg
2 May 1853 merges with Anhalt-Dessau to form Duchy of
Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
18 Nov 1670 - 30 May 1704 Emanuel Lebrecht (b. 1671 - d. 1704)
30 May 1704 - 19 Nov 1728 Leopold (b. 1694 - d. 1728)
19 Nov 1728 - 6 Aug 1755 August Ludwig (b. 1697 - d. 1755)
6 Aug 1755 - 17 Oct 1789 Karl Georg Ludwig Lebrecht (b. 1730 - d. 1789)
17 Oct 1789 - 1 Jun 1807 August Christian Friedrich (b. 1769 - d. 1812)
Dukes (title Herzog zu Anhalt[-Köthen], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
1 Jun 1807 - 5 May 1812 August Christian Friedrich (s.a.)
5 May 1812 - 18 Dec 1818 Ludwig II (b. 1802 - d. 1818)
5 May 1812 - 9 Aug 1817 Leopold III of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1740 - d. 1817)
(regent)
9 Aug 1817 - 18 Dec 1818 Alexius of Anhalt-Bernburg (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
(regent)
18 Dec 1818 - 23 Aug 1830 Friedrich Ferdinand (b. 1769 - d. 1830)
23 Aug 1830 - 23 Nov 1847 Heinrich (b. 1778 - d. 1847)
Presidents of the State Government (from Apr 1848, Government)
1812 - 1817 Ludwig Lebrecht Vierthaler (b. 1763 - d. 1818)
1817 - 1835 Lebrecht August Renthe (from 1820,
Lebrecht August von Renthe) (b. 1762 - d. 1835)
1836 - 1839 Johann David Karl Albert (from
1837, Johann David Karl von
Albert) (b. 1779 - d. 1839)
1840 - 1853 Albert Vierthaler (b. 1794 - d. 1862)
Chairmen of the Common Ministry of State (for Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen)
23 Jul 1848 - 10 Jul 1849 August Eberhardt Habicht (b. 1805 - d. 1896)
10 Jul 1849 - May 1853 Gustav August von Gossler (b. 1807 - d. 1869)
1765 - 5 Nov 1841 Principality of (Anhalt-Köthen-)Pless under Prussia
Princes
- Askanien dynasty -
1765 - 12 Dec 1797 Friedrich Erdmann (b. 1721 - d. 1797)
12 Dec 1797 - 18 Dec 1818 Friedrich Ferdinand (s.a.)
18 Dec 1818 - 23 Aug 1830 Heinrich (s.a.)
23 Aug 1830 - 5 Nov 1841 Ludwig (b. 1783 - d. 1841)
2 May 1853 Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau-Köthen formed by merger of
Anhalt-Dessau and Anhalt-Köthen
30 Aug 1863 after incorporation of Anhalt-Bernburg 19 Aug 1863,
the polity becomes the Duchy of Anhalt
Duke
- Askanien dynasty -
2 May 1853 - 30 Aug 1863 Leopold IV (s.a.)
10 Jul 1603 Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst
3 Mar 1797 divided among Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Dessau
Princes (title Fürst zu Anhalt[-Zerbst], Graf von Askanien)
- Askanien dynasty -
14 Jul 1667 - 3 Nov 1718 Karl Wilhelm (b. 1652 - d. 1718)
3 Nov 1718 - 7 Nov 1742 Johann August (b. 1677 - d. 1742)
7 Nov 1742 - 5 Nov 1746 Johann Ludwig (b. 1688 - d. 1746)
jointly with
7 Nov 1742 - 16 Mar 1747 Christian August (b. 1690 - d. 1747)
16 Mar 1747 - 3 Mar 1793 Friedrich August (b. 1734 - d. 1793)
27 Apr 1112 Margraviate of Baden (Markgrafschaft Baden) established
24 Aug 1535 polity split into Upper Margraviate of Baden, usually called
Baden-Baden, and Lower Margraviate of Baden, usually called
Baden-Durlach, after the later choices of capitals
21 Oct 1771 Baden-Baden line extinct; Baden-Durlach reunites both
polities into a single Margraviate of Baden
25 Jul 1803 the ruler is made into a prince-elector and the polity is
styled Electorate of Baden (Kurfürstentum Baden)
25 Jul 1806 Grand Duchy of Baden (Grossherzogtum Baden)
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849 rebellion; establishes Republic of Baden 1 Jun 1849
14 Nov 1918 republic
Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden) - Zähringen dynasty - 22 May 1677 - 4 Jan 1707 Ludwig Wilhelm "der Türkenlouis" (b. 1655 - d. 1707) 4 Jan 1707 - 22 Oct 1761 Ludwig Georg Simpert (b. 1702 - d. 1761) 22 Oct 1761 - 21 Oct 1771 August Georg Simpert (b. 1706 - d. 1771)
Margraves (title Markgraf von Baden) - Zähringen dynasty - 10 Feb 1677 - 25 Jun 1709 Friedrich VII "der Grosse" (b. 1647 - d. 1709) 25 Jun 1709 - 12 May 1738 Karl III Wilhelm (b. 1679 - d. 1738) 12 May 1738 - 21 Oct 1771 Karl IV Friedrich (b. 1728 - d. 1811)
Margrave (title Markgraf von Baden)
- Zähringen dynasty -
21 Oct 1771 - 27 Apr 1803 Karl IV Friedrich (s.a.)
Margrave and Elector (title Markgraf von Baden, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches,
Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, etc.)
- Zähringen dynasty -
27 Apr 1803 - 25 Jul 1806 Karl Friedrich (s.a.)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Baden)
- Zähringen dynasty -
25 Jul 1806 - 10 Jun 1811 Karl Friedrich (s.a.)
10 Jun 1811 - 8 Dec 1818 Karl (b. 1786 - d. 1818)
8 Dec 1818 - 30 Mar 1830 Ludwig I (b. 1763 - d. 1830)
30 Mar 1830 - 24 Apr 1852 Leopold (b. 1790 - d. 1852)
14 May 1849 - 25 Jun 1849 Lorenz Peter Brentano (b. 1813 - d. 1891)
(chairman Executive of the People's Societies to
1 Jun 1849, then chairman Provisional Government
of the Republic)
24 Apr 1852 - 5 Sep 1856 Ludwig II (b. 1824 - d. 1858)
5 Sep 1856 - 28 Sep 1907 Friedrich I (b. 1826 - d. 1907)
(24 Apr 1852 - 5 Sep 1856 regent for Ludwig II)
28 Sep 1907 - 22 Nov 1918 Friedrich II (b. 1857 - d. 1928)
Chief ministers
1833 - 1838 Georg Ludwig Winter (b. 1778 - d. 1838)
1838 - 1839 Karl Friedrich Nebenius (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1857)
1839 - Nov 1843 Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr
von Blittersdorf (b. 1792 - d. 1861)
Nov 1843 - Mar 1845 Christian Friedrich von Boeckh (b. 1777 - d. 1855)
Mar 1845 - 19 Dec 1846 Karl Friedrich Nebenius (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1846 - 9 Mar 1848 Johann Baptist Bekk (b. 1797 - d. 1855)
9 Mar 1848 - 1 Jul 1849 Karl Georg Hoffmann (b. 1796 - d. 1865)
1 Jul 1849 - May 1856 Friedrich Adolf Klüber (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
May 1856 - 2 Apr 1860 Franz Freiherr von Stengel (b. 1803 - d. 1870)
2 Apr 1860 - 27 Jul 1866 Anton von Stabel (b. 1806 - d. 1880)
27 Jul 1866 - 3 Feb 1868 Karl Mathy (b. 1806 - d. 1868)
12 Feb 1868 - 24 Sep 1876 Julius August Isaak Jolly (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
24 Sep 1876 - 7 Mar 1893 Ludwig Turban (b. 1821 - d. 1898)
7 Mar 1893 - Jun 1901 Franz Wilhelm Nokk (b. 1832 - d. 1903)
Jun 1901 - 8 Mar 1905 Karl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von
Brauer (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
8 Mar 1905 - 22 Dec 1917 Alexander Freiherr von Dusch (b. 1851 - d. 1923)
22 Dec 1917 - 14 Nov 1918 Heinrich Freiherr von und zu
Bodman (b. 1851 - d. 1929)
State presidents
14 Nov 1918 - 14 Aug 1920 Anton Geiss (b. 1858 - d. 1944)
14 Aug 1920 - 23 Nov 1921 Gustav Josef Ludwig Trunk
(1st time) (b. 1871 - d. 1936)
23 Nov 1921 - 23 Nov 1922 Hermann Hummel (b. 1876 - d. 1952)
23 Nov 1922 - 23 Nov 1923 Adam Remmele (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
23 Nov 1923 - 23 Nov 1924 Heinrich Köhler (1st time) (b. 1878 - d. 1949)
23 Nov 1924 - 23 Nov 1925 Willy Hugo Hellpach (b. 1877 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1925 - 23 Nov 1926 Gustav Josef Ludwig Trunk
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1926 - 3 Feb 1927 Heinrich Köhler (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Feb 1927 - 23 Nov 1927 Gustav Josef Ludwig Trunk
(3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1927 - 23 Nov 1928 Adam Remmele (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1928 - 20 Nov 1930 Franz Josef Schmitt (1st time) (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
20 Nov 1930 - 10 Sep 1931 Franz Josef Wittemann (b. 1866 - d. 1931)
18 Sep 1931 - 11 Mar 1933 Franz Josef Schmitt (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Mar 1933 - 8 May 1933 Robert Wagner (b. 1895 - d. 1946)
(also Reichskommissar 8-11 Mar 1933 and
Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - 1945)
Minister-president
8 May 1933 - Apr 1945 Walter Köhler (b. 1897 - d. 1989)
1548 Principality of Heitersheim
25 Jul 1806 incorporated into Baden
Princes
1683 - 1703 Hermann II von Wachtendonk
1703 - 1721 Bernhard Wilhelm von der Rhede
1721 - 1727 Goswin Hermann Otto von Merveldt
1728 - 1752 Philipp Wilhelm von Nesselrode
1754 - 1755 Philipp Joachim Vogt von Prassberg
1755 - 1773 Johann Baptist von Schauenburg
1775 - 1777 Franz Christoph Sebastian von
Remchingen
1777 - 1796 Johann Joseph Benedict von Reinach
zu Foussemaigne und Rappach
1796 - 25 Jul 1806 Ignaz Balthasar Willibald Rink von
Baldenstein (b. 1721 - d. 1807)
1711 lordship elevated to county
1806 county elevated to principality
1815 under Austrian sovereignty
1819 incorporated into Baden
Lords (from 1711, counts; from 1806, prince)
- Cronberg dynasty -
1692 - 17 Jul 1704 Johann Nikolaus (b. 1633 - d. 1704)
- von der Leyen dynasty -
1705 - 30 Nov 1739 Karl Kaspar Franz (b. 1655 - d. 1739)
30 Nov 1739 - 16 Feb 1760 Friedrich Ferdinand Franz Anton (b. 1709 - d. 1760)
26 Aug 1762 - 26 Sep 1775 Franz Karl (b. 1736 - d. 1775)
26 Sep 1775 - 1815 Philipp Franz (b. 1766 - d. 1829)
c.500 Dukes of the Baiuvars
788 conquered by the Franks
806 Carolingian Kingdom of Bavaria
24 Sep 911 Carolingian dynasty ends
911 Dukes of Bavaria (but polity styled Fürstentum und Land zu
Bayern)
16 Sep 1180 Wittelsbach dynasty begins
28 Mar 1255 - 30 Jul 1505 numerous dynastic divisions (all rulers styled Herzog von
Bayern)
30 Jul 1505 polity reunited, ruler styled Herzog beider Bayern
25 Feb 1623 upon forfeit of the Palatinate to the king, the ruler of
Bavaria is elevated to the lapsed electorate (Kurfürstentum
Bayern)
29 Apr 1706 - 6 Mar 1714 divided between Austria and the Palatinate
6 Mar 1714 independence restored; office of archsteward (as part of the
electoral dignity) in dispute with the Palatinate
30 Dec 1777 the elector palatine inherits Bavaria upon the extinction of
the ruling Wittelsbach line, thus terminating the electoral
dispute; the ruler sometimes uses the abbreviated style
Kurfürst von Pfalzbayern
27 Apr 1803 Palatinate incorporated into Bavaria
1 Jan 1806 Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern)
8 Nov 1918 republic
Dukes and electors (title Herzog beider Bayern, Erztruchsess und Kurfürst des
Heiligen Römischen Reiches - duke of both Bavarias, archsteward and prince-elector of
the Holy Roman Empire)
- Wittelsbach dynasty -
26 May 1679 - 29 Apr 1706 Maximilian II (1st time) (b. 1662 - d. 1726)
6 Mar 1714 - 26 Feb 1726 Maximilian II (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Feb 1726 - 20 Jan 1745 Karl Albrecht (b. 1697 - d. 1745)
20 Jan 1745 - 30 Dec 1777 Maximilian III (b. 1727 - d. 1777)
30 Dec 1777 - 16 Feb 1799 Karl Philipp Theodor (b. 1724 - d. 1799)
16 Feb 1799 - 1 Jan 1806 Maximilian IV (b. 1756 - d. 1825)
Kings (title König von Bayern)
- Wittelsbach dynasty -
1 Jan 1806 - 13 Oct 1825 Maximilian I (s.a.)
13 Oct 1825 - 20 Mar 1848 Ludwig I (b. 1786 - d. 1868)
20 Mar 1848 - 10 Mar 1864 Maximilian II (b. 1811 - d. 1864)
10 Mar 1864 - 13 Jun 1886 Ludwig II (b. 1845 - d. 1886)
13 Jun 1886 - 5 Nov 1913 Otto I (b. 1848 - d. 1916)
10 Jun 1886 - 12 Dec 1912 Prince Luitpold (b. 1821 - d. 1912)
(regent for incapacitated Ludwig II and for insane
Otto)
12 Dec 1912 - 5 Nov 1913 Prince Ludwig (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
(regent for insane Otto)
5 Nov 1913 - 13 Nov 1918 Ludwig III (s.a.)
Ministers of state
1745 - 18 Nov 1777 Franz Joseph Freiherr (from 1772,
Graf) von Berchem (b. 1702 - d. 1777)
1777 - 1799 Matthäus Graf von Vieregg (b. 1719 - d. 1802)
21 Feb 1799 - 2 Feb 1817 Maximilian Graf von Montgelas (b. 1759 - d. 1838)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
2 Feb 1817 - Oct 1825 Heinrich Aloys Graf von
Reigersberg (b. 1770 - d. 1865)
Oct 1825 - 2 Jan 1832 Georg Friedrich Freiherr von
Zentner (b. 1752 - d. 1835)
2 Jan 1832 - 1 Nov 1837 Friedrich August Koch
Reichsfreiherr von Gise (b. 1783 - d. 1860)
1 Nov 1837 - 1 Mar 1847 Karl Abel (from 12 Mar 1844,
Karl von Abel) (b. 1788 - d. 1859)
1 Mar 1847 - 1 Dec 1847 Friedrich August Karl Maria
Philipp Joseph Freiherr von
Zu Rhein (b. 1802 - d. 1870)
1 Dec 1847 - 14 Mar 1848 Ludwig Fürst von
Öttingen-Wallerstein (b. 1791 - d. 1870)
14 Mar 1848 - 29 Apr 1848 Klemens August Graf von Waldkirch (b. 1806 - d. 1858)
(acting)
29 Apr 1848 - 18 Apr 1849 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von
Bray-Steinburg (1st time) (b. 1807 - d. 1899)
18 Apr 1849 - 1 May 1859 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr
von der Pfordten (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1880)
1 May 1859 - 4 Oct 1864 Karl Freiherr von Schrenck (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
4 Oct 1864 - 4 Dec 1864 Max von Neumayr (acting) (b. 1810 - d. 1881)
4 Dec 1864 - 31 Dec 1866 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr
von der Pfordten (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Dec 1866 - 8 Mar 1870 Chlodwig Fürst zu
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (b. 1819 - d. 1901)
8 Mar 1870 - 21 Aug 1871 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von
Bray-Steinburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Aug 1871 - 2 Jun 1872 Friedrich Adam Justus Freiherr
von Hegnenberg-Dux (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
1 Oct 1872 - 4 Mar 1880 Adolph von Pfretzschner (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
4 Mar 1880 - 1 Jun 1890 Johann von Lutz (from 1884,
Johann Freiherr von Lutz) (b. 1826 - d. 1890)
1 Jun 1890 - 1 Mar 1903 Krafft Freiherr von Crailsheim (b. 1841 - d. 1926)
1 Mar 1903 - 9 Feb 1912 Klemens Freiherr von
Podewils-Dürniz (from 1911,
Klemens Graf von Podewils-Dürniz) (b. 1850 - d. 1922)
9 Feb 1912 - 11 Nov 1917 Georg Freiherr von Hertling (from
1914, Georg Graf von Hertling) (b. 1843 - d. 1919)
11 Nov 1917 - 8 Nov 1918 Otto Ritter von Dandl (b. 1868 - d. 1942)
Minister-presidents
8 Nov 1918 - 21 Feb 1919 Kurt Eisner (b. 1867 - d. 1919)
4 Mar 1919 - 15 Mar 1919 Martin Segitz (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1927)
15 Mar 1919 - 16 Mar 1920 Johannes Hoffmann (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
(7 Apr - 2 May 1919 in Bamberg)
Chairmen of the Provisional Revolutionary Central Council (in Munich)
7 Apr 1919 - 8 Apr 1919 Ernst Niekisch (b. 1889 - d. 1967)
8 Apr 1919 - 14 Apr 1919 Ernst Toller (b. 1893 - d. 1939)
Chairmen of the Executive Council (in Munich)
14 Apr 1919 - 27 Apr 1919 Eugen Leviné (b. 1883 - d. 1919)
+ Max Levien (b. 1885 - d. 1937)
27 Apr 1919 - 28 Apr 1919 Ernst Toller (s.a.)
28 Apr 1919 - 2 May 1919 ...
Minister-presidents
16 Mar 1920 - 21 Sep 1921 Gustav von Kahr (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
21 Sep 1921 - 8 Nov 1922 Hugo Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld (b. 1871 - d. 1944)
8 Nov 1922 - 30 Jun 1924 Eugen Ritter von Knilling (b. 1865 - d. 1927)
30 Jun 1924 - 16 Mar 1933 Heinrich Held (b. 1868 - d. 1938)
16 Mar 1933 - 12 Apr 1933 Franz Ritter von Epp (b. 1868 - d. 1946)
(also Reichskommissar 9-16 Mar 1933 and
Reichsstatthalter 10 Apr 1933 - 29 Apr 1945)
12 Apr 1933 - 1 Nov 1942 Ludwig Siebert (b. 1874 - d. 1942)
2 Nov 1942 - 28 Apr 1945 Paul Giesler (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
945 Palatinate of Lorraine (Pfalzgrafschaft Lothringen)
1093 Palatinate of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein);
style: Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (count palatine of the Rhine -
more literally "at the Rhine")
25 Dec 1356 Golden Bull confirms electoral status of the ruler; the
polity is often styled Kurfürstentum Pfalz bei Rhein
(Electorate Palatinate of the Rhine); style: Pfalzgraf bei
Rhein, Erztruchsess und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen
Reiches (count palatine of the Rhine, archsteward and
prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire)
7 Mar 1623 the polity is forfeited to the king, the electoral dignity
is transferred to Bavaria
3 Mar 1628 incorporated into Bavaria
24 Oct 1648 polity reconstituted; new electorate created Jun 1653;
style: Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfürst
des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (count palatine of the Rhine,
archtreasurer and prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire)
23 Jun 1708 after the (temporary) dissolution of Bavaria, the count
palatine recovers the earlier electoral style
(Erztruchsess), and maintains it - in dispute with the
restored Bavaria
30 Dec 1777 the ruler inherits Bavaria, and the dispute regarding the
electoral style ends
27 Apr 1803 Palatinate incorporated into Bavaria
Counts palatine and electors
- Wittelsbach dynasty -
2 Sep 1690 - 8 Jun 1716 Johann Wilhelm (b. 1658 - d. 1716)
8 Jun 1716 - 31 Dec 1742 Karl III Philipp (b. 1661 - d. 1742)
31 Dec 1742 - 16 Feb 1799 Karl IV Philipp Theodor (b. 1724 - d. 1799)
16 Feb 1799 - 27 Apr 1803 Maximilian Maria (b. 1756 - d. 1825)
1646 free imperial city; four mayors to 1853;
four "succession lines" can be distinguished
13 Dec 1810 incorporated into France (Bouches-du-Weser département
created 1 Jan 1811)
6 Nov 1813 Free Hanseatic City of Bremen restored
Mayors
- Line 1 -
1690 - 1721 Friedrich Casimir Tilemann gen. Schenk
1721 - 1725 Johann von Rheden
1725 - 1728 Liborius von Line II
1728 - 1731 Hieronymus Alers
1731 - 1736 Heinrich Smidt
1736 - 1749 Daniel von Büren IV
1749 - 1781 Volkhard Mindemann
1781 Albrecht Gröning
1781 - 1782 Martin Eelking
1782 - 1798 Gerhard von dem Busch
1798 - 1803 Jakob Breuls
1803 - 31 Dec 1810 Heinrich Lampe (1st time) (b. 1746 - d. 1817)
6 Nov 1813 - 18 Dec 1817 Heinrich Lampe (2nd time) (s.a.)
1817 - 18 Feb 1822 Christian Hermann Schöne (b. 1763 - d. 1822)
1822 - 23 Jan 1847 Simon Hermann Nonnen (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
1847 - 3 Aug 1853 Isaak Hermann Albrecht Schumacher (b. 1780 - d. 1853)
- Line 2 -
1689 - 1712 Melchior Schweling
1712 - 1737 Werner Köhne
1737 - 1741 Jakob Hüneken
1741 - 1745 Kaspar von Rheden
1745 - 1756 Heinrich Lampe I
1756 - 1767 Heinrich Köhne
1767 - 1787 Dietrich Smidt
1787 - 1792 Heinrich Köhnen
1792 - 31 Dec 1810 Christian Abraham Heineken
(1st time)
6 Nov 1813 - 1818 Christian Abraham Heineken
(2nd time)
1818 - 1821 Arnold Dietrich Tiedemann
1821 - 1853 Johann Smidt (b. 1773 - d. 1857)
- Line 3 -
1693 - 1711 Heinrich von Aschen
1711 - 1716 Wilhelm von Bentheim
1716 - 1742 Johann Holler
1742 - 1751 Dietrich Meier I
1751 - 1766 Heinrich Gerhard Schumacher
1766 - 1775 Isaak von Meinertzhagen
1775 - 1787 Johann Pundsack
1787 - 1802 Justin Friedrich Wilhelm Iken
1802 - 31 Dec 1810 Daniel Klugkist (1st time)
6 Nov 1813 - 1814 Daniel Klugkist (2nd time)
1814 - 1821 Georg Gröning (b. 1745 - d. 1825)
1821 - 1839 Heinrich Gröning
1839 - 1852 Johann Daniel Noltenius
- Line 4 -
1696 - 1718 Hermann Doverhagen
1718 - 1720 Konrad von Berchem
1720 - 1747 Heinrich Meier II
1747 - 1757 Christian Schönel
1757 - 1773 Hieronymus Klugkist
1773 - 1776 Hermann von Line
1776 - 1794 Daniel Tiedemann
1794 - 1802 Dietrich Meier II
1802 - 1808 Liborius Dietrich Post
1808 - 31 Dec 1810 Franz Tiedemann (1st time)
6 Nov 1813 - 1824 Franz Tiedemann (2nd time)
1824 - 1845 Michael Duntze
1845 - 1853 Dietrich Meier III
First mayors
1853 - 31 Dec 1856 Johann Smidt (acting) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1863 Arnold Duckwitz (b. 1802 - d. 1881)
1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1867 Karl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr
(1st time) (b. 1803 - d. 1888)
1 Jan 1868 - 3 Oct 1871 Johann Daniel Meier (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
3 Oct 1871 - 1871 Karl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1871 - 31 Dec 1875 Otto Gildemeister (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1902)
1 Jan 1876 - 12 Apr 1879 Friedrich Moritz Christian
Pfeiffer (b. 1815 - d. 1879)
12 Apr 1879 - 1879 Otto Gildemeister (2nd time)
(acting) (s.a.)
1879 - 1882 Friedrich Ludwig Grave (b. 1815 - d. 1885)
1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Otto Gildemeister (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
(1st time) (b. 1820 - d. 1891)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Otto Gildemeister (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Otto Gildemeister (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1887 Stephan August Lürmann (1st time) (b. 1820 - d. 1902)
1 Jan 1888 - 31 Dec 1888 Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889 Stephan August Lürmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Karl Friedrich Christian Buff
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1915)
1 Jan 1892 - 31 Dec 1892 Stephan August Lürmann (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1893 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Stephan August Lürmann (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Albert Gröning (1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1903)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Albert Gröning (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Friedrich August Schultz
(1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1905)
1 Jan 1900 - 31 Dec 1900 Albert Gröning (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1901 Friedrich August Schultz
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Albert Gröning (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1904 - 31 Dec 1904 Carl Georg Barkhausen (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1917)
1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1905 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (6th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Carl Georg Barkhausen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Victor Wilhelm Marcus (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1911)
1 Jan 1908 - 31 Dec 1908 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (7th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1909 Victor Wilhelm Marcus (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1910 Alfred Dominicus Pauli (8th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1911 - 31 Dec 1911 Carl Georg Barkhausen (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1912 - 31 Dec 1912 Karl Friedrich Heinrich
Stadtländer (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
1 Jan 1913 - 31 Dec 1913 Carl Georg Barkhausen (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Karl Friedrich Heinrich
Stadtländer (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Clemens Carl Buff (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Carl Georg Barkhausen (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Clemens Carl Buff (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1918 - 10 Jan 1919 Hermann Christian Ferdinand
Hildebrand (b. 1849 - d. 1939)
4 Feb 1919 - Dec 1920 Karl Deichmann (b. 1863 - d. 1940)
Dec 1920 - 18 Mar 1933 Martin Donatus Ferdinand Donandt (b. 1852 - d. 1937)
18 Mar 1933 - 23 Oct 1934 Richard Markert (b. 1891 - d. 1957)
(Reichskommissar 6 Mar - 13 May 1933)
5 May 1933 - 15 May 1942 Carl Röver (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1889 - d. 1942)
23 Oct 1934 - 22 Jun 1937 Karl Hermann Otto Heider (b. 1896 - d. 1960)
22 Jun 1937 - 16 Jun 1944 Johann Heinrich Böhmcker (b. 1896 - d. 1944)
27 May 1942 - Apr 1945 Paul Wegener (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
1944 - 26 Apr 1945 Richard Duckwitz (b. 1886 - d. 1972)
26 Apr 1945 - 30 Apr 1945 Johannes Schroers (acting)
955 Bruno I, founder of the Brunonen dynasty, becomes count
(Graf)
1136 Heinrich "der Stolze," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes
count
1180 Heinrich "der Löwe," duke of Bavaria and Saxony, becomes
duke (the name Braunschweig [Brunswick] becomes gradually
attached to the polity)
21 Aug 1235 the polity is officially Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg;
the style of the ruler is Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg;
in theory, the entire polity retains this style, as do all the
rulers despite the divisions
1269 division into Principality of Brunswick (Fürstentum
Braunschweig) and Principality of Lüneburg
1286 Fürstentum Grubenhagen (extinct 14 Apr 1596) and Fürstentum
Göttingen detached from Brunswick
23 Nov 1432 Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick
28 Aug 1807 - 30 Oct 1813 incorporated into Westphalia (see under Hesse-Kassel)
6 Nov 1813 Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig)
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes
- Welf dynasty -
27 Sep 1666 - 26 Jan 1704 Rudolf August (b. 1627 - d. 1704)
jointly with
1685 - 18 Feb 1702 Anton Ulrich (1st time) (b. 1633 - d. 1714)
26 Jan 1704 - 27 Mar 1714 Anton Ulrich (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1714 - 23 Mar 1731 August Wilhelm (b. 1662 - d. 1731)
23 Mar 1731 - 1 Mar 1735 Ludwig Rudolf (b. 1671 - d. 1735)
1 Mar 1735 - 3 Sep 1735 Ferdinand Albrecht (b. 1680 - d. 1735)
3 Sep 1735 - 26 Mar 1780 Karl I (b. 1713 - d. 1780)
26 Mar 1780 - 10 Nov 1806 Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand (b. 1735 - d. 1806)
10 Nov 1806 - 28 Aug 1807 Friedrich Wilhelm
"der schwarze Herzog" (1st time) (b. 1771 - d. 1815)
6 Nov 1813 - 16 Jun 1815 Friedrich Wilhelm
"der schwarze Herzog" (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jun 1815 - 20 Apr 1831 Karl II (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
16 Jun 1815 - 30 Oct 1823 Georg August Friedrich (b. 1762 - d. 1830)
(regent)
20 Apr 1831 - 18 Oct 1884 Wilhelm (b. 1806 - d. 1884)
(regent to 25 Apr 1831)
Regencies (the ducal line being inhibited by its U.K. connections)
20 Apr 1884 - 2 Nov 1885 Wilhelm Otto Hans Hermann,
Graf von Schlitz
(president of Regency Council)
2 Nov 1885 - 13 Sep 1906 Albrecht, prince of Prussia (b. 1837 - d. 1906)
(regent)
13 Sep 1906 - 5 Jun 1907 Albert von Otto (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
(president of Regency Council)
5 Jun 1907 - 1 Nov 1913 Johann Albrecht, duke of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (regent) (b. 1857 - d. 1920)
Duke
1 Nov 1913 - 8 Nov 1918 Ernst August (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
President
9 Nov 1918 - Feb 1919 August Ernst Reinhold Merges (b. 1870 - d. 1945)
Ministers of state
14 Oct 1874 - 1 Oct 1883 Johann Christian Wilhelm Schulz (b. 1806 - d. 1888)
1 Oct 1883 - 22 Feb 1889 Wilhelm Otto Hans Görtz-Wrisberg (b. 1819 - d. 1889)
1 Apr 1889 - 1 May 1911 Albert von Otto (b. 1836 - d. 1921)
1 May 1911 - 10 Jan 1914 Leonhard Christoph Adolf von
Hartwieg (b. 1849 - d. 1914)
16 Jan 1914 - 8 Nov 1918 Karl Wolff (b. 1856 - d. 1935)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissioners
10 Nov 1918 - 13 Apr 1919 Sepp Oerter (b. 1870 - d. 1928)
17 Apr 1919 - 21 Oct 1919 Heinrich Otto Jasper (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
Minister-presidents
21 Oct 1919 - 22 Jun 1920 Heinrich Otto Jasper (1st time) (s.a.)
22 Jun 1920 - 25 Nov 1921 Sepp Oerter (s.a.)
25 Nov 1921 - 23 Mar 1922 August Junke (b. 1886 - d. 1926)
23 Mar 1922 - 23 May 1922 Otto Friedrich Wilhelm Antrick (b. 1858 - d. 1924)
23 May 1922 - 24 Dec 1924 Heinrich Otto Jasper (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1924 - 14 Dec 1927 Gerhard Marquordt (b. 1881 - d. 1950)
14 Dec 1927 - 1 Oct 1930 Heinrich Otto Jasper (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Oct 1930 - 5 May 1933 Werner Küchenthal (b. 1882 - d. 1976)
5 May 1933 - 12 Apr 1945 Dietrich Klagges (b. 1891 - d. 1971)
5 May 1933 - 23 Oct 1935 Friedrich Wilhelm Loeper (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
(Reichsstatthalter)
Oct 1935 - Apr 1937 Fritz Sauckel (b. 1894 - d. 1946)
(acting Reichsstatthalter)
Apr 1937 - Apr 1945 Rudolf Jordan (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1902 - d. 1988)
1618 the Bundeskammergericht confirms that Hamburg is
reichsunmittelbar; the polity usually gives itself
the style Free Imperial City of Hamburg; four mayors to
1861, alternating with two of them worthaltend (in charge)
at any time; four "succession lines" can be distinguished
13 Nov 1806 Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg
19 Nov 1806 occupied by France
13 Dec 1810 - 18 Mar 1813 incorporated into France (Bouches-de-l'Elbe département
created 1 Jan 1811)
29 May 1813 - 31 May 1814 incorporated into France
20 Dec 1819 Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
1 Apr 1938 Hanseatic City of Hamburg
Mayors
- Line 1 -
18 Nov 1697 - 17 Nov 1709 Peter von Lengerke (b. 1651 - d. 1709)
27 Nov 1709 - 15 Jul 1716 Lucas von Borstel (b. 1649 - d. 1716)
24 Jul 1716 - 30 Jul 1720 Bernhard Matfeld (b. 1661 - d. 1720)
6 Aug 1720 - 1 Feb 1728 Hinrich Diedrich Wiese (b. 1676 - d. 1728)
11 Feb 1728 - 22 Nov 1742 Rütger Rulant (b. 1665 - d. 1742)
1 Dec 1742 - 19 Oct 1754 Conrad Widow (b. 1686 - d. 1754)
29 Oct 1754 - 28 Jul 1783 Nicolaus Schuback (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
4 Aug 1783 - 12 Jan 1790 Johann Anderson II (b. 1717 - d. 1790)
22 Jan 1790 - 13 Nov 1801 Franz Anton Wagner (b. 1715 - d. 1801)
20 Nov 1801 - 13 Feb 1811 Friedrich von Graffen (1st time) (b. 1745 - d. 1820)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Friedrich von Graffen (2nd time) (s.a.)
31 May 1814 - 17 Mar 1820 Friedrich von Graffen (3rd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1820 - 1 Feb 1850 Johann Heinrich Bartels (b. 1761 - d. 1850)
- Line 2 -
22 Aug 1684 - 28 Mar 1704 Joachim Lemmermann
4 Apr 1704 - 30 Jun 1712 Paul Paulsen
7 Jul 1712 - 30 Jun 1722 Ludwig Becceler
8 Jul 1722 - 15 Nov 1729 Hans Jacob Faber
23 Nov 1729 - 29 Jan 1739 Daniel Stockfleth
7 Feb 1739 - 16 Sep 1741 Johann Hermann Luis
26 Sep 1741 - 20 Nov 1759 Cornelius Poppe
23 Nov 1759 - 21 Apr 1780 Peter Greve
28 Apr 1780 - 22 Aug 1784 Frans Doormann
27 Aug 1784 - 31 Jan 1788 Johann Luis
8 Feb 1788 - 12 Apr 1798 Martin Dorner
20 Apr 1798 - 31 Dec 1810 Daniel Lienau (1st time)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Daniel Lienau (2nd time)
31 May 1814 - 5 Jun 1816 Daniel Lienau (3rd time)
12 Jun 1816 - 6 Jul 1821 Christian Matthias Schröder
13 Jul 1821 - 26 Apr 1829 Johann Daniel Koch
4 May 1829 - 24 Feb 1835 Martin Garlieb Sillem
2 Mar 1835 - 5 Mar 1851 Christian Daniel Benecke (b. 1768 - d. 1851)
- Line 3 -
10 Mar 1697 - 6 Dec 1702 Hieronymus Hartwig Moller
14 Dec 1702 - 28 Jul 1703 Julius Surland
4 Aug 1703 - 28 Jan 1723 Gerhard Schröder
5 Feb 1723 - 3 May 1743 Johann Anderson I
14 May 1743 - 23 May 1749 Nicolaus Stampeel
3 Jun 1749 - 8 Dec 1750 Clemens Samuel Lipstorp
17 Dec 1750 - 27 Jul 1751 Lucas von Spreckelsen
3 Aug 1751 - 9 Jan 1765 Lucas Corthum
17 Jan 1765 - 20 Mar 1781 Vincent Rumpff
28 Mar 1781 - 22 Aug 1800 Jacob Albrecht von Sienen
29 Aug 1800 - 16 Oct 1802 Peter Hinrich Widow
23 Oct 1802 - 31 Dec 1810 Wilhelm Amsinck (1st time)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Wilhelm Amsinck (2nd time)
31 May 1814 - 21 Jun 1831 Wilhelm Amsinck (3rd time)
29 Jun 1831 - 17 Dec 1842 Amandus Augustus Abendroth (b. 1767 - d. 1842)
23 Dec 1842 - 31 Dec 1860 Heinrich Kellinghusen (b. 1796 - d. 1879)
- Line 4 -
3 Nov 1687 - 28 Aug 1717 Peter Lütkens II
7 Sep 1717 - 26 Dec 1732 Garlieb Sillem
6 Jan 1733 - 11 Jan 1751 Martin Lucas Schele
19 Jan 1751 - 20 Nov 1774 Martin Hieronymus Schele
29 Nov 1774 - 5 Sep 1778 Johann Schlüter
11 Sep 1778 - 3 Jan 1786 Albert Schulte
11 Jan 1786 - 28 Aug 1807 Johann Adolf Poppe
4 Sep 1807 - 31 Dec 1810 Johann Arnold Heise (1st time)
18 Mar 1813 - 29 May 1813 Johann Arnold Heise (2nd time)
31 May 1814 - 5 Mar 1834 Johann Arnold Heise (3rd time)
12 Mar 1834 - 19 Aug 1835 Martin Hieronymus Schrötteringk (b. ... - d. 1835)
26 Aug 1835 - 24 Nov 1843 David Schlüter (b. ... - d. 1844)
27 Nov 1843 - 25 Jan 1855 Johann Ludewig Dammert (b. ... - d. 1855)
31 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1860 Nicolaus Binder (b. 1785 - d. 1863)
First mayors
2 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862 Friedrich Sieveking (1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1872)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
(1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1876)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Friedrich Sieveking (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1866 - 31 Dec 1867 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1868 - 31 Dec 1868 Friedrich Sieveking (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1869 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(1st time) (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
1 Jan 1870 - 31 Dec 1870 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1873 Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1874 - 31 Dec 1874 Hermann Gossler (b. 1802 - d. 1877)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1875 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1876 - 31 Dec 1877 Carl Friedrich Petersen (1st time) (b. 1809 - d. 1892)
1 Jan 1878 - 31 Dec 1878 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
(1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1886)
1 Jan 1880 - 31 Dec 1880 Carl Friedrich Petersen (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1881 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1882 - 31 Dec 1882 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1883 Carl Friedrich Petersen (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1884 - 31 Dec 1884 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(6th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1885 Hermann Anthony Cornelius Weber
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1886 - 31 Dec 1886 Carl Friedrich Petersen (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 -3/4 Mar 1887 Gustav Heinrich Kirchenpauer
(7th time) (s.a.)
14 Mar 1887 - 31 Dec 1888 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
(1st time) (b. 1820 - d. 1899)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1889 Carl Friedrich Petersen (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1890 - 31 Dec 1890 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(1st time) (b. 1839 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1891 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1892 - 14 Nov 1892 Carl Friedrich Petersen (6th time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1892 - 31 Dec 1893 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(2nd time) (acting to 31 Dec 1892) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1894 - 31 Dec 1894 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1895 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
(1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1901)
1 Jan 1896 - 31 Dec 1896 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1897 Johannes Georg Andreas Versmann
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1898 - 31 Dec 1898 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1899 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1900 - 15 Sep 1900 Johannes Christian Eugen Lehmann
(3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1900 - 31 Dec 1901 Georg Hachmann (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
(acting to 19 Nov 1900)
1 Jan 1902 - 31 Dec 1902 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1903 Johann Heinrich Burchard
(1st time) (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1904 - 5 Jul 1904 Georg Hachmann (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1904 - 31 Dec 1905 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(6th time) (acting to 11 Jul 1904) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1906 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Heinrich Burchard
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1907 - 31 Dec 1907 Johann Otto Stammann (b. 1835 - d. 1909)
1 Jan 1908 - 27 Mar 1908 Johannes Georg Mönckeberg
(7th time) (s.a.)
27 Mar 1908 - 31 Dec 1909 Johann Heinrich Burchard
(3rd time) (acting to 3 Apr 1908) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1910 - 31 Dec 1911 Max Predöhl (1st time) (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
1 Jan 1912 - 6 Sep 1912 Johann Heinrich Burchard
(4th time) (s.a.)
6 Sep 1912 - 31 Dec 1913 Carl August Schröder (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1945)
(acting to 13 Sep 1912)
1 Jan 1914 - 31 Dec 1914 Max Predöhl (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1915 - 31 Dec 1915 Werner von Melle (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1937)
1 Jan 1916 - 31 Dec 1916 Carl August Schröder (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Max Predöhl (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1918 - 12 Nov 1918 Werner von Melle (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council
12 Nov 1918 - 11 Jan 1919 Heinrich Lauffenberg
11 Jan 1919 - 31 Mar 1919 Carl Hense
First mayors
31 Mar 1919 - 31 Dec 1919 Werner von Melle (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1920 - 2 Feb 1920 Gustav Friedrich Carl Johann
Sthamer (b. 1856 - d. 1931)
2 Feb 1920 - 3 Jan 1924 Arnold Friedrich Georg Diestel (b. 1857 - d. 1924)
9 Jan 1924 - 31 Dec 1929 Carl Wilhelm Petersen (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 1933)
1 Jan 1930 - 31 Dec 1931 Rudolf Adolf Wilhelm Ross (b. 1872 - d. 1951)
1 Jan 1932 - 8 Mar 1933 Carl Wilhelm Petersen (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1933 - 30 Jul 1936 Carl Vincent Krogmann (b. 1889 - d. 1978)
(from 18 May 1933 Governing Mayor)
30 Jul 1936 - 3 May 1945 Karl Otto Kurt Kaufmann (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
(also Reichsstatthalter 16 May 1933 - 3 May 1945)
1265 Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgrafschaft Hessen) founded
31 Mar 1567 division into four lines, conventionally styled Hesse-Kassel
(see under Prussia), Hesse-Marburg (extinct 1604),
Hesse-Rheinfels (extinct 1583), and Hesse-Darmstadt
13 Aug 1806 Grand Duchy of Hesse (informally, until 1866,
Hesse-Darmstadt)
Nov 1918 republic
Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
- Limburg dynasty (of Brabant) -
31 Aug 1678 - 12 Sep 1739 Ernst Ludwig (b. 1667 - d. 1739)
31 Aug 1678 - 15 Dec 1685 Elisabeth Dorothea von
Sachsen-Gotha (f) (regent) (b. 1640 - d. 1709)
12 Sep 1739 - 17 Oct 1768 Ludwig VIII (b. 1691 - d. 1768)
17 Oct 1768 - 6 Apr 1790 Ludwig IX (b. 1719 - d. 1790)
6 Apr 1790 - 13 Aug 1806 Ludewig X (b. 1753 - d. 1830)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Hessen [from 7 Jul 1816:] und bei Rhein)
- Limburg dynasty (of Brabant) -
13 Aug 1806 - 6 Apr 1830 Ludewig I (= Ludewig X) (s.a.)
6 Apr 1830 - 16 Jun 1848 Ludwig II (b. 1777 - d. 1848)
16 Jun 1848 - 13 Jun 1877 Ludwig III (b. 1806 - d. 1877)
13 Jun 1877 - 13 Mar 1892 Ludwig IV (b. 1837 - d. 1892)
13 Mar 1892 - 9 Nov 1918 Ernst Ludwig (b. 1868 - d. 1937)
Ministers of state
31 Jul 1819 - 14 Feb 1829 Karl Ludwig Wilhelm von Grolman (b. 1775 - d. 1829)
Feb 1829 - 5 Mar 1848 Karl Wilhelm Heinrich Freiherr
Du Bos du Thil (b. 1777 - d. 1859)
5 Mar 1848 - Jun 1848 Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr
von Gagern (b. 1799 - d. 1880)
Jun 1848 - Jul 1848 Carl Wilhelm Zimmermann (b. 1781 - d. 1856)
Jul 1848 - 1 Jun 1850 Heinrich Karl Jaup (b. 1781 - d. 1860)
1 Jun 1850 - 6 Apr 1871 Karl Friedrich Reinhard Freiherr
von Dalwigk (b. 1802 - d. 1880)
6 Apr 1871 - 13 Sep 1872 Friedrich Freiherr von Lindelof (b. 1794 - d. 1882)
13 Sep 1872 - May 1876 Karl Hofmann (b. 1827 - d. 1910)
May 1876 - May 1884 Julius Rinck gen. Freiherr von
Starck (b. 1825 - d. 1910)
May 1884 - 1898 Jakob Finger (b. 1825 - d. 1904)
1898 - 29 Jan 1906 Carl Friedrich Bernhard Rothe (b. 1840 - d. 1906)
4 Feb 1906 - 11 Nov 1918 Christian Wilhelm Karl von Ewald (b. 1852 - d. 1932)
State presidents (from May 1933, minister-presidents)
11 Nov 1918 - 14 Feb 1928 Carl Ulrich (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
(minister-president to 16 Mar 1920)
14 Feb 1928 - 13 Mar 1933 Bernhard Adelung (b. 1876 - d. 1943)
6 Mar 1933 - 13 Mar 1933 Heinrich Joseph Philipp Müller (b. 1896 - d. 1945)
(Reichskommissar)
13 Mar 1933 - 23 Sep 1933 Ferdinand Werner (b. 1876 - d. 1961)
23 Sep 1933 - 1 Mar 1935 Philipp Wilhelm Jung (b. 1884 - d. 1965)
1 Mar 1935 - Mar 1945 Jakob Sprenger (b. 1884 - d. 1945)
(also Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - Mar 1945)
1129 Lordship of (the) Lippe founded (Herrschaft Lippe) [Lippe
is the name of a river]; style: Edler Herr zur Lippe
1529 polity elevated to rank of county (Grafschaft Lippe); style:
Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe
1616 the dynastic line is divided into four "sovereign" lines:
Lippe-Detmold, Lippe-Brake, Lippe-Schwalenberg (extinct
2 Sep 1620), Lippe-Alverdissen; plus two "non-sovereign"
lines; the style of the rulers of the "sovereign" lines
remains Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe
21 Feb 1709 Lippe-Brake extinct, incorporated into Lippe-Detmold
1749 on the extinction of the Lippe-Alverdissen line (which had
generated the ruling line in Schaumburg-Lippe), the single
Lippe-Detmold line survives (Detmold is the capital; the
term Lippe-Detmold is sometimes retained in informal use
for the whole polity)
16 Dec 1789 Principality of Lippe (Fürstentum Lippe)
Nov 1918 republic
Counts
- Haholt dynasty -
22 May 1697 - 18 Jul 1718 Friedrich Adolf (b. 1667 - d. 1718)
18 Jul 1718 - 12 Oct 1734 Simon Heinrich Adolf (b. 1694 - d. 1734)
(recognized as Reichsfürst [prince] 27 Oct 1720,
but not so his successors)
12 Oct 1734 - 1749 Simon August (b. 1727 - d. 1782)
Counts - Haholt dynasty - 18 Nov 1657 - 12 Mar 1700 Kasimir (b. 1627 - d. 1700) 12 Mar 1700 - 27 Oct 1707 Rudolf (b. 1664 - d. 1707) 27 Oct 1707 - 21 Feb 1709 Ludwig Ferdinand (b. 1680 - d. 1709)
Counts - Haholt dynasty - 20 Apr 1681 - 27 Nov 1723 Philipp Ernst (b. 1659 - d. 1723) 27 Nov 1723 - 1749 Friedrich Ernst (b. 1694 - d. 1777)
Counts
- Haholt dynasty -
1749 - 1 May 1782 Simon August (s.a.)
1 May 1782 - 16 Dec 1789 Leopold I (b. 1767 - d. 1802)
1 May 1782 - 16 Dec 1789 Ludwig Adolf (regent) (b. 1732 - d. 1800)
Princes (title Fürst zur Lippe)
- Haholt dynasty -
16 Dec 1789 - 4 Apr 1802 Leopold I (s.a.)
4 Apr 1802 - 1 Jan 1851 Leopold II (b. 1800 - d. 1851)
4 Apr 1802 - 3 Jul 1820 Pauline von Anhalt-Bernburg (f) (b. 1769 - d. 1820)
(regent)
1 Jan 1851 - 8 Dec 1875 Leopold III (b. 1821 - d. 1875)
8 Dec 1875 - 20 Mar 1895 Woldemar (b. 1824 - d. 1895)
20 Mar 1895 - 13 Jan 1905 Alexander (b. 1831 - d. 1905)
22 Jun 1895 - 10 Jul 1897 Prinz Adolf zu Schaumburg-Lippe (b. 1859 - d. 1916)
(regent)
10 Jul 1897 - 26 Sep 1904 Ernst Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (b. 1842 - d. 1904)
(regent)
26 Sep 1904 - 25 Oct 1905 Leopold Graf zur Lippe-Biesterfeld (b. 1871 - d. 1949)
(regent [for Alexander to 13 Jan 1905])
25 Oct 1905 - 12 Nov 1918 Leopold IV (s.a.)
Chancellors
1810 - 1828 Karl Friedrich Funk von Senftenau (b. 1748 - d. 1828)
1829 - 1832 Friedrich Wilhelm Helwing (b. 1758 - d. 1833)
1832 - 1848 Wilhelm Arnold Eschenburg (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
1848 - 1850 Friedrich Simon Leopold (b. 1774 - d. 1850)
1850 - 1853 Christian Theodor von Meien (b. 1781 - d. 1857)
Cabinet ministers
1853 - 1855 Laurenz Martin Hannibal Christian
Fischer (b. 1784 - d. 1868)
1856 - 1868 Alexander Wilhelm Heinrich August
von Oheimb (b. 1820 - d. 1903)
1868 - 1872 Karl Theodor Heldmann (b. 1801 - d. 1872)
1872 - 1875 Julius Adalbert von Flottwell (b. 1829 - d. 1909)
1876 - 1885 August Eschenburg (b. 1823 - d. 1904)
1885 - 1889 Hugo Samuel Freiherr von
Richthofen (b. 1842 - d. 1904)
1889 - 1895 Friedrich Otto Hermann Wolffgramm
(from 1890, Friedrich Otto Hermann
von Wolffgramm) (b. 1836 - d. 1895)
1895 - 1897 Karl Friedrich von Oertzen (b. 1844 - d. 1914)
Ministers of state
1897 - 1899 Karl Gustav Oskar Miesitscheck
von Wischkau (b. 1859 - d. 1937)
1900 - 1912 Max Freiherr von Gevekot (b. 1845 - d. 1916)
1913 - 1918 Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Biedenweg (b. 1864 - d. 1940)
Nov 1918 - 17 Dec 1920 Clemens Becker (b. 1869 - d. 1961)
(first chairman People's and Soldiers' Council
to 13 Feb 1919, then chairman State Presidium)
17 Dec 1920 - 8 Jun 1921 Heinrich Drake (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
(chairman State Presidium)
8 Jun 1921 - 14 Jun 1921 Wilhelm Meier
(chairman State Committee)
14 Jun 1921 - 7 Feb 1933 Heinrich Drake (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman State Presidium; from 1932, president of the
state government)
7 Feb 1933 - 23 May 1933 Ernst Krappe (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
23 May 1933 - 1936 Hans Joachim Riecke (b. 1899 - d. 1986)
1936 - 4 Apr 1945 Alfred Meyer (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
(also Reichsstatthalter 16 May 1933 - 4 Apr 1945)
13 Jul 1471 Duchy of Mecklenburg (Herzogtum Mecklenburg) established;
style of ruler (typical version): Herzog zu Mecklenburg,
Fürst zu Wenden, Rostock und Stargard der Lande Herr
1464 - 1695 there are several incomplete and informal territorial
divisions, centred mainly on Schwerin and Güstrow, and some
sources regard these as separate polities
8 Mar 1701 Herzogtum Mecklenburg permanently split into Herzogtum
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Herzogtum Mecklenburg-Strelitz;
however, the style of both rulers remains Herzog von
Mecklenburg, Fürst zu Wenden, Schwerin und Ratzeburg, Graf
zu Schwerin, der Lande Rostock und Stargard Herr
Duke
- Mecklenburg dynasty -
1 Jul 1692 - 8 Mar 1701 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1675 - d. 1713)
14 Jun 1815 duchy elevated to rank of grand duchy (Grossherzogtum) Nov 1918 republic Dukes - Mecklenburg dynasty - 8 Mar 1701 - 31 Jul 1713 Friedrich Wilhelm (s.a.) 31 Jul 1713 - 28 Nov 1747 Karl Leopold (b. 1678 - d. 1747) 28 Nov 1747 - 30 May 1756 Christian Ludwig II (b. 1683 - d. 1756) 30 May 1756 - 24 Apr 1785 Friedrich "der Fromme" (b. 1717 - d. 1785) 24 Apr 1785 - 14 Jun 1815 Friedrich Franz I (b. 1756 - d. 1837) Grand dukes - Mecklenburg dynasty - 14 Jun 1815 - 1 Feb 1837 Friedrich Franz I (s.a.) 1 Feb 1837 - 7 Mar 1842 Paul Friedrich (b. 1800 - d. 1842) 7 Mar 1842 - 15 Apr 1883 Friedrich Franz II (b. 1823 - d. 1883) 15 Apr 1883 - 10 Apr 1897 Friedrich Franz III (b. 1851 - d. 1897) 10 Apr 1897 - 14 Nov 1918 Friedrich Franz IV (b. 1882 - d. 1945) 11 Apr 1897 - 9 Apr 1901 Johann Albrecht (regent) (b. 1857 - d. 1920)
Presidents of the state ministry 12 Apr 1850 - 1858 Hans Adolf Karl Graf von Bülow (b. 1807 - d. 1869) 29 May 1858 - 1869 Jasper Joachim Bernhard Wilhelm von Oertzen (b. 1801 - d. 1874) 1869 - 15 Dec 1885 Henning Carl Friedrich Graf von Bassewitz (b. 1814 - d. 1885) 1886 - 1901 Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow 1901 - 1914 Karl Heinrich Ludwig Graf von Bassewitz-Levetzow (b. 1855 - d. 1921) 1914 - 9 Nov 1918 Adolf Ferdinand Helmut August Wilhelm Langfeld (b. 1857 - d. af.1935) 9 Nov 1918 - 1919 Hugo Wendorff (b. 1864 - d. 1945) Minister-presidents 1919 - 28 Jul 1920 Hugo Wendorff (s.a.) 28 Jul 1920 - 14 Jan 1921 Hermann Reincke-Bloch (b. 1867 - d. 1928) 14 Jan 1921 - 18 Mar 1924 Johannes Stelling (b. 1877 - d. 1933) 18 Mar 1924 - 8 Jul 1926 Joachim Freiherr von Brandenstein (b. 1864 - d. 1941) 8 Jul 1926 - 10 Jul 1929 Paul Schröder (b. 1875 - d. 1932) 10 Jul 1929 - 13 Jul 1932 Karl Eschenburg (b. 1877 - d. 1943) 13 Jul 1932 - 10 Aug 1933 Walter Granzow (b. 1887 - d. 1952) 10 Aug 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Hans Egon Engell (b. 1897 - d. 1974) 26 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Friedrich Hildebrandt (b. 1898 - d. 1948) (Reichsstatthalter)
28 Jun 1815 duchy elevated to rank of grand duchy (Grossherzogtum)
Nov 1918 republic; at this time the Principality of Ratzeburg, which
hitherto was sometimes considered to be only in personal
union with Mecklenburg-Strelitz, definitely becomes an
integral part of it
Dukes
- Mecklenburg dynasty -
8 Mar 1701 - 12 May 1708 Adolf Friedrich II (b. 1658 - d. 1708)
12 May 1708 - 11 Dec 1752 Adolf Friedrich III (b. 1686 - d. 1752)
11 Dec 1752 - 2 Jun 1794 Adolf Friedrich IV (b. 1738 - d. 1794)
2 Jun 1794 - 28 Jun 1815 Karl Ludwig Friedrich (b. 1741 - d. 1816)
Grand dukes
- Mecklenburg dynasty -
28 Jun 1815 - 6 Nov 1816 Karl Ludwig Friedrich (s.a.)
6 Nov 1816 - 6 Sep 1860 Georg Wilhelm (b. 1779 - d. 1860)
6 Sep 1860 - 30 May 1904 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1819 - d. 1904)
30 May 1904 - 11 Jun 1914 Adolf Friedrich V (b. 1848 - d. 1914)
11 Jun 1914 - 23 Feb 1918 Adolf Friedrich VI (b. 1882 - d. 1918)
27 Feb 1918 - 14 Nov 1918 Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (regent) (b. 1882 - d. 1945)
Ministers of state
1837 - 1848 Otto Ludwig Christian von Dewitz
auf Sallnow (b. 1780 - d. 1864)
1850 - 1862 Wilhelm von Bernstorff
1 Nov 1862 - 20 Sep 1868 Bernhard von Bülow (b. 1815 - d. 1879)
1868 - 1872 Johann von Hammerstein-Loxten (b. 1843 - d. 1905)
1872 - 1885 Anton von Piper (acting) (b. 1805 - d. 1880)
1885 - 1907 Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Ulrich Karl
Helmut von Dewitz (b. 1843 - d. 1928)
1907 - 10 Nov 1918 Heinrich Bossart (b. 1857 - d. 1930)
Chairmen of the state ministry
11 Nov 1918 - 7 Jan 1919 Peter Franz Stubmann (b. 1876 - d. 1962)
7 Jan 1919 - 13 Oct 1919 Hans Krüger (b. 1884 - d. 1933)
Ministers of state
13 Oct 1919 - 2 Aug 1923 Kurt Gustav Hans Otto Freiherr
von Reibnitz (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1937)
2 Aug 1923 - 13 Mar 1928 Karl Schwabe (b. 1877 - d. 1938)
13 Mar 1928 - 12 Apr 1929 Kurt Gustav Hans Otto Freiherr
von Reibnitz (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1929 - 16 Apr 1929 Kurt Häntzschel (Reichskommissar) (b. 1889 - d. ...)
16 Apr 1929 - 4 Dec 1931 Kurt Gustav Hans Otto Freiherr
von Reibnitz (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1931 - 27 May 1933 Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand von
Michael (b. 1888 - d. 1942)
27 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Fritz Stichtenoth (b. 1895 - d. 1935)
26 May 1933 - 31 Dec 1933 Friedrich Hildebrandt (b. 1898 - d. 1948)
(Reichsstatthalter)
1 Jan 1934 Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz united
Minister-presidents
1 Jan 1934 - 25 Oct 1934 Hans Egon Engell (s.a.)
25 Oct 1934 - May 1945 Friedrich Scharf (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
1 Jan 1934 - 1 May 1945 Friedrich Hildebrandt (b. 1898 - d. 1948)
(Reichsstatthalter)
1148 Count Christian II "der Streitbare" of the Oldenburg dynasty
takes the style Graf von Oldenburg
22 Mar 1777 Duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg; style Herzog zu Holstein-
Oldenburg conferred 29 Dec 1774, published 22 Mar 1777
10 Dec 1810 - Nov 1813 incorporated into France
28 May 1829 Grand Duchy of Oldenburg; style: Grossherzog von Oldenburg
(style of Grossherzog zu Holstein-Oldenburg awarded by
Final Act of Congress of Vienna 9 Jun 1815, but not used)
Nov 1918 republic
Counts
- Oldenburg dynasty -
4 Sep 1699 - 12 Oct 1730 Friedrich II (b. 1671 - d. 1730)
(= King Frederik IV of Denmark)
12 Oct 1730 - 6 Aug 1746 Christian XI (b. 1699 - d. 1746)
(= King Christian VI of Denmark)
6 Aug 1746 - 14 Jan 1766 Friedrich III (b. 1723 - d. 1766)
(= King Frederik V of Denmark)
14 Jan 1766 - 1 Jul 1773 Christian XII (b. 1749 - d. 1808)
(= King Christian VII of Denmark)
- Holstein-Gottorp dynasty -
1 Jul 1773 - 14 Dec 1773 Paul (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
14 Dec 1773 - 22 Mar 1777 Friedrich August (b. 1711 - d. 1785)
Dukes
- Holstein-Gottorp dynasty -
22 Mar 1777 - 6 Jul 1785 Friedrich August (s.a.)
6 Jul 1785 - 10 Dec 1810 Wilhelm (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1823)
Nov 1813 - 2 Jul 1823 Wilhelm (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jul 1823 - 21 May 1829 Peter I (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
21 May 1829 - 28 May 1829 August (b. 1783 - d. 1853)
Grand dukes
- Holstein-Gottorp dynasty -
28 May 1829 - 27 Feb 1853 August (s.a.)
27 Feb 1853 - 13 Jun 1900 Peter II (b. 1827 - d. 1900)
13 Jun 1900 - 11 Nov 1918 Friedrich August (b. 1852 - d. 1931)
Ministers of state
1868 - 1871 Peter Friedrich Ludwig Freiherr
von Rössing (b. 1805 - d. 1874)
1871 - 1876 Carl Heinrich Ernst von Berg (b. 1810 - d. 1894)
1876 - 1890 Friedrich Andreas Ruhstrat (b. 1818 - d. 1896)
1890 - 1900 Gerhard Friedrich Günther Jansen (b. 1831 - d. 1914)
1901 - 1908 W. Friedrich Willich (b. 1846 - d. 1917)
1908 - Jan 1916 Friedrich Julius Heinrich Ruhstrat (b. 1854 - d. 1916)
Jan 1916 - Nov 1918 Franz Friedrich Paul Ruhstrat (b. 1859 - d. 1935)
Minister-presidents
14 Nov 1918 - 21 Jun 1919 Bernhard Kuhnt (b. 1876 - d. 1946)
(president of the Directory)
21 Jun 1919 - 17 Apr 1923 Theodor Tantzen (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
17 Apr 1923 - 13 Jul 1930 Eugen von Finckh (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
14 Dec 1930 - 16 Jun 1932 Friedrich Cassebohm (b. 1872 - d. 1951)
16 Jun 1932 - 6 May 1933 Carl Röver (b. 1889 - d. 1942)
(also Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - 15 May 1942)
6 May 1933 - Apr 1945 Georg Joel (b. 1898 - d. 1981)
27 May 1942 - Apr 1945 Paul Wegener (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
1807 Lordship of Kniphausen becomes part of Kingdom of Holland
1810 part of France
1813 administered by Oldenburg
31 Jul 1826 semi-sovereignty under Oldenburg
1 Aug 1854 part of Oldenburg
Lords
- Aldenburg dynasty -
26 Jun 1681 - 6 Jun 1738 Anton II (b. 1681 - d. 1738)
- Bentinck dynasty -
1738 - 1754 Charlotte Sophie (f) (b. 1715 - d. 1800)
1754 - 1 Apr 1768 Christian Friedrich Anton (b. 1734 - d. 1768)
1 Apr 1768 - 1807 Wilhelm Gustav Friedrich
(1st time) (b. 1762 - d. 1835)
1 Apr 1768 - 21 Jul 1783 Marie Katharina von Tuyll (f) (b. 1743 - d. 1798)
(regent)
31 Jul 1826 - 22 Oct 1835 Wilhelm Gustav Friedrich
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1835 - 1 Aug 1854 Gustav Adolf (b. 1809 - d. 1876)
965 Nordmark founded, ruled by a Markgraf
1150 the holdings of the Markgraf are renamed Mark Brandenburg
1150 - 1356 the Mark Brandenburg suffers numerous divisions and creations
of side-lines
25 Dec 1356 the Golden Bull confirms the ruler of the principal line as
prince-elector and decrees the indivisibility of the Mark
Brandenburg to which the electorate is attached; the style of
the elector is von Gottes Gnaden Markgraf zu Brandenburg, des
Heiligen Römischen Reichs Erzkämmerer und Kurfürst ("By the
grace of God margrave of Brandenburg, archchamberlain and
prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire"), to which numerous
actual as well as notional styles are attached
6 Aug 1806 with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the effective
function of the electors ceases, the Mark Brandenburg itself
having been long incorporated into the royal Prussian
conglomerate (see below); it is notable that the later kings of
Prussia, while continuing to use Markgraf von Brandenburg
in their style, do not include the electoral Kurfürst
5 Mar 1198 the Teutonic Order (in full Orden der Brüder des Hospitals
Sankt Marien des Deutschen Hauses zu Jerusalem - "Order of the
Brethren of the Hospital of Saint Mary of the German House in
Jerusalem") is founded in the Holy Land
1309 the seat of the Hochmeister is moved to Prussia (the area
later designated East Prussia)
9 Apr 1525 the Hochmeister Albrecht Markgraf von Brandenburg-Ansbach
having converted to Protestantism, he becomes hereditary Herzog
von Preussen (duke of Prussia), as a vassal of the king of
Poland
19 Sep 1657 Poland relinquishes sovereignty over the duchy, and on 6 Nov
1657 the duke (prince-elector and margrave of Brandenburg
Friedrich Wilhelm "der Grosse Kurfürst") takes the style
Souveräner Herzog von Preussen (Sovereign duke of Prussia)
18 Jan 1701 the duke/elector's attempts at getting the king/emperor to
accept his accession to royal rank having failed, he accepts
on 16 Dec 1700 the royal crown of a Prussia outside the Empire,
and is proclaimed König in Preussen (king in Prussia)
13 Sep 1772 the almost fictional distinction between the electorate inside
the empire and the kingdom outside the empire having become
blurred in practice, the king (Friedrich II "der Grosse")
assumes the style König von Preussen (king of Prussia);
the combined polity (with several accretions over time) is
usually styled Königreich Preussen (Kingdom of Prussia),
but technically the official use is Königlich Preussische
Staaten (Royal Prussian States)
Nov 1918 republic
Apr 1945 end of central Prussian government
25 Feb 1947 the Allied Control Commission declares Prussia dissolved
Kings (see above regarding style)
- Hohenzollern dynasty -
18 Jan 1701 - 25 Feb 1713 Friedrich I (b. 1657 - d. 1713)
25 Feb 1713 - 31 May 1740 Friedrich Wilhelm I (b. 1688 - d. 1740)
31 May 1740 - 17 Aug 1786 Friedrich II "der Grosse" (b. 1712 - d. 1786)
17 Aug 1786 - 16 Nov 1797 Friedrich Wilhelm II (b. 1744 - d. 1797)
16 Nov 1797 - 7 Jun 1840 Friedrich Wilhelm III (b. 1770 - d. 1840)
7 Jun 1840 - 2 Jan 1861 Friedrich Wilhelm IV (b. 1795 - d. 1861)
2 Jan 1861 - 9 Mar 1888 Wilhelm I (b. 1797 - d. 1888)
(7 Oct 1858 - 2 Jan 1861 regent for Friedrich Wilhelm IV)
9 Mar 1888 - 15 Jun 1888 Friedrich III (b. 1831 - d. 1888)
15 Jun 1888 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II (b. 1859 - d. 1941)
Chancellor and (from 1817) president of the Council of State
1810 - 26 Nov 1822 Karl August Graf (from 1814,
Fürst) von Hardenberg (b. 1750 - d. 1822)
Presidents of the Council of State
1822 - 30 Jan 1823 Otto Karl Friedrich von Voss (b. 1755 - d. 1823)
1823 - 1827 vacant
1827 - 21 Sep 1837 Karl Herzog von Mecklenburg-
Strelitz (b. 1785 - d. 1837)
2 Apr 1838 - 5 Oct 1847 Karl Freiherr von Müffling gen.
Weiss (b. 1775 - d. 1851)
Sep 1843 - 11 Sep 1847 Gustav Adolf Rochus von Rochow (b. 1792 - d. 1847)
(acting for Müffling)
5 Oct 1847 - 19 Mar 1848 Friedrich Carl von Savigny (b. 1779 - d. 1861)
Prime ministers
19 Mar 1848 - 29 Mar 1848 Adolf Heinrich Graf von
Arnim-Boitzenburg (b. 1803 - d. 1868)
29 Mar 1848 - 20 Jun 1848 Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen (b. 1803 - d. 1890)
25 Jun 1848 - 21 Sep 1848 Rudolf Ludwig Cäsar von Auerswald (b. 1795 - d. 1866)
21 Sep 1848 - 1 Nov 1848 Ernst von Pfuel (b. 1799 - d. 1866)
1 Nov 1848 - 19 Dec 1850 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von
Brandenburg (b. 1792 - d. 1850)
19 Dec 1850 - 6 Nov 1858 Otto Theodor Freiherr von
Manteuffel (b. 1805 - d. 1882)
6 Nov 1858 - 17 Mar 1862 Karl Anton Fürst von
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1811 - d. 1885)
17 Mar 1862 - 23 Sep 1862 Adolf Fürst von
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
23 Sep 1862 - 1 Jan 1873 Otto von Bismarck (from 15 Sep
1865, Otto Graf von Bismarck;
from 21 Mar 1871, Otto Fürst von
Bismarck) (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1898)
1 Jan 1873 - 9 Nov 1873 Albrecht Graf von Roon (b. 1803 - d. 1879)
9 Nov 1873 - 20 Mar 1890 Otto Fürst von Bismarck (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Mar 1890 - 23 Mar 1892 Leo von Caprivi (from 18 Dec 1891,
Leo Graf von Caprivi) (b. 1831 - d. 1899)
23 Mar 1892 - 29 Oct 1894 Botho Wend August Graf zu
Eulenburg (b. 1831 - d. 1912)
29 Oct 1894 - 9 Nov 1918 the imperial chancellors
11 Nov 1918 - 27 Mar 1920 Paul Hirsch (b. 1868 - d. 1940)
13 Mar 1920 - 17 Mar 1920 Wolfgang Kapp (in rebellion) (b. 1858 - d. 1922)
27 Mar 1920 - 21 Apr 1921 Otto Braun (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1955)
21 Apr 1921 - 5 Nov 1921 Adam Stegerwald (b. 1874 - d. 1945)
5 Nov 1921 - 18 Feb 1925 Otto Braun (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Feb 1925 - 6 Apr 1925 Wilhelm Marx (b. 1863 - d. 1946)
6 Apr 1925 - 6 Feb 1933 Otto Braun (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Jun 1932 - 20 Jul 1932 Heinrich Hirtsiefer (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
(acting for Braun)
20 Jul 1932 - 3 Dec 1932 Franz von Papen (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1969)
(Reichskommissar)
3 Dec 1932 - 28 Jan 1933 Kurt von Schleicher (b. 1882 - d. 1934)
(Reichskommissar)
30 Jan 1933 - 10 Apr 1933 Franz von Papen (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Reichskommissar)
10 Apr 1933 - 24 Apr 1945 Hermann Göring (b. 1893 - d. 1946)
25 Apr 1933 - 30 Apr 1945 Adolf Hitler (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
1685 Duchy of Berg part of Palatinate (from 1803, Bavaria)
15 Mar 1806 ceded to France, joined with former Prussian Duchy of Cleves
25 Jul 1806 Grand Duchy of Berg and Cleves
1815 part of Prussia
Duke (from 25 Jul 1806, grand dukes)
19 Mar 1806 - 15 Jul 1808 Joachim Murat (b. 1767 - d. 1815)
15 Jul 1808 - 3 Mar 1809 Napoléon Bonaparte (b. 1769 - d. 1821)
(continues as regent for the following)
3 Mar 1809 - Nov 1813 Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (b. 1804 - d. 1831)
Governor-general
Nov 1813 - Jun 1815 Justus Gruner (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
1372 free imperial city
19 Sep 1806 Frankfurt is incorporated into the Prince-Primate's
territorial possessions
16 Feb 1810 Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
6 Nov 1813 Allied administration
9 Jul 1815 Free City of Frankfurt
18 Jul 1866 administered by Prussia
8 Oct 1866 annexation by Prussia
Note: Before 1806 the highest authorities were (1) the Stadtschultheiss (a fossil of the royal supervision of the city), senior member of the Rat (Council); (2) the senior mayor (Älterer Bürgermeister), elected annually, who presides in the Rat. The mayor's term begins on a date between Easter and Pentecost, and varies from year to year.
Stadtschultheissen
1696 - 1716 Johann Erasmus Seyffart von
Klettenberg und Rhoda
1716 - 1721 Johann Georg von Holzhausen
1721 - 10 Jun 1741 Johann Heinrich Werlin
1741 - 9 Aug 1747 Johann Christoph Ochs von
Ochsenstein
1747 - 6 Feb 1771 Johann Wolfgang Textor (b. 1693 - d. 1771)
1771 - 13 Mar 1777 Johann Isaac Moors
1777 - 21 Mar 1788 Johann Martin Ruppel
1788 - 27 Feb 1802 Johann Friedrich Maximilian von
Stallburg
1802 - 1806 Wilhelm Carl Ludwig Moors
1806 - 19 Sep 1806 Friedrich Carl Schweitzer (acting)
Senior Mayors
1699 - 1700 Philipp Nicolaus Lersner
1700 - 1701 Heinrich von Barckhausen (1st time)
1701 - 1702 Johann Adolph Stephan von
Cronstätten II (1st time)
1702 - 1703 Dominicus Heyden (1st time)
1703 - 1704 Nicolaus August Ruland
1704 - 1705 Johann Arnold Mohr von Mohrenhelm
1705 - 1706 Johann Adolph von Glauburg I
(2nd time)
1706 - 1707 Heinrich von Barckhausen (2nd time)
1707 - 1708 Johann Adolph Stephan von
Cronstätten II (2nd time)
1708 - 1709 Dominicus Heyden (2nd time)
1709 - 1710 Philipp Jacob Fleckhammer von
Aystetten
1710 - 1711 Johann Georg von Holzhausen (1st time)
1711 - 1712 Johann Philipp Orth II (1st time)
1712 - 1713 Johann Adolph von Glauburg I
(3rd time)
1713 - 1714 Heirich von Barckhausen (3rd time)
1714 - 1715 Johann Georg von Holzhausen (2nd time)
1715 - 1716 Johann Philipp Orth II (2nd time)
1716 - 1717 Johann Martin von den Birgden
1717 - 1718 Johann Heinrich Werlin
1718 - 1719 Johann Philipp von Kellner I
1719 - 1720 Konrad Hieronymus Eberhard gen.
Schwind (1st time)
1720 - 1721 Ludwig Adolph von Syvertes
1721 - 1722 Johann Christoph von Stetten
1722 - 1723 Bartholomäus von Barckhausen
1723 - 1724 Georg Friedrich Faust von
Aschaffenburg
1724 - 1725 Johann Hieronymus von Glauburg
1725 - 1726 Johann Christoph Ochs von
Ochsenstein (1st time)
1726 Johann Adolph von Glauburg II
(acting)
1726 - 1727 Konrad Hieronymus Eberhard gen.
Schwind (2nd time)
1727 - 1728 Achilles August von Lersner
(1st time)
1728 - 1 Sep 1728 Johann Daniel Fleischbein von
Kleeberg
1728 Johann Adolph von Glauburg III
(acting)
1728 - 1729 Achilles August von Lersner
(2nd time)
1729 - 1730 Johann Christoph Ochs von
Ochsenstein (2nd time)
1730 - 1731 Achilles August von Lersner
(3rd time)
1731 - 1732 Johann Carl von Kaib (1st time)
1732 - 1733 Johann Jacob von Bertram (1st time)
1733 - 1734 Johann Hieronymus von Holzhausen
1734 - 1735 Johann Jacob von Bertram (2nd time)
1735 - 1736 Johann Philipp von Syvertes
(1st time)
1736 - 1737 Johann Carl von Kaib (2nd time)
1737 - 1738 Johann Philipp von Kellner II
1738 - 1739 Johann Wolfgang Textor (1st time) (s.a.)
1739 - 1740 Johann Carl von Kaib (3rd time)
1740 - 1741 Johann Philipp von Syvertes
(2nd time)
1741 Johann Christoph Ochs von
Ochsenstein (3rd time)
1741 Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg
(1st time) (acting)
1741 - 1742 Johann Wolfgang Textor (2nd time) (s.a.)
1742 - 1743 Johann Carl von Kaib (4th time)
1743 - 1744 Johann Wolfgang Textor (3rd time) (s.a.)
1744 - 1745 Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von
Wiederhold (1st time)
1745 - 1746 Johann Carl von Fichard (1st time)
1746 - 1747 Friedrich Maximilian von
Günderrode (1st time)
1747 - 1748 Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner I
(1st time)
1748 - 1749 Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von
Wiederhold (2nd time)
1749 - 1750 Friedrich Maximilian von
Günderrode (2nd time)
1750 - 1751 Johann Carl von Fichard (2nd time)
1751 - 1752 Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner I
(2nd time)
1752 - 1753 Johann Georg Schweitzer Edler von
Wiederhold (3rd time)
1753 - 1754 Johann Carl von Fichard (3rd time)
1754 - 1755 Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg
(2nd time)
1755 - 1756 Johann Carl von Fichard (4th time)
1756 - 1757 Friedrich Wilhelm von Völcker
1757 - 1758 Erasmus Schlösser (1st time)
1758 - 1759 Philipp Jacob von Stallburg
1759 - 1760 Remigius Seyffart von Klettenberg
(3rd time)
1760 - 1761 Johann Carl von Fichard (5th time)
1761 - 1762 Johann Maximilian von Holzhausen
1762 - 1763 Johann Friedrich Armand von Uffenbach
1763 - 1764 Johann Isaac Moors (1st time)
1764 - 1765 Erasmus Schlösser (2nd time)
1765 - 1766 Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg
(1st time)
1766 - 1767 Johann Carl von Fichard (6th time)
1767 - 1768 Friedrich Maximilian Baur von
Eysseneck
1768 - 1769 Johann Philipp von Heyden (1st time)
1769 - 1770 Johann Isaac Moors (2nd time)
1770 - 1771 Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg
(2nd time)
1771 - 1772 Johann Daniel von Olenschlager
1772 - 1773 Johann Philipp von Heyden (2nd time)
1773 - 1774 Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg
(3rd time)
1774 - 1775 Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg
(1st time)
1775 - 1776 Johann Philipp von Heyden (3rd time)
1776 - 1777 Hieronymus Maximilian von Glauburg
(4th time)
1777 - 1778 Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten
(1st time) (b. 1724 - d. 1793)
1779 - 1780 Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg
(2nd time)
1780 - 1781 Johann Daniel Fleischbein von
Kleeberg II
1781 - 1782 Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1782 - 1783 Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg
(3rd time)
1783 - 1784 Johann Christoph von Adlerflycht
(1st time)
1784 - 1785 Johann Friedrich von Wiesenhütten
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1785 - 1786 Johann Christoph von Adlerflycht
(2nd time)
1786 - 1787 Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg
(4th time)
1787 - 1788 Johann Friedrich Maximilian von
Stallburg
1788 - 1789 Friedrich Adolph von Glauburg
(5th time)
1789 - 1790 Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner II
(1st time)
1790 - 1791 Johann Christoph von Lauterbach
(1st time)
1791 - 1792 Adolph Carl von Humbracht (1st time)
1792 - 1793 Johann Christoph von Lauterbach
(2nd time)
1793 - 1794 Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von
Olenstein (1st time)
1794 - 1795 Adolph Carl von Humbracht (2nd time)
1795 - 1796 Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von
Olenstein (2nd time)
1796 - 1797 Johann Christoph von Lauterbach
(3rd time)
1797 - 1798 Adolph Carl von Humbracht (3rd time)
1798 - 1799 Friedrich Maximilian von Lersner II
(2nd time)
1799 - 1800 Adolph Carl von Humbracht (4th time)
1800 - 1801 Anton Ulrich Carl von Holzhausen
(1st time)
1801 - 1802 Adolph Carl von Humbracht (5th time)
1802 - 1803 Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von
Olenstein (3rd time)
1803 - 1804 Johann Friedrich von Riese
1804 - 1805 Johann Nicolaus Olenschlager von
Olenstein (4th time)
1805 - 1806 Friedrich August von Wiesenhütten (b. 1759 - d. 1823)
1806 - 19 Sep 1806 Anton Ulrich Carl von Holzhausen
(2nd time)
Grand dukes (title Grossherzog von Frankfurt)
16 Feb 1810 - 28 Oct 1813 Carl Theodor Reichsfreiherr von
Dalberg (b. 1744 - d. 1817)
28 Oct 1813 - 23 Dec 1813 Prince Eugène-Rose-Napoléon de
Beauharnais, prince de Venise (b. 1781 - d. 1824)
Governors-general
6 Nov 1813 - 31 Dec 1813 Philipp Prinz zu Hessen-Homburg (b. 1779 - d. 1846)
31 Dec 1813 - 20 Jun 1815 Heinrich XIII Fürst von
Reuss-Greiz (b. 1747 - d. 1817)
Chief of civil administration
31 Dec 1813 - 1815? Johann Aloys Joseph Reichsfreiherr
von Hügel (b. 1754 - d. 1825)
Senior Mayors
1 Jan 1814 - 3 Sep 1816 Adolf Karl von Humbracht (s.a.)
3 Sep 1816 - 31 Dec 1817 Johann Wilhelm Metzler (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1837)
1 Jan 1818 - 31 Dec 1818 Georg Steitz (b. 1756 - d. 1819)
1 Jan 1819 - 31 Dec 1819 Johann Wilhelm Metzler (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1820 - 31 Dec 1820 Carl Wilhelm Freiherr von
Günderrode (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
1 Jan 1821 - 31 Dec 1821 Johann Büchner (b. 1756 - d. 1834)
1 Jan 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(1st time) (b. 1772 - d. 1851)
1 Jan 1823 - 31 Dec 1823 Johann Wilhelm Metzler (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1824 - 31 Dec 1824 Georg Freidrich von Guaita
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1825 - 31 Dec 1825 Johann Friedrich von Meyer
(1st time) (b. 1772 - d. 1849)
1 Jan 1826 - 31 Dec 1826 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1827 - 31 Dec 1827 Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr
von Malapert gen. Neufville
(1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1852)
1 Jan 1828 - 31 Dec 1828 Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
(1st time) (b. 1778 - d. 1857)
1 Jan 1829 - 31 Dec 1829 Johann Peter Hieronymus Hoch (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
1 Jan 1830 - 31 Dec 1830 Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp Freiherr
von Malapert gen. Neufville
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1831 - 31 Dec 1831 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1832 - 31 Dec 1832 Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
(1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1838)
1 Jan 1833 - 31 Dec 1833 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1834 - 31 Dec 1834 Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1835 - 31 Dec 1835 Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1836 - 31 Dec 1836 Ferdinand Maximilian Stark
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1837 - 31 Dec 1837 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(6th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1838 - 1 Nov 1838 Johann Gerhard Christian Thomas
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1838 - 1838 Eduard Franz Souchay (acting) (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1838 - 31 Dec 1838 Georg Friedrich von Guaita
(7th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1839 - 31 Dec 1839 Johann Friedrich von Meyer
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1840 - 31 Dec 1840 Gottfried Scharff (1st time) (b. 1782 - d. 1855)
1 Jan 1841 - 31 Dec 1841 Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
Freiherr von Günderrode
gen. von Kellner (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1862)
1 Jan 1842 - 31 Dec 1842 Gottfried Scharff (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1843 - 31 Dec 1843 Johann Friedrich von Meyer
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1844 - 31 Dec 1844 Gottfried Scharff (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1845 - 31 Dec 1845 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
(1st time) (b. 1793 - d. 1866)
1 Jan 1846 - 31 Dec 1846 Gottfried Scharff (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1847 - 31 Dec 1847 Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
Freiherr von Günderrode
gen. von Kellner (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1848 - 31 Dec 1848 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1849 - 31 Dec 1849 Samuel Gottlieb Müller (1st time) (b. 1802 - d. 1880)
1 Jan 1850 - 31 Dec 1850 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1851 Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
Freiherr von Günderrode
gen. von Kellner (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1852 - 31 Dec 1852 Johann Georg Neuburg (1st time) (b. 1795 - d. 1866)
1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1853 Carl Heinrich Georg von Heyden
(4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1854 - 31 Dec 1854 Johann Georg Neuburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1855 Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
(1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1868)
1 Jan 1856 - 31 Dec 1856 Johann Georg Neuburg (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1857 Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1858 - 31 Dec 1858 Johann Georg Neuburg (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1859 Eduard Ludwig von Harnier
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1860 - 31 Dec 1860 Samuel Gottlieb Müller (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1861 Friedrich Carl Hector Wilhelm
Freiherr von Günderrode
gen. von Kellner (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1862 - 31 Dec 1862 Johann Georg Neuburg (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1863 Samuel Gottlieb Müller (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1864 - 31 Dec 1864 Anton Heinrich Emil von Oven (b. 1817 - d. 1903)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1865 Philipp Friedrich Gwinner (b. 1796 - d. 1868)
1 Jan 1866 - 24 Jul 1866 Carl Constanz Victor Fellner (b. 1807 - d. 1866)
27 Jul 1866 - 27 Feb 1868 Samuel Gottlieb Müller (4th time) (s.a.)
1286 Fürstentum Göttingen detached from Brunswick
23 Nov 1432 Fürstentum Calenberg detached from Brunswick
6 Feb 1463 Calenberg and Göttingen merged into Fürstentum
Calenberg-Göttingen
19 Dec 1692 the ruler of Calenberg-Göttingen is made a prince-elector
of the Holy Roman Empire; the polity is styled
Kurfürstentum Braunschweig und Lüneburg; the abbreviation
Kurbraunschweig is also in official use, and the style
Kurfürstentum Hannover (from the name of the capital city)
comes into gradual official use also; the change in Erzamt
("arch-office") in the ruler's style in 1710 and the
technically incorrect retention of the new one in 1714 are
the indirect result of corresponding changes for the rulers
of Bavaria (Bayern) and the Palatinate (Pfalz)
1 Aug 1714 - 20 Jun 1837 personal union with Great Britain
1 Mar 1810 - 29 Oct 1813 incorporated into Westphalia (see under Hesse-Kassel)
6 Nov 1813 electorate restored
12 Oct 1814 Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover)
20 Sep 1866 annexation by Prussia
Dukes and Electors (title Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzpanner [from
1710 Erzschatzmeister] und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches - duke of
Brunswick and Lüneburg, archbannerbearer [then archtreasurer] and prince-elector of
the Holy Roman Empire)
- Welf dynasty -
19 Dec 1692 - 2 Feb 1698 Ernst August (b. 1629 - d. 1698)
2 Feb 1698 - 22 Jun 1727 Georg I (b. 1660 - d. 1727)
22 Jun 1727 - 25 Oct 1760 Georg II (b. 1683 - d. 1760)
25 Oct 1760 - 1 Mar 1810 Georg III (1st time) (b. 1738 - d. 1820)
6 Nov 1813 - 12 Oct 1814 Georg III (2nd time) (s.a.)
Kings (title König von Hannover, Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg)
- Welf dynasty -
12 Oct 1814 - 29 Jan 1820 Georg III (s.a.)
29 Jan 1820 - 26 Jan 1830 Georg IV (b. 1762 - d. 1830)
(regent for Georg III 6 Nov 1813 - 29 Jan 1820)
26 Jan 1830 - 20 Jun 1837 Wilhelm (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
20 Jun 1837 - 18 Nov 1851 Ernst August (b. 1771 - d. 1851)
18 Nov 1851 - 20 Sep 1866 Georg V (b. 1819 - d. 1878)
1648 Swedish dominion
1712 occupied by Denmark
1715 occupied by Hanover
1719 ceded to Hanover
Governors-general
1698 - 1711 Nils greve Gyllenstierna af
Fogelvik (b. 1648 - d. 1720)
1711 - 1712 Mauritz von Vellingk (b. 1651 - d. 1727)
1269 Principality of Lüneburg (Fürstentum Lüneburg)
28 Aug 1705 incorporated into Kurbraunschweig (s.a.)
Duke (title Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg)
12 Sep 1665 - 28 Aug 1705 Georg Wilhelm (b. 1624 - d. 1705)
19 Nov 1430 Frisian League of Freedom (Friesischer Bund der Freiheit)
founded
23 Dec 1464 the leader of the League takes the style Graf zu Norden,
Emden und Emisgonien in Ostfriesland; the abbreviation Graf
von Ostfriesland (Count of East Frisia) is in almost universal
official use
28 Apr 1662 the count takes the style Fürst von Ostfriesland (prince of
East Frisia) - it had been held as a personal distinction once
before - and the polity is styled Fürstentum Ostfriesland
(Principality of East Frisia); this style is officially
acquired, not by formal adoption, but by prescription
(Observanz und Verjährung)
1807 - 13 Jul 1810 incorporated into Kingdom of Holland
13 Jul 1810 - 1813 incorporated into France
1813 - 9 Jun 1815 under Prussian administration
9 Jun 1815 incorporated into Hanover
Princes (title Fürst von Ostfriesland)
- Cirksena dynasty -
11 Oct 1665 - 30 Jun 1708 Christian Eberhard (b. 1665 - d. 1708)
30 Jun 1708 - 12 Jun 1734 Georg Albrecht (b. 1690 - d. 1734)
12 Jun 1734 - 25 May 1744 Karl Edzard (b. 1716 - d. 1744)
- Hohenzollern dynasty -
25 May 1744 - 1807 the kings of Prussia
1622 Landgraviate of Hesse (informally Hesse-Homburg) established
under the suzerainty of Hesse-Darmstadt
1671 - 1680 Hesse-Homburg forfeited to Hesse-Darmstadt
1680 Hesse-Homburg reestablished under the suzerainty of
Hesse-Darmstadt
1708 Hesse-Homburg sovereign
1806 Hesse-Homburg under suzerainty of Hesse-Darmstadt
1815 Sovereign Landgraviate of Hesse
24 Mar 1866 incorporation into Hesse(-Darmstadt)
3 Sep 1866 ceded to Prussia
Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen; from 1815 Souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
- Limburg dynasty (of Brabant) -
1680 - 24 Jan 1708 Friedrich II "mit dem silbernen
Bein" (b. 1633 - d. 1708)
24 Jan 1708 - 8 Jun 1746 Friedrich III (b. 1673 - d. 1746)
8 Jun 1746 - 7 Feb 1751 Friedrich IV (b. 1724 - d. 1751)
7 Feb 1751 - 20 Jan 1820 Friedrich V (b. 1748 - d. 1820)
20 Jan 1820 - 2 Apr 1829 Friedrich VI (b. 1769 - d. 1829)
2 Apr 1829 - 19 Jan 1839 Ludwig (b. 1770 - d. 1839)
19 Jan 1839 - 15 Dec 1846 Philipp (b. 1779 - d. 1846)
15 Dec 1846 - 8 Sep 1848 Gustav (b. 1781 - d. 1848)
8 Sep 1848 - 24 Mar 1866 Ferdinand (b. 1783 - d. 1866)
31 Mar 1567 Landgraviate of Hesse (informally Hesse-Kassel) separated
15 May 1803 Landgrave Wilhelm IX acquires the dignity of prince-
elector, approved 27 Apr 1803, and the polity is styled
Electorate of Hesse (Kurfürstentum Hessen)
6 Aug 1806 at the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire the ruler clings
tenaciously to the now empty style of elector; the polity
continues to be styled Kurfürstentum Hessen
28 Aug 1807 the Electorate of Hesse is replaced by the Kingdom of
Westphalia (Königreich Westphalen) established by
Napoléon I for his brother
29/30 Oct 1813 Kingdom of Westphalia dissolved, Electorate of Hesse restored
20 Sep 1866 incorporated into Prussia
Landgraves (title Landgraf zu Hessen)
- Limburg dynasty (of Brabant) -
1 Dec 1670 - 23 Mar 1730 Karl (b. 1654 - d. 1730)
1 Dec 1670 - 1677 Hedwig Sophie von Brandenburg
(f) (regent) (b. 1623 - d. 1683)
23 Mar 1730 - 5 Apr 1751 Friedrich I (b. 1676 - d. 1751)
5 Apr 1751 - 1 Feb 1760 Wilhelm VIII (b. 1682 - d. 1760)
1 Feb 1760 - 31 Oct 1785 Friedrich II (b. 1720 - d. 1785)
31 Oct 1785 - 15 May 1803 Wilhelm IX (b. 1743 - d. 1821)
Landgrave and Elector (Landgraf zu Hessen, Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches);
then Elector and Sovereign Landgrave (Kurfürst und souveräner Landgraf zu Hessen)
15 May 1803 - 28 Aug 1807 Wilhelm I (1st time) (s.a.)
(= Wilhelm IX)
King of Westphalia
- Bonaparte dynasty -
28 Aug 1807 - 29 Oct 1813 Hieronymus Napoleon (b. 1784 - d. 1860)
Electors and Sovereign Landgraves
- Limburg dynasty (of Brabant) -
30 Oct 1813 - 27 Feb 1821 Wilhelm I (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Feb 1821 - 20 Nov 1847 Wilhelm II (b. 1777 - d. 1847)
20 Nov 1847 - 20 Sep 1866 Friedrich Wilhelm I (b. 1802 - d. 1875)
(30 Sep 1831 - 20 Nov 1847 regent for Wilhelm II)
c.1350 Friedrich VII "der alte Schwarzgraf" (r. 1333-79) takes the
style of Graf von Hohenzollern
18 Mar 1576 Grafschaft Hohenzollern split into Grafschaft
Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Grafschaft Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
29 Mar 1623 both counties raised to the rank of principalities
(Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Fürstentum
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen)
7 Dec 1849 both princes abdicate; principalities under Prussian
administration
12 Mar 1850 principalities incorporated into Prussia
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenzollern Hechingen) - Hohenzollern dynasty - 13 Jan 1671 - 14 Nov 1735 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1663 - d. 1735) 14 Nov 1735 - 4 Jun 1750 Friedrich Ludwig (b. 1688 - d. 1750) 4 Jun 1750 - 9 Apr 1798 Joseph Wilhelm (b. 1717 - d. 1798) 9 Apr 1798 - 2 Nov 1810 Hermann Friedrich Otto (b. 1748 - d. 1810) 2 Nov 1810 - 13 Sep 1838 Friedrich Hermann Otto (b. 1776 - d. 1838) 13 Sep 1838 - 7 Dec 1849 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1801 - d. 1869)
Princes (title Fürst zu Hohenzollern Sigmaringen) - Hohenzollern dynasty - 13 Aug 1689 - 20 Oct 1715 Meinrad II (b. 1673 - d. 1715) 20 Oct 1715 - 8 Dec 1769 Joseph Friedrich (b. 1702 - d. 1769) 8 Dec 1769 - 20 Dec 1785 Karl Friedrich (b. 1724 - d. 1785) 20 Dec 1785 - 17 Oct 1831 Anton (b. 1762 - d. 1831) 17 Oct 1831 - 27 Aug 1848 Karl (b. 1785 - d. 1853) 27 Aug 1848 - 7 Dec 1849 Karl Anton (b. 1811 - d. 1885)
11 Aug 1261 Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg; very formally
Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg)
13 Dec 1810 - 1813 incorporated into France
9 Jun 1815 (one day) incorporated into Prussia
16 Nov 1864 - 20 Aug 1865 jointly administered by Austria and Prussia
1 Jul 1876 incorporated into Prussia with the continued style
of Duchy of Lauenburg
Dukes (title Herzog von Sachsen, Engern und Westfalen; Herzog zu [der] Lauenburg)
- Welf dynasty -
22 Sep 1691 - 28 Aug 1705 Georg Wilhelm (b. 1624 - d. 1705)
(in dispute from 11 Oct 1689)
28 Aug 1705 - 13 Dec 1810 the electors of Hanover
1813 - 9 Jun 1815 the elector, then king, of Hanover
9 Jun 1815 - 16 Nov 1864 the kings of Denmark
20 Aug 1865 - 1 Jul 1876 the king of Prussia
1226 free imperial city; four mayors to 31 Dec 1848;
four "succession lines" can be distinguished
13 Dec 1810 incorporated into France (from 1 Jan 1811 part of
Bouches-de-l'Elbe département)
1813 Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck restored
1 Apr 1937 part of Prussia
Mayors
- Line 1 -
1697 - 1705 Gotthard Kerkerink
1706 - 1708 Sebastian Gerken
1708 - 1729 Adolf Matthäus Rodde
1731 Jakob Hübens
1732 - 1737 Johann Heinrich Dreyer
1738 - 1743 Hermann Münter
1743 - 1757 Heinrich Rust
1757 - 1761 Matthäus Rodde II
1761 - 1768 Ludwig Philipp Röck
1769 - 1773 Friedrich Green
1773 - 1789 Joachim Peters
1789 - 1790 Franz Berhard Rodde
1790 - 1792 Anton Dietrich Wilken
1792 - 1798 Jürgen Bloom
1799 - 1804 Johann Georg Böhme (b. 17... - d. 1804)
1804 - 1810 Johann Philipp Plessing (b. 17... - d. 1810)
1810 - 31 Dec 1810 Georg David Richerz (b. 17... - d. 1811)
1814 - 1821 Christian Adolf Overbeck
1821 - 1845 Christian Heinrich Kindler (b. 1762 - d. 1845)
1845 - 31 Dec 1848 Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl (b. 1790 - d. 1870)
- Line 2 -
1695 - 1703 Hieronymus von Dorne
1703 - 1714 Johann Westken
1715 - 1722 Peter Heinrich Tesdorpf I
1722 - 1727 Joachim Lüder Carstens
1728 - 1732 Heinrich von Brömsen
1732 - 1744 Anton von Lüneburg
1744 - 1750 Johann Adolf Krohn
1750 - 1757 Andreas Albrecht von Brömsen
1757 - 1778 Daniel Häks
1778 - 1805 Hermann Georg Büneckau
1805 - 31 Dec 1810 Johann Kaspar Lindenberg
(1st time)
1813 - 1824 Johann Kaspar Lindenberg
(2nd time)
1824 - 1833 Adolf Heinrich Voeg (b. 1766 - d. 1833)
1833 Johann Heinrich Kipp
1833 - 31 Dec 1848 Bernhard Heinrich Frister
(1st time) (b. 1778 - d. 1861)
- Line 3 -
1669 - 1700 Johann Ritter
1708 - 1716 Thomas von Wickede II
1717 - 1724 Daniel Müller II
1724 - 1730 Hermann Rodde
1731 - 1734 Christian Albrecht Niemann
1735 - 1743 August Simon Lindholz
1744 - 1765 Gotthard Arnold Isselhorst
1765 - 1782 Georg Wilhelm Detharding
1782 - 1793 Joachim Tank
1794 - 1799 Gabriel Christian Lemcke
1800 - 1806 Christian von Brömsen
1806 - 31 Dec 1810 Matthäus Rodde III
1817 Nikolaus Jakob Keusch
1818 - 1825 Stephan Heinrich Behnke
1826 Friedrich Nölting
1827 - 1832 Peter Heinrich Tesdorpf II
1832 - 31 Dec 1848 Thomas Günter Wunderlich
- Line 4 -
1694 - 1707 Anton Winkler
1707 - 1724 Daniel Müller I
1724 - 1750 Heinrich Balemann
1750 - 1761 Johann Friedrich Carstens
1761 - 1768 Heinrich Dietrich Balemann
1768 - 1773 Heinrich Brokes II
1773 - 1776 Bernhard von Wickede
1777 - 1780 Joachim Matthias Lütkens
1781 - 1785 Johann Arnold Isselhorst
1786 - 1805 Hermann Dietrich Krohn
1805 - 31 Dec 1810 Johann Matthäus Tesdorpf
(1st time) (b. 1749 - d. 1824)
1813 - 25 Jan 1824 Johann Matthäus Tesdorpf
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1825 - 31 Dec 1848 Christian Nikolaus von Evers
Presiding mayors
1 Jan 1849 - 31 Dec 1850 Heinrich Brehmer (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1 Jan 1851 - 31 Dec 1852 Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1853 - 31 Dec 1854 Bernhard Heinrich Frister
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1855 - 31 Dec 1856 Karl Ludwig Röck (1st time) (b. 1790 - d. 1869)
1 Jan 1857 - 31 Dec 1858 Johann Joachim Friedrich Torkuhl
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1859 - 31 Dec 1860 Karl Ludwig Röck (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1861 - 31 Dec 1862 Heinrich Brehmer (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1863 - 31 Dec 1864 Karl Ludwig Röck (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1865 - 31 Dec 1866 Heinrich Brehmer (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1867 - 31 Dec 1868 Karl Ludwig Röck (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1869 - 31 Dec 1870 Theodor Curtius (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1889)
1 Jan 1871 - 31 Dec 1872 Heinrich Theodor Behn (1st time) (b. 1819 - d. 1906)
1 Jan 1873 - 31 Dec 1874 Theodor Curtius (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1875 - 31 Dec 1876 Heinrich Theodor Behn (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1877 - 31 Dec 1878 Theodor Curtius (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1879 - 31 Dec 1880 Heinrich Theodor Behn (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1881 - 31 Dec 1882 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
1 Jan 1883 - 31 Dec 1884 Heinrich Theodor Behn (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1885 - 31 Dec 1886 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1887 - 31 Dec 1888 Heinrich Theodor Behn (5th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1889 - 31 Dec 1890 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1891 - 31 Dec 1892 Heinrich Theodor Behn (6th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1893 - 31 Dec 1894 Artur Gustav Kulenkamp (4th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1895 - 31 Dec 1896 Heinrich Theodor Behn (7th time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1897 - 31 Dec 1898 Wilhelm Brehmer (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1905)
1 Jan 1899 - 31 Dec 1900 Heinrich Klug (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1912)
1 Jan 1901 - 31 Dec 1902 Wilhelm Brehmer (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1903 - 31 Dec 1904 Heinrich Klug (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1905 - 31 Dec 1906 Johann Georg Eschenburg (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1936)
1 Jan 1907 - 13 Oct 1908 Ernst Christian Johannes Schön (b. 1843 - d. 1908)
1 Jan 1909 - 31 Dec 1916 Johann Georg Eschenburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1917 - 1920 Emil Ferdinand Fehling (b. 1847 - d. 1927)
1920 - 1926 Johann Martin Andreas Neumann (b. 1865 - d. 1928)
1926 - May 1933 Paul B. Heinrich Löwigt (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
May 1933 - 31 Mar 1937 Otto Heinrich Drechsler (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
26 May 1933 - 31 Mar 1937 Friedrich Hildebrandt
(Reichsstatthalter)
1159 County of Nassau established
16 Dec 1255 dynasty divided into Ottonische Linie (leading to
Oranje-Nassau) and Walramische Linie (with which this
record is exclusively concerned)
25 Nov 1355 division into Nassau-(Wiesbaden-)Idstein and
Nassau-Weilburg
25 Nov 1355 County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style: Graf von
Nassau, Herr zu Idstein und Wiesbaden
19 Jun 1605 - 2 Jun 1677 personal union with Nassau-Weilburg
4 Aug 1688 Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
Fürstentum Nassau-Idstein)
26 Oct 1721 incorporated into Nassau-Ottweiler
Prince (title Fürst zu Nassau)
4 Aug 1688 - 26 Oct 1721 Georg August Samuel (b. 1665 - d. 1721)
25 Nov 1355 County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style: Graf von
Nassau, Herr zu Weilburg
26 Sep 1366 Princely County of Nassau (Gefürstete Grafschaft Nassau);
style: Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau, Graf von Saarbrücken
(from 11 Mar 1381), Herr zu Weilburg
27 Feb 1442 Nassau-Saarbrücken is split off
1561 - 22 Mar 1602 split into Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Weilnau
5 Sep 1737 Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
Fürstentum Nassau-Weilburg); title awarded 4 Aug 1688,
but only adopted 5 Sep 1737 upon confirmation of award
30 Aug 1806 combined with Nassau-Usingen into Duchy of Nassau
Counts
18 Sep 1675 - 17 Feb 1719 Johann Ernst (b. 1664 - d. 1719)
17 Feb 1719 - 5 Sep 1737 Karl August (b. 1685 - d. 1753)
Princes
5 Sep 1737 - 9 Nov 1753 Karl August (s.a.)
9 Nov 1753 - 28 Nov 1788 Karl Christian (b. 1735 - d. 1788)
28 Nov 1788 - 30 Aug 1806 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1768 - d. 1816)
27 Feb 1442 County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau); style:
Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau, Graf von Saarbrücken
23 Nov 1574 - 5 Feb 1629 personal union with Nassau-Weilburg
1648 Nassau-Saarbrücken re-founded
10 Apr 1659 divided into Nassau-Saarbrücken, Nassau-Ottweiler, and
Nassau-Usingen
6 Dec 1723 Nassau-Saarbrücken and Nassau-Ottweiler re-combined
Oct 1792 incorporated into France
Oct 1792 - 1797 the line continues in rebellion
Counts
19 Oct 1677 - 14 Feb 1713 Ludwig Crato (b. 1663 - d. 1713)
(Nassau-Saarbrücken only)
14 Feb 1713 - 6 Dec 1723 Karl Ludwig (b. 1665 - d. 1723)
(Nassau-Saarbrücken only)
1680 - 25 May 1728 Friedrich Ludwig (b. 1651 - d. 1728)
(to 6 Dec 1723 Nassau-Ottweiler only)
25 May 1728 - 6 Dec 1735 Karl (b. 1712 - d. 1775)
6 Dec 1735 - 24 Jul 1768 Wilhelm Heinrich (b. 1718 - d. 1768)
24 Jul 1768 - 2 Mar 1794 Ludwig (b. 1745 - d. 1794)
(from Oct 1792 in rebellion against France)
2 Mar 1794 - 1797 Heinrich Ludwig Karl Albrecht
(in rebellion against France)
10 Apr 1659 County of Nassau (Grafschaft Nassau; commonly Grafschaft
Nassau-Usingen); style: Gefürsteter Graf von Nassau
4 Aug 1688 Principality of Nassau (Fürstentum Nassau; commonly
Fürstentum Nassau-Usingen); style: Fürst zu Nassau
31 Jul 1806 the ruler takes the style Herzog zu Nassau, as mandated by
the provisions of the Rheinbundakte: "the head of the
house of Nassau shall take the style of Duke"
30 Aug 1806 combined with Nassau-Weilburg into Duchy of Nassau
Princes
4 Aug 1688 - 17 Oct 1702 Walrad (b. 1635 - d. 1702)
17 Oct 1702 - 14 Feb 1718 Wilhelm Heinrich (b. 1684 - d. 1718)
14 Feb 1718 - 21 Jun 1775 Karl (b. 1712 - d. 1775)
14 Feb 1718 - 11 Oct 1738 Charlotte Amalia von
Nassau-Dillenburg (f) (regent) (b. 1680 - d. 1738)
21 Jun 1775 - 17 May 1803 Karl Wilhelm (b. 1735 - d. 1803)
17 May 1803 - 31 Jul 1806 Friedrich August (b. 1738 - d. 1816)
Duke
31 Jul 1806 - 30 Aug 1806 Friedrich August (s.a.)
30 Aug 1806 Duchy of Nassau, ruled jointly to 24 Mar 1816 by the duke
of Nassau (formerly prince of Nassau-Usingen) and the
prince of Nassau (formerly prince of Nassau-Weilburg)
20 Sep 1866 annexation by Prussia
Dukes
30 Aug 1806 - 24 Mar 1816 Friedrich August (s.a.)
30 Aug 1806 - 9 Jan 1816 Friedrich Wilhelm (prince) (b. 1768 - d. 1816)
9 Jan 1816 - 20 Aug 1839 Wilhelm (b. 1792 - d. 1839)
(prince to 24 Mar 1816)
20 Aug 1839 - 20 Sep 1866 Adolf (b. 1817 - d. 1905)
Directing ministers of state
1815 - 22 Jan 1834 Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr
Marschall von Biberstein (b. 1770 - d. 1834)
1834 - 1842 Carl Wilderich Graf von
Walderdorff (b. 1799 - d. 1862)
1842 - 1843 Friedrich Georg Karl Anton
Freiherr von Bock-Hermsdorff
1843 - 1848 Ernst August Freiherr von Dungern
1848 - 2 Jan 1849 August Hergenhahn (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1874)
11 Jun 1849 - 7 Feb 1852 Friedrich Gerhard Freiherr von
Winzingerode
7 Feb 1852 - 31 Jul 1866 August Ludwig Prinz zu
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (b. 1788 - d. 1874)
1 Aug 1866 - 22 Dec 1866 August Hergenhahn (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1106 County of Holstein (Grafschaft Holstein) founded
1115 Duchy of Schleswig (Hertogdømmet Slesvig) established
for (initially) a junior line of the Danish royal family
(Skjoldunger dynasty)
14 Feb 1474 Holstein becomes a duchy (Herzogtum Holstein); from here on
Schleswig and Holstein are in personal union
1490 the combined polities are split into Segebergscher Anteil
and Gottorpscher Anteil (Segeberg Portion and Gottorp
Portion), but they are governed as a whole by the rulers of
the two lines ruling in alternation
13 Apr 1523 portions reunited
1544 the combined polities are split as before, the lines being
styled Schleswig-Holstein-Segeberg and Schleswig-Holstein-
Gottorp, the government being shared as before from 1581
4 Sep 1721 the part of Schleswig ruled by the Gottorp line is annexed
by the Segeberg line (i.e., the kings of Denmark)
1 Jul 1773 the part of Holstein ruled by the Gottorp line is ceded to
the Segeberg line in exchange for Oldenburg, thus reuniting
Schleswig and Holstein under the kings of Denmark, while
remaining respectively an appendage of Denmark and a member
of the Holy Roman Empire and later of the German
Confederation
28 Jan 1848 - 15 Nov 1863 numerous effected or attempted changes in the status of
each of the two polities with respect to Denmark and with
respect to each other
15 Nov 1863 with the death of Frederik VII the direct Oldenburg
dynastic line ends; Denmark and Schleswig are inherited by
the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (formerly non-
sovereign) line, while Holstein falls into dispute between
this line and the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-
Augustenburg (formerly non-sovereign) line
30 Oct 1864 King Christian IX (Glücksburg) cedes his rights to both
polities to Prussia and Austria jointly (Convention of
Vienna); Austria subsequently supports the claims of
Friedrich VIII (Augustenburg) and summons the estates of
Holstein to this end in Jun 1866
7 Jun 1866 Prussian forces invade, and generalized war among the
German polities ensues
23 Aug 1866 both polities are recognized as being under Prussian rule
(Convention of Prague)
24 Jan 1867 both polities are incorporated into Prussia
Dukes
1544 - 1 Jul 1773 the kings of Denmark
Dukes 6 Jan 1695 - 19 Jul 1702 Friedrich IV (b. 1671 - d. 1702) 19 Jul 1702 - 18 Jun 1739 Karl Friedrich (b. 1700 - d. 1739) 18 Jun 1739 - 17 Jul 1762 Karl Peter Ulrich (b. 1728 - d. 1762) 17 Jul 1762 - 1 Jul 1773 Paul (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
Dukes 1 Jul 1773 - 30 Oct 1864 the kings of Denmark
Duke - Sonderburg-Augustenburg line - 24 Dec 1863 - 23 Aug 1866 Friedrich VIII (b. 1829 - d. 1880)
1180 County of Waldeck established, with many divisions
beginning 16 Feb 1397
1625 the Waldeck-Eisenberg branch acquires the County of Pyrmont
1682 the ruler of the Waldeck-Eisenberg branch assumes the style
Fürst zu Waldeck, Graf von Pyrmont
29 Nov 1692 all branches reunited; style: Graf von Waldeck und Pyrmont
6 Jan 1712 Waldeck raised to rank of principality
1805 Waldeck and Pyrmont separated, both ranked as principalities
24 Sep 1812 reunited as Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
Nov 1918 republic
1 Apr 1929 part of Prussia
Counts (title Graf von Waldeck und Pyrmont)
- Waldeck dynasty -
29 Nov 1692 - 12 Dec 1706 Christian Ludwig (b. 1635 - d. 1706)
12 Dec 1706 - 6 Jan 1712 Friedrich Anton Ulrich (b. 1676 - d. 1728)
Princes (title Fürst zu Waldeck, Graf von Pyrmont)
- Waldeck dynasty -
6 Jan 1712 - 1 Jan 1728 Friedrich Anton Ulrich (s.a.)
1 Jan 1728 - 17 May 1728 Christian Philipp (b. 1701 - d. 1728)
17 May 1728 - 29 Aug 1763 Karl August Friedrich (b. 1704 - d. 1763)
29 Aug 1763 - 24 Sep 1812 Friedrich (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
(from 1805 only Fürst zu Waldeck)
29 Aug 1763 - 25 Oct 1766 Christiane Henriette Pfalzgräfin
von Birkenfeld (f) (regent) (b. 1725 - d. 1816)
Princes (title Fürst zu Waldeck und Pyrmont)
- Waldeck dynasty -
1805 - 9 Sep 1813 Georg (b. 1747 - d. 1813)
(to 24 Sep 1812 Prinz zu Waldeck, Fürst zu Pyrmont)
9 Sep 1813 - 15 May 1845 Georg Friedrich Heinrich (b. 1789 - d. 1845)
15 May 1845 - 12 May 1893 Georg Viktor (b. 1831 - d. 1893)
15 May 1845 - 14 Jan 1852 Emma von Anhalt-Bernburg-
Schaumburg-Hoym (f) (regent) (b. 1802 - d. 1858)
12 May 1893 - 13 Nov 1918 Friedrich (b. 1865 - d. 1946)
State directors
1 Jan 1868 - 1872 Julius Adalbert von Flottwell (b. 1829 - d. 1909)
1872 - 1881 Karl Albert Friedrich Hugo von
Sommerfeld
1881 - 1884 Jesko Franz Edwald von Puttkamer
1885 - 1886 Ernst von Saldern (b. 18... - d. 1886)
Oct 1886 - 1907 Ernst Friedrich Johannes von
Saldern (b. 1839 - d. 1907)
1907 - 1908 Leo Marquard Freiherr von Lützow (b. 18... - d. 1908)
1908 - 1914 Ernst Reinhold Gerhard von
Glasenapp (b. 1861 - d. 1928)
1914 - 1 Sep 1920 Karl Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm
von Redern
1 Sep 1920 - 7 Feb 1929 Wilhelm Schmieding (b. ... - d. 1929)
25 Feb 1929 - 31 Mar 1929 Herbert Herberg
25 Dec 1356 the Golden Bull confirms that the duke of Saxony is an
elector, and makes his land indivisible; style of ruler:
Herzog von Sachsen, Erzmarschall und Kurfürst des Heiligen
Römischen Reichs (duke of Saxony, archmarshal and
prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire)
27 Nov 1422 Saxony is forfeited to the king
6 Jan 1423 Saxony is enfeoffed to the Wettin dynasty, rulers of Meissen
7 Sep 1464 Dukes Ernst and Albrecht IV "der Beherzte" rule jointly,
Ernst being elector
11 Nov 1485 a separate Herzogtum Sachsen is created for Albrecht, Ernst
retaining the (indivisible) electorate; thus the dynasty
splits into the Ernestine line and the Albertine line
19 May 1547 the Ernestine line is deprived of the electorate; it goes
on to establish the Saxon duchies in Thuringia
4 Jun 1547 the electorate is conferred on the Albertine line
11 Dec 1806 Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen) created
15 Nov 1918 republic
Dukes and Electors
- Wettin dynasty, Albertine line -
7 May 1694 - 1 Feb 1733 Friedrich August I "der Starke" (b. 1670 - d. 1733)
1 Feb 1733 - 5 Oct 1763 Friedrich August II (b. 1696 - d. 1763)
5 Oct 1763 - 17 Dec 1763 Friedrich Christian (b. 1722 - d. 1763)
17 Dec 1763 - 11 Dec 1806 Friedrich August III
"der Gerechte" (b. 1750 - d. 1827)
17 Dec 1763 - 15 Sep 1768 Xaver (regent) (b. 1730 - d. 1806)
Kings
- Wettin dynasty, Albertine line -
11 Dec 1806 - 5 May 1827 Friedrich August I "der Gerechte" (s.a.)
5 May 1827 - 6 Jun 1836 Anton I (b. 1755 - d. 1836)
6 Jun 1836 - 9 Aug 1854 Friedrich August II (b. 1797 - d. 1854)
9 Aug 1854 - 29 Oct 1873 Johann I (b. 1801 - d. 1873)
29 Oct 1873 - 19 Jun 1902 Albert I (b. 1828 - d. 1902)
19 Jun 1902 - 15 Oct 1904 Georg I (b. 1832 - d. 1904)
15 Oct 1904 - 13 Nov 1918 Friedrich August III (b. 1865 - d. 1932)
Prime minister
8 Dec 1746 - Oct 1763 Heinrich Graf von Brühl (b. 1700 - d. 1763)
Minister-presidents
16 Mar 1848 - 24 Feb 1849 Alexander Karl Hermann Braun (b. 1807 - d. 1868)
24 Feb 1849 - 2 May 1849 Gustav Friedrich Held (b. 1804 - d. 1857)
2 May 1849 - 28 Oct 1858 Ferdinand Zschinsky (from 1856,
Ferdinand von Zschinsky) (b. 1797 - d. 1858)
28 Oct 1858 - Oct 1866 Friedrich Ferdinand Freiherr von
Beust (b. 1809 - d. 1886)
Oct 1866 - 1 Oct 1871 Johann Paul Freiherr von
Falkenstein (b. 1801 - d. 1882)
1 Oct 1871 - 1 Nov 1876 Richard Reichsfreiherr von Friesen (b. 1808 - d. 1884)
1 Nov 1876 - 25 Mar 1891 Alfred von Fabrice (from 1884,
Alfred Graf von Fabrice) (b. 1818 - d. 1891)
25 Mar 1891 - 23 Dec 1891 Karl Friedrich Wilhelm von Gerber (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
Dec 1891 - 12 Feb 1895 Julius Hans von Thümmel (b. 1824 - d. 1895)
1895 - 15 Jun 1901 Heinrich Rudolf Schurig (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
Jun 1901 - 30 Apr 1906 Karl Georg Levin von
Metzsch-Reichenbach (b. 1836 - d. 1927)
30 Apr 1906 - 1 Dec 1910 Conrad Wilhelm von Rüger (b. 1837 - d. 1916)
1 Dec 1910 - 26 Jul 1912 Viktor Alexander von Otto (b. 1852 - d. 1912)
26 Jul 1912 - 21 May 1914 Max Clemens Lothar Freiherr von
Hausen (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
21 May 1914 - 26 Oct 1918 Heinrich Gustav Beck (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
26 Oct 1918 - 13 Nov 1918 Karl Rudolf Heinze (1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1928)
15 Nov 1918 - 21 Jan 1919 Robert Richard Lipinski (b. 1867 - d. 1936)
(chairman Council of People's Commissioners)
21 Jan 1919 - 4 May 1920 Georg Gradnauer (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
(chairman Council of People's Commissioners to 14 Mar 1919)
4 May 1920 - 21 Mar 1923 Johann Wilhelm Buck (b. 1869 - d. 1945)
21 Mar 1923 - 29 Oct 1923 Erich Zeigner (b. 1886 - d. 1949)
29 Oct 1923 - 31 Oct 1923 Karl Rudolf Heinze (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Reichskommissar)
31 Oct 1923 - 4 Jan 1924 Alfred Karl Fellisch (b. 1884 - d. 1973)
4 Jan 1924 - 25 Jun 1929 Max Wilhelm August Heldt (b. 1872 - d. 1933)
25 Jun 1929 - 6 May 1930 Wilhelm Robert Ferdinand Bünger (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
6 May 1930 - 10 Mar 1933 Karl Alfred Walther Schieck (b. 1874 - d. 1946)
10 Mar 1933 - 28 Feb 1935 Manfred Freiherr von Killinger (b. 1886 - d. 1944)
(Reichskommissar to 5 May 1933)
28 Feb 1935 - 7 May 1945 Martin Mutschmann (b. 1879 - d. 1947)
(also Reichsstatthalter from 5 May 1933)
19 Jul 1647 County of Schaumburg-Lippe (Grafschaft Schaumburg-Lippe)
permanently separated from Lippe
18 Apr 1807 raised to the rank of principality (Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe)
Nov 1918 republic
Counts (title Graf zu Schaumburg, Graf und Edler Herr zur Lippe, etc.)
- Haholt dynasty -
19 Jul 1647 - 20 Apr 1681 Philipp I (b. 1601 - d. 1681)
20 Apr 1681 - 13 Jun 1728 Friedrich Christian (b. 1655 - d. 1728)
13 Jun 1728 - 24 Sep 1748 Albrecht Wolfgang (b. 1699 - d. 1748)
24 Sep 1748 - 10 Sep 1777 Wilhelm (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
10 Sep 1777 - 13 Feb 1787 Philipp II (b. 1723 - d. 1787)
13 Feb 1787 - 18 Apr 1807 Georg Wilhelm (b. 1784 - d. 1860)
1787 - 9 Nov 1799 Juliane Wilhelmine Louise
Landgräfin von Hessen-
Philippsthal (f) (co-regent) (b. 1761 - d. 1799)
1787 - 1807 Johann Ludwig Reichsgraf von
Wallmoden-Gimborn (b. 1736 - d. 1811)
(co-regent; from 9 Nov 1799 regent)
Princes
- Haholt dynasty -
18 Apr 1807 - 21 Nov 1860 Georg I Wilhelm (s.a.)
21 Nov 1860 - 8 May 1893 Adolf I Georg (b. 1817 - d. 1893)
8 May 1893 - 29 Apr 1911 Georg II (b. 1846 - d. 1911)
29 Apr 1911 - 16 Nov 1918 Adolf II (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
Ministers of state
1893 - 1895 Heinrich Spring (b. 1821 - d. 1896)
1895 - 1897 Martin Georg Anton von Wegnern (b. 1855 - d. 1897)
1898 - 4 Dec 1918 Friedrich Rudolf Ernst Freiherr
von Feilitzsch (b. 1858 - d. 1942)
Chairman of the State Council
4 Dec 1918 - 14 Mar 1919 Heinrich Lorenz (b. 1870 - d. 1947)
State councillors
14 Mar 1919 - 22 May 1922 Otto Bömers (b. 1857 - d. 1922)
22 May 1922 - 28 May 1925 Konrad Wippermann (b. 1858 - d. 1935)
28 May 1925 - 7 Oct 1927 Erich Steinbrecher (b. 1882 - d. 19...)
7 Oct 1927 - 7 Mar 1933 Heinrich Lorenz (s.a.)
1 Apr 1933 - 23 May 1933 Hans Joachim Riecke (b. 1899 - d. 1986)
State president
23 May 1933 - 1945 Karl Dreier (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
16 May 1933 - 4 Apr 1945 Alfred Meyer (Reichsstatthalter) (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
1 Oct 1938 Germany annexes Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia 1 May 1939 Reichsgau Sudetenland created May 1945 reincorporated into Czechoslovakia Reichskommissar; from 1 May 1939, Reichsstatthalter 1 Oct 1938 - May 1945 Konrad Henlein (b. 1898 - d. 1945)
1099 the ruling house is founded by Heinrich "der Fromme,"
appointed Vogt ("advocate") to administer royal domain of
Gera
c.1303 Heinrich, founder of the junior Plauen line, whose mother
was a Russian princess, adopts the byname "der Reusse"
(i.e., the Russian), Reuss gradually becoming the dynastic
name
1564 split into three lines, one of which is extinct 1616
5 Sep 1673 all ruling members of the dynasty become Reichsgrafen
(counts, immediate vassals of the king); although the
dynasty is already split into the "senior line" (Ältere
Linie) and the "junior line" (Jüngere Linie), the common
style, with only the distinction of the initial word, is
Älterer/Jüngerer Linie Graf Reuss, Graf und Herr von Plauen,
Herr von Greiz, Kranichfeld, Gera, Schleiz und Lobenstein
17 Apr 1919 two lines united as People's State of Reuss (Volksstaat
Reuss)
1 May 1920 part of Thuringia
5 Sep 1673 the dynastic line is divided into Reuss-Schleiz, Reuss-
Gera, and Reuss-Lobenstein
1678 Reuss-Lobenstein split into Reuss-Lobenstein, Reuss-
Hirschberg (extinct 29 Oct 1711), and Reuss-Ebersdorf
1790 Reuss-Lobenstein becomes principality (Fürstentum Reuss-
Lobenstein); style: Jüngerer Linie Fürst Reuss zu
Lobenstein, Graf und Herr von Plauen, etc. (s.a.)
26 Apr 1802 Reuss-Schleiz and Reuss-Gera are unified into Reuss-Schleiz
und Gera
1806 Reuss-Ebersdorf becomes principality (Fürstentum Reuss-
Ebersdorf); style: Jüngerer Linie Fürst Reuss zu Ebersdorf,
Graf und Herr von Plauen, etc. (s.a.)
9 Apr 1806 Reuss-Schleiz und Gera becomes principality (Fürstentum
Reuss-Schleiz-Gera); style: Jüngerer Linie regierender
Fürst Reuss zu Schleiz (und Gera), Graf und Herr von
Plauen, etc. (s.a.)
1 Oct 1848 Reuss-Schleiz-Gera, Reuss-Ebersdorf, and Reuss-Lobenstein
combine into Fürstentum Reuss Jüngere Linie; style: Jüngerer
Linie regierender Fürst Reuss, Graf und Herr von Plauen,
Herr von Greiz, Kranichfeld, Gera, Schleiz und Lobenstein
Nov 1918 Free State of Reuss Junior Line (Freistaat Reuss Jüngere
Linie)
Reuss-Schleiz
Counts
28 Mar 1692 - 28 Jul 1726 Heinrich XI (b. 1669 - d. 1726)
28 Jul 1726 - 6 Dec 1744 Heinrich I (b. 1695 - d. 1744)
6 Dec 1744 - 25 Jun 1784 Heinrich XII (b. 1716 - d. 1784)
25 Jun 1784 - 26 Apr 1802 Heinrich XLII (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Reuss-Gera
Counts
23 Mar 1686 - 25 Nov 1735 Heinrich XVIII (b. 1677 - d. 1735)
25 Nov 1735 - 13 Mar 1748 Heinrich XXV (b. 1681 - d. 1748)
13 Mar 1748 - 26 Apr 1802 Heinrich XXX (b. 1727 - d. 1802)
Reuss-Hirschberg
Count
1678 - 29 Oct 1711 Heinrich VIII (b. 1652 - d. 1711)
Reuss-Lobenstein
Counts
1678 - 24 May 1710 Heinrich III (b. 1648 - d. 1710)
24 May 1710 - 12 May 1739 Heinrich XV (b. 1674 - d. 1739)
12 May 1739 - 6 May 1782 Heinrich II (b. 1702 - d. 1782)
6 May 1782 - 1790 Heinrich XXXV (b. 1738 - d. 1805)
Princes
1790 - 30 Mar 1805 Heinrich XXXV (s.a.)
30 Mar 1805 - 7 May 1824 Heinrich LIV (b. 1767 - d. 1824)
7 May 1824 - 1 Oct 1848 Heinrich LXXII (b. 1797 - d. 1853)
(personal union with Reuss-Ebersdorf)
Reuss-Ebersdorf
Counts
1678 - 20 Jun 1711 Heinrich X (b. 1662 - d. 1711)
20 Jun 1711 - 22 May 1747 Heinrich XXIX (b. 1699 - d. 1747)
22 May 1747 - 13 May 1779 Heinrich XXIV (b. 1724 - d. 1779)
13 May 1779 - 1806 Heinrich LI (b. 1761 - d. 1822)
Princes
1806 - 10 Jul 1822 Heinrich LI (s.a.)
10 Jul 1822 - 1 Oct 1848 Heinrich LXXII (s.a.)
(from 7 May 1824 personal union with Reuss-Lobenstein)
Reuss-Schleiz-Gera and Reuss Junior Line
Count
26 Apr 1802 - 9 Apr 1806 Heinrich XLII (s.a.)
Princes
9 Apr 1806 - 17 Apr 1818 Heinrich XLII (s.a.)
17 Apr 1818 - 19 Jun 1854 Heinrich LXII (b. 1785 - d. 1854)
19 Jun 1854 - 11 Jul 1867 Heinrich LXVII (b. 1789 - d. 1867)
11 Jul 1867 - 29 Mar 1913 Heinrich XIV (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
29 Mar 1913 - 11 Nov 1918 Heinrich XXVII (b. 1858 - d. 1928)
Ministers of state (until 1848 common government for Reuss-Lobenstein,
Reuss-Ebersdorf, and Reuss-Schleiz-Gera)
1825 - 1839 Gustav Adolph von Strauch (b. 1790 - d. 1839)
1840 - 1855 Hermann Robert Bretschneider
(from 1842, Hermann Robert von
Bretschneider) (b. 1796 - d. 18...)
1856 - 1862 Eduard von Geldern (b. 1806 - d. 1866)
1862 - 1877 Andreas Paul Adolph von Harbou (b. 1809 - d. 1877)
1877 - 1892 Emil von Beulwitz (b. 1821 - d. 1893)
1892 - 1896 Christian August Anton Vollert (b. 1826 - d. 1897)
1896 - 1902 Walter Engelhardt
1902 - 7 Nov 1918 Karl Franz Ernst von Hinüber (b. 1854 - d. 1929)
7 Nov 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Paul Ruckdeschel (b. 1864 - d. 1942)
Leading minister of state
Nov 1918 - Apr 1919 Karl von Brandenstein (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
5 Sep 1673 the dynastic line is divided into Reuss-Untergreiz, Reuss-
Burgk (merged into Reuss-Untergreiz 13 Oct 1697), Reuss-
Rothental (merged into Reuss-Untergreiz 22 Feb 1698),
and Reuss-Obergreiz (split into Reuss-Obergreiz and
Reuss-Dölau 1694, reunited 17 Nov 1722)
17 Mar 1768 Reuss-Untergreiz and Reuss-Obergreiz combine to re-form
Reuss-Greiz, encompassing the whole senior-line polity
12 May 1778 polity elevated to rank of principality (Fürstentum Reuss
Ältere Linie); style: Älterer Linie souveräner Fürst Reuss,
Graf und Herr von Plauen, Herr von Greiz, Kranichfeld,
Gera, Schleiz und Lobenstein
Nov 1918 Free State of Reuss Senior Line (Freistaat Reuss Ältere
Linie)
Reuss-Untergreiz
Counts
3 Mar 1675 - 14 Apr 1733 Heinrich XIII (b. 1672 - d. 1733)
jointly with
3 Mar 1675 - 1682 Heinrich XIV
14 Apr 1733 - 17 Mar 1768 Heinrich III (b. 1701 - d. 1768)
Reuss-Obergreiz
Counts
18 Mar 1681 - 21 Oct 1697 Heinrich VI (b. 1649 - d. 1697)
(jointly with the following two)
18 Mar 1681 - 9 Oct 1690 Heinrich XV
18 Mar 1681 - 6 Mar 1698 Heinrich XVI
(from 1694 Reuss-Dölau)
21 Oct 1697 - 7 Sep 1714 Heinrich I (b. 1693 - d. 1714)
jointly with
21 Oct 1697 - 17 Nov 1722 Heinrich II (b. 1696 - d. 1722)
(from 6 Mar 1698 in personal union with Reuss-Dölau)
17 Nov 1722 - 17 Mar 1723 Heinrich IX
17 Mar 1723 - 17 Mar 1768 Heinrich XI (b. 1722 - d. 1800)
Reuss-Greiz, later Reuss Senior Line
Count
17 Mar 1768 - 12 May 1778 Heinrich XI (s.a.)
Princes
12 May 1778 - 28 Jun 1800 Heinrich XI (s.a.)
28 Jun 1800 - 29 Jan 1817 Heinrich XIII (b. 1747 - d. 1817)
29 Jan 1817 - 31 Oct 1836 Heinrich XIX (b. 1790 - d. 1836)
31 Oct 1836 - 8 Nov 1859 Heinrich XX (b. 1794 - d. 1859)
8 Nov 1859 - 19 Apr 1902 Heinrich XXII (b. 1846 - d. 1902)
8 Nov 1859 - 28 Mar 1867 Princess Karoline (f) (regent) (b. 1819 - d. 1872)
19 Apr 1902 - 11 Nov 1918 Heinrich XXIV (b. 1878 - d. 1927)
15 Oct 1908 - 11 Nov 1918 Heinrich XXVII (regent) (b. 1858 - d. 1928)
Leading minister of state
Nov 1918 - Apr 1919 William Oberländer (b. 1869 - d. 19...)
Ministers of state
Apr 1919 - 1 May 1920 Karl von Brandenstein (s.a.)
+ William Oberländer (s.a.)
1 Jan 1249 the defunct office of Landgraf von Thüringen is revived by
the king and conferred upon Heinrich "der Erlauchte" of the
Wettin dynasty
19 May 1547 the ruler of the Albertine line of dukes of Saxony abandons
the style of landgrave and continues as duke of Saxony
21 Feb 1566 division into Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar
Note: All monarchs in this section belong to the Ernestine line of the Wettin dynasty. Every polity in this account is a Duchy of Saxe-X (Herzogtum Sachsen-X) and its ruler is styled Herzog von Sachsen, Herzog zu Sachsen-X. The only exception is the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, later styled Grand Duchy of Saxony (Grossherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach, Grossherzogtum Sachsen), after 1815.
23 Nov 1602 Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
26 May 1672 - 11 Feb 1825 personal union with Saxe-Gotha
12 Nov 1826 Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg restored in exchange for
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes
26 May 1672 - 11 Feb 1825 the dukes of Saxe-Gotha
12 Nov 1826 - 29 Sep 1834 Friedrich (b. 1763 - d. 1834)
29 Sep 1834 - 30 Nov 1848 Joseph (b. 1789 - d. 1868)
30 Nov 1848 - 3 Aug 1853 Georg (b. 1796 - d. 1853)
3 Aug 1853 - 7 Feb 1908 Ernst I (b. 1826 - d. 1908)
7 Feb 1908 - 13 Nov 1918 Ernst II (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
Chancellors
1682 - 1700 Johann Caspar von Hendrich (b. 1635 - d. 1700)
1700 - 1705 Georg Dietrich Pflugk (b. 1640 - d. 1705)
1706 - 1731 Heinrich Hildebrand von Einsiedel (b. 1658 - d. 1731)
1731 - 1738 Johann Georg von Geissmar (b. 1682 - d. 1749)
1738 - 1742 Siegmund Ehrenfried von Oppel (b. 1687 - d. 1757)
1743 - 11 Nov 1750 Ernst Friedrich Freiherr von
Seckendorff (b. 1696 - d. 1756)
11 Nov 1750 - 1766 Albrecht Anton von Rüxleben (b. 1705 - d. 1770)
1766 - 1782 Johann Freiherr von Rothkirch und
Trach (b. 1710 - d. 1782)
1783 - 1789 Friedrich Karl Adam von
Schwarzenfels (acting to 1786) (b. 1738 - d. 1789)
1789 - 30 Nov 1826 Friedrich Carl Adolf von
Trützschler (b. 1751 - d. 1831)
Ministers of state
1 Dec 1826 - Sep 1830 Friedrich Carl Adolf von
Trützschler (s.a.)
Sep 1830 - 25 May 1848 Johann Heinrich Ernst Edler von
Braun (b. 1788 - d. 1863)
25 May 1848 - 9 Nov 1848 Gustav Adolf Edler von der Planitz (b. 1802 - d. 1869)
9 Nov 1848 - 1 Dec 1848 Karl Louis Graf von Beust
(1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1888)
1 Dec 1848 - 22 Aug 1849 Hans Conon von der Gabelentz (b. 1807 - d. 1874)
22 Aug 1849 - 2 Feb 1853 Karl Louis Graf von Beust
(2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1853 - Jun 1867 Karl August Alfred von Larisch (b. 1819 - d. 1897)
Jun 1867 - 1879 Friedrich L. von Gerstenberk,
Edler von Zech (b. 1826 - d. 1899)
1880 - 22 Aug 1891 Hugo von Leipziger (b. 1823 - d. 1896)
22 Aug 1891 - Aug 1904 Georg Heinrich von Helldorf (b. 1834 - d. 1907)
1904 - 1 Dec 1912 Friedrich Arthur von Borries (b. 1853 - d. 1923)
1 Dec 1912 - Jul 1915 Robert von Scheller-Steinwartz (b. 1865 - d. 1921)
Jul 1915 - 9 Nov 1918 Waldemar von Wussow (b. 1865 - d. 1938)
Leading ministers of state
13 Nov 1918 - 27 Mar 1919 Wilhelm Tell (b. 1871 - d. af.1929)
27 Mar 1919 - 1 May 1920 August Frölich (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
12 Nov 1826 Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Gotha enter into
personal union, styled Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes
12 Nov 1826 - 29 Jan 1844 Ernst I (b. 1784 - d. 1844)
29 Jan 1844 - 22 Aug 1893 Ernst II (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
22 Aug 1893 - 30 Jun 1900 Alfred (b. 1844 - d. 1900)
30 Jun 1900 - 14 Nov 1918 Carl Eduard (b. 1884 - d. 1954)
1900 - 19 Jul 1905 Ernst von Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. 1863 - d. 1950)
(regent)
Ministers of state
1826 - Jan 1840 Christoph Anton Ferdinand Freiherr
von Carlowitz (b. 1785 - d. 1840)
Jan 1840 - Oct 1840 Dietrich Freiherr von Stein
(1st time) (b. 1793 - d. 1867)
Oct 1840 - 1 Mar 1846 Georg Ferdinand Freiherr von Lepel
1 Mar 1846 - 1 Dec 1849 Dietrich Freiherr von Stein
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1849 - Mar 1888 Camillo Richard von Seebach (from
1855, Camillo Richard Freiherr
von Seebach) (b. 1808 - d. 1894)
Mar 1888 - 14 Nov 1891 Gisbert von Bonin-Brettin (b. 1841 - d. 1913)
14 Nov 1891 - Nov 1900 Carl Friedrich von Strenge (b. 1843 - d. 1907)
Nov 1900 - 19 May 1905 Philipp Otto Hentig (b. 1852 - d. 1934)
19 May 1905 - May 1914 Ernst Friedrich Hermann von
Richter (b. 1862 - d. 1935)
May 1914 - 1919 Hans Barthold von Bassewitz (b. 1867 - d. 1949)
1919 - 1920 Ernst Fritsch
6 Nov 1572 (de jure 14 Dec 1596) Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
26 Jul 1633 extinct, divided between Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar
5 Mar 1680 Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
16 Aug 1699 extinct
1735 the joint rulers of the non-sovereign line of Saxe-Saalfeld
establish the (sovereign) Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
27 Jan 1807 - 28 Jul 1807 occupied by France
12 Nov 1826 personal union with Saxe-Gotha; the union styled
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Nov 1918 de facto separation from Gotha; republic
1 Jul 1920 part of Bavaria
Dukes
1735 - 4 Sep 1745 Christian Ernst (b. 1683 - d. 1745)
jointly with
1735 - 16 Sep 1764 Franz Josias (b. 1697 - d. 1764)
16 Sep 1764 - 8 Sep 1800 Ernst Friedrich (b. 1724 - d. 1800)
8 Sep 1800 - 9 Dec 1806 Franz Friedrich Anton (b. 1750 - d. 1806)
9 Dec 1806 - 27 Jan 1807 Ernst I (1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1844)
28 Jul 1807 - 12 Nov 1826 Ernst I (2nd time) (s.a.)
Minister of state
9 Nov 1918 - 8 Jul 1920 Hermann Quarck (b. 1873 - d. 1932)
6 Nov 1572 (de jure 14 Dec 1596) Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach
2 Nov 1638 extinct, incorporated into Saxe-Weimar
22 Sep 1641 Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach
Sep 1662 Saxe-Eisenach divided into Saxe-Jena and Saxe-Eisenach
1698 Saxe-Jena and Saxe-Eisenach reunited by the ruler of
Saxe-Jena, reestablishing Saxe-Eisenach
Dukes
1698 - 4 Jan 1729 Johann Wilhelm II (b. 1666 - d. 1729)
4 Jan 1729 - 26 Jul 1741 Wilhelm Heinrich (b. 1691 - d. 1741)
21 Feb 1566 Duchy of Saxe-Gotha
6 Nov 1572 (de jure 14 Dec 1596) divided into Saxe-Coburg and
Saxe-Eisenach
22 Sep 1641 Duchy of Saxe-Gotha
25 May 1672 in personal union with Saxe-Altenburg
5 Mar 1680 divided into Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Meiningen,
Saxe-Hildburghausen, plus three non-sovereign lines
(Saxe-Römhild, Saxe-Eisenberg, Saxe-Saalfeld)
11 Feb 1825 ruling lineage extinct
12 Nov 1826 duchy restored in personal union with Saxe-Coburg, the
union styled Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Nov 1918 de facto separation from Saxe-Coburg; republic
Dukes
5 Mar 1680 - 12 Aug 1691 Friedrich I (b. 1646 - d. 1691)
12 Aug 1691 - 23 Mar 1732 Friedrich II (b. 1676 - d. 1732)
23 Mar 1732 - 10 Mar 1772 Friedrich III (b. 1699 - d. 1772)
10 Mar 1772 - 20 Apr 1804 Ernst II (b. 1745 - d. 1804)
20 Apr 1804 - 17 May 1822 Emil Leopold August (b. 1772 - d. 1822)
17 May 1822 - 11 Feb 1825 Friedrich IV (b. 1774 - d. 1825)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissioners
14 Nov 1918 - 25 Mar 1919 Otto Geithner
Leading minister of state
25 Mar 1919 - Jun 1920 Otto Geithner
5 Mar 1680 Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen
12 Nov 1826 personal union with Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen,
in exchange for Saxe-Altenburg
Dukes
5 Mar 1680 - 17 Oct 1715 Ernst (b. 1655 - d. 1715)
17 Oct 1715 - 9 Mar 1724 Ernst Friedrich I (b. 1681 - d. 1724)
9 Mar 1724 - 13 Aug 1745 Ernst Friedrich II (b. 1707 - d. 1745)
9 Mar 1724 - 17 Dec 1728 Sophie Albertine Gräfin von
Erbach (f) (regent) (b. 1683 - d. 1742)
13 Aug 1745 - 23 Sep 1780 Ernst Friedrich III (b. 1727 - d. 1780)
13 Aug 1745 - 10 Jun 1748 Caroline Gräfin von
Erbach-Fürstenau (f) (regent) (b. 1700 - d. 1758)
23 Sep 1780 - 12 Nov 1826 Friedrich (b. 1763 - d. 1834)
23 Sep 1780 - 4 Jan 1787 Joseph Friedrich (regent) (b. 1702 - d. 1787)
5 Mar 1680 Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
12 Nov 1826 personal and administrative union with Saxe-
Hildburghausen; while the ducal style is invariably
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Hildburghausen, the polity
is usually officially styled Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes (jointly 1706-82)
5 Mar 1680 - 27 Apr 1706 Bernhard I (b. 1649 - d. 1706)
27 Apr 1706 - 24 Nov 1724 Ernst Ludwig I (b. 1672 - d. 1724)
27 Apr 1706 - 10 Mar 1746 Friedrich Wilhelm (b. 1679 - d. 1746)
27 Apr 1706 - 27 Jan 1763 Anton Ulrich (b. 1687 - d. 1763)
24 Nov 1724 - 24 Feb 1729 Ernst Ludwig II (b. 1709 - d. 1729)
24 Nov 1724 - 28 Mar 1743 Carl Friedrich (b. 1712 - d. 1743)
27 Jan 1763 - 21 Jul 1782 August Friedrich Carl Wilhelm (b. 1754 - d. 1782)
27 Jan 1763 - 24 Dec 1803 Georg I (b. 1761 - d. 1803)
27 Jan 1763 - 19 Nov 1775 Charlotte Amalie von
Hessen-Philippsthal (f) (b. 1730 - d. 1801)
(regent [for Georg I to 4 Feb 1782])
24 Dec 1803 - 20 Sep 1866 Bernhard II (b. 1800 - d. 1882)
24 Dec 1803 - 17 Dec 1821 Luise Eleonore von Hohenlohe (f) (b. 1763 - d. 1837)
(regent)
20 Sep 1866 - 25 Jun 1914 Georg II (b. 1826 - d. 1914)
25 Jun 1914 - 10 Nov 1918 Bernhard III (b. 1851 - d. 1928)
Leiter des Geheimen Ratskollegiums (from 1 Apr 1829, Leiter des Landesministeriums)
10 Mar 1746 - 1758 Andreas Simson von Biechling (b. 1686 - d. 1758)
1758 - 1762 Johann Nadler (b. 1688 - d. 1762)
1762 - 1770 Justus Hermann von Pfaffenrath (b. c.1710 - d. 1780)
1770 - 2 Jan 1779 Adolf Gottlieb von Eyben (b. 1741 - d. 1811)
2 Jan 1779 - 1792 Martin Christian Grimm (b. 1727 - d. 1792)
1792 - 1807 Franz Christian Freiherr Eckbrecht
von Dürckheim (b. 1729 - d. 1807)
1807 - Jan 1832 Christian Ferdinand von Könitz (b. 1756 - d. 1832)
Jan 1832 - Jun 1840 Friedrich von Krafft (1st time) (b. 1777 - d. 1858)
Jun 1840 - Dec 1843 Karl August Friedrich Adolf von
Fischern (b. 1796 - d. 1875)
Dec 1843 - 1 Nov 1847 Friedrich von Krafft (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1847 - 14 Sep 1848 Friedrich Karl Anton von Werthern (b. 1804 - d. 1864)
14 Sep 1848 - 24 Oct 1849 Hans Freiherr von Spesshardt (b. 1797 - d. 1860)
24 Oct 1849 - 12 May 1854 Rudolf Hermann Freiherr von
Wechmar (b. 1800 - d. 1861)
12 May 1854 - Sep 1861 Andreas Paul Adolph von Harbou (b. 1809 - d. 1877)
Sep 1861 - 1 Oct 1864 Anton Ferdinand Freiherr von
Krosigk (1st time) (b. 1820 - d. 1892)
27 Jul 1865 - 18 Aug 1866 Friedrich Fürchtegott von
Uttenhoven (b. 1818 - d. 1889)
18 Aug 1866 - 20 Sep 1866 Ernst Gustav Gottlieb Louis von
Buck (b. 1801 - d. 1887)
20 Sep 1866 - 1873 Anton Ferdinand Freiherr von
Krosigk (2nd time) (s.a.)
1873 - 1890 Albrecht Otto von Giseke (b. 1822 - d. 1890)
1890 - 1902 Friedrich von Heim (b. 1835 - d. 1912)
1902 - 5 Oct 1912 Rudolf Freiherr von Ziller (b. 1832 - d. 1912)
14 Oct 1912 - 12 Nov 1918 Karl Schaller (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
Secret state councillor (from Mar 1919, leading minister)
12 Nov 1918 - 1920 Ludwig Freiherr von Türcke
21 Feb 1566 Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
23 Nov 1602 divided into Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar
22 Sep 1641 divided into Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach
26 Jul 1741 personal union with Saxe-Eisenach; the polities jointly
often being styled Saxe-Weimar und Eisenach
20 Sep 1809 Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach merged into
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Dukes
25 May 1683 - 26 Aug 1728 Wilhelm Ernst (b. 1662 - d. 1728)
jointly with
25 May 1683 - 20 Jun 1707 Johann Ernst III (b. 1664 - d. 1707)
26 Aug 1728 - 19 Jan 1748 Ernst August I (b. 1688 - d. 1748)
19 Jan 1748 - 28 May 1758 Ernst August II (b. 1737 - d. 1758)
1748 - 1755 Friedrich III, Duke of
Saxe-Gotha (regent) (b. 1699 - d. 1772)
28 May 1758 - 20 Sep 1809 Carl August (b. 1757 - d. 1828)
1758 - 3 Sep 1775 Anna Amalia (f) (regent) (b. 1739 - d. 1807)
20 Sep 1809 Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
21 Apr 1815 Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1877 restyled Grand Duchy of Saxony, but preceding style
continues in some official use
Nov 1918 republic
Grand dukes
20 Sep 1809 - 14 Jun 1828 Carl August (to 21 Apr 1815 duke) (b. 1757 - d. 1828)
14 Jun 1828 - 8 Jul 1853 Carl Friedrich (b. 1783 - d. 1853)
8 Jul 1853 - 5 Jan 1901 Carl Alexander (b. 1818 - d. 1901)
5 Jan 1901 - 9 Nov 1918 Wilhelm Ernst (b. 1876 - d. 1923)
State commissioner
8 Nov 1918 - 20 May 1919 August Baudert (b. 1860 - d. 1942)
Leading minister of state
20 May 1919 - 1 May 1920 Arnold Rudolf Paulssen (b. 1864 - d. 1942)
1160 County of Schwarzburg founded
21 Nov 1599 divided into County of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and
County of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
15 Apr 1711 Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Nov 1918 republic
Counts (title Graf zu Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
- Schwarzburg dynasty -
14 Nov 1646 - 15 Dec 1710 Albrecht Anton (b. 1641 - d. 1710)
14 Nov 1646 - 2 Mar 1662 Aemilia Antonia Gräfin von
Oldenburg (f) (regent) (b. 1614 - d. 1670)
15 Dec 1710 - 15 Apr 1711 Ludwig Friedrich I (b. 1667 - d. 1718)
Princes (title Fürst zu Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt)
- Schwarzburg dynasty -
15 Apr 1711 - 24 Jun 1718 Ludwig Friedrich I (s.a.)
24 Jun 1718 - 1 Sep 1744 Friedrich Anton (b. 1692 - d. 1744)
1 Sep 1744 - 10 Jul 1767 Johann Friedrich (b. 1721 - d. 1767)
10 Jul 1767 - 29 Aug 1790 Ludwig Günther IV (b. 1708 - d. 1790)
29 Aug 1790 - 13 Apr 1793 Friedrich Karl (b. 1736 - d. 1793)
13 Apr 1793 - 28 Apr 1807 Ludwig Friedrich II (b. 1767 - d. 1807)
28 Apr 1807 - 28 Jun 1867 Friedrich Günther (b. 1793 - d. 1867)
28 Apr 1807 - 6 Nov 1814 Karoline Louise Landgräfin von
Hessen-Homburg (f) (regent) (b. 1771 - d. 1854)
28 Jun 1867 - 26 Nov 1869 Albrecht (b. 1798 - d. 1869)
26 Nov 1869 - 19 Jan 1890 Georg Albrecht (b. 1838 - d. 1890)
19 Jan 1890 - 22 Nov 1918 Günther Viktor (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
Chancellors
23 Mar 1667 - 24 Aug 1701 Ahasver Fritsch (b. 1629 - d. 1701)
24 Aug 1701 - 11 Oct 1723 Georg Ulrich von Beulwitz (b. 1661 - d. 1723)
(acting to 1702)
11 Oct 1723 - 13 Mar 1744 Friedrich Christian von
Reitzenstein (b. 1679 - d. 1748)
13 Mar 1744 - 17 Apr 1761 Christoph Leopold von Hertenberg (b. 1692 - d. 1761)
(acting to 13 Nov 1750)
17 Apr 1761 - 7 Jun 1777 Christian Ulrich von Ketelhodt (b. 1701 - d. 1777)
(acting to 27 May 1761)
27 Aug 1777 - 20 Nov 1785 Johann Wilhelm Ludwig von Holleben (b. 1715 - d. 1785)
20 Nov 1785 - 14 Jan 1814 Carl Gerth von Ketelhodt (b. 1738 - d. 1814)
14 Jan 1814 - 9 Mar 1829 Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig von
Beulwitz (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
9 Mar 1829 - 20 Apr 1836 Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von
Ketelhodt (b. 1766 - d. 1836)
7 May 1836 - 6 Jul 1836 Friedrich Michael Bamberg (b. 1765 - d. 1836)
13 Jul 1836 - 24 Nov 1845 Philipp Christian Wilhelm Hönniger (b. 1782 - d. 1845)
24 Nov 1845 - 11 Mar 1848 Karl August Ludwig Freiherr von
Ketelhodt (acting to 9 Jan 1846) (b. 1798 - d. 1849)
11 Mar 1848 - 1 Jul 1850 Julius Heinrich Reinhard von Röder (b. 1798 - d. 1881)
(acting to 29 Dec 1848)
Vorsitzende des Gesamtministeriums
1 Jul 1850 - 19 Dec 1851 Julius Heinrich Reinhard von Röder (s.a.)
19 Dec 1851 - 1 May 1858 Jacob Hermann von Bertrab (b. 1818 - d. 1887)
President of the government
1 May 1858 - 1 Apr 1868 Jacob Hermann von Bertrab (s.a.)
Ministers of state
1 Apr 1868 - 2 Dec 1887 Jacob Hermann von Bertrab (s.a.)
3 Dec 1887 - 1 Apr 1888 Ludwig Albert von Holleben (b. 1825 - d. 1902)
(acting)
1 Apr 1888 - 1 Apr 1903 Wilhelm Friedrich von Starck (b. 1835 - d. 1913)
1 Apr 1903 - 23 Nov 1918 Franz Ernst Wilhelm Karl Freiherr
von der Recke (b. 1854 - d. 1923)
Leading minister of state
Mar 1919 - 1 May 1920 Emil Hartmann (b. 1868 - d. 19...)
13 Sep 1697 Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
28 Mar 1909 upon the extinction of the princely line, personal union with
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (ruler styled Fürst zu Schwarzburg)
Nov 1918 republic
Princes (title Fürst zu Schwarzburg-Sondershausen)
- Schwarzburg dynasty -
13 Sep 1697 - 20 Dec 1716 Anton Günther II (b. 1653 - d. 1716)
jointly with
13 Sep 1697 - 19 May 1721 Christian Wilhelm (b. 1647 - d. 1721)
10 May 1721 - 28 Nov 1740 Günther XLIII (b. 1678 - d. 1740)
28 Nov 1740 - 6 Nov 1758 Heinrich XXXVIII (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
6 Nov 1758 - 14 Oct 1794 Christian Günther III (b. 1736 - d. 1794)
14 Oct 1794 - 19 Aug 1835 Günther Friedrich Karl I (b. 1760 - d. 1837)
19 Aug 1835 - 17 Jul 1880 Günther Friedrich Karl II (b. 1801 - d. 1889)
17 Jul 1880 - 28 Mar 1909 Karl Günther (b. 1830 - d. 1909)
28 Mar 1909 - 22 Nov 1918 Günther Viktor (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
Leading minister of state
Mar 1919 - 1 May 1920 Wilhelm Bärwinkel
1 May 1920 Gotha, Reuss, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen,
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,
and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen united as Thüringen
Chairman of the Council of State
1 May 1920 - 10 Nov 1920 Arnold Rudolf Paulssen (b. 1864 - d. 1942)
Minister-presidents (Vorsitzende des Staatsministeriums)
10 Nov 1920 - 7 Oct 1921 Arnold Rudolf Paulssen (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1921 - 21 Feb 1924 August Frölich (b. 1877 - d. 1964)
21 Feb 1924 - 6 Nov 1928 Richard Leutheusser (b. 1867 - d. 1945)
6 Nov 1928 - 23 Jan 1930 Arnold Rudolf Paulssen (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 1930 - 26 Aug 1932 Erwin Baum (b. 1868 - d. 1950)
26 Aug 1932 - 8 May 1933 Fritz Sauckel (b. 1894 - d. 1946)
(also Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - Apr 1945)
8 May 1933 - 12 Apr 1945 Willy E.K. Marschler (b. 1893 - d. 1952)
26 Oct 1939 part of occupied Poland annexed as Reichsgau Posen
29 Jan 1940 renamed Wartheland
1945 reincorporated into Poland
Reichsstatthalter
2 Nov 1939 - Jan 1945 Arthur Greiser (b. 1897 - d. 1946)
c.1083 Lordship (style Herr von Württemberg)
1135 County of Württemberg (Grafschaft Württemberg)
21 Jul 1495 Duchy of Württemberg (Herzogtum Württemberg)
15 Oct 1519 - 6 Feb 1520 incorporated into Swabian League (Schwäbischer Bund)
29 Apr 1803 the ruler is made into a prince-elector and the polity is
styled Electorate of Württemberg (Kurfürstentum Württemberg)
1 Jan 1806 Kingdom of Württemberg (Königreich Württemberg)
Nov 1918 republic
Dukes (title Herzog von Württemberg und Teck)
- Beutelsbach dynasty -
3 Jul 1677 - 31 Oct 1733 Eberhard Ludwig (b. 1676 - d. 1733)
31 Oct 1733 - 12 Mar 1737 Karl Alexander (b. 1684 - d. 1737)
12 Mar 1737 - 24 Oct 1793 Karl Eugen (b. 1728 - d. 1793)
24 Oct 1793 - 20 May 1795 Ludwig Eugen (b. 1731 - d. 1795)
20 May 1795-22/23Dec 1797 Friedrich Eugen (b. 1732 - d. 1797)
23 Dec 1797 - 29 Apr 1803 Friedrich II (b. 1754 - d. 1816)
Duke and Elector (Herzog von Württemberg und Teck, Erzpanner und Kurfürst des
Heiligen Römischen Reiches - duke of Württemberg and Teck, archbannerbearer and
prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire)
- Beutelsbach dynasty -
29 Apr 1803 - 1 Jan 1806 Friedrich II (s.a.)
Kings (title König von Württemberg)
- Beutelsbach dynasty -
1 Jan 1806 - 30 Oct 1816 Friedrich I (s.a.)
30 Oct 1816 - 25 Jun 1864 Wilhelm I (b. 1781 - d. 1864)
25 Jun 1864 - 6 Oct 1891 Karl I (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
6 Oct 1891 - 30 Nov 1918 Wilhelm II (b. 1848 - d. 1921)
Minister-presidents
29 Jul 1821 - 15 Nov 1831 Christian Friedrich von Otto (b. 1758 - d. 1836)
15 Nov 1831 - 9 Mar 1848 Paul Friedrich Theodor Eugen
Freiherr von Mauclerc (b. 1783 - d. 1859)
9 Mar 1848 - 28 Oct 1849 Friedrich von Römer (b. 1794 - d. 1864)
28 Oct 1849 - 2 Jul 1850 Johannes von Schlayer (b. 1792 - d. 1860)
2 Jul 1850 - 21 Sep 1864 Josef Freiherr von Linden (b. 1804 - d. 1895)
21 Sep 1864 - 31 Aug 1870 Karl Friedrich Gottlob Freiherr
von Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen (b. 1809 - d. 1889)
31 Aug 1870 - 9 Jan 1871 Adolf Graf von Taube (acting) (b. 1810 - d. 1899)
9 Jan 1871 - 31 Jul 1876 Johann August Freiherr von Wächter (b. 1807 - d. 1879)
31 Jul 1876 - 10 Nov 1900 Hermann von Mittnacht (from 1887,
Hermann Freiherr von Mittnacht) (b. 1825 - d. 1909)
10 Nov 1900 - 15 Apr 1901 Max Freiherr Schott von
Schottenstein (b. 1836 - d. 1917)
15 Apr 1901 - 4 Dec 1906 Wilhelm August von Breitling (b. 1835 - d. 1914)
4 Dec 1906 - 9 Nov 1918 Karl von Weizsäcker (from 5 Oct
1916, Karl Freiherr von
Weizsäcker) (b. 1853 - d. 1926)
9 Nov 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Theodor Liesching (b. 1865 - d. 1922)
State presidents
11 Nov 1918 - 23 Jun 1920 Wilhelm Blos (b. 1849 - d. 1927)
23 Jun 1920 - 8 Apr 1924 Johannes von Hieber (b. 1862 - d. 1951)
8 Apr 1924 - 3 Jun 1924 Edmund Rau (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1953)
3 Jun 1924 - 8 Jun 1928 Wilhelm Bazille (b. 1874 - d. 1934)
8 Jun 1928 - 15 Mar 1933 Eugen Bolz (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
15 Mar 1933 - 12 May 1933 Wilhelm Murr (b. 1888 - d. 1945)
(also Reichskommissar 8-15 Mar 1933 and
Reichsstatthalter 5 May 1933 - 20 Apr 1945)
Minister-president
12 May 1933 - Apr 1945 Christian Mergenthaler (b. 1884 - d. 1980)