Cocos Islands - Colombia - Comoros - Congo (Brazzaville) - Congo (Kinshasa) - Cook Islands - Costa Rica - Côte d'Ivoire |
Jun 1826 settlement established by Alexander Hare
27 Feb 1827 settlement established by John Clunies-Ross (South Island only)
Mar 1831 Hare leaves; Clunies-Ross takes possession of all islands
(Cocos Islands, also called Keeling Islands, from c. 1880
also Cocos-Keeling Islands)
31 Mar 1857 British sovereignty
Nov 1878 part of Ceylon
1 Feb 1886 part of Straits Settlements (specifically of Singapore from 1903)
1942 part of Ceylon
1946 part of Singapore
23 Nov 1955 Australian territory, officially "Territory of Cocos (Keeling)
Islands"
1 Sep 1978 John Cecil Clunies-Ross relinquishes his authority
Kings (from 1857, governors)
1827 - 26 May 1854 John Clunies-Ross (b. 1786 - d. 1854)
1854 - 8 Jun 1871 John George Clunies-Ross (b. 1823 - d. 1871)
1871 - 7 Jul 1910 George Clunies-Ross (b. 1842 - d. 1910)
1910 - 14 Aug 1944 Sydney Clunies-Ross (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
Administrators
1 Sep 1944 - 18 Feb 1945 John Edward Bendelow Jessamine (b. 1898 - d. 1956)
18 Feb 1945 - 31 May 1945 G.M.L. Williams
31 May 1945 - 28 Jul 1945 John Allen Harvey (b. 1900 - d. ...)
28 Jul 1945 - 27 Apr 1946 E.M. Jones-Lloyd
27 Apr 1946 - 1946 David Alford Somerville (b. 1908 - d. 1974)
1946 - 1947 T.E. Smith
1947 - 1948 Patrick Sydney Bolshaw (b. 1919 - d. 2008)
1948 - 1950 Eric Statham de Banzie (b. 1922 - d. 2000)
Sep 1950 - Dec 1951 Roderick MacLean (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
*1952 - 1953* F.I. Bentley
Governor
6 Jul 1946 - 1 Sep 1978 John Cecil Clunies-Ross (b. 1928 - d. 2021)
Official representatives
23 Nov 1955 - 7 Nov 1958 Harold James Hull (b. 1911 - d. ...)
14 Dec 1957 - 13 Mar 1958 Cyril Hewitt Cox (b. 1899 - d. ...)
(acting for Hull)
8 Nov 1958 - 27 Jul 1960 John William Stokes (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
28 Jul 1960 - 17 Apr 1966 Charles Ivens Buffett (b. 1914 - d. 1995)
(acting to 24 Feb 1964)
18 Apr 1966 - 19 Jun 1968 Patrick Leonard Ryan (b. 1916)
20 Jun 1968 - 25 Jun 1969 Peter Burbrook (b. 1922)
26 Jun 1969 - 28 Jul 1972 Cecil William Suthern (b. 1927 - d. 2013)
29 Jul 1972 - 16 Jul 1975 Charles McManus (b. 1925)
Administrators
23 Jul 1975 - 15 Nov 1977 Robert James Linford (b. 1917 - d. 2007)
16 Nov 1977 - 31 Dec 1981 Charles Ivens Buffett (s.a.)
21 Apr 1982 - 22 Dec 1983 Eric Herbert Hanfield (b. 1918)
14 Dec 1983 - 19 Nov 1985 Kenneth Chan
20 Nov 1985 - Dec 1987 Carolyn Stuart (f)
Jan 1988 - 30 Jun 1988 W.N. Syrette (acting)
1 Jul 1988 - 7 Nov 1988 Mike Jopling (acting)
8 Nov 1988 - 27 Nov 1990 A. Dawn Laurie (f) (b. 1938)
1 Dec 1990 - 4 Dec 1992 Barry Cunningham (b. 1939 - d. 2018)
5 Dec 1992 - 4 Dec 1994 John Bell Read (b. 1939)
4 Dec 1994 - 31 Jan 1995 Danny Ambrose Gillespie (acting)
1 Feb 1995 - 30 Jan 1996 Martin Mowbray (b. 1944)
1 Feb 1996 - 12 Apr 1997 Jarl Andersson (acting)
12 Apr 1997 - 30 Sep 1997 Maureen Ellis (f) (acting)
1 Oct 1997 - the administrators of
Christmas Island
1564 New Granada (present Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador)
part of Viceroyalty of Peru
1718 Viceroyalty of New Granada
1724 - 1740 reincorporated into Viceroyalty of Peru
Presidents
1694 - 1703 Gil de Cabrera y Dávalos
(2nd time) (b. 1646 - d. 1712)
1703 - 1710 Diego Córdoba Lasso de la Vega
(1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1720)
1710 - 1711 Francisco Cossío y Otero (b. 1644 - d. 1714)
1711 - 1712 Diego Córdoba Lasso de la Vega
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1712 - 1715 Francisco Meneses Bravo de Saravia (b. 1669 - d. 1723)
1717 - 1718 Francisco del Rincón (b. 1650 - d. 1723)
Viceroys
1718 - 1719 Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero
(acting)
1719 - 1723 Jorge de Villalonga, conde de la
Cueva (b. c.1665 - d. 17...)
Presidents
May 1724 - 1731 Antonio Manso Maldonado
1731 - 1733 vacant
1733 - 20 Apr 1737 Rafael de Eslava y Lazaga (b. ... - d. 1737)
1737 - 1 Sep 1738 Antonio González Manrique (b. 1695 - d. 1738)
1739 - 1740 Francisco González Manrique (b. ... - d. 1747)
Viceroys
1740 - 1749 Sebastián de Eslava y Lazaga (b. 1684 - d. 1759)
1749 - 1753 José Alfonso Pizarro, marqués del
Villar (b. 16... - d. 1755)
1753 - 1761 José Solís Folch de Cardona (b. 1716 - d. 1770)
1761 - 1773 Pedro Messía de la Cerda,
marqués de la Vega de Armíjo (b. 1700 - d. 1783)
1773 - 1776 Manuel de Guirior y Portal de
Huarte y Edozain (b. 1708 - d. 1788)
1776 - 1782 Manuel Antonio Flores (b. 1723 - d. 1799)
1782 Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta (b. 17... - d. 1782)
1782 Juan Francisco Gutiérrez de
Pineres
1782 - 1788 Antonio Caballero y Góngora (b. 1723 - d. 1796)
1788 - 1789 Francisco Gil de Taboada y Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809)
1789 - 1797 José de Ezpeleta (b. 1741 - d. 1823)
1797 - 1803 Pedro Mendinueta y Múzquiz (b. 1736 - d. 1825)
1803 - 20 Jul 1810 Antonio Amar y Borbón (b. 1742 - d. 1826)
1810 - 1811 Manuel Bernardo de Álvarez
1811 - 1812 vacant
21 Mar 1812 - Nov 1812 Benito Pérez Brito de los Ríos
Fernández Valdelomar (b. ... - d. 1813)
Nov 1812 - 1816 vacant
16 Apr 1816 - 1818 Francisco Montalvo y Ambulodi
Arriola y Casabant Valdespino (b. 1754 - d. 1822)
Feb 1818 - Aug 1819 Juan de Sámano (b. 1753 - d. 1821)
1819 - 1821 Juan de la Cruz Mourgeon y Achet
4 Apr 1811 independence (State of Cundinamarca) 19 Jul 1813 monarchy abolished 12 Dec 1814 incorporation into United Provinces of New GranadaNote: From 4 Apr 1811 to 19 Jul 1813 Cundinamarca considered itself a monarchy, with Fernando VII, king of Spain, as "King of the Cundinamarqueses"; Fernando VII neither accepted nor acknowledged this office, but government was carried on in his name.
Presidents of the State (until 19 Jul 1813 also "Vicegerent of the King's Person")
4 Aug 1811 - 21 Sep 1811 José Tadeo Lozano (b. 1771 - d. 1816)
21 Sep 1811 - 19 Aug 1812 Antonio Nariño (1st time) (b. 1765 - d. 1823)
(interim to 24 Dec 1811)
19 Aug 1812 - 12 Sep 1812 Manuel Benito de Castro (acting) (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
12 Sep 1812 - 14 May 1814 Antonio Nariño (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 May 1814 - 12 Dec 1814 Manuel de Bernardo (b. 1750 - d. 1816)
11 Nov 1811 independence (Province of Cartagena de Indias)
21 Jan 1812 State of Cartagena de Indias
4 Oct 1812 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada
President of the Supreme Junta of Government
11 Nov 1811 - 20 Jan 1812 Ignacio Cavero (b. 1757 - d. 1834)
Governor President of the State
21 Jan 1812 - 1 Apr 1812 José María del Real (b. 17... - d. 1835)
1 Apr 1812 - 4 Oct 1812 Manuel Rodríguez Torices (b. 1788 - d. 1816)
(Dictator President)
29 Dec 1811 independence (State of Antioquia) 7 Feb 1813 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada Presidents of the State 29 Dec 1811 - 10 Oct 1812 José Antonio Gómez Londoño (b. 1754 - d. 1812) 10 Oct 1812 - 7 Feb 1813 José Miguel de Restrepo (b. 1755 - d. 1829)
1812 independence (State of Tunja)
4 Oct 1812 incorporation into United Provinces of New Granada
Governor President of the State
1812 - 4 Oct 1812 Juan Nepomuceno Niño (b. 1769 - d. 1816)
4 Oct 1812 United Provinces of New Granada
1816 reconquest by Spain
President of the Congress, entrusted with the Federal Executive Power
4 Oct 1812 - 5 Oct 1814 Camilo Torres Tenorio (b. 1766 - d. 1816)
Presidents (presiding members of three-member Executive Power)
5 Oct 1814 - 28 Nov 1814 José María del Castillo (acting) (b. 1776 - d. 1835)
28 Nov 1814 - 28 Mar 1815 Custodio García Rovira (1st time) (b. 1786 - d. 1816)
28 Mar 1815 - 28 Jul 1815 José Miguel Pey (b. 1775 - d. 1838)
28 Jul 1815 - 15 Nov 1815 Manuel Rodríguez Torices (s.a.)
15 Nov 1815 - 14 Mar 1816 Camilo Torres Tenorio (s.a.)
14 Mar 1816 - 22 Jun 1816 José Fernández Madrid (b. 1789 - d. 1830)
22 Jun 1816 - 30 Jun 1816 Liborio Mejía (acting) (b. 1792 - d. 1816)
30 Jun 1816 - 10 Jul 1816 Custodio García Rovira (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jul 1816 - 1816 Manuel Fernando Serrano
17 Dec 1819 Republic of Colombia (independence from Spain, again)
21 Nov 1831 dissolution into New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador
Presidents
17 Dec 1819 - 4 May 1830 Simón Bolívar (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
(President-Liberator from 29 Aug 1828)
4 May 1830 - 13 Jun 1830 Domingo Caycedo (1st time) (b. 1783 - d. 1843)
(acting)
13 Jun 1830 - 5 Sep 1830 Joaquín de Mosquera (b. 1787 - d. 1878)
5 Sep 1830 - 3 May 1831 Rafael Urdaneta (acting) (b. 1789 - d. 1845)
3 May 1831 - 21 Nov 1831 Domingo Caycedo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
21 Nov 1831 State of New Granada
20 Apr 1843 Republic of New Granada
22 May 1858 Granadine Confederation
18 Jul 1861 United States of New Granada
20 Sep 1861 United States of Colombia
5 Aug 1886 Republic of Colombia
Presidents
21 Nov 1831 - 23 Nov 1831 Domingo Caycedo (1st time) (s.a.)
(acting)
23 Nov 1831 - 10 Mar 1832 José María Obando (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1861)
(acting)
10 Mar 1832 - 7 Oct 1832 José Ignacio de Márquez (1st time) (b. 1793 - d. 1880)
(acting)
7 Oct 1832 - 1 Apr 1837 Francisco de Paula Santander (b. 1792 - d. 1840)
1 Apr 1837 - 1 Apr 1841 José Ignacio de Márquez (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1841 - 2 May 1841 Domingo Caycedo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
2 May 1841 - 1 Apr 1845 Pedro Alcántara Herrán (b. 1800 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1845 - 1 Apr 1849 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
(1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1878)
1 Apr 1849 - 1 Apr 1853 José Hilario López (b. 1798 - d. 1869)
1 Apr 1853 - 17 Apr 1854 José María Obando (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Apr 1854 - 4 Dec 1854 José María Melo (b. 1800 - d. 1860)
(Supreme Chief of the State)
21 Apr 1854 - 5 Aug 1854 Tomás de Herrera (b. 1804 - d. 1854)
(acting; in rebellion)
4 Dec 1854 - 1 Apr 1855 José de Obaldía (b. 1806 - d. 1889)
(acting [in rebellion from 5 Aug 1854])
1 Apr 1855 - 1 Apr 1857 Manuel María Mallarino (acting) (b. 1808 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1857 - 1 Apr 1861 Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
1 Apr 1861 - 18 Jul 1861 Bartolomé Calvo (acting) (b. 1815 - d. 1889)
18 Jul 1861 - 4 Feb 1863 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
(2nd time) (provisional) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1863 - 9 Feb 1863 Francisco Javier Zaldúa (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
(President of the Convention)
9 Feb 1863 - 14 May 1863 Eustorgio Salgar (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1885)
(President of Executive Ministry)
14 May 1863 - 8 Apr 1864 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
(3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting from 1 Apr 1864)
8 Apr 1864 - 1 Apr 1866 Manuel Murillo Toro (1st time) (b. 1816 - d. 1880)
1 Apr 1866 - 22 May 1866 José María Rojas Garrido (acting) (b. 1824 - d. 1883)
22 May 1866 - 1 Nov 1867 Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
(4th time) (s.a.)
12 May 1867 - 28 Jun 1867 Joaquín Riascos (b. 1833 - d. 1875)
(acting; in rebellion)
23 May 1867 - 1 Apr 1868 Santos Acosta (b. 1828 - d. 1901)
(acting for suspended Mosquera to 1 Nov 1867)
1 Apr 1868 - 1 Apr 1870 Santos Gutiérrez (b. 1820 - d. 1872)
1 Apr 1870 - 1 Apr 1872 Eustorgio Salgar (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1872 - 1 Apr 1874 Manuel Murillo Toro (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1874 - 1 Apr 1876 Santiago Pérez (b. 1830 - d. 1900)
1 Apr 1876 - 1 Apr 1878 Aquileo Parra (b. 1825 - d. 1900)
1 Apr 1878 - 8 Apr 1880 Julián Trujillo Largacha (b. 1828 - d. 1883)
(acting from 1 Apr 1880)
8 Apr 1880 - 1 Apr 1882 Rafael Núñez (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1894)
1 Apr 1882 - 21 Dec 1882 Francisco Javier Zaldúa (s.a.)
21 Dec 1882 - 22 Dec 1882 Clímaco Calderón (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1913)
22 Dec 1882 - 1 Apr 1884 José Eusebio Otálora (b. 1828 - d. 1884)
1 Apr 1884 - 11 Aug 1884 Ezequiel Hurtado (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1890)
11 Aug 1884 - 1 Apr 1886 Rafael Núñez (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Apr 1886 - 7 Aug 1886 José María Campo Serrano (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1915)
7 Aug 1886 - 4 Jun 1887 Eliseo Payán (acting) (b. 1825 - d. 1895)
4 Jun 1887 - 7 Aug 1892 Rafael Núñez (3rd time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1888 - 7 Aug 1892 Carlos Holguín (b. 1832 - d. 1894)
(acting for Núñez)
7 Aug 1892 - 29 Sep 1892 Miguel Antonio Caro (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
(acting)
29 Sep 1892 - 18 Sep 1894 Rafael Núñez (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Sep 1894 - 7 Aug 1898 Miguel Antonio Caro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
7 Aug 1898 - 19 Mar 1902 Manuel Antonio Sanclemente (b. 1814 - d. 1902)
7 Aug 1898 - 3 Nov 1898 José Manuel Marroquín (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1908)
(acting for Sanclemente)
31 Jul 1900 - 7 Aug 1904 José Manuel Marroquín (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for suspended Sanclemente to 19 Mar 1902)
7 Aug 1904 - 27 Jul 1909 Rafael Reyes (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
27 Jul 1909 - 4 Aug 1909 Jorge Holguín (1st time) (acting) (b. 1848 - d. 1928)
4 Aug 1909 - 7 Aug 1910 Ramón González Valencia (b. 1851 - d. 1928)
(provisional)
7 Aug 1910 - 7 Aug 1914 Carlos E. Restrepo (b. 1867 - d. 1937)
7 Aug 1914 - 7 Aug 1918 José Vicente Concha (b. 1867 - d. 1929)
7 Aug 1918 - 7 Aug 1922 Marco Fidel Suárez (b. 1855 - d. 1927)
11 Nov 1921 - 7 Aug 1922 Jorge Holguín (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Suárez)
7 Aug 1922 - 7 Aug 1926 Pedro Nel Ospina (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
7 Aug 1926 - 7 Aug 1930 Miguel Abadía Méndez (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
7 Aug 1930 - 7 Aug 1934 Enrique Olaya Herrera (b. 1881 - d. 1937)
7 Aug 1934 - 7 Aug 1938 Alfonso López Pumarejo (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1959)
7 Aug 1938 - 7 Aug 1942 Eduardo Santos Montejo (b. 1888 - d. 1974)
7 Aug 1942 - 7 Aug 1945 Alfonso López Pumarejo (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Nov 1943 - 16 May 1944 Darío Echandía (b. 1897 - d. 1989)
(acting for López)
7 Aug 1945 - 7 Aug 1946 Alberto Lleras Camargo (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
(acting)
7 Aug 1946 - 7 Aug 1950 Mariano Ospina Pérez (b. 1891 - d. 1976)
7 Aug 1950 - 13 Jun 1953 Laureano Gómez Castro (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
5 Nov 1951 - 13 Jun 1953 Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (b. 1890 - d. 1972)
(acting for Gómez)
13 Jun 1953 - 10 May 1957 Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (b. 1900 - d. 1975)
10 May 1957 - 7 Aug 1958 Gabriel París Gordillo (b. 1910 - d. 2008)
(chairman Military Junta of Government)
7 Aug 1958 - 7 Aug 1962 Alberto Lleras Camargo (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1962 - 7 Aug 1966 Guillermo León Valencia (b. 1909 - d. 1971)
7 Aug 1966 - 7 Aug 1970 Carlos Lleras Restrepo (b. 1908 - d. 1994)
7 Aug 1970 - 7 Aug 1974 Misael Pastrana Borrero (b. 1923 - d. 1997)
7 Aug 1974 - 7 Aug 1978 Alfonso López Michelsen (b. 1913 - d. 2007)
7 Aug 1978 - 7 Aug 1982 Julio César Turbay Ayala (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
7 Aug 1982 - 7 Aug 1986 Belisario Betancur Cuartas (b. 1923 - d. 2018)
7 Aug 1986 - 7 Aug 1990 Virgilio Barco Vargas (b. 1921 - d. 1997)
7 Aug 1990 - 7 Aug 1994 César Gaviria Trujillo (b. 1947)
7 Aug 1994 - 7 Aug 1998 Ernesto Samper Pizano (b. 1950)
7 Aug 1998 - 7 Aug 2002 Andrés Pastrana Arango (b. 1954)
7 Aug 2002 - 7 Aug 2010 Álvaro Uribe Vélez (b. 1952)
7 Aug 2010 - 7 Aug 2018 Juan Manuel Santos (b. 1951)
7 Aug 2018 - 7 Aug 2022 Iván Duque (b. 1976)
7 Aug 2022 - Gustavo Petro (b. 1960)
1886 Ngazidja (Grande Comore), Ndzuwani (Anjouan), and Mwali
(Mohéli) become French protectorates
25 Jul 1912 annexed by France (joined with Mayotte as Mayotte and
Dependencies); subordinated to Madagascar (de facto 23 Feb
1914)
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
6 Jul 1975 independence (State of Comoros) (excluding Mayotte)
24 May 1978 Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros
23 Dec 2001 new constitution approved by referendum, creating the
Union of Comoros
Administrators
25 Jul 1912 - 21 Feb 1913 Gabriel Samuel Garnier-Mouton (b. 1864 - d. 19...)
21 Feb 1913 - 1914 Honoré Cartron
Administrators-superior (from 27 Feb 1962, high commissioners)
24 Oct 1946 - 31 Dec 1948 Alain Alaniou (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
31 Dec 1948 - Dec 1950 Marie Emmanuel Adolphe Roger Rémy (b. 1897 - d. 1992)
(acting)
Dec 1950 - Apr 1956 Pierre Coudert (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
Apr 1956 - 30 Jun 1959 Georges Victor Maurice Arnaud (b. 1919 - d. 1971)
(acting to 11 Feb 1958)
30 Jun 1959 - 14 Dec 1960 Gabriel Savignac (acting) (b. 1917 - d. 1987)
14 Dec 1960 - 22 May 1962 Louis Saget (b. 1915 - d. 2010)
22 May 1962 - 15 Feb 1963 Yves de Daruvar (b. 1921 - d. 2018)
15 Feb 1963 - 26 Jul 1966 Henri Bernard (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
26 Jul 1966 - Nov 1969 Antoine Colombani (b. 1919 - d. 2007)
Nov 1969 - 1973 Jacques Mouradian (b. 1910 - d. 1992)
1973 - 1974 Georges Poulet (b. 1914 - d. 2008)
1974 - Jul 1975 Henri Beaux (b. 1922 - d. 2006)
Presidents
6 Jul 1975 - 3 Aug 1975 Ahmed Abdallah (1st time) (b. 1919 - d. 1989)
(President of the Government to 7 Jul 1975, then
Head of State)
3 Aug 1975 - 3 Jan 1976 Said Mohamed Jaffar (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution to 10 Aug
1975, then chairman National Executive Council)
3 Jan 1976 - 13 May 1978 Ali Soilih (b. 1937 - d. 1978)
(Head of State to 28 Oct 1977)
13 May 1978 - 23 May 1978 Said Atthoumani
(chairman Politico-Military Directorate)
23 May 1978 - 3 Oct 1978 Ahmed Abdallah (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Mohamed Ahmed (b. 1917 - d. 1984)
(co-chairmen [to 22 Jul 1978, Politico-Military]
Directorate)
3 Oct 1978 - 27 Nov 1989 Ahmed Abdallah (3rd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Directorate to 25 Oct 1978)
27 Nov 1989 - 29 Sep 1995 Said Mohamed Djohar (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
(acting to 20 Mar 1990)
29 Sep 1995 - 2 Oct 1995 Combo Ayouba (b. 19... - d. 2010)
(coordinator Transitional Military Committee)
2 Oct 1995 - 5 Oct 1995 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
(1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 1998)
+ Said Ali Kemal (b. 1938)
(acting)
5 Oct 1995 - 26 Jan 1996 Caabi El-Yachroutu (interim) (b. 1948?)
26 Jan 1996 - 25 Mar 1996 Said Mohamed Djohar (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Mar 1996 - 6 Nov 1998 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999 Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (b. 1933 - d. 2004)
(interim)
30 Apr 1999 - 21 Jan 2002 Azali Assoumani (1st time) (b. 1959)
(Chief of Staff of the National Development Army to
6 May 1999, then Head of State)
21 Jan 2002 - 26 May 2002 Hamada Madi (interim) (b. 1965)
26 May 2002 - 26 May 2006 Azali Assoumani (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 May 2006 - 26 May 2011 Ahmed Abdallah Sambi (b. 1958)
26 May 2011 - 26 May 2016 Ikililou Dhoinine (b. 1962)
26 May 2016 - Azali Assoumani (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 2019 - 2 Apr 2019 Moustadroine Abdou (b. 1969)
(acting for Assoumani)
Vice president of the Government Council
13 Aug 1957 - 1 Jan 1962 Mohamed Ahmed (s.a.)
Presidents of the Government Council
1 Jan 1962 - 16 Mar 1970 Said Mohamed Cheikh (b. 1904 - d. 1970)
2 Apr 1970 - 16 Jun 1972 Said Ibrahim Ben Ali (b. 1911 - d. 1975)
16 Jun 1972 - 26 Dec 1972 Said Mohamed Jaffar (s.a.)
26 Dec 1972 - 6 Jul 1975 Ahmed Abdallah (s.a.)
Prime ministers
6 Jan 1976 - 22 Dec 1978 Abdallah Mohamed (b. 19... - d. 2000)
22 Dec 1978 - 8 Feb 1982 Salim Ben Ali (b. 1918? - d. 2002)
8 Feb 1982 - 31 Dec 1984 Ali Mroudjae (b. 1939 - d. 2019)
6 Jan 1992 - 16 Jul 1992 Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim (s.a.)
(coordinator)
1 Jan 1993 - 26 May 1993 Ibrahim Halidi (b. 1954 - d. 2020)
26 May 1993 - 19 Jun 1993 Said Ali Mohamed (b. 1946)
19 Jun 1993 - 2 Jan 1994 Ahmed Ben Cheikh Attoumane (b. 1938)
2 Jan 1994 - 15 Oct 1994 Mohamed Abdou Madi (b. 1956)
15 Oct 1994 - 29 Apr 1995 Halifa Houmadi (b. 1948?)
29 Apr 1995 - 27 Mar 1996 Caabi El-Yachroutu (s.a.)
27 Mar 1996 - 27 Dec 1996 Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde (s.a.)
27 Dec 1996 - 9 Sep 1997 Ahmed Abdou (b. 1936)
7 Dec 1997 - 30 May 1998 Nourdine Bourhane (b. 1958)
22 Nov 1998 - 30 Apr 1999 Abbas Djoussouf (b. 1942 - d. 2010)
2 Dec 1999 - 29 Nov 2000 Bianrifi Tarmidi (b. 1958)
29 Nov 2000 - 15 Apr 2002 Hamada Madi (s.a.)
1886 the ruler of Bambao unifies the island (the local rulers
retaining their titles) into a State of Ngazidja; in that
same year (24 Jun), Ngazidja becomes a French protectorate
6 Jan 1892 local sultanates suppressed
1911 annexed by France (officially ratified 1914)
7 Apr 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Grande Comore as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Note: Some rulers of Bambao and of Itsandra acquired the paramount-ruler style tibe. These are marked (tibe z), where z indicates the order in which they held it.
Sultans (also styled mfalme [plural wafalme])
- Inya Mwatsoa Pirusa dynasty -
... - ... Ngoma Mrahafu
... - ... Mwasi Pirusa
... - ... Fum Mbavu Inkwaba
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mwenye Mambo
... - ... Inye wa Mantsi
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mwanze
... - ... Tambavu mna Muhame wa Saidi
... - ... Tambavu Inkwaba
... - ... Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
... - ... Mwenye Mji wa Mvunza Panga
... - ... Mla Nau (tibe ii)
... - ... Fozi Wa
... - ... Suja Oma Inkwaba
... - ... Nyau wa Faume (f)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (1st time)
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (1st time) (b. c.1793 - d. 1875)
(tibe iv)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba (2nd time)
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (2nd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Saidi Bakari
... - ... Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (3rd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Mwenye Mambo
... - ... Ju Mamba
... - ... Mohamed bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Ahmed bin Shekhe Ngome (4th time) (s.a.)
(tibe x)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (1st time)
*1874* Mohamed bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Mwenye Mji (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (1st time)
18.. - 18.. Mwenye Mji (2nd time)
18.. - 18.. Abdallah bin Saidi Hamza (3rd time)
18.. - 18.. Saidi Bakari bin Ahmed (2nd time)
18.. - 1886 Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar (tibe xv) (b. c.1856 - d. 1915)
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Fey wa Mbaya dynasty -
... - ... Fey Owa Mbaya
... - ... Fey Mwenza
... - ... Fey Jumbe
... - ... Ju Mwamba Pirusa
... - ... Zombe Ilingo
... - ... Nguzo wa Inehili
... - ... Tibe wa Kanzu
... - ... Mkongo
... - ... Mna Musa Hibu
... - ... Muhammadi Saidi
... - ... Mvunza Panga
... - ... Fey Beja wa Wabeja (f)
... - ... Fum Nau wa Kori Dozi (tibe i)
... - ... Fey Fumu (1st time) (tibe iii)
... - ... Bwana Fumu (1st time) (tibe v)
... - ... Fey Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vi)
... - ... Bwana Fumu (2nd time) (tibe vii)
... - ... Fey Fumu (3rd time) (tibe viii)
... - ... Fum Mbavu (tibe ix)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1883)
(tibe xi)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (1st time) (tibe xii)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (2nd time) (s.a.)
(tibe xiii)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (2nd time) (tibe xiv)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (3rd time) (s.a.)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (3rd time)
... - ... Musa Fumu wa Fey Fumu (4th time) (s.a.)
... - ... Tibe Bamba (4th time)
... - ... Kalega
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mwatsoa Pirusa dynasty -
... - ... Mahame Msahi
... - ... Fozi wa Mahame
... - ... Mbantsi
... - ... Ju Mambu Madi wa Musa Fumu
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (1st time)
(jointly with following)
... - ... Kori Dazi
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mfaume wa Domba (2nd time)
... - ... Tambavu wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Fozi Wa
... - ... Suja Fumu Mbamba
(jointly with following)
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Msa Fumu wa Tambwe
(jointly with following)
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Jumbe Mfumu
... - ... Mbandhi wa Bwana Haji
(jointly with following)
... - ... Abdallah bin Ahmed
... - 1886* Bwana Fumu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mdombozi dynasty -
... - ... Mwenye Bamba I
... - ... Bamba Jumbe
... - ... Tambe Mbafu wa Fum Nau
... - ... Ju Mamba Oma wa Mla Nau
(jointly with following)
... - ... Mwambatsi
... - ... Mwenye Bamba II
... - ... Bamba Oma
(jointly with the following two)
... - ... Suja Oma wa Tambwe
... - ... Shekani
... - ... Fumu Oma
(jointly with following)
... - 1884 Oma wa Dari (b. ... - d. 1884)
188. - 188. Ja Mhaba (f)
188. - 188. Hashimu bin Ahmed (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1889)
188. - 188. Hadija bint Ahmed (f)
188. - 1886 Hashimu bin Ahmed (2nd time) (s.a.)
1889 Hashimu bin Ahmed (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mba Mro dynasty -
... - ... Beja Mbuyuni
... - ... Nau wa Migira
... - ... Nau wa Moro
... - ... Fumu Nau
... - ... Yasi Azi
... - ... Demani Mtango
... - ... Fumu Jimba wa Idimani
... - ... Madi Jimbwa wa Tangwe
(jointly with following)
... - ... Dari wa Mla Nau
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Suja Oma Inkwaba
... - ... Suja Oma wa Tambwe
... - ... Mrunda Mijo
(jointly with the following two)
... - ... Fey Mwando wa Tambwe
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Ju Mamba
... - ... Tambwe wa Hinye
... - ... Abudu bin Mohamed bin Sultani
(jointly with following)
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Oma
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Maoni Yambao dynasty, later Inya Fu Wemba dynasty -
... - ... Mohama Mdume wa Beja
... - ... Fey Zinda wa Mawana
... - ... Fey Zinda wa Makasara
... - ... Tambwe Msa Fumu
(jointly with following)
... - ... Tambwe wa Habadi
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Mlala Bwani
c.1760 - ... Tambwe No Fumu wa Mla Nau (b. 1735 - d. 1815)
... - ... Ju Mwamba Mwenye Majini
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Suja Fumu Bamba
(jointly with following)
... - ... Shekhe Salim
... - ... Mavunzanga
... - ... Tibe Mle
... - ... Abudu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Fu Wemba dynasty -
... - ... Nye Hila
... - ... Haji wa No Fumu
... - ... Suja Oma Mshinda Kodo
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Madi
... - ... Bwana Haji Musa
... - ... Simai
... - ... Dari Oma
... - ... Fumu Oma wa Nasiri
... - ... Suja Oma wa Fumu
... - ... Mba Fumu wa Bwana Haji
... - ... Suja Oma Bwana
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
- Inya Mwatsoa Udhiwa dynasty -
... - ... Msa Mwinza
... - ... Bamba
... - ... Lwali
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Tambwe
... - ... Dari Mbamba
... - ... Mwandhi Oma wa Jumbe Fumu
... - ... Bamba Oma wa Suja Funu
... - ... Jumbe Fumu Mna Mango
... - ... Bamba wa Madi Jimba
... - ... Jumbe Fumu wa Sinai
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... ...
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... Bwana Fumu
Sultans (also styled mfalme)
... - ... Febeja Mambwe
Sultani tibe
1886 - 1911 Saidi Ali bin Saidi Omar (s.a.)
(in exile from 19 Sep 1893 [Diégo-Suarez; from 1897, Réunion])
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governors)
29 May 2002 - 30 May 2007 Abdou Soulé Elbak (b. 1954)
30 May 2007 - 30 Jun 2007 Soudjay Hamadi (interim)
30 Jun 2007 - 23 May 2011 Mohamed Abdoulwahab (b. 1959)
23 May 2011 - 23 May 2016 Mouigni Baraka Said Soilihi
23 May 2016 - 23 May 2019 Hassani Hamadi (b. 1961)
13 Feb 2019 - Apr 2019 Abdourahim Said Bacar
(acting for Hamadi)
23 May 2019 - Mhoudine Sitti Farouata (f)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
Nov 1886 - Dec 1887 Louis Edmond Weber (b. 1855 - d. ...)
Jan 1888 - Nov 1888 Jules Lecorney (b. 1860 - d. ...)
Nov 1888 - Nov 1889 Henri Pupier (b. 1860 - d. ...)
Nov 1889 - Jun 1896 Léon Humblot (b. 1852 - d. 1914)
Jun 1896 - Nov 1897 Eugène Decazes (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
Nov 1897 - Apr 1899 Henri Pobéguin (b. 1856 - d. 1951)
Apr 1899 - Sep 1899 Nicolas du Plantier (b. 1871 - d. ...)
Sep 1899 - Dec 1899 Jean Louis Edmond Alby (b. 1865 - d. ...)
Dec 1899 - Apr 1900 Bellemar
Apr 1900 - Aug 1900 Sallefranque
Aug 1900 - Jul 1901 Gratian
Jul 1901 - Aug 1902 Veisseyre
Aug 1902 - Apr 1903 René Pierre
May 1903 - Sep 1903 Mainguy
Sep 1903 - Oct 1903 Louis Lemaire
Oct 1903 - Apr 1904 Massol
May 1904 - Dec 1904 Feuillard
Jan 1905 - Jun 1905 Carten
Jun 1907 - Jun 1909 Pierre Martin (1st time)
Jun 1909 - May 1911 Ernest Lachat (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
May 1911 - 1912 Pierre Martin (2nd time)
1500 Ndzuwani sultanate founded
21 Apr 1886 French protectorate
25 Jul 1912 annexed by France
3 Aug 1997 secession from Comoros (not internationally recognized)
10 Mar 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Anjouan as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Sultans (also styled Phany)
c.1676 - ... Alimah III (f)
... - 1741 Salim (b. ... - d. 1741)
1741 - 1782 Saidi Ahmad
1782 - 1788 Abdallah (1st time)
1788 - 1792 Halimah (f)
1792 - 1796 Abdallah (2nd time)
1796 - 1816 Alawi bin Husain "Mwinye Fani"
1816 - 1832 Abdallah bin Alawi (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1836)
1832 - 1833 Ali bin Salim
1833 - 1836 Abdallah bin Alawi (2nd time) (s.a.)
1836 - 1837 Saidi Alawi bin Abdallah (b. ... - d. 1842)
1837 - 1852 Salim bin Alawi
1852 - 2 Feb 1891 Saidi Abdallah bin Salim (b. ... - d. 1891)
Feb 1891 - 2 Apr 1891 Salim bin Abdallah
2 Apr 1891 - 14 Apr 1892 Saidi Omar bin Saidi Hasan (b. ... - d. 1892)
14 Apr 1892 - 25 Jul 1912 Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar (b. 18... - d. 1931)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
188. - 30 May 1895 Louis Auguste Bertrand Ormières (b. 1851 - d. 19...)
1892 - 189. Castaing (acting for Ormières)
President
5 Aug 1997 - 1 Aug 1999 Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim (b. 1922? - d. 2018)
Heads of state
1 Aug 1999 - 9 Aug 2001 Said Abeid (b. 1941)
(National Coordinator to 25 Nov 1999)
10 Aug 2001 - 25 Aug 2001 Presidium
- Halidi Charif
- Mohamed Bacar (b. 1962)
- Hassan Ali Toilha
25 Aug 2001 - 14 Apr 2002 Mohamed Bacar (s.a.)
24 Sep 2001 - 25 Sep 2001 Ahmed Aboubacar Foundi
(premier chef d'autorité de l'île, in rebellion)
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governors)
14 Apr 2002 - 26 Apr 2007 Mohamed Bacar (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Apr 2007 - 11 May 2007 Kaambi Houmadi (interim)
11 May 2007 - 14 Jun 2007 Dhoihirou Halidi (interim) (b. 1965)
14 Jun 2007 - 25 Mar 2008 Mohamed Bacar (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 2008 - 31 Mar 2008 Ikililou Dhoinine (provisional) (b. 1962)
31 Mar 2008 - 7 Jul 2008 Lailizamane Abdou Cheik (interim) (b. 1959?)
7 Jul 2008 - 23 May 2011 Moussa Toybou (b. 1962)
23 May 2011 - 23 May 2016 Anissi Chamsidine (1st time)
23 May 2016 - 23 May 2019 Abdou Salami Abdou
8 Nov 2018 - 23 May 2019 Abdallah Mohamed (administrator)
23 May 2019 - Anissi Chamsidine (2nd time)
Prime ministers
8 Mar 1998 - 7 Jul 1998 Chamasse Said Omar (b. 1935?)
19 Jul 1998 - Dec 1998 Abdou Mohamed Mhindi
1830 migrants from Madagascar establish Mwali as a separate
sultanate
26 Apr 1886 French protectorate
1909 annexed by France
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 secession from Comoros (not internationally recognized)
10 Mar 2002 new constitution approved by referendum, establishing
Mohéli as an autonomous part of the Union of Comoros
Sultans
1830 - 1842 Abderremane (b. ... - d. 1842)
1842 - 1865 Raketaka Jombe Sudy (from 1851,
Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane) (f)
(1st time) (b. c.1836 - d. 1878)
1842 - 26 May 1849 Regency
- Rovao (f)
- Tsivandini (to 1847)
Sep 1865 - 1874 Mohamed bin Saidi Hamadi Makadara (b. c.1859 - d. 1874)
Sep 1865 - 1868 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane
(f) (regent) (s.a.)
1868 - Jan 1871 Joseph Lambert (regent) (b. 1824 - d. 1873)
Jan 1871 - 1874 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane
(f) (regent) (s.a.)
1874 - 1878 Jumbe Fatima bint Abderremane (f)
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1878 - 1885 Abderremane bin Saidi Hamadi
Makadara (b. c.1860 - d. 1885)
1885 - 1886 Mohammed Shekhe (b. c.1830 - d. ...)
1886 - 1888 Marjani bin Abudu Shekhe (b. c.1851 - d. ...)
1888 - 1909 Salima Machamba (f) (b. 1874 - d. 1964)
(never takes office)
1888 - 1889 Fadeli bin Othman
+ Balia Juma (f)
+ Abudu Tsivandini
(regents)
1889 - 1897 Mahmudu bin Mohamed Makadara (b. 1863 - d. 1898)
(regent)
French residents (subordinated to the governors etc. of Mayotte)
1886 - 1887 Louis Hyacinthe Désiré Jules
Vincent (b. 1846 - d. 1894)
1887 - 1888 Barneaud (1st time) (acting)
1888 - 1889 Edmond Édouard Regnot (b. 1850 - d. 1891)
1889 Barneaud (2nd time) (acting)
1889 - 1912 the residents of Anjouan
Presidents (from 23 May 2009, governors)
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 Said Mohamed Souef
19 May 2002 - 19 May 2007 Mohamed Said Fazul (1st time) (b. 1960)
22 May 2007 - 1 Jul 2007 Youssouf El-Farouk (interim)
1 Jul 2007 - 23 May 2016 Mohamed Ali Said
23 May 2016 - Mohamed Said Fazul (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 2019 - Apr 2019 Youssouf Said Moissi
(acting for Fazul)
Prime minister
11 Aug 1997 - 1998 Soidri Ahmed
1 Aug 1886 Colony of Gabon and Congo
30 Apr 1891 Colony of French Congo (Middle Congo and Gabon)
15 Jan 1910 Middle Congo, Gabon, and Oubangui-Chari-Tchad (from 1916
Oubangui-Chari and Chad) form French Equatorial Africa (AEF)
30 Jun 1934 - 31 Dec 1937 region within unitary AEF colony
28 Nov 1958 autonomy (Republic of the Congo)
15 Aug 1960 independence
3 Jan 1970 People's Republic of the Congo
15 Mar 1992 Republic of the Congo
Commissioners-general
1 Aug 1886 - 28 Sep 1897 Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (b. 1852 - d. 1905)
Acting for Brazza:
1 Aug 1886 - 1 Oct 1886 Georges Émile Pradier
1 Oct 1886 - Mar 1887 Charles de Chavannes (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
16 Jan 1888 - May 1890 Noël Ballay (b. 1847 - d. 1902)
25 Nov 1891 - Mar 1892 Charles de Chavannes (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1892 - May 1892 Charles de Chavannes (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1892 - Mar 1893 Charles de Chavannes (4th time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1893 - 6 Oct 1893 Alphonse Édouard Lippmann (b. 1851 - d. 1893)
Oct 1893 - Nov 1893 E. Gervais
Dec 1893 - May 1894 Charles de Chavannes (5th time) (s.a.)
May 1894 - 1 Jun 1894 Jean-Marie Le Divellec (b. 1853 - d. 1896)
1 Jun 1894 - Nov 1894 Albert Dolisie (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1899)
Jan 1895 - Jan 1896 Albert Dolisie (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1897 - 28 Sep 1897 Albert Dolisie (3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Sep 1897 - 28 Apr 1900 Henri de Lamothe (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
Acting for Lamothe:
Jun 1898 - Oct 1898 Albert Dolisie (4th time) (s.a.)
Oct 1898 - Apr 1899 Martial Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
Oct 1899 - Mar 1900 Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
28 Apr 1900 - Dec 1900 Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire (s.a.)
(acting)
Dec 1900 - 1902 Albert Grodet (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
12 May 1903 - 1903 Charles Henri Adrien Noufflard (b. 1872 - d. 1952)
(acting)
1903 - 21 Jan 1904 Arnaud (acting)
21 Jan 1904 - 13 Feb 1908 Émile Gentil (b. 1866 - d. 1914)
Acting for Gentil:
17 Aug 1905 - 11 May 1906 Édouard Telle (b. 1859 - d. 1949)
25 Sep 1906 - 5 Apr 1907 Alfred Fourneau (b. 1860 - d. 1930)
26 Apr 1907 - Oct 1907 Alfred Martineau (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
Governors-general
28 Jun 1908 - 15 May 1917 Martial Merlin (s.a.)
Acting for Merlin:
28 Jun 1908 - 16 Feb 1909 Alfred Martineau (s.a.)
18 Oct 1909 - 1910 Charles Amédée Rognon (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
1910 Adolphe Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
1910 - 6 Mar 1911 Charles Amédée Rognon (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1911 - 1911 Roger Dubosc-Taret (b. 1886 - d. 19...)
1911 - 11 May 1911 Charles Vergnes (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1935)
17 Oct 1912 - c.May 1913 Charles Vergnes (2nd time) (s.a.)
c.May 1913 - 17 Nov 1913 Georges Poulet (b. 1859 - d. 19...)
17 Nov 1913 - 14 Sep 1914 Frédéric Estèbe (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
15 May 1917 - 16 May 1920 Gabriel Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
Acting for Angoulvant:
17 Jun 1917 - 23 Jul 1918 Frédéric Estèbe (2nd time) (s.a.)
Aug 1918 - 16 May 1920 Frédéric Estèbe (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 May 1920 - 5 Sep 1920 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 19...)
5 Sep 1920 - 21 Aug 1923 Victor Augagneur (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
21 Aug 1923 - 8 Jul 1924 Robert de Guise (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
(acting)
8 Jul 1924 - 1924 Matteo Alfassa (1st time) (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
1924 - 1 Oct 1924 Robert de Guise (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1 Oct 1924 - 16 Oct 1924 Matteo Alfassa (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
16 Oct 1924 - 20 Sep 1934 Raphaël Antonetti (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
Acting for Antonetti:
11 May 1925 - Dec 1925 Matteo Alfassa (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Jan 1927 - 1927 Jean Marchessou (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
1927 - 17 Oct 1927 François Joseph Reste (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1976)
Nov 1929 - Aug 1930 Matteo Alfassa (4th time) (s.a.)
27 Nov 1930 - 11 Mar 1931 Adolphe Deitte
Dec 1932 - 11 Dec 1933 Matteo Alfassa (5th time) (s.a.)
20 Sep 1934 - 16 Oct 1934 Jean Marchessou (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
16 Oct 1934 - 15 Mar 1935 Édouard Renard (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
20 Mar 1935 - 5 Apr 1936 Jean Marchessou (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Apr 1936 - 21 Apr 1939 François Joseph Reste (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Apr 1939 - 3 Sep 1939 Léon Solomiac (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1960)
3 Sep 1939 - 28 Aug 1940 Pierre Boisson (b. 1894 - d. 1948)
17 Jul 1940 - 28 Aug 1940 Louis Husson (b. 1878 - d. 1963)
(acting for Boisson)
28 Aug 1940 - 12 Nov 1940 Edgard de Larminat (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1962)
12 Nov 1940 - 30 Dec 1940 Adolphe Sicé (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1957)
30 Dec 1940 - 17 May 1944 Félix Éboué (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
(acting to 15 Jul 1941)
15 Feb 1944 - 3 Aug 1946 André Bayardelle (b. 1896 - d. 1947)
(acting to 2 Oct 1944 [for Éboué to 17 May 1944])
3 Aug 1946 - 5 Jun 1947 André Soucadaux (1st time) (b. 1904 - d. 2001)
(acting)
5 Jun 1947 - 5 Jul 1947 Laurent Péchoux (acting) (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
5 Jul 1947 - 21 Aug 1947 Charles Luizet (b. 1903 - d. 1947)
15 Nov 1947 - 26 Mar 1948 André Soucadaux (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1948 - 21 Sep 1951 Bernard Cornut-Gentille (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
21 Sep 1951 - 4 Apr 1957 Paul Chauvet (b. 1904 - d. 2007)
High commissioners
4 Apr 1957 - 29 Jan 1958 Paul Chauvet (s.a.)
29 Jan 1958 - 15 Jul 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
15 Jul 1958 - 15 Aug 1960 Yvon Bourges (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
Resident
20 Aug 1886 - 12 Mar 1889 Charles de Chavannes (b. 1853 - d. 1940)
Chief administrators (from 12 Mar 1909, lieutenant governors)
12 Mar 1889 - 27 Apr 1894 Charles de Chavannes (s.a.)
27 Apr 1894 - 22 Jan 1899 Albert Dolisie (s.a.)
1 May 1899 - 11 Jul 1902 Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire (s.a.)
11 Jul 1902 - 5 Apr 1906 Émile Gentil (s.a.)
5 Apr 1906 - 27 Jun 1910 Adolphe Cureau (b. 1864 - d. 1913)
27 Jun 1910 - 28 Jul 1911 Roger Dubosc-Taret (acting) (b. 1886 - d. 19...)
28 Jul 1911 - 16 Apr 1916 Lucien Fourneau (b. 1867 - d. 1930)
(acting to 17 Oct 1912)
16 Apr 1916 - 17 Jul 1917 Jules Carde (b. 1874 - d. 1949)
(acting to 12 Oct 1916)
17 Jul 1917 - 2 Apr 1919 Jules Guy Le Prince (acting)
2 Apr 1919 - 16 May 1919 Edmond Émilien Cadier
16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1919 Jean Henri Marchand (1st time)
(acting)
21 Aug 1919 - 16 Aug 1922 Matteo Alfassa (s.a.)
16 Aug 1922 - 20 Apr 1923 Georges Thomann (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1943)
24 Apr 1923 - 21 Jul 1925 Jean Henri Marchand (2nd time)
(acting)
21 Jul 1925 - 1 Dec 1929 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
1 Dec 1929 - 4 Dec 1930 Jean Marchessou (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
4 Dec 1930 - May 1931 Pierre Simon Antonin Bonnefont
(acting)
May 1931 - 1932 Max de Masson de Saint-Félix (b. 1882 - d. 1958)
1932 - 21 Nov 1932 Émile Buhot-Launay (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
21 Nov 1932 - 10 Feb 1941 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
10 Feb 1941 - 20 Aug 1945 Gabriel Fortune (b. 1897 - d. 1971)
20 Aug 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
30 Apr 1946 - 1946 Christian Laigret (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
1946 - 6 Nov 1946 administration by AEF gov.-gen.
6 Nov 1946 - 31 Dec 1947 Numa Sadoul (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
31 Dec 1947 - 1 Mar 1950 Jacques Fourneau (b. 1901 - d. 1956)
1 Mar 1950 - 25 Apr 1952 Paul Le Layec (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
25 Apr 1952 - 15 Jul 1953 Jean Chambon (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
15 Jul 1953 - 2 Nov 1956 Ernest Eugène Rouys
(acting to 19 Feb 1954)
2 Nov 1956 - 29 Jan 1958 Jean-Michel Soupault (b. 1918 - d. 1993)
29 Jan 1958 - 7 Jan 1959 Charles Paul Dériaud (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1964)
High commissioner
7 Jan 1959 - 15 Aug 1960 Guy Georgy (b. 1918 - d. 2003)
Presidents
21 Nov 1959 - 15 Aug 1963 Fulbert Youlou (b. 1917 - d. 1972)
15 Aug 1963 - 16 Aug 1963 David Mountsaka (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
+ Félix Mouzabakani
(officers in charge of the Provisional Government)
16 Aug 1963 - 4 Sep 1968 Alphonse Massamba-Débat (b. 1921 - d. 1977)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution to
19 Dec 1963)
3 Aug 1968 - 4 Aug 1968 Augustin Poignet (b. 1928 - d. 2008)
(acting for Massamba-Débat)
4 Sep 1968 - 5 Sep 1968 Marien Ngouabi (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 1977)
(chairman National Council of the Revolution)
5 Sep 1968 - 1 Jan 1969 Alfred Raoul (b. 1938 - d. 1999)
(acting head of state)
1 Jan 1969 - 18 Mar 1977 Marien Ngouabi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Head of State to 3 Jan 1970)
18 Mar 1977 - 3 Apr 1977 Military Committee of the
Congolese Labour Party¹
- Joachim Yhombi-Opango (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
- Denis Sassou-Nguesso (b. 1943)
- Louis Sylvain Goma (b. 1941)
- Jean-Michel Ebaka (b. 193... - d. 2019)
- Raymond Damase Ngollo (b. 1936 - d. 2017)
- Martin Mbia
- Pascal Bima (b. c.1930 - d. 2003)
- Nicolas Okongo
- Xavier Katali (b. 1941 - d. 1986)
- Florent Ntsiba (b. 1949)
- Pierre Anga (b. 1940 - d. 1988)
3 Apr 1977 - 5 Feb 1979 Joachim Yhombi-Opango (s.a.)
(Head of State)
5 Feb 1979 - 8 Feb 1979 Jean-Pierre Thystère Tchicaya (b. 1936 - d. 2008)
(chairman Presidium of the Central Committee of the
Congolese Labour Party)
8 Feb 1979 - 31 Aug 1992 Denis Sassou-Nguesso (1st time) (s.a.)
(Head of State to 14 Aug 1979)
31 Aug 1992 - 15 Oct 1997 Pascal Lissouba (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
25 Oct 1997 - Denis Sassou-Nguesso (2nd time) (s.a.)
(de facto in control from 15 Oct 1997)
Prime ministers
15 May 1957 - 8 Dec 1958 Jacques Opangault (b. 1907 - d. 1978)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
then president of the Government Council)
8 Dec 1958 - 21 Nov 1959 Fulbert Youlou (s.a.)
16 Aug 1963 - 19 Dec 1963 Alphonse Massamba-Débat (s.a.)
24 Dec 1963 - 15 Apr 1966 Pascal Lissouba (s.a.)
6 May 1966 - 12 Jan 1968 Ambroise Noumazalaye (b. 1933 - d. 2007)
20 Aug 1968 - 3 Jan 1970 Alfred Raoul (s.a.)
25 Aug 1973 - 18 Dec 1975 Henri Lopès (b. 1937)
18 Dec 1975 - 7 Aug 1984 Louis Sylvain Goma (1st time) (s.a.)
7 Aug 1984 - 7 Aug 1989 Ange Édouard Poungui (b. 1942)
7 Aug 1989 - 3 Dec 1990 Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty (b. 1941)
3 Dec 1990 - 8 Jan 1991 Pierre Moussa (acting) (b. 1941)
8 Jan 1991 - 8 Jun 1991 Louis Sylvain Goma (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Jun 1991 - 2 Sep 1992 André Milongo (b. 1935 - d. 2007)
2 Sep 1992 - 6 Dec 1992 Stéphane Maurice Bongho-Nouarra (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
6 Dec 1992 - 23 Jun 1993 Claude Antoine Dacosta (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
23 Jun 1993 - 27 Aug 1996 Joachim Yhombi-Opango (s.a.)
27 Aug 1996 - 8 Sep 1997 David Charles Ganao (b. 1926 - d. 2012)
8 Sep 1997 - 15 Oct 1997 Bernard Kolélas (b. 1933 - d. 2009)
7 Jan 2005 - 15 Sep 2009 Isidore Mvouba (b. 1954)
23 Apr 2016 - 18 May 2021 Clément Mouamba (b. 1943 - d. 2021)
18 May 2021 - Anatole Collinet Makosso (b. 1965)
¹The membership of the committee was only announced on 3 Apr 1977; in the same communiqué it was said that Yhombi-Opango had been chosen chairman of the committee on 19 Mar 1977.
23 Feb 1885 sovereign status of the International Association
of the Congo recognized by Berlin Conference
1 Jul 1885 Independent State of the Congo ("Congo Free State")
(with Belgian King Léopold II as sovereign)
15 Nov 1908 annexation by Belgium (Belgian Congo)
30 Jun 1960 independence (Republic of the Congo)
1 Aug 1964 Democratic Republic of the Congo
27 Oct 1971 Republic of Zaire
17 May 1997 Democratic Republic of the Congo
President of the International Association of the Congo
23 Feb 1885 - 1 Jul 1885 Maximilien Strauch (b. 1819 - d. 1911)
Administrators-general
1 Jul 1885 - 1886 Sir Francis Walter de Winton (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
1886 - 1887 Camille Janssen (b. 1837 - d. 1926)
Governors-general
1887 - 1890 Camille Janssen (s.a.)
1 Dec 1890 - 24 Mar 1891 Camille Coquilhat (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1891)
1891 - 1892 Félix Fuchs (1st time) (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 1928)
1 Jul 1892 - 1896 Théophile Wahis (1st time) (b. 1844 - d. 1921)
1896 - 1900 Émile Wangermée (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 1924)
1900 - 1912 Théophile, baron Wahis (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 May 1912 - 5 Jan 1916 Félix Fuchs (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1916 - 30 Jan 1921 Eugène Henry (b. 1862 - d. 1930)
30 Jan 1921 - 24 Jan 1923 Maurice Lippens (b. 1875 - d. 1956)
24 Jan 1923 - 27 Dec 1927 Martin Rutten (b. 1876 - d. 1944)
27 Dec 1927 - 14 Sep 1934 Auguste Tilkens (b. 1869 - d. 1949)
1929 - 1930 Charles Duchesne (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
(acting for Tilkens)
14 Sep 1934 - Jul 1946 Pierre Ryckmans (b. 1891 - d. 1959)
31 Dec 1946 - 1 Jan 1952 Eugène Jungers (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
1 Jan 1952 - 12 Jul 1958 Léon Pétillon (b. 1903 - d. 1996)
12 Jul 1958 - 30 Jun 1960 Henri Cornélis (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
Presidents
30 Jun 1960 - 25 Nov 1965 Joseph Kasavubu (b. 1910? - d. 1969)
(Head of State to 1 Aug 1964)
31 Mar 1961 - 5 Aug 1961 Antoine Gizenga (b. 1925 - d. 2019)
(Head of State, in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
25 Nov 1965 - 16 May 1997 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu (from 10 Jan
1972, Mobutu Sese Seko) (b. 1930 - d. 1997)
17 May 1997 - 16 Jan 2001 Laurent Kabila (b. 1939 - d. 2001)
(Head of State to 29 May 1997)
17 Jan 2001 - 25 Jan 2019 Joseph Kabila (b. 1971)
(interim to 26 Jan 2001)
25 Jan 2019 - Félix Tshisekedi (b. 1963)
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1960 - 5 Sep 1960¹ Patrice Lumumba (b. 1925 - d. 1961)
5 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1960 Joseph Iléo (1st time) (b. 1921 - d. 1994)
Chairmen of the board of commissioners-general
20 Sep 1960 - 3 Oct 1960 Albert Ndele (b. 1930)
4 Oct 1960 - 9 Feb 1961 Justin Marie Bomboko (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
Prime ministers
13 Dec 1960 - 5 Aug 1961 Antoine Gizenga (s.a.)
(in rebellion, at Stanleyville)
9 Feb 1961 - 2 Aug 1961 Joseph Iléo (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1961 - 10 Jul 1964 Cyrille Adoula (b. 1921 - d. 1978)
10 Jul 1964 - 13 Oct 1965 Moise Tshombe (b. 1919 - d. 1969)
18 Oct 1965 - 25 Nov 1965 Évariste Kimba (b. 1926 - d. 1966)
28 Nov 1965 - 26 Oct 1966 Léonard Mulamba (b. 1928 - d. 1986)
First state commissioners (prime ministers)
6 Jul 1977 - 6 Mar 1979 Mpinga Kasenda (b. 1937 - d. 1994)
6 Mar 1979 - 27 Aug 1980 Bo-Boliko Lokonga Monse Mihambo (b. 1934 - d. 2018)
27 Aug 1980 - 23 Apr 1981 Nguza Karl-I-Bond (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2003)
23 Apr 1981 - 5 Nov 1982 N'singa Udjuu Ongwankebi Untube (b. 1934 - d. 2021)
5 Nov 1982 - 31 Oct 1986 Kengo wa Dondo (1st time) (b. 1935)
22 Jan 1987 - 7 Mar 1988 Mabi Mulumba (b. 1941)
7 Mar 1988 - 26 Nov 1988 Sambwa Pida Nbagui (b. 1940 - d. 1998)
26 Nov 1988 - 4 May 1990 Kengo wa Dondo (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 May 1990 - 1 Apr 1991 Lunda Bululu (b. 1942)
1 Apr 1991 - 29 Sep 1991 Mulumba Lukoji (b. 1943 - d. 1997)
29 Sep 1991 - 1 Nov 1991 Étienne Tshisekedi (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
1 Nov 1991 - 25 Nov 1991 Bernardin Mungul Diaka (b. 1933 - d. 1999)
25 Nov 1991 - 15 Aug 1992 Nguza Karl-I-Bond (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Aug 1992 - 18 Mar 1993² Étienne Tshisekedi (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Mar 1993 - 14 Jan 1994 Faustin Birindwa (b. 1943 - d. 1999)
6 Jul 1994 - 2 Apr 1997 Kengo wa Dondo (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Apr 1997 - 9 Apr 1997 Étienne Tshisekedi (3rd time) (s.a.)
9 Apr 1997 - 16 May 1997 Likulia Bolongo (b. 1939)
Prime ministers
24 Feb 2007 - 4 Nov 2008 Antoine Gizenga (s.a.)
4 Nov 2008 - 6 Mar 2012 Adolphe Muzito (b. 1957)
6 Mar 2012 - 10 May 2012 Louis Koyagialo (acting) (b. 1947 - d. 2014)
10 May 2012 - 20 Dec 2016 Augustin Matata Ponyo Mapon (b. 1964)
20 Dec 2016 - 18 May 2017 Samy Badibanga (b. 1962)
18 May 2017 - 7 Sep 2019 Bruno Tshibala (b. 1956)
7 Sep 2019 - 27 Apr 2021 Sylvestre Ilunga Ilukamba (b. 1947)
27 Apr 2021 - Sama Lukonde Kyenge (b. 1977)
President 7 Sep 1964 - 27 May 1965 Christophe Gbenye (b. 1927 - d. 2015) President of the Supreme Council of the Congolese Revolution 27 May 1965 - ... Gaston Soumialot (b. 1922 - d. 2007)¹President Kasavubu dismissed Prime Minister Lumumba on 5 Sep 1960 and appointed Iléo in his place, but this was not recognized by parliament and Lumumba continued as prime minister of a rival government until 14 Sep 1960.
Chairman of the Revolutionary Government 27 May 1965 - 5 Aug 1965 Christophe Gbenye (s.a.) Chairman of the Executive Council 6 Aug 1965 - ... Abdoulaye Yerodia (b. 1933 - d. 2019)
5 Jun 1891 Cook Islands Federation
11 Jun 1901 incorporation into New Zealand
4 Aug 1965 associated state
President of the Executive Council
5 Jun 1891 - 11 Jun 1901 Makea Takau Ariki (f) (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
Residents
1888 - 1891 Richard Exham (b. 1848 - d. 1915)
1891 - 1898 Frederick Joseph Moss (b. 1827 - d. 1904)
1898 - 1901 Walter Edward Gudgeon (b. 1842 - d. 1920)
Resident commissioners
1901 - 1909 Walter Edward Gudgeon (s.a.)
1909 - 1913 James Euan-Smith
1913 - 1916 Henry William Northcroft (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
1916 - 1921 Frederick William Platts (b. 1865 - d. 1941)
1921 - 1922 John George Lewis Hewitt
1922 - 1937 Hugh Fraser Ayson (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
1937 - 1938 Stephan John Smith (b. 1887 - d. 1948)
1938 - 1943 Hugh Fraser Ayson (2nd time) (s.a.)
1943 - 1951 William Tailby
1951 - 1960 Geoffrey Nevill (b. 1901 - d. 1972)
1961 - 1965 Albert Oliver Dare (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
High commissioners
4 Aug 1965 - 18 Nov 1965 Albert Oliver Dare (s.a.)
18 Nov 1965 - 16 Nov 1972 Leslie James Davis (b. 1925)
16 Nov 1972 - 16 Dec 1974 George James Brocklehurst (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
16 Dec 1974 - 15 Oct 1975 James Joseph Warnell Little (b. 1931)
(acting)
New Zealand Representatives
15 Oct 1975 - 10 Feb 1976 J. Graeme Ammundsen (acting)
10 Feb 1976 - 1978 Terence O'Brien (b. 1936 - d. 2022)
21 May 1978 - 1980 Brian Absolum (b. 1938 - d. 2018)
16 Feb 1980 - 1982 Lindsay Watt
7 Mar 1982 - 1985 Paul Tipping
1 Apr 1985 - 1987 Lance A. Beath
12 Dec 1987 - 1990 Adrian George Simcock
22 Nov 1990 - 1993 Tim Caughley
High commissioners
1993 - 1994 Tim Caughley
16 Feb 1994 - 1997 Darryl Dunn
Feb 1997 - 1998 James Kember
Jul 1998 - Jul 2001 Rob Moore-Jones
6 Jul 2001 - 29 Aug 2005 Kurt Meyer
6 Sep 2005 - Feb 2008 John Bryan
21 Feb 2008 - Aug 2008 Brian Donnelly (b. 1949 - d. 2008)
Aug 2008 - Jan 2009 Sophie Vickers (f) (acting)
Jan 2009 - 15 Nov 2009 Tia Barrett (b. 1947 - d. 2009)
Nov 2009 - Mar 2010 Nicola Ngawati (f) (acting)
Mar 2010 - Aug 2011 Linda Te Puni (f)
(acting to 14 Jul 2010)
Aug 2011 - Jul 2013 John Carter (b. 1950)
Jul 2013 - Dec 2014 Joanna Kempkers (f)
Dec 2014 - Apr 2015 Aimee Jephson (f) (acting)
Apr 2015 - 18 Dec 2016 Nick Hurley
10 Jan 2017 - Jan 2019 Peter Marshall
Jan 2019 - 27 Feb 2019 Samantha Beckett (f) (acting)
27 Feb 2019 - 8 Dec 2019 Tessa Temata (f) (b. 1967 - d. 2019)
9 Dec 2019 - 5 Sep 2020 Rachel Bennett (f) (acting)
Sep 2020 Helena Cook (f) (acting)
Sep 2020 - Tui Dewes (f) (b. 1979)
Queen's (from 8 Sep 2023, King's) Representatives
15 Oct 1975 - 18 Sep 1984 Gaven Donne (from 30 Dec 1978,
Sir Gaven Donne) (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
(acting to 26 Jun 1982)
18 Sep 1984 - 19 Dec 1984 Sir Graham Speight (acting) (b. 1921 - d. 2008)
19 Dec 1984 - 19 Dec 1990 Tangaroa Tangaroa (from 4 Mar
1987, Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa) (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
19 Dec 1990 - 14 Nov 2000 Apenera Short (from 14 Jun 1997,
Sir Apenera Short) (b. 1916 - d. 2011)
14 Nov 2000 - 9 Feb 2001 Lawrence Murray Greig (acting)
9 Feb 2001 - 27 Jul 2013 Fred Goodwin (from 12 Jun 2004,
Sir Fred Goodwin)
27 Jul 2013 - Tom Marsters (from 9 Jun 2018,
Sir Tom Marsters) (b. 1945)
Premiers (from 1981, prime ministers)
4 Aug 1965 - 25 Jul 1978 Albert Henry (from 1 Jan 1974,
Sir Albert Henry) (b. 1907 - d. 1981)
25 Jul 1978 - 13 Apr 1983 Tom Davis (from 31 Dec 1980,
Sir Tom Davis) (1st time) (b. 1917 - d. 2007)
13 Apr 1983 - 2 Aug 1983 Geoffrey Henry (1st time) (b. 1940 - d. 2012)
19 Aug 1983 - 16 Nov 1983 Geoffrey Henry (2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Nov 1983 - 29 Jul 1987 Sir Tom Davis (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1987 - 1 Feb 1989 Pupuke Robati (b. 1925 - d. 2009)
1 Feb 1989 - 29 Jul 1999 Geoffrey Henry (from 13 Jun 1992,
Sir Geoffrey Henry) (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1999 - 18 Nov 1999 Joe Williams (b. 1934 - d. 2020)
18 Nov 1999 - 11 Feb 2002 Terepai Maoate (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
11 Feb 2002 - 11 Dec 2004 Robert Woonton (b. 1949)
14 Dec 2004 - 30 Nov 2010 Jim Marurai (b. 1947 - d. 2020)
30 Nov 2010 - 30 Sep 2020 Henry Puna (b. 1949)
30 Sep 2020 - Mark Brown
High chiefs (title Ariki)
- Senior line -
... - ... Makea Te Rangi Tukivao
... - ... Rangi Makea I
... - ... Makea Te Patuakino
... - ... Makea Pini
... - 18.. Makea Tinirau I (b. ... - d. 1826)
*1823 - 28 Oct 1839 Makea Pori (b. ... - d. 1839)
1839 - 1845 Makea Davida (b. ... - d. 1845)
1845 - 1857 Makea Te Vaerua (f) (b. ... - d. 1857)
1857 - 14 Dec 1866 Makea Daniela (b. ... - d. 1866)
1866 - 24 Sep 1871 Makea Apera (b. ... - d. 1871)
1871 - 1 May 1911 Makea Takau (f) (b. 1845 - d. 1911)
1911 - 24 Jul 1921 Rangi Makea II
1921 - 25 Jan 1939 Makea Tinirau II (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
1939 - 15 Sep 1947 Makea Takau Margaret Tinirau Rio
(f) (b. 1904 - d. 1947)
1950 - Mar 1994 Makea Nui Teremoana (f) (b. 1906 - d. 1994)
1994 - 19 Oct 1996 Makea Inanui Love-Nia (f) (b. 1930 - d. 1996)
(disputed)
- Junior line -
... - ... Makea Keu
... - 18.. Makea Tekao
*1823 - c.1827 Makea Karika II
c.1827 - 18.. Makea Pa
*1852* Makea Tuaivi
185. - 189. Makea Tavake (b. ... - d. 189...)
... - 1942 Makea Takau Tuaraupoko
Mokoroa-ki-Aitu (f) (b. ... - d. 1942)
1942 - 5 May 1949 Makea Pa George (b. 1893 - d. 1949)
1949 - 22 Sep 2017 Makea Karika Margaret (from 31 Dec
2011, Dame Makea Karika Margaret)
(f) (b. 1919 - d. 2017)
12 Dec 2018 - Makea George Karika
12 Nov 1821 independence (Province of Costa Rica)
4 Mar 1824 - 15 Nov 1838 constituent state of Central American Federation
(see under Guatemala)
8 Sep 1824 State of Costa Rica
14 Apr 1825 Free State of Costa Rica
10 Feb 1847 State of Costa Rica
31 Aug 1848 Republic of Costa Rica
Political Chief
11 Oct 1821 - 12 Nov 1821 Juan Manuel de Cañas-Trujillo
Chairman of the Board of Peoples' Delegates
12 Nov 1821 - 1 Dec 1821 Nicolás Carrillo (b. 1751 - d. 1845)
President of the Interim Junta
1 Dec 1821 - 12 Jan 1822 Pedro José de Alvarado
Presidents of the Superior Governing Junta
12 Jan 1822 - 13 Apr 1822 Rafael Barroeta (b. 1766 - d. 1826)
13 Apr 1822 - 14 Jul 1822 Santiago Bonilla (b. 1756 - d. 1824)
15 Jul 1822 - 17 Oct 1822 José María de Peralta (b. 1763 - d. 1826)
17 Oct 1822 - 31 Dec 1822 Rafael José de Gallegos (b. 1784 - d. 1850)
1 Jan 1823 - 20 Mar 1823 José Santos Lombardo (b. 1775 - d. 1831)
President of the Standing Commission
20 Mar 1823 - 29 Mar 1823 Rafael Francisco Osejo (b. 1790? - d. 1848?)
General Commandants
29 Mar 1823 - 5 Apr 1823 Joaquín de Oreamuno (in Cartago)
2 Apr 1823 - 16 Apr 1823 Gregorio José Ramírez (b. 1796 - d. 1823)
(in Alajuela and San José)
President of the Constituent Congress
16 Apr 1823 - 10 May 1823 José María de Peralta (s.a.)
Presidents of the Superior Governing Junta
10 May 1823 - 8 Jan 1824 Manuel Alvarado (1st time) (b. 1775 - d. 1836)
8 Jan 1824 - 12 Feb 1824 Eusebio Rodríguez (b. 1778 - d. 1858)
12 Feb 1824 - 8 Sep 1824 Manuel Alvarado (2nd time) (s.a.)
Supreme Chiefs¹
8 Sep 1824 - 8 Mar 1833 Juan Mora (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
(interim to 14 Apr 1825)
9 Mar 1833 - 4 Mar 1835 Rafael José de Gallegos (s.a.)
4 Mar 1835 - 18 Mar 1835 Juan José Lara (acting) (b. 1780 - d. 18...)
18 Mar 1835 - 5 May 1835 Manuel Fernández (acting) (b. 1786 - d. 1840)
5 May 1835 - 28 Feb 1837 Braulio Carrillo (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1845)
1 Mar 1837 - 17 Apr 1837 Joaquín Mora (provisional)
17 Apr 1837 - 27 May 1838 Manuel Aguilar (b. 1797 - d. 1846)
27 May 1838 - 12 Apr 1842 Braulio Carrillo (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1842 - 11 Sep 1842 Francisco Morazán (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
(provisional to 15 Jul 1842)
11 Sep 1842 - 27 Sep 1842 Antonio Pinto (Supreme Commander) (b. 1780 - d. 1865)
27 Sep 1842 - 29 Nov 1844 José María Alfaro (1st time) (b. 1799 - d. 1856)
(provisional)
29 Nov 1844 - 7 Jun 1846 Francisco María Oreamuno (b. 1801 - d. 1856)
7 Jun 1846 - 10 Feb 1847 José María Alfaro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
Presidents
10 Feb 1847 - 8 May 1847 José María Alfaro (provisional) (s.a.)
8 May 1847 - 16 Nov 1849 José María Castro (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1892)
16 Nov 1849 - 26 Nov 1849 Miguel Mora (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1887)
26 Nov 1849 - 14 Aug 1859 Juan Rafael Mora (b. 1814 - d. 1860)
(acting to 30 Dec 1849)
14 Aug 1859 - 8 May 1863 José María Montealegre (b. 1815 - d. 1887)
(acting to 29 Apr 1860)
8 May 1863 - 8 May 1866 Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
8 May 1866 - 1 Nov 1868 José María Castro (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1868 - 27 Apr 1870 Jesús Jiménez Zamora (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 8 May 1869)
27 Apr 1870 - 9 Aug 1870 Bruno Carranza (b. 1822 - d. 1891)
(Provisional Chief)
10 Aug 1870 - 8 May 1876 Tomás Guardia (1st time) (b. 1831 - d. 1882)
(provisional to 8 May 1872, initially styled Provisional Chief)
8 May 1876 - 30 Jul 1876 Aniceto Esquivel Sáenz (b. 1824 - d. 1898)
30 Jul 1876 - 11 Sep 1877 Vicente Herrera (acting) (b. 1821 - d. 1888)
11 Sep 1877 - 6 Jul 1882 Tomás Guardia (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 8 May 1880)
6 Jul 1882 - 20 Jul 1882 Saturnino Lizano (acting) (b. 1826 - d. 1905)
20 Jul 1882 - 12 Mar 1885 Próspero Fernández Oreamuno (b. 1834 - d. 1885)
(acting to 10 Aug 1882)
12 Mar 1885 - 8 May 1890 Bernardo Soto Alfaro (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
(acting to 8 May 1886)
8 May 1890 - 8 May 1894 José Joaquín Rodríguez (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
8 May 1894 - 8 May 1902 Rafael Iglesias Castro (b. 1861 - d. 1924)
8 May 1902 - 8 May 1906 Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra (b. 1844 - d. 1923)
8 May 1906 - 8 May 1910 Cleto González Víquez (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1937)
8 May 1910 - 8 May 1914 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
(1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
8 May 1914 - 27 Jan 1917 Alfredo González Flores (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
27 Jan 1917 - 20 Aug 1919 Federico Tinoco Granados (b. 1868 - d. 1931)
(Provisional Head of Government to 11 Apr 1917)
20 Aug 1919 - 2 Sep 1919 Juan Bautista Quirós Segura (b. 1853 - d. 1934)
(acting)
2 Sep 1919 - 8 May 1920 Francisco Aguilar Barquero (b. 1857 - d. 1924)
(provisional)
8 May 1920 - 8 May 1924 Julio Acosta García (b. 1872 - d. 1954)
8 May 1924 - 8 May 1928 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
(2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1928 - 8 May 1932 Cleto González Víquez (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1932 - 8 May 1936 Ricardo Jiménez Oreamuno
(3rd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1936 - 8 May 1940 León Cortés Castro (b. 1882 - d. 1946)
8 May 1940 - 8 May 1944 Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (b. 1900 - d. 1970)
8 May 1944 - 8 May 1948 Teodoro Picado Michalski (b. 1900 - d. 1960)
8 May 1948 - 8 Nov 1949 José Figueres Ferrer (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
(chairman Founding Junta of the Second Republic)
8 Nov 1949 - 8 Nov 1953 Otilio Ulate Blanco (b. 1891 - d. 1973)
8 Nov 1953 - 8 May 1958 José Figueres Ferrer (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1958 - 8 May 1962 Mario Echandi Jiménez (b. 1915 - d. 2011)
8 May 1962 - 8 May 1966 Francisco José Orlich Bolmarcich (b. 1907 - d. 1969)
8 May 1966 - 8 May 1970 José Joaquín Trejos Fernández (b. 1916 - d. 2010)
8 May 1970 - 8 May 1974 José Figueres Ferrer (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 May 1974 - 8 May 1978 Daniel Oduber Quirós (b. 1921 - d. 1991)
8 May 1978 - 8 May 1982 Rodrigo Carazo Odio (b. 1926 - d. 2009)
8 May 1982 - 8 May 1986 Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez (b. 1925 - d. 2016)
8 May 1986 - 8 May 1990 Óscar Arias Sánchez (1st time) (b. 1941)
8 May 1990 - 8 May 1994 Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (b. 1949)
8 May 1994 - 8 May 1998 José María Figueres Olsen (b. 1954)
8 May 1998 - 8 May 2002 Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Echeverría (b. 1940)
8 May 2002 - 8 May 2006 Abel Pacheco de la Espriella (b. 1933)
8 May 2006 - 8 May 2010 Óscar Arias Sánchez (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 May 2010 - 8 May 2014 Laura Chinchilla (f) (b. 1959)
8 May 2014 - 8 May 2018 Luis Guillermo Solís (b. 1958)
8 May 2018 - 8 May 2022 Carlos Alvarado (b. 1980)
8 May 2022 - Rodrigo Chaves (b. 1961)
¹In some constitutional use the Supreme Chief (Jefe Supremo) was alternatively styled First Chief (Primer Jefe). This style became the only constitutional one from 27 May 1841 to 6 Jun 1842.
10 Mar 1893 French colony
16 Jun 1895 part of French West Africa (see under Senegal)
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
4 Dec 1958 autonomy (Republic of Ivory Coast)
7 Aug 1960 independence
14 Oct 1985 Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (French name no longer translated)
Governors (from 1958, high commissioners)
20 Mar 1893 - 28 Aug 1895 Louis Gustave Binger (b. 1856 - d. 1936)
25 Feb 1896 - 13 May 1896 Eugène Bertin (acting) (b. 18... - d. 1896)
14 May 1896 - 11 Sep 1898 Louis Mouttet (b. 1857 - d. 1902)
(acting to 19 Mar 1897)
11 Sep 1898 - 5 Nov 1902 Henri Charles Roberdeau (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
5 Nov 1902 - 25 Nov 1902 Albert Nebout (1st time) (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
25 Nov 1902 - 25 Aug 1907 François Joseph Clozel (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
(acting to 4 May 1903)
25 Aug 1907 - 25 Apr 1908 Albert Nebout (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
25 Apr 1908 - 27 Dec 1916 Gabriel Angoulvant (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
27 Dec 1916 - Jan 1918 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 19...)
(acting)
Jan 1918 - 2 Apr 1924 Raphaël Antonetti (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
2 Apr 1924 - 2 Jul 1925 Richard Brunot (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
2 Jul 1925 - 25 Aug 1930 Maurice Pierre Lapalud (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1930 - 28 Oct 1930 Jules Brévié (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
28 Oct 1930 - 16 Jan 1931 Jean Paul Boutonnet (acting)
16 Jan 1931 - 7 May 1935 François Joseph Reste (b. 1879 - d. 1976)
7 May 1935 - 28 Jun 1935 Marie Alphonse Flottes de Pouzols (b. 1884 - d. 1935)
(acting)
28 Jun 1935 - 7 Mar 1936 Adolphe Deitte (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
7 Mar 1936 - 28 Nov 1936 Julien Georges Lamy (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
28 Nov 1936 - 16 Jul 1938 Gaston Charles Julien Mondon
16 Jul 1938 - 27 Jan 1939 Louis Bressolles (acting)
27 Jan 1939 - 1 Jan 1941 Horace Valentin Crocicchia (b. 1888 - d. 1976)
(acting to 5 Mar 1940)
1 Jan 1941 - 29 Sep 1942 Hubert Deschamps (b. 1900 - d. 1979)
29 Sep 1942 - 3 Aug 1943 Georges Pierre Rey (b. 1897 - d. 1977)
3 Aug 1943 - 26 Aug 1943 Jean Toby (b. 1900 - d. 1964)
26 Aug 1943 - 16 Aug 1945 André Latrille (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1987)
16 Aug 1945 - Apr 1946 Henry de Mauduit (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
Apr 1946 - 20 Feb 1947 André Latrille (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Feb 1947 - 29 Jan 1948 Oswald Durand (b. 1888 - d. 1982)
(acting to 20 May 1947)
29 Jan 1948 - 10 Nov 1948 Georges Orselli (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
10 Nov 1948 - 25 Apr 1952 Laurent Péchoux (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
25 Apr 1952 - 27 Jun 1952 Pierre François Pélieu (b. 1906 - d. 1952)
10 Jul 1952 - 19 Feb 1954 Camille Bailly (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
19 Feb 1954 - 18 Feb 1956 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
18 Feb 1956 - 23 Feb 1957 Pierre Lami (b. 1909 - d. 1994)
(acting to 28 May 1956)
23 Feb 1957 - 15 Jul 1959 Ernest de Nattes (b. 1908 - d. 1994)
15 Jul 1959 - 7 Aug 1960 Yves Guéna (b. 1922 - d. 2016)
Presidents
7 Aug 1960 - 7 Dec 1993 Félix Houphouët-Boigny (b. 1905 - d. 1993)
(Head of State to 3 Nov 1960)
7 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1999 Henri Konan Bédié (b. 1934)
25 Dec 1999 - 25 Oct 2000 Robert Guéi (b. 1941 - d. 2002)
(president of National Public Salvation Committee
to 4 Jan 2000)
26 Oct 2000 - 11 Apr 2011 Laurent Gbagbo (b. 1945)
4 Dec 2010 - Alassane Ouattara (b. 1942)
(in opposition to 11 Apr 2011)
Prime ministers
15 May 1957 - 30 Apr 1959 Auguste Denise (b. 1906 - d. 1991)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 4 Dec 1958,
president of the provisional government from 4 Dec 1958)
1 May 1959 - 3 Nov 1960 Félix Houphouët-Boigny (s.a.)
7 Nov 1990 - 11 Dec 1993 Alassane Ouattara (s.a.)
11 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1999 Daniel Kablan Duncan (1st time) (b. 1943)
18 May 2000 - 27 Oct 2000 Seydou Diarra (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2020)
27 Oct 2000 - 10 Feb 2003 Affi N'Guessan (b. 1953)
10 Feb 2003 - 7 Dec 2005 Seydou Diarra (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Dec 2005 - 4 Apr 2007 Charles Konan Banny (b. 1942 - d. 2021)
4 Apr 2007 - 13 Mar 2012 Guillaume Soro (b. 1972)
(from 4 Dec 2010 under President Ouattara)
7 Dec 2010 - 11 Apr 2011 Gilbert Marie N'gbo Aké (b. 1955)
(under President Gbagbo)
13 Mar 2012 - 21 Nov 2012 Jeannot Kouadio-Ahoussou (b. 1951)
21 Nov 2012 - 10 Jan 2017 Daniel Kablan Duncan (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Jan 2017 - 8 Jul 2020 Amadou Gon Coulibaly (b. 1959 - d. 2020)
2 May 2020 - 2 Jul 2020 Hamed Bakayoko (b. 1965 - d. 2021)
(acting for Gon Coulibaly)
Jul 2020 - 10 Mar 2021 Hamed Bakayoko (s.a.)
(acting to 4 Aug 2020)
8 Mar 2021 - Patrick Achi (b. 1955)
(acting [for Bakayoko to 10 Mar 2021] to 30 Mar 2021)