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Adversus Iudaeos

III.

[1] "Sed Abraham, inquis, circumcisus est." Sed ante deo placuit quam circumcideretur nec tamen sabbatizavit. Acceperat enim circumcisionem, sed quae esset in signum temporis illius non in salutis praerogativam. Denique sequentes patriarchae incircumcisi fuerunt ut Melchisedech, qui ipsi Abrahae iam circumciso revertenti de proelio panem et vinum obtulit incircumcisus. "Sed et filius, inquit, Moysi tum ab angelo praefocatus fuisset, si non Seffora mater eius calculo praeputium infantis circumcidisset. Unde [inquit] occisionis maximum periculum est, si praeputium carnis quis non circumciderit." [2] Atquin si salutem circumcisio omnimodo adferret, etiam ipse Moyses in filio suo non intermisisset, quominus octava die circumcideret eum, cum constet Sefforam coactam ab angelo id fecisse in itinete. consideremus itaque, quod non potuerit unius infantis coacta circumcisio omni populo praescribere et quasi legem huius praecepti condere in salutem. [3] Nam providens deus, quod hanc circumcisionem in signum non in salutem esset daturus populo Israeli, idcirco filium Moysi ducis futuri instigat circumcidi, ut cum coepisset per eum populo dare praeceptum circumcisionis non aspernaretur populus videns exemplum istud in ducis filio iam celebratum. [4] Dari enim habebat circumcisio, sed in signum unde Israel in novissimo tempore dinosci haberet, quando secundum sua merita in sanctam civitatem ingredi prohiberetur -- secundum verba prophetarum dicentium: Terra vestra deserta, civitates vestrae igni exustae, regionem vestram in conspectu vestro extranei comedent, et deserta et subversa a populis extraneis derelinquetur filia Sion, sicut casa in vinea et sicut custodiarium in cucumerario et quasi civitas quae expugnatur. [5] Cur ita? Quoniam subsequens sermo prophetae exprobrat eis dicens: Filios genui et exaltavi, ipsi autem reprobaverunt me, et: Si extenderitis manus, avertam faciem meam a vobis; et si multiplicaveritis preces, non exaudiant vos; manus enim vestrae sanguine plenae sunt, et: Vae gens peccatrix, populus plenus delictis, filii scelesti, dereliquistis dominum et ad indignationem provocastis sanctum Israelis.

[6] Haec igitur dei providentia fuit, dandi circumcisionem in signum unde dinosci possent, cum adveniret tempus cum pro meritis suis supradictis in Hierusalem admitti prohiberentur; quod et quia futurum erat nuntiabatur, et quia factum videmus recognoscimus. [7] Sicut enim circumcisio carnalis quae temporalis erat imbuta est in signum populo contumaci, ita spiritalis data est in salutem populo obaudienti dicente Hieremia: Innovate vobis novitatem et ne seminaveritis in spinis; circumcidimini deo et circumcidite praeputium cordis vestri. Et alio loco dicit: Ecce enim dies veniunt, dicit dominus, et disponam domui Iudae et domui Iacob testamentum novum, non tale quale dedi patribus eorum in die quo eos eduxi de terra Aegypti. [8] Unde intellegimus et priorem circumcisionem tunc datam cessaturam et novam legem, non talem qualem iam dederat patribus, processuram adnuntiari, sicut Esaias praedicabat dicens, quod in novissimis diebus manifestus futurus esset mons domini et domus dei super vertices montium. Et exaltabitur, inquit, super colles et venient super illum omnes gentes et ambulabunt multl et dicent: venite, ascendamus in montem domini et in domum dei Iacob, non in Esau prioris filii, sed Iacob sequentis id est populi nostri, cuius mons Christus, sine manibus concidentium praecisus implens omnem terram apud Danielem ostensus. [9] Denique ex hac domo dei Iacob etiam legem novam processuram sequentibus verbis adnuntiat Esaias dicens: Ex Sion enim exiet lex et verbum domini ex Hierusalem, et iudicabit inter gentes, id est inter nos qui ex gentibus sumus vocati; et concident, inquit, gladios suos in aratra et lanceas suas in falces, et non accipiet gens super gentem gladium, et iam non discent pugnare. [10] Qui igitur intelleguntur alii quam nos qui in nova lege edocti ista observamus obliterata veteri lege cuius abolitionem futuram actus ipse demonstrat ? Nam et vetus lex ultione gladii se vindicabat et oculum pro oculo eruebat et vindicta iniuriam retribuebat, nova autem lex clementiam designabat et pristinam ferocitatem gladiorum et lancearum ad tranquillitatem convertebat et belli pristinam in aemulos et hostes executionem in pacificos actus arandae et colendae terrae reformabat. [11] Igitur sicuti supra ostendimus, quod vetus lex et circumcisio carnalis cessatura pronuntiata est, ita et novae legis et spiritalis circumcisionis observantia in pacis obsequio eluxit. Populus enim [inquit] quem non noveram servivit mihi, in obauditu auris obauaivit mihi prophetae adnuntiaverunt. [12] Quis autem populus qui deum ignorabat, nisi noster qui retro deum nesciebamus, et quis in auditu auris obaudivit ei, nisi nos qui relictis idolis ad deum conversi sumus? [13] Nam Israel, qui deo fuerat cognitus quique ab eo in Aegypto exaltatus fuerat et per Erythraeum pelagum transvectus quique in eremo manna cibatus XL annis ad instar aeternitatis redactus nec humanis passionibus contaminatus aut saeculi huius cibis pastus sed angelorum panibus [manna] cibatus satisque beneficiis deo obligatus, domini et dei sui oblitus est dicens ad Aaron: Fac nobis deos qui nos antecedant; Moyses enim ille qui nos eiecit de terra Aegypti dereliquit nos, et quid illi acciderit nescimus. Et ideo nos, qui non populus dei retro, facti sumus populus eius accipiendo novam legem supra dictam et novam circumcisionem ante praedictam.

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An Answer to the Jews

Chapter III.--Of Circumcision and the Supercession of the Old Law.

But Abraham, (you say,) was circumcised. Yes, but he pleased God before his circumcision; ¹ nor yet did he observe the Sabbath. For he had "accepted" ² circumcision; but such as was to be for "a sign" of that time, not for a prerogative title to salvation. In fact, subsequent patriarchs were uncircumcised, like Melchizedek, who, uncircumcised, offered to Abraham himself, already circumcised, on his return from battle, bread and wine. ³ "But again," (you say) "the son of Moses would upon one occasion have been choked by an angel, if Zipporah, ⁴ had not circumcised the foreskin of the infant with a pebble; whence, "there is the greatest peril if any fail to circumcise the foreskin of his flesh." Nay, but if circumcision altogether brought salvation, even Moses himself, in the case of his own son, would not have omitted to circumcise him on the eighth day; whereas it is agreed that Zipporah did it on the journey, at the compulsion of the angel. Consider we, accordingly, that one single infant's compulsory circumcision cannot have prescribed to every people, and founded, as it were, a law for keeping this precept. For God, foreseeing that He was about to give this circumcision to the people of Israel for "a sign," not for salvation, urges the circumcision of the son of Moses, their future leader, for this reason; that, since He had begun, through him, to give the People the precept of circumcision, the people should not despise it, from seeing this example (of neglect) already exhibited conspicuously in their leader's son. For circumcision had to be given; but as "a sign," whence Israel in the last time would have to be distinguished, when, in accordance with their deserts, they should be prohibited from entering the holy city, as we see through the words of the prophets, saying, "Your land is desert; your cities utterly burnt with fire; your country, in your sight, strangers shall eat up; and, deserted and subverted by strange peoples, the daughter of Zion shall be derelict, like a shed in a vineyard, and like a watchhouse in a cucumber-field, and as it were a city which is being stormed." ⁵ Why so? Because the subsequent discourse of the prophet reproaches them, saying, "Sons have I begotten and upraised, but they have reprobated me;" ⁶ and again, "And if ye shall have outstretched hands, I will avert my face from you; and if ye shall have multiplied prayers, I will not hear you: for your hands are full of blood;" ⁷ and again, "Woe! sinful nation; a people full of sins; wicked sons; ye have quite forsaken God, and have provoked unto indignation the Holy One of Israel." ⁸ This, therefore, was God's foresight,--that of giving circumcision to Israel, for a sign whence they might be distinguished when the time should arrive wherein their above-mentioned deserts should prohibit their admission into Jerusalem: which circumstance, because it was to be, used to be announced; and, because we see it accomplished, is recognised by us. For, as the carnal circumcision, which was temporary, was in wrought for "a sign" in a contumacious people, so the spiritual has been given for salvation to an obedient people; while the prophet Jeremiah says, "Make a renewal for you, and sow not in thorns; be circumcised to God, and circumcise the foreskin of your heart:" ⁹ and in another place he says, "Behold, days shall come, saith the Lord, and I will draw up, for the house of Judah and for the house of Jacob, ¹⁰ a new testament; not such as I once gave their fathers in the day wherein I led them out from the land of Egypt." ¹¹ Whence we understand that the coming cessation of the former circumcision then given, and the coming procession of a new law (not such as He had already given to the fathers), are announced: just as Isaiah foretold, saying that in the last days the mount of the Lord and the house of God were to be manifest above the tops of the mounts: "And it shall be exalted," he says, "above the hills; and there shall come over it all nations; and many shall walk, and say, Come, ascend we unto the mount of the Lord, and unto the house of the God of Jacob," ¹² --not of Esau, the former son, but of Jacob, the second; that is, of our "people," whose "mount" is Christ, "praecised without concisors' hands, ¹³ filling every land," shown in the book of Daniel. ¹⁴ In short, the coming procession of a new law out of this "house of the God of Jacob" Isaiah in the ensuing words announces, saying, "For from Zion shall go out a law, and the word of the Lord out of Jerusalem, and shall judge among the nations,"--that is, among us, who have been called out of the nations,--"and they shall join to beat their glaives into ploughs, and their lances into sickles; and nations shall not take up glaive against nation, and they shall no more learn to fight." ¹⁵ Who else, therefore, are understood but we, who, fully taught by the new law, observe these practices,--the old law being obliterated, the coming of whose abolition the action itself ¹⁶ demonstrates? For the wont of the old law was to avenge itself by the vengeance of the glaive, and to pluck out "eye for eye," and to inflict retaliatory revenge for injury. ¹⁷ But the new law's wont was to point to clemency, and to convert to tranquillity the pristine ferocity of "glaives" and "lances," and to remodel the pristine execution of "war" upon the rivals and foes of the law into the pacific actions of "ploughing" and "tilling" the land. ¹⁸ Therefore as we have shown above that the coming cessation of the old law and of the carnal circumcision was declared, so, too, the observance of the new law and the spiritual circumcision has shone out into the voluntary obediences ¹⁹ of peace. For "a people," he says, "whom I knew not hath served me; in obedience of the ear it hath obeyed me." ²⁰ Prophets made the announcement. But what is the "people" which was ignorant of God, but ours, who in days bygone knew not God? and who, in the hearing of the ear, gave heed to Him, but we, who, forsaking idols, have been converted to God? For Israel--who had been known to God, and who had by Him been "upraised" ²¹ in Egypt, and was transported through the Red Sea, and who in the desert, fed forty years with manna, was wrought to the semblance of eternity, and not contaminated with human passions, ²² or fed on this world's ²³ meats, but fed on "angel's loaves" ²⁴ --the manna--and sufficiently bound to God by His benefits--forgot his Lord and God, saying to Aaron: "Make us gods, to go before us: for that Moses, who ejected us from the land of Egypt, hath quite forsaken us; and what hath befallen him we know not." And accordingly we, who "were not the people of God" in days bygone, have been made His people, ²⁵ by accepting the new law above mentioned, and the new circumcision before foretold.