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1530 Portuguese colony
1714 Viceroyalty of Brazil
16 Dec 1815 Kingdom of Brazil (part of the United Kingdom of
Portugal, Brazil, and Algarve)
7 Sep 1822 independence of Kingdom of Brazil proclaimed
12 Oct 1822 Empire of Brazil
15 Nov 1889 Republic of the United States of Brazil
15 Mar 1967 Federative Republic of Brazil
Governors-general
22 May 1694 - 3 Jul 1702 João de Lencastre (b. 1646 - d. 1707)
3 Jul 1702 - 8 Sep 1705 Rodrigo da Costa (b. 1657 - d. 1722)
8 Sep 1705 - 3 May 1710 Luís César de Meneses (b. 1653 - d. 1720)
3 May 1710 - 14 Oct 1711 Lourenço de Almada (b. c.1650 - d. 1729)
14 Oct 1711 - 13 Jul 1714 Pedro de Vasconcellos e Sousa (b. 1664 - d. 1732)
Viceroys
13 Jul 1714 - 11 Jun 1718 Pedro Antônio de Noronha
Albuquerque e Sousa, conde de
Villa Verde, marquês de Angeja (b. 1661 - d. 1731)
21 Aug 1718 - 13 Oct 1719 Sancho de Faro e Souza, conde
de Vimieiro (governor-general) (b. 1659 - d. 1719)
14 Oct 1719 - 23 Nov 1720 Provisional Government Junta
- Sebastião Monteiro da Vide (b. 1643 - d. 1722)
- Caetano de Brito e Figueiredo (b. 1671 - d. 1732)
- João de Araújo e Azevedo
23 Nov 1720 - 11 May 1735 Vasco Fernandes César de Meneses,
(from 1729) conde de Sabugosa (b. 1673 - d. 1741)
11 May 1735 - 17 Dec 1749 André de Melo e Castro, conde
das Galveias (b. 1668 - d. 1753)
17 Dec 1749 - 17 Aug 1754 Luís Pedro Peregrino de Carvalho
Menezes e Ataíde, conde de
Atouguia (b. 1700 - d. 1758)
17 Aug 1754 - 23 Dec 1755 Provisional Government Junta
- José Botelho de Matos (b. 1678 - d. 1767)
- Manuel Antônio da Cunha
Souto Maior
- Lourenço Monteiro
23 Dec 1755 - 9 Jan 1760 Marcos José de Noronha e Brito,
conde dos Arcos (b. 1712 - d. 1768)
9 Jan 1760 - 4 Jul 1760 Antônio de Almeida Soares e
Portugal, conde de Avintes,
marquês do Lavradio (b. 1699 - d. 1761)
4 Jul 1760 - 27 Jun 1763 Provisional Government Junta
- Tomás Rubi de Barros Barreto
- José Carvalho de Andrada
- Barros e Alvim
27 Jun 1763 - 31 Aug 1767 Antônio Álvares da Cunha, conde
da Cunha (b. c.1700 - d. 1791)
17 Nov 1767 - 4 Nov 1769 Antonio Rolim de Moura Tavares,
conde de Azambuja (b. 1709 - d. 1782)
4 Nov 1769 - 5 Apr 1779 Luís de Almeida Portugal Soares,
conde de Avintes, marquês de
Lavradio (b. 1729 - d. 1790)
5 Apr 1779 - 9 May 1790 Luís de Vasconcellos e Sousa (b. 1742 - d. 1809)
9 May 1790 - 14 Oct 1801 José Luís de Castro, conde de
Resende (b. 1744 - d. 1819)
14 Oct 1801 - 21 Aug 1806 Fernando José de Portugal e Castro (b. 1752 - d. 1817)
14 Oct 1806 - 22 Jan 1808 Marcos de Noronha e Brito (b. 1771 - d. 1828)
22 Jan 1808 - 16 Dec 1815 Prince João (b. 1767 - d. 1826)
Kings/Queens
- Bragança dynasty -
16 Dec 1815 - 20 Mar 1816 Maria I (f) (b. 1734 - d. 1816)
16 Dec 1815 - 20 Mar 1816 Prince João (s.a.)
(regent for incapacitated Maria)
20 Mar 1816 - 7 Sep 1822 João VI (s.a.)
7 Sep 1822 - 12 Oct 1822 Prince Pedro (regent) (b. 1798 - d. 1834)
Emperors¹
- Bragança dynasty -
12 Oct 1822 - 7 Apr 1831 Pedro I (s.a.)
7 Apr 1831 - 15 Nov 1889 Pedro II (b. 1825 - d. 1891)
7 Apr 1831 - 18 Jun 1831 Provisional Regency
- José Joaquim Carneiro de
Campos, visconde e marquês
de Caravelas (b. 1768 - d. 1836)
- Nicolau Pereira de Campos
Vergueiro (b. 1778 - d. 1859)
- Francisco de Lima e Silva (b. 1785 - d. 1853)
18 Jun 1831 - 12 Oct 1835 Regency
- Francisco de Lima e Silva (s.a.)
- José da Costa Carvalho (b. 1796 - d. 1860)
- João Bráulio Muniz (b. 1796 - d. 1835)
(to 20 Sep 1835)
12 Oct 1835 - 19 Sep 1837 Diogo Antônio Feijó (regent) (b. 1784 - d. 1843)
19 Sep 1837 - 23 Jul 1840 Pedro de Araújo Lima (b. 1793 - d. 1870)
(regent; provisional to 7 Oct 1838)
25 May 1871 - 31 Mar 1872 Isabel (f) (1st time) (regent) (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
26 Mar 1876 - 25 Sep 1877 Isabel (f) (2nd time) (regent) (s.a.)
30 Jun 1887 - 22 Aug 1888 Isabel (f) (3rd time) (regent) (s.a.)
Presidents
15 Nov 1889 - 23 Nov 1891 Manoel Deodoro da Fonseca (b. 1827 - d. 1892)
(head of Provisional Government to 25 Feb 1891)
23 Nov 1891 - 15 Nov 1894 Floriano Peixoto (acting) (b. 1839 - d. 1895)
15 Nov 1894 - 15 Nov 1898 Prudente José de Moraes Barros (b. 1841 - d. 1902)
10 Nov 1896 - 4 Mar 1897 Manoel Vitorino Pereira (b. 1853 - d. 1902)
(acting for Barros)
15 Nov 1898 - 15 Nov 1902 Manuel Ferraz de Campos Salles (b. 1841 - d. 1913)
15 Nov 1902 - 15 Nov 1906 Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves (b. 1848 - d. 1919)
15 Nov 1906 - 14 Jun 1909 Afonso Augusto Moreira Pena (b. 1847 - d. 1909)
14 Jun 1909 - 15 Nov 1910 Nilo Peçanha (b. 1867 - d. 1924)
15 Nov 1910 - 15 Nov 1914 Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
15 Nov 1914 - 15 Nov 1918 Wenceslau Braz Pereira Gomes (b. 1868 - d. 1966)
15 Nov 1918 - 28 Jul 1919 Delfim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro (b. 1868 - d. 1920)
(acting)
28 Jul 1919 - 15 Nov 1922 Epitácio da Silva Pessoa (b. 1865 - d. 1942)
15 Nov 1922 - 15 Nov 1926 Artur da Silva Bernardes (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
15 Nov 1926 - 24 Oct 1930 Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (b. 1869 - d. 1957)
24 Oct 1930 - 3 Nov 1930 Augusto Tasso Fragoso (b. 1869 - d. 1945)
(chairman Government Junta)
3 Nov 1930 - 29 Oct 1945 Getúlio Vargas (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1954)
(head of Provisional Government to 20 Jul 1934)
29 Oct 1945 - 31 Jan 1946 José Linhares (b. 1886 - d. 1957)
31 Jan 1946 - 31 Jan 1951 Eurico Gaspar Dutra (b. 1883 - d. 1974)
31 Jan 1951 - 24 Aug 1954 Getúlio Vargas (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Aug 1954 - 22 Nov 1955 João Café Filho (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
8 Nov 1955 - 11 Nov 1955 Carlos Coimbra da Luz (b. 1894 - d. 1961)
(acting for Café)
11 Nov 1955 - 31 Jan 1956 Nereu de Oliveira Ramos (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
(acting [for Café to 22 Nov 1955])
31 Jan 1956 - 31 Jan 1961 Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (b. 1902 - d. 1976)
31 Jan 1961 - 25 Aug 1961 Jânio da Silva Quadros (b. 1917 - d. 1992)
25 Aug 1961 - 7 Sep 1961 Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1975)
7 Sep 1961 - 2 Apr 1964 João Goulart (b. 1919 - d. 1976)
2 Apr 1964 - 15 Apr 1964 Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1964 - 15 Mar 1967 Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco (b. 1900 - d. 1967)
15 Mar 1967 - 14 Oct 1969 Artur da Costa e Silva (b. 1899 - d. 1969)
14 Oct 1969 - 30 Oct 1969 Military junta
(ministers of navy, army, and aeronautics)
(acting for Costa e Silva from 31 Aug 1969)
- Augusto Hamann Rademaker
Grünewald (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
- Aurélio de Lyra Tavares (b. 1905 - d. 1998)
- Márcio de Souza e Mello (b. 1906 - d. 1991)
30 Oct 1969 - 15 Mar 1974 Emílio Garrastazu Médici (b. 1905 - d. 1985)
15 Mar 1974 - 15 Mar 1979 Ernesto Geisel (b. 1907 - d. 1996)
15 Mar 1979 - 15 Mar 1985 João Baptista de Oliveira
Figueiredo (b. 1918 - d. 1999)
23 Sep 1981 - 12 Nov 1981 Aureliano Chaves (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 2003)
(acting for Figueiredo)
14 Jul 1983 - 26 Aug 1983 Aureliano Chaves (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Figueiredo)
15 Mar 1985 - 15 Mar 1990 José Sarney (b. 1930)
(acting to 22 Apr 1985)
15 Mar 1990 - 29 Dec 1992 Fernando Collor de Mello (b. 1949)
2 Oct 1992 - 1 Jan 1995 Itamar Franco (b. 1930 - d. 2011)
(acting for suspended Collor to 29 Dec 1992)
1 Jan 1995 - 1 Jan 2003 Fernando Henrique Cardoso (b. 1931)
1 Jan 2003 - 1 Jan 2011 Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
(1st time) (b. 1945)
1 Jan 2011 - 31 Aug 2016 Dilma Rousseff (f) (b. 1947)
12 May 2016 - 1 Jan 2019 Michel Temer (b. 1940)
(acting for suspended Rousseff to 31 Aug 2016)
1 Jan 2019 - 1 Jan 2023 Jair Bolsonaro (b. 1955)
1 Jan 2023 - Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Principal ministers (titled Ministro e Secretário de Estado dos Negócios do Reino;
from 12 Oct 1822, ...do Império)
10 Mar 1808 - 24 Jan 1817 Fernando José de Portugal e
Castro, (from Dec 1808) conde e
(from Dec 1813) marquês de Aguiar (s.a.)
24 Jan 1817 - 21 Jun 1817 Antonio de Araujo de Azevedo,
conde da Barca (b. 1754 - d. 1817)
23 Jun 1817 - 29 Nov 1817 João Paulo Bezerra (b. 1756 - d. 1817)
29 Nov 1817 - 26 Feb 1821 Thomaz Antonio de Villa-Nova
Portugal (b. 1755 - d. 1839)
26 Feb 1821 - 22 Apr 1821 Inácio da Costa Quintela (b. 1763 - d. 1838)
22 Apr 1821 - 16 Jan 1822 Marcos de Noronha e Brito, conde
dos Arcos (s.a.)
16 Jan 1822 - 17 Jul 1823 José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (b. 1763 - d. 1838)
17 Jul 1823 - 10 Nov 1823 José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos
(1st time) (s.a.)
10 Nov 1823 - 14 Nov 1823 Francisco Vilela Barbosa (b. 1769 - d. 1846)
14 Nov 1823 - 17 Nov 1823 Pedro de Araújo Lima (1st time) (s.a.)
17 Nov 1823 - 14 Oct 1824 João Severiano Maciel da Costa (b. 1769 - d. 1833)
14 Oct 1824 - 9 Nov 1825 Estevão Ribeiro de Rezende (b. 1777 - d. 1856)
9 Nov 1825 - 21 Nov 1825 Felisberto Caldeira Brant Pontes
de Oliveira e Horta, visconde de
Barbacena (b. 1772 - d. 1842)
21 Nov 1825 - 20 Jan 1826 José Feliciano Fernandes Pinheiro (b. 1774 - d. 1847)
20 Jan 1826 - 23 Jan 1826 João Vieira de Carvalho, barão de
Lages (b. 1781 - d. 1847)
23 Jan 1826 - 20 Nov 1827 José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos,
visconde e (from Oct 1826) marquês
de Caravelas (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1827 - 15 Jun 1828 Pedro de Araújo Lima (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Jun 1828 - 4 Dec 1829 José Clemente Pereira (b. 1787 - d. 1854)
4 Dec 1829 - 12 Aug 1830 José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos,
visconde e marquês de Caravelas
(3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Aug 1830 - 4 Oct 1830 João Inácio da Cunha, barão e
visconde de Alcântara (b. 1781 - d. 1834)
4 Oct 1830 - 18 Mar 1831 José Antonio da Silva Maia
(1st time) (b. 1789 - d. 1853)
18 Mar 1831 - 5 Apr 1831 Bernardo José da Gama, barão e
visconde de Goiana (1st time) (b. 1782 - d. 1854)
5 Apr 1831 - 6 Apr 1831 Antonio Luiz Pereira da Cunha,
visconde e marquês de Inhambupe (b. 1760 - d. 1837)
6 Apr 1831 - 26 Apr 1831 Bernardo José da Gama, barão e
visconde de Goiana (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Apr 1831 - 16 Jul 1831 Manoel José de Souza França (b. 1780 - d. 1856)
16 Jul 1831 - 3 Jan 1832 José Lino dos Santos Coutinho (b. 1784 - d. 1836)
3 Jan 1832 - 3 Aug 1832 Diogo Antonio Feijó (s.a.)
3 Aug 1832 - 13 Sep 1832 Antonio Francisco de Paula e
Holanda Cavalcânti de Albuquerque (b. 1797 - d. 1863)
13 Sep 1832 - 23 May 1833 Nicolau Pereira de Campos
Vergueiro (s.a.)
23 May 1833 - 10 Oct 1833 Aureliano de Souza e Oliveira
Coutinho (b. 1800 - d. 1855)
10 Oct 1833 - 16 Jan 1835 Antonio Pinto Chichorro da Gama (b. 1800 - d. 1887)
16 Jan 1835 - 20 Jan 1835 Manoel do Nascimento Castro e
Silva (acting) (b. 1788 - d. 1846)
20 Jan 1835 - 14 Oct 1835 Joaquim Vieira da Silva e Souza (b. 1800 - d. 1864)
14 Oct 1835 - 5 Feb 1836 Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1798 - d. 1883)
5 Feb 1836 - 7 Jun 1836 José Ignacio Borges (b. 17... - d. 1838)
7 Jun 1836 - 29 Sep 1836 Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
29 Sep 1836 - 1 Nov 1836 Gustavo Adolfo de Aguilar Pantoja (b. 1793 - d. 1867)
1 Nov 1836 - 18 Mar 1837 Manuel da Fonseca Lima e Silva (b. 1793 - d. 1869)
18 Mar 1837 - 16 May 1837 Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu
(3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
16 May 1837 - 18 Sep 1837 Manuel Alves Branco (1st time) (b. 1797 - d. 1855)
18 Sep 1837 - 19 Sep 1837 Pedro de Araújo Lima (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Sep 1837 - 16 Apr 1839 Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1795 - d. 1850)
16 Apr 1839 - 1 Sep 1839 Francisco de Paula Almeida e
Albuquerque (acting) (b. 1795 - d. 1868)
1 Sep 1839 - 2 May 1840 Manoel Antonio Galvão (b. 1791 - d. 1850)
2 May 1840 - 18 May 1840 Francisco Ramiro de Assis Coelho (b. 180... - d. ...)
18 May 1840 - 22 Jul 1840 Caetano Maria Lopes Gama (acting) (b. 1795 - d. 1864)
22 Jul 1840 (9 hours) Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1840 - 24 Jul 1840 Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres (b. 1802 - d. 1872)
(acting)
24 Jul 1840 - 27 Mar 1841 Antonio Carlos Ribeiro de Andrada
Machado e Silva (b. 1773 - d. 1845)
27 Mar 1841 - 20 Jan 1843 Candido José de Araujo Vianna (b. 1793 - d. 1875)
20 Jan 1843 - 2 Feb 1844 José Antonio da Silva Maia
(2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Feb 1844 - 2 May 1846 José Carlos Pereira de Almeida
Torres, visconde de Macaé (b. 1799 - d. 1850)
29 Sep 1845 - 2 May 1846 Manoel Alves Branco (s.a.)
(acting for Torres, who is absent from the capital)
2 May 1846 - 22 May 1847 Joaquim Marcelino de Brito (b. 1799 - d. 1879)
22 May 1847 - 20 Jul 1847 Manoel Alves Branco (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
20 Jul 1847 - 7 Mar 1848 Manoel Alves Branco (s.a.)
8 Mar 1848 - 31 May 1848 José Carlos Pereira de Almeida
Torres, visconde de Macaé (s.a.)
31 May 1848 - 29 Sep 1848 Francisco de Paula Souza e Mello (b. 1791 - d. 1851)
29 Sep 1848 - 8 Oct 1849 Pedro de Araújo Lima, visconde
de Olinda (1st time) (s.a.)
8 Oct 1849 - 11 May 1852 José da Costa Carvalho, barão e
visconde de Monte Alegre (s.a.)
11 May 1852 - 6 Sep 1853 Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres
(1st time) (b. 1802 - d. 1872)
6 Sep 1853 - 3 Sep 1856 Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão,
visconde e (from 1854) marquês de
Paraná (b. 1801 - d. 1856)
3 Sep 1856 - 4 May 1857 Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva,
barão, conde e marquês de Caxias
(1st time) (b. 1803 - d. 1880)
4 May 1857 - 12 Dec 1858 Pedro de Araújo Lima, visconde
e marquês de Olinda (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Dec 1858 - 10 Aug 1859 Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu,
visconde de Abaeté (s.a.)
10 Aug 1859 - 2 Mar 1861 Ângelo Muniz da Silva Ferraz (b. 1812 - d. 1867)
2 Mar 1861 - 24 May 1862 Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva,
barão, conde e marquês de Caxias
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 May 1862 - 30 May 1862 Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcellos
(1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1877)
30 May 1862 - 15 Jan 1864 Pedro de Araújo Lima, visconde
e marquês de Olinda (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Oct 1862 - 18 Nov 1862 Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida,
visconde e marquês de Abrantes (b. 1794 - d. 1865)
(acting for Olinda)
15 Jan 1864 - 31 Aug 1864 Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcellos
(2nd time) (s.a.)
31 Aug 1864 - 12 May 1865 Francisco José Furtado (b. 1818 - d. 1870)
12 May 1865 - 3 Aug 1866 Pedro de Araújo Lima, visconde
e marquês de Olinda (4th time) (s.a.)
3 Aug 1866 - 16 Jul 1868 Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcellos
(3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Jul 1868 - 29 Sep 1870 Joaquim José Rodrigues Torres,
visconde de Itaboraí (2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Sep 1870 - 7 Mar 1871 José Antonio Pimenta Bueno,
visconde de São Vicente (b. 1803 - d. 1878)
7 Mar 1871 - 25 Jun 1875 José Maria da Silva Paranhos,
visconde do Rio Branco (b. 1819 - d. 1880)
25 Jun 1875 - 5 Jan 1878 Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva,
barão, conde, marquês e duque de
Caxias (3rd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1878 - 28 Mar 1880 João Lins Vieira Cansansão de
Sinimbu (b. 1810 - d. 1906)
28 Mar 1880 - 21 Jan 1882 José Antonio Saraiva (1st time) (b. 1823 - d. 1895)
21 Jan 1882 - 3 Jul 1882 Martinho Álvares da Silva Campos (b. 1816 - d. 1887)
3 Jul 1882 - 24 May 1883 João Lustoza da Cunha Paranaguá,
visconde de Paranaguá (b. 1821 - d. 1912)
24 May 1883 - 6 Jun 1884 Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira (b. 1834 - d. 1917)
6 Jun 1884 - 6 May 1885 Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas (b. 1831 - d. 1894)
6 May 1885 - 20 Aug 1885 José Antonio Saraiva (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Aug 1885 - 10 Mar 1888 João Maurício Wanderley, barão de
Cotegipe (b. 1815 - d. 1889)
10 Mar 1888 - 7 Jun 1889 João Alfredo Correia de Oliveira (b. 1835 - d. 1919)
7 Jun 1889 - 15 Nov 1889 Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo,
visconde de Ouro Preto (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
Prime ministers
8 Sep 1961 - 3 Jul 1962 Tancredo de Almeida Neves (b. 1910 - d. 1985)
3 Jul 1962 - 10 Jul 1962 Auro Soares de Moura Andrade (b. 1915 - d. 1982)
10 Jul 1962 - 17 Sep 1962 Francisco de Paula Brochado
da Rocha (b. 1910 - d. 1962)
17 Sep 1962 - 24 Jan 1963 Hermes Lima (b. 1902 - d. 1978)
¹Full title: Imperador Constitucional e Defensor Perpétuo do Brasil (Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil).
7 Mar 1817 Republic of Pernambuco (sometimes Pernambucan Republic)
proclaimed
20 May 1817 secession ended by military intervention of the royal forces
7 Mar 1817 - 18 May 1817 Provisional Government
- João Ribeiro Pessoa de Melo
Montenegro (b. 1766 - d. 1817)
- Domingos Teotônio Jorge Martins
Pessoa (b. 17... - d. 1817)
- José Luís de Mendonça (b. 17... - d. 1817)
- Manuel Correia de Araújo
- Domingos José Martins (b. 1781 - d. 1817)
Civil and Military Governor
18 May 1817 - 20 May 1817 Domingos Teotônio Jorge Martins
Pessoa (s.a.)
6 Nov 1836 Rio Grande Republic
28 Feb 1845 reincorporation into Brazil
Presidents
6 Nov 1836 - 16 Dec 1837 José Gomes de Vasconcelos Jardim
(1st time) (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
16 Dec 1837 - 4 Aug 1843 Bento Gonçalves da Silva Pinto (b. 1788 - d. 1847)
4 Aug 1843 - 28 Feb 1845 José Gomes de Vasconcelos Jardim
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1839 Catarinan Republic 15 Nov 1839 reincorporation into Brazil President of the Municipal Chamber of São Antônio dos Anjos da Laguna 29 Jul 1839 - 7 Aug 1839 Vicente Francisco de Oliveira Provisional Vice-President of the Republic 7 Aug 1839 - 15 Nov 1839 Vicente Ferreira dos Santos Cordeiro
14 Jul 1899 Independent State of Acre (informally styled Republic
of Acre)
25 Apr 1900 reincorporated into Bolivia
7 Aug 1902/15 Jan 1903 Independent State of Acre
13 May 1903 occupied by Brazil
31 Aug 1903 Independent State of Acre
25 Feb 1904 incorporated into Brazil
Presidents of the Provisional Government
(colloquially styled President of the Republic)
14 Jul 1899 - 1 Jan 1900 Luís Galvez Rodrigues de Arias
(1st time) (b. 1859 - d. 1946)
1 Jan 1900 - Jan 1900 Antonio de Sousa Braga
Jan 1900 - 30 Jan 1900 Governing Junta
30 Jan 1900 - 15 Mar 1900 Luís Galvez Rodrigues de Arias
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Mar 1900 - 25 Apr 1900 Joaquim Vítor da Silva (acting)
Commander-in-Chief of the Acrean Army
7 Aug 1902 - 15 Jan 1903 José Plácido de Castro (b. 1873 - d. 1908)
Governor
15 Jan 1903 - 13 May 1903 José Plácido de Castro (1st time) (s.a.)
31 Aug 1903 - 25 Feb 1904 José Plácido de Castro (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Dec 1841 a region disputed between Brazil and French Guiana (present
Amapá state) is temporarily neutralized
23 Jul 1886 pro-French Republic of Independent Guiana proclaimed
(also called Republic of Counani)
2 Sep 1887 republic terminated by French authorities
10 Dec 1894 pro-Brazilian Independent Territory of Amapá proclaimed
(also called Republic of Cunnani)
1895 territory disbanded
1 Dec 1900 Brazil and France having decided to submit the problem to
the president of Switzerland, the latter decides the area
belongs to Brazil
25 Feb 1901 part of Pará state
Chief of the Captaincy
1886 Trajano Benitez
Presidents (from 2 Sep 1887 in name only)
1886 - 1891 Jules Gros (b. 1829 - d. 1891)
1892 - 1894 Adolphe Brézet (1st time)
1894 - 1901 Albert Franken
1901 - 1911 Adolphe Brézet (2nd time)
1911 - 19.. Jules Gros, Jr.
President of the Council of Ministers
1886 - 1887 Jean Ferréol Guigues
Chairman of the Provisional Government 10 Dec 1894 - 26 Dec 1894 Desiderio Antonio Coelho Chairmen of the Triumvirate 26 Dec 1894 - Jan 1895 Domingos Maltez Jan 1895 Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral (b. 1861 - d. 1905)
Cabanos
7 Jan 1835 - 21 Feb 1835 Felix Antonio Clemente Malcher (b. 1782 - d. 1835)
21 Feb 1835 - 28 Jul 1835 Francisco Pedro Vinagre (b. 1793 - d. 1873)
28 Jul 1835 - 24 Aug 1835 imperial authority reestablished
24 Aug 1835 - 30 Oct 1836 Eduardo Francisco Nogueira
dito Angelim (b. 1814 - d. 1882)
30 Oct 1836 imperial authority reestablished
Sabinada. The unconditional independence of the province of Bahia was proclaimed 7 Nov 1837, but on 9 Nov the proclamation was slightly modified by the adding of "until the majority of the Emperor" (the revolt being against the regency). The leader of the revolt was Francisco Sabino Álvares da Rocha Vieira (d. 1846). João Carneiro da Silva Rego was appointed acting president. Bahia was taken by the imperial troops 14 Mar 1838; the last rebels surrendered the following day.
8 Nov 1965 British colony established from parts of Seychelles
and Mauritius
29 Jun 1976 former Seychelles territory returned to independent
Seychelles
Commissioners
1965 - 1976 the governors of Seychelles
4 Jul 1976 - 1976 Norman Aspin (b. 1922 - d. 2011)
1976 - 1979 Philip Mansfield (b. 1926 - d. 2003)
1979 - 1982 John Robson (b. 1930 - d. 2016)
1982 - 1985 Nigel Wenban-Smith (b. 1936)
1985 - 1988 William Marsden (b. 1940)
1988 - 1991 Richard Edis (b. 1943 - d. 2002)
Sep 1991 - 1994 Thomas George Harris (b. 1945)
1994 - 1996 David Ross MacLennan (b. 1945)
1996 - 1998 Bruce Dinwiddy (b. 1946 - d. 2021)
1998 Christopher Edward John Wilton (b. 1951)
1998 - 2001 John White (b. 1946)
2001 - Jan 2004 Alan Huckle (b. 1948)
Jan 2004 - Jul 2006 Tony Crombie (b. 1956)
Jul 2006 - Jul 2008 Leigh Turner (b. 1958)
Jul 2008 - 17 Oct 2012 Colin Roberts (b. 1959)
17 Oct 2012 - Dec 2016 Peter Hayes (b. 1963)
Dec 2016 - Jun 2017 John Kittmer (b. 1967)
Aug 2017 - Jun 2021 Ben Merrick
Jul 2021 - Paul Candler
Administrators
1967 - 1975 John Rawling Todd (b. 1929 - d. 2002)
1975 - 6 Jul 1976 David Kenneth Hay Dale (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
6 Jul 1976 - 1978 Martin Kenneth Ewans (b. 1928 - d. 2012)
1978 - 1979 Alan Munro (b. 1935)
1979 - 1980 John Robson (s.a.)
1980 - 1981 J.G. Wallace
1981 - 1982 Peter Albert Raftery (b. 1929 - d. 1996)
1982 - 1985 Denis Henry Doble (b. 1936)
1985 - 1986 Peter Charles Freeman Gregory-Hood (b. 1943)
1986 - 1988 Clive Somerville Stitt (b. 1948 - d. 2017)
1988 - 1990 Robert Crompton
1990 - 1991 S.E. Turner (acting)
1991 - 1992 Roger Geoffrey Wells (b. 1942)
1992 - 1994 Don Cairns (b. 1946)
1994 - 1996 David Smith (b. 1951)
1996 - 2002 Louise Margaret Savill (f) (b. 1946)
2002 - Feb 2005 Charles Hamilton (b. 1948)
Feb 2005 - Dec 2007 Tony Humphries
Dec 2007 - Apr 2011 Joanne Yeadon (f) (b. 1965)
Apr 2011 - Jul 2013 John McManus (b. 1955)
Jul 2013 - Mar 2016 Tom Moody
31 Mar 2016 - Mar 2017 Nicola Carnie (f)
Mar 2017 - 2017 Murielle Benjamin (f) (acting)
2017 - 2019* Linsey Billing (f)
*2020 - 2022 Kit Pyman
2022 - Balraj Dhanda
1666 English colony
1833 - 1 Jan 1960 part of the Leeward Islands (see under Antigua and Barbuda)
Presidents
1741 John Pickering (b. 1704 - d. 1768)
1742 - 1750 John Hunt
1750 - 1751 James Purcell
1751 - 1775 John Purcell
1775 - 1782 John Nugent (b. 17... - d. 1814)
1782 - 1811 ...
1811 - 8 Aug 1821 Richard Hetherington (b. 1737 - d. 1821)
1821 - 1833 ...
1833 - Apr 1838 William Rogers Isaacs (b. c.1785 - d. 1838?)
1839 - 1850 Edward Hay Drummond Hay (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
1850 - 11 May 1851 Sir John Atholl MacGregor (b. 1810 - d. 1851)
1852 - 28 Feb 1854 John Cornell Chads (b. 1793? - d. 1854)
1854 - 1857 Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
1859 - 1861 Thomas Price
1861 - 1864 James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
1865 - 1869 Sir Arthur Rumbold (b. 1820 - d. 1869)
1869 - 1872 Alexander Wilson Moir (b. 1825 - d. 1897)
1873 - 1879 Richard Mahoney Hickson
1879 - 1882 John Kemys Spencer-Churchill (b. 1835 - d. 1913)
1882 - 1884 Richard Henry Dyett (b. 1830 - d. 1884)
1884 - 1887 Fredrick Augustus Pickering (b. 1835 - d. 1926)
Commissioners
1887 - 1893 Edward John Cameron (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
1894 - 12 Feb 1896 Alexander Robert Mackay (b. ... - d. 1896)
1896 - 1903 Nathaniel George Cookman
1903 - 1910 Robert Stephen Earl
1910 - 1919 Thomas Leslie Hardtman Jarvis (b. 1868 - d. 19...)
1919 - 1922 Herbert Walter Peebles (b. 1877 - d. 1955)
1922 - 1923 Reginald Hargrove
1923 - 1926 Otho Lewis Hancock (b. 1893 - d. 1942)
1926 - 1934 Frank Cecil Clarkson (b. 1882 - d. 19...)
1934 - 1946 Donald Percy Wailling (b. 1898 - d. 1965)
1946 - 1954 John Augustus Cockburn Cruikshank (b. 1909 - d. 1957)
1954 - 1956 Henry Anthony Camillo Howard (b. 1913 - d. 1977)
Administrators
1956 - 1959 Geoffrey Pole Allsebrook (b. 1918 - d. 2010)
1959 - Jan 1962 Gerald Jackson Bryan (b. 1921 - d. 2018)
1962 - Apr 1967 Martin Samuel Staveley (b. 1921 - d. 1998)
Apr 1967 - 1971 John Sutherland Thomson (b. 1920 - d. 2008)
Governors
Mar 1971 - 29 Jul 1974 Derek George Cudmore (b. 1923 - d. 1981)
29 Jul 1974 - Oct 1978 Walter Wilkinson Wallace (b. 1923 - d. 2005)
1978 - 1981 James Alfred Davidson (b. 1922 - d. 2004)
1982 - 1986 David Robert Barwick (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
1986 - 1991 Mark Herdman (b. 1932 - d. 2015)
14 Oct 1991 - 21 Jun 1995 Peter Penfold (b. 1944)
21 Jun 1995 - 1998 David Mackilligin (b. 1939)
3 Jul 1998 - 5 Oct 2002 Frank Savage (b. 1943)
5 Oct 2002 - 14 Oct 2002 Elton Georges (acting) (b. 1943 - d. 2018)
14 Oct 2002 - 10 Apr 2006 Tom Macan (b. 1946)
10 Apr 2006 - 18 Apr 2006 Dancia Penn (f) (acting) (b. 1951)
18 Apr 2006 - 5 Aug 2010 David Pearey (b. 1948)
5 Aug 2010 - 20 Aug 2010 V. Inez Archibald (f) (1st time) (b. 1945)
(acting)
20 Aug 2010 - 1 Aug 2014 Boyd McCleary (b. 1949)
1 Aug 2014 - 15 Aug 2014 V. Inez Archibald (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
15 Aug 2014 - 8 Aug 2017 John Duncan (b. 1958)
8 Aug 2017 - 12?Aug 2017 Robert A. Mathavious (acting)
12?Aug 2017 - 22 Aug 2017 Rosalie Adams (f) (acting)
22 Aug 2017 - 22 Jan 2021 Gus Jaspert (b. 1979)
22 Jan 2021 - 29 Jan 2021 David D. Archer, Jr. (acting)
29 Jan 2021 - John Rankin (b. 1957)
Chief ministers
Apr 1967 - Jun 1971 H. Lavity Stoutt (1st time) (b. 1929 - d. 1995)
Jun 1971 - Nov 1979 Willard Wheatley (b. 1915 - d. 1997)
Nov 1979 - 15 Nov 1983 H. Lavity Stoutt (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Nov 1983 - 1 Oct 1986 Cyril Romney (b. 1931 - d. 2007)
1 Oct 1986 - 14 May 1995 H. Lavity Stoutt (3rd time) (s.a.)
15 May 1995 - 17 Jun 2003 Ralph O'Neal (b. 1933 - d. 2019)
17 Jun 2003 - 23 Aug 2007 Orlando Smith (b. 1944)
Premiers
23 Aug 2007 - 9 Nov 2011 Ralph O'Neal (s.a.)
9 Nov 2011 - 26 Feb 2019 Orlando Smith (s.a.)
26 Feb 2019 - 5 May 2022 Andrew Fahie (b. 1970)
28 Apr 2022 - Natalio Wheatley (b. 1980)
(acting for Fahie to 5 May 2022)
1363 Brunei founded (traditional date)
14.. name Negara Brunei Darussalam (State of Brunei, Abode of
Peace) adopted
1906 British protected state
22 Dec 1941 - 14 Jun 1945 occupied by Japan
1 Jan 1984 independence
Sultans
c.1690 - c.1710 Nasruddin (b. 16... - d. c.1710)
c.1710 - c.1730 Kamaluddin (1st time) (b. 16... - d. c.1740)
c.1730 - c.1737 Muhammad Alauddin (b. ... - d. c.1737)
c.1737 - c.1740 Kamaluddin (2nd time) (s.a.)
c.1740 - c.1780 Omar Ali Saifuddin (b. 17... - d. 1795)
c.1780 - 27 Apr 1804 Muhammad Tajuddin (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1807)
27 Apr 1804 - 10 Nov 1804 Muhammad Jamalul Alam (b. 17... - d. 1804)
10 Nov 1804 - 14 Feb 1807 Muhammad Tajuddin (2nd time) (s.a.)
1807 - 1828 Muhammad Khanzul Alam (b. 17... - d. 1828)
1828 - 1852 Omar Ali Saifuddin (b. ... - d. 1852)
1852 - 30 May 1885 Abdul Mumin ibni Pengiran
Shahbandar (regent to ... 1852) (b. 1785 - d. 1885)
30 May 1885 - 10 May 1906 Hashim Jalilul Alam Akamuddin (b. 1824 - d. 1906)
10 May 1906 - 11 Sep 1924 Muhammad Jamalul Alam (from 5 Jun
1920, Sir Muhammad Jamalul Alam) (b. 1889 - d. 1924)
10 May 1906 - 15 May 1918 Council of Regency
- Pengiran Anak Muhammad Saleh (b. 18... - d. 1912)
(to 2 Dec 1912)
- Pengiran Anak Chuchu Besar (b. 1829 - d. 1917)
(to 3 Jul 1917)
- Pengiran al-Haji Muhammad
Yasin ibni al-Marhum Pengiran
Tua Omar Ali (from 1913) (b. 1887 - d. 1951)
11 Sep 1924 - 4 Jun 1950 Ahmad Tajuddin Ahazul Khairi
Waddien (from 20 Sep 1949, Sir
Ahmad Tajuddin Ahazul Khairi
Waddien) (b. 1913 - d. 1950)
11 Sep 1924 - 19 Sep 1931 Council of Regency
- Pengiran al-Haji Muhammad
Yasin ibni al-Marhum Pengiran
Tua Omar Ali (s.a.)
- ...
4 Jun 1950 - 4 Oct 1967 Omar Ali Saifuddin Sa´adul Khairi
Waddien (from 9 Jun 1953, Sir Omar
Ali Saifuddin Sa´adul Khairi
Waddien) (b. 1914 - d. 1986)
4 Oct 1967 - Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin
Waddaulah (from 29 Feb 1972,
Sir Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin
Waddaulah) (b. 1946)
Chief ministers
Jul 1947 - 1959 Omar Ali Saifuddin Sa´adul Khairi
Waddien (from 9 Jun 1953, Sir Omar
Ali Saifuddin Sa´adul Khairi
Waddien) (s.a.)
1959 - 1962 Pehin Dato Perdana Menteri Dato
Paduka Haji Ibrahim (b. 1920 - d. 1971)
1962 - 1967 Dato Seri Paduka Haji Marsal bin
Maun (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
1967 - 1972 Dato Pengiran Muhammad Yusuf bin
Abdul Rahim (acting to ... 1967) (b. 1923 - d. 2016)
May 1972 - Sep 1981 Pengiran Dipa Negara Laila Diraja
Pengiran Abdul Mumin (b. 19... - d. 2008)
(acting to 1973)
Sep 1981 - 31 Dec 1983 Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Wijaya Dato
Haji Abdul Aziz Umar (acting) (b. 1936)
Prime minister
1 Jan 1984 - Sir Hassanal Bolkiah Mu´izzadin
Waddaulah (s.a.)
British residents (from 29 Sep 1959, high commissioners)
Jan 1906 - May 1907 Malcolm Stewart Hannibal McArthur
(1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1934)
May 1907 - Dec 1907 Harvey Chevallier (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1923)
Jan 1908 - Apr 1908 Malcolm Stewart Hannibal McArthur
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1908 - Sep 1909 John Fortescue Owen (b. 1869 - d. 1942)
Sep 1909 - Nov 1909 Bowes Ormonde Stoney (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1910)
Nov 1909 - Nov 1913 Harvey Chevallier (2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1913 - Jan 1915 Francis William Douglas (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1953)
Feb 1915 - 18 May 1916 Ernest Barton Maundrell (acting) (b. 1880 - d. 1916)
May 1916 - Mar 1921 Geoffrey Edmund Cator (b. 1884 - d. 1973)
Mar 1921 - Jan 1923 Lucien Allen Arthur (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
Jan 1923 - Feb 1926 Eric Ernest Falk Pretty (1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1967)
Mar 1926 - May 1927 Oswald Eric Venables (b. 1891 - d. 1960)
May 1927 - May 1928 Eric Ernest Falk Pretty (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 1928 - Jan 1929 Patrick Alexander Bruce McKerron
(1st time) (b. 1896 - d. 1964)
Jan 1929 - Aug 1929 Richard John Froude Curtis (b. 1897 - d. 198...)
Aug 1929 - Sep 1931 Patrick Alexander Bruce McKerron
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1931 - Oct 1934 Thomas Falkland Carey (b. 1903 - d. 1966)
Nov 1934 - Jan 1937 Roland Evelyn Turnbull (b. 1905 - d. 1960)
Jan 1937 - Dec 1939 John Graham Black (b. 1896 - d. 1988)
Jan 1940 - Dec 1941 Ernest Edgar Pengilley (b. 1897 - d. 1984)
Jul 1946 - Jan 1948 John Peel (b. 1912 - d. 2004)
Jan 1948 - Aug 1948 Leslie Harold Newsom Davis (b. 1909 - d. 2003)
Aug 1948 - Jun 1951 Eric Ernest Falk Pretty (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1951 - Jun 1953 John Coleraine Hanbury Barcroft (b. 1908 - d. 1958)
Jun 1953 - Jul 1958 John Orman Gilbert (b. 1907 - d. 1995)
Jul 1958 - 31 Mar 1963 Dennis Charles White (from 1 Jan
1962, Sir Dennis Charles White) (b. 1910 - d. 1983)
1963 Angus MacKay Mackintosh (b. 1915 - d. 1986)
9 Dec 1963 - 1965 Edgar Ord Laird (b. 1915 - d. 1992)
1 Jul 1965 - 1967 Fernley Douglas Webber (b. 1918 - d. 1991)
1 May 1968 - 1972 Arthur Robin Adair (b. 1913 - d. 1981)
12 Jan 1972 - 1975 Peter Gautrey (b. 1918 - d. 2014)
8 Jan 1975 - 1978 James Alfred Davidson (b. 1922 - d. 2004)
6 Nov 1978 - 1983 Arthur Christopher Watson (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
5 Aug 1983 - 31 Dec 1983 Francis Cornish (b. 1942)
1396 part of Ottoman Empire
8 Jul 1879 Principality of Bulgaria (under Ottoman suzerainty)
5 Oct 1908 Tsardom of Bulgaria
15 Sep 1946 People's Republic of Bulgaria
15 Nov 1990 Republic of Bulgaria
General secretaries of the Bulgarian Communist Party
11 Aug 1948 - 2 Jul 1949 Georgi Dimitrov (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
8 Nov 1950 - 4 Mar 1954 Vulko Chervenkov (b. 1900 - d. 1980)
4 Mar 1954 - 10 Nov 1989 Todor Zhivkov (b. 1911 - d. 1998)
(until 4 Apr 1981 first secretary)
10 Nov 1989 - 2 Feb 1990 Petur Mladenov (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
("leading role" of the party abolished 15 Jan 1990)
Princes
- Battenberg dynasty -
8 Jul 1879 - 21 Aug 1886 Aleksandur (1st time) (b. 1857 - d. 1893)
21 Aug 1886 - 24 Aug 1886 Kliment (regent) (b. 1840 - d. 1901)
24 Aug 1886 - 28 Aug 1886 Petko Karavelov (regent) (b. 1843 - d. 1903)
28 Aug 1886 - 29 Aug 1886 Princely administrators
- Stefan Stambolov (b. 1854 - d. 1895)
- Petko Slaveykov (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
- Georgi Stranski (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
29 Aug 1886 - 7 Sep 1886 Aleksandur (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1886 - 14 Aug 1887 Regency Council
- Stefan Stambolov (s.a.)
- Petko Karavelov (s.a.)
(to 27 Oct 1886)
- Georgi Zhivkov (b. 1844 - d. 1899)
(from 13 Nov 1886)
- Sava Mutkurov (b. 1852 - d. 1891)
- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty -
14 Aug 1887 - 5 Oct 1908 Ferdinand I (b. 1861 - d. 1948)
Tsars
- Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty -
5 Oct 1908 - 3 Oct 1918 Ferdinand I (s.a.)
27 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Rayko Daskalov (b. 1886 - d. 1923)
(leader of the "Radomir Republic")
3 Oct 1918 - 28 Aug 1943 Boris III (b. 1894 - d. 1943)
28 Aug 1943 - 15 Sep 1946 Simeon II (b. 1937)
28 Aug 1943 - 14 Sep 1943 Bogdan Filov (regent) (b. 1883 - d. 1945)
14 Sep 1943 - 21 Sep 1943 Dobri Bozhilov (regent) (b. 1884 - d. 1945)
21 Sep 1943 - 9 Sep 1944 Regency Council
- Knyaz Kiril (b. 1895 - d. 1945)
- Bogdan Filov (s.a.)
- Nikola Mihov (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
9 Sep 1944 - 15 Sep 1946 Regency Council
- Venelin Yordanov Ganev (b. 1880 - d. 1966)
- Todor Dimitrov Pavlov (b. 1890 - d. 1977)
- Tsvetko Boboshevski (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
Chairman of the Provisional Presidency
15 Sep 1946 - 9 Dec 1947 Vasil Kolarov (b. 1877 - d. 1950)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the National Assembly
9 Dec 1947 - 27 May 1950 Mincho Neychev (b. 1887 - d. 1956)
27 May 1950 - 27 Nov 1958 Georgi Damyanov (b. 1892 - d. 1958)
27 Nov 1958 - 30 Nov 1958 Georgi Kulishev (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
+ Nikolay Georgiev (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
(acting)
30 Nov 1958 - 20 Apr 1964 Dimitur Ganev (b. 1898 - d. 1964)
20 Apr 1964 - 23 Apr 1964 Georgi Kulishev (2nd time) (s.a.)
+ Nikolay Georgiev (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
23 Apr 1964 - 7 Jul 1971 Georgi Traykov (b. 1898 - d. 1975)
Chairmen of the State Council
7 Jul 1971 - 17 Nov 1989 Todor Zhivkov (s.a.)
17 Nov 1989 - 3 Apr 1990 Petur Mladenov (s.a.)
Presidents
3 Apr 1990 - 6 Jul 1990 Petur Mladenov (s.a.)
6 Jul 1990 - 17 Jul 1990 Stanko Todorov (acting) (b. 1920 - d. 1996)
17 Jul 1990 - 1 Aug 1990 Nikolay Todorov (acting) (b. 1921 - d. 2003)
1 Aug 1990 - 22 Jan 1997 Zhelyu Zhelev (b. 1935 - d. 2015)
22 Jan 1997 - 22 Jan 2002 Petur Stoyanov (b. 1952)
22 Jan 2002 - 22 Jan 2012 Georgi Purvanov (b. 1957)
22 Jan 2012 - 22 Jan 2017 Rosen Plevneliev (b. 1964)
22 Jan 2017 - Rumen Radev (b. 1963)
Prime ministers
17 Jul 1879 - 6 Dec 1879 Todor Burmov (b. 1834 - d. 1906)
6 Dec 1879 - 7 Apr 1880 Kliment (1st time) (s.a.)
8 Apr 1880 - 10 Dec 1880 Dragan Tsankov (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1911)
10 Dec 1880 - 9 May 1881 Petko Karavelov (1st time) (s.a.)
9 May 1881 - 13 Jul 1881 Yohan Kazimir Ernrot (b. 1833 - d. 1913)
5 Jul 1882 - 19 Sep 1883 Leonid Sobolev (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
19 Sep 1883 - 11 Jul 1884 Dragan Tsankov (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jul 1884 - 21 Aug 1886 Petko Karavelov (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Aug 1886 - 24 Aug 1886 Kliment (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Aug 1886 - 28 Aug 1886 Petko Karavelov (3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Aug 1886 - 10 Jul 1887 Vasil Radoslavov (1st time) (b. 1854 - d. 1929)
11 Jul 1887 - 1 Sep 1887 Konstantin Stoilov (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1901)
1 Sep 1887 - 31 May 1894 Stefan Stambolov (s.a.)
31 May 1894 - 30 Jan 1899 Konstantin Stoilov (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1899 - 13 Oct 1899 Dimitur Grekov (b. 1847 - d. 1901)
13 Oct 1899 - 25 Jan 1901 Todor Ivanchov (b. 1858 - d. 1906)
25 Jan 1901 - 5 Mar 1901 Racho Petrov (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1942)
5 Mar 1901 - 3 Jan 1902 Petko Karavelov (4th time) (s.a.)
4 Jan 1902 - 19 May 1903 Stoyan Danev (1st time) (b. 1858 - d. 1949)
19 May 1903 - 4 Nov 1906 Racho Petrov (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Nov 1906 - 11 Mar 1907 Dimitur Petkov (b. 1858 - d. 1907)
12 Mar 1907 - 16 Mar 1907 Dimitur Stanchov (b. 1864 - d. 1940)
16 Mar 1907 - 29 Jan 1908 Petur Gudev (b. 1862 - d. 1932)
29 Jan 1908 - 29 Mar 1911 Aleksandur Malinov (1st time) (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
29 Mar 1911 - 14 Jun 1913 Ivan Evstratiev Geshov (b. 1849 - d. 1924)
14 Jun 1913 - 17 Jul 1913 Stoyan Danev (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Jul 1913 - 21 Jun 1918 Vasil Radoslavov (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1918 - 28 Nov 1918 Aleksandur Malinov (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Nov 1918 - 6 Oct 1919 Teodor Teodorov (b. 1859 - d. 1924)
7 Oct 1919 - 9 Jun 1923 Aleksandur Stamboliyski (b. 1879 - d. 1923)
9 Jun 1923 - 4 Jan 1926 Aleksandur Tsankov (b. 1879 - d. 1959)
4 Jan 1926 - 29 Jun 1931 Andrey Lyapchev (b. 1866 - d. 1933)
29 Jun 1931 - 12 Oct 1931 Aleksandur Malinov (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1931 - 19 May 1934 Nikola Mushanov (b. 1872 - d. 1951)
19 May 1934 - 22 Jan 1935 Kimon Georgiev (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1968)
22 Jan 1935 - 21 Apr 1935 Pencho Zlatev (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
21 Apr 1935 - 23 Nov 1935 Andrey Toshev (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
23 Nov 1935 - 15 Feb 1940 Georgi Kyoseivanov (b. 1884 - d. 1960)
15 Feb 1940 - 12 Sep 1943 Bogdan Filov (s.a.)
12 Sep 1943 - 14 Sep 1943 Petur Gabrovski (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1945)
14 Sep 1943 - 1 Jun 1944 Dobri Bozhilov (s.a.)
1 Jun 1944 - 2 Sep 1944 Ivan Bagrianov (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
2 Sep 1944 - 9 Sep 1944 Konstantin Muraviev (b. 1893 - d. 1965)
9 Sep 1944 - 22 Nov 1946 Kimon Georgiev (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (premiers)
23 Nov 1946 - 2 Jul 1949 Georgi Dimitrov (s.a.)
2 Jul 1949 - 23 Jan 1950 Vasil Kolarov (s.a.)
(acting to 20 Jul 1949)
23 Jan 1950 - 18 Apr 1956 Vulko Chervenkov (s.a.)
(acting to 1 Feb 1950)
18 Apr 1956 - 19 Nov 1962 Anton Yugov (b. 1904 - d. 1991)
19 Nov 1962 - 7 Jul 1971 Todor Zhivkov (s.a.)
7 Jul 1971 - 18 Jun 1981 Stanko Todorov (s.a.)
18 Jun 1981 - 24 Mar 1986 Grisha Filipov (b. 1919 - d. 1994)
24 Mar 1986 - 8 Feb 1990 Georgi Atanasov (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
8 Feb 1990 - 20 Dec 1990 Andrey Lukanov (b. 1938 - d. 1996)
Prime ministers
20 Dec 1990 - 8 Nov 1991 Dimitur Popov (b. 1927 - d. 2015)
8 Nov 1991 - 30 Dec 1992 Filip Dimitrov (b. 1955)
30 Dec 1992 - 17 Oct 1994 Lyuben Berov (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
17 Oct 1994 - 25 Jan 1995 Reneta Indzhova (f) (interim) (b. 1953)
25 Jan 1995 - 12 Feb 1997 Zhan Videnov (b. 1959)
12 Feb 1997 - 21 May 1997 Stefan Sofiyanski (interim) (b. 1951)
21 May 1997 - 24 Jul 2001 Ivan Kostov (b. 1949)
24 Jul 2001 - 16 Aug 2005 Simeon Sakskoburggotski
(= Simeon II) (s.a.)
16 Aug 2005 - 27 Jul 2009 Sergey Stanishev (b. 1966)
27 Jul 2009 - 13 Mar 2013 Boyko Borisov (1st time) (b. 1959)
13 Mar 2013 - 29 May 2013 Marin Raikov (interim) (b. 1960)
29 May 2013 - 6 Aug 2014 Plamen Oresharski (b. 1960)
6 Aug 2014 - 7 Nov 2014 Georgi Bliznashki (interim) (b. 1956)
7 Nov 2014 - 27 Jan 2017 Boyko Borisov (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Jan 2017 - 4 May 2017 Ognyan Gerdzhikov (interim) (b. 1946)
4 May 2017 - 12 May 2021 Boyko Borisov (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 May 2021 - 13 Dec 2021 Stefan Yanev (interim) (b. 1960)
13 Dec 2021 - 2 Aug 2022 Kiril Petkov (b. 1980)
2 Aug 2022 - Gulub Donev (interim) (b. 1967)
Chairman
Sep 1944 - 15 Sep 1947 Fyodor Tolbukhin (U.S.S.R.) (b. 1894 - d. 1949)
Sep 1944 - May 1947 Sergey Biryuzov (U.S.S.R.) (b. 1904 - d. 1964)
(acting for Tolbukhin)
May 1947 - 15 Sep 1947 Aleksandr Cherepanov (U.S.S.R.) (b. 1895 - d. 1984)
(acting for Tolbukhin)
19 May 1879 autonomy within the Ottoman Empire
18 Sep 1885 part of Bulgaria
Governors-general
19 May 1879 - 26 Apr 1884 Aleksandur Bogoridi "Aleko Pasha" (b. 1823 - d. 1910)
26 Apr 1884 - 18 Sep 1885 Gavril Krustevich "Gavril Pasha" (b. 1820 - d. 1898)
18 Sep 1885 - Apr 1886 Georgi Stranski (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
(president of provisional government)
Apr 1886 - 5 Oct 1908 the princes of Bulgaria (s.a.)
1904 part of Haut-Sénégal-Niger (see under Mali)
1 Mar 1919 Upper Volta a French colony (part of French West Africa;
see under Senegal)
1 Jan 1933 partitioned between French Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Niger
4 Sep 1947 French territory
11 Dec 1958 autonomy (Republic of Upper Volta)
5 Aug 1960 independence
4 Aug 1984 Burkina Faso
Lieutenant governors
9 Nov 1919 - 7 Aug 1927 Frédéric Hesling (b. 1869 - d. 1934)
7 Aug 1927 - 13 Jan 1928 Robert Arnaud (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
13 Jan 1928 - 22 Dec 1932 Albéric Fournier
22 Dec 1932 - 31 Dec 1932 Gabriel Descemet (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
Governors
6 Sep 1947 - 29 Apr 1948 Gaston Mourgues (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1966)
29 Apr 1948 - Mar 1952 Albert Mouragues (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
Mar 1952 - 23 Feb 1953 Roland Pré (b. 1907 - d. 1980)
23 Feb 1953 - 3 Nov 1956 Jean Étcheber (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
3 Nov 1956 - 15 Jul 1958 Yvon Bourges (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
15 Jul 1958 - 11 Dec 1958 Max Berthet (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1961)
High commissioners
11 Dec 1958 - Feb 1959 Max Berthet (s.a.)
Feb 1959 - 5 Aug 1960 Paul Masson (b. 1920 - d. 2009)
Presidents
11 Dec 1959 - 4 Jan 1966 Maurice Yaméogo (b. 1921 - d. 1993)
4 Jan 1966 - 25 Nov 1980 Sangoulé Lamizana (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
25 Nov 1980 - 7 Nov 1982 Saye Zerbo (b. 1932 - d. 2013)
(president of Military Committee of Recovery for
National Progress)
8 Nov 1982 - 4 Aug 1983 Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo (b. 1942)
(chairman Provisional Committee of Popular Salvation
[provisional to 11 Nov 1982] to 26 Nov 1982, then
Head of State)
4 Aug 1983 - 15 Oct 1987 Thomas Sankara (b. 1949 - d. 1987)
(chairman National Revolutionary Council and
Head of State)
15 Oct 1987 - 30 Oct 2014 Blaise Compaoré (b. 1951)
(president of Popular Front [from 31 Oct 1987 also Head
of State] to 24 Dec 1991)
31 Oct 2014 - 1 Nov 2014 Honoré Traoré (Head of State) (b. 1957)
1 Nov 2014 - 18 Nov 2014 Isaac Zida (Head of State) (b. 1965)
18 Nov 2014 - 16 Sep 2015 Michel Kafando (1st time) (b. 1942)
(transitional)
17 Sep 2015 - 23 Sep 2015 Gilbert Diendéré (b. 1958)
(head of National Council of Democracy)
23 Sep 2015 - 29 Dec 2015 Michel Kafando (2nd time) (s.a.)
(transitional)
29 Dec 2015 - 24 Jan 2022 Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (b. 1957)
24 Jan 2022 - 30 Sep 2022 Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba
(head of Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration
to 31 Jan 2022; transitional from 2 Mar 2022)
30 Sep 2022 - Ibrahim Traoré (b. 1988?)
(head of Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration
to 21 Oct 2022; then transitional)
Prime ministers
18 May 1957 - 7 Sep 1958 Ouezzin Coulibaly (b. 1909 - d. 1958)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
then president of the Government Council)
7 Sep 1958 - 11 Dec 1959 Maurice Yaméogo (s.a.)
(president of the Government Council to 11 Dec 1958
[acting to 21 Oct 1958])
13 Feb 1971 - 8 Feb 1974 Gérard Kango Ouedraogo (b. 1925 - d. 2014)
8 Feb 1974 - 7 Jul 1978 Sangoulé Lamizana (s.a.)
7 Jul 1978 - 25 Nov 1980 Joseph Conombo (b. 1917 - d. 2008)
25 Nov 1980 - 7 Nov 1982 Saye Zerbo (s.a.)
10 Jan 1983 - 17 May 1983 Thomas Sankara (s.a.)
16 Jun 1992 - 22 Mar 1994 Youssouf Ouedraogo (b. 1952 - d. 2017)
22 Mar 1994 - 6 Feb 1996 Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (s.a.)
6 Feb 1996 - 7 Nov 2000 Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo (b. 1953)
7 Nov 2000 - 11 Jun 2007 Paramanga Ernest Yonli (b. 1956)
11 Jun 2007 - 18 Apr 2011 Tertius Zongo (b. 1957)
18 Apr 2011 - 30 Oct 2014 Luc Adolphe Tiao (b. 1954)
19 Nov 2014 - 16 Sep 2015 Isaac Zida (1st time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 2015 - 13 Jan 2016 Isaac Zida (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Jan 2016 - 24 Jan 2019 Paul Kaba Thieba (b. 1960)
24 Jan 2019 - 30 Dec 2020 Christophe Dabiré (1st time) (b. 1948)
10 Jan 2021 - 8 Dec 2021 Christophe Dabiré (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Dec 2021 - 24 Jan 2022 Lassina Zerbo (b. 1963)
3 Mar 2022 - 30 Sep 2022 Albert Ouedraogo (b. 1969)
21 Oct 2022 - Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de
Tambèla (b. 1958)
c.1680 Burundi kingdom founded
1 Jul 1890 part of German East Africa
Jun 1916 Belgian occupation
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandate (Ruanda-Urundi)
13 Dec 1946 United Nations trust territory
Jan 1961 autonomy
1 Jul 1962 independence (Kingdom of Burundi)
28 Nov 1966 Republic of Burundi
Kings (title Mwami)¹
c.1680 - c.1709 Ntare Rushatsi
c.1709 - c.1739 Mwezi Ndagushimiye
c.1739 - c.1767 Mutaga Senyamwiza (b. ... - d. c.1767)
c.1767 - c.1796 Mwambutsa Mbariza (b. ... - d. c.1796)
c.1796 - c.1850 Ntare IV Rugamba (b. ... - d. c.1850)
c.1850 - 21 Aug 1908 Mwezi IV Gisabo² (b. 1840 - d. 1908)
18.. - 9 May 1905 Macoonco (in rebellion)² (b. 18... - d. 1905)
18.. - Apr 1906 Cyilima (in rebellion)²
1908 - 30 Nov 1915 Mutaga IV Mbikije (b. 1903 - d. 1915)
16 Dec 1915 - 8 Jul 1966 Mwambutsa IV Bangilicenge (b. 1912 - d. 1977)
8 Jul 1966 - 1 Sep 1966 Prince Charles Ndizeye (b. 1947 - d. 1972)
(Head of State)
1 Sep 1966 - 28 Nov 1966 Ntare V Ndizeye (s.a.)
Presidents
28 Nov 1966 - 1 Nov 1976 Michel Micombero (b. 1940 - d. 1983)
2 Nov 1976 - 3 Sep 1987 Jean-Baptiste Bagaza (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
(chairman Supreme Revolutionary Council to 10 Nov 1976)
3 Sep 1987 - 10 Jul 1993 Pierre Buyoya (1st time) (b. 1949 - d. 2020)
(chairman Military Committee of National Salvation to
9 Sep 1987)
10 Jul 1993 - 21 Oct 1993 Melchior Ndadaye (b. 1953 - d. 1993)
21 Oct 1993 - 27 Oct 1993 François Ngeze
(chairman Committee of Public Salvation, in rebellion)
27 Oct 1993 - 5 Feb 1994 Sylvie Kinigi (f) (acting) (b. 1953)
5 Feb 1994 - 6 Apr 1994 Cyprien Ntaryamira (b. 1955 - d. 1994)
6 Apr 1994 - 25 Jul 1996 Sylvestre Ntibantunganya (b. 1956)
(acting to 1 Oct 1994)
25 Jul 1996 - 30 Apr 2003 Pierre Buyoya (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional to 11 Jun 1998)
30 Apr 2003 - 26 Aug 2005 Domitien Ndayizeye (b. 1953)
26 Aug 2005 - 8 Jun 2020 Pierre Nkurunziza (b. 1964 - d. 2020)
8 Jun 2020 - 18 Jun 2020 vacant
18 Jun 2020 - Evariste Ndayishimiye (b. 1968)
Prime ministers
26 Jan 1961 - 28 Sep 1961 Joseph Cimpaye (b. 1932 - d. 1972)
28 Sep 1961 - 13 Oct 1961 Louis Rwagasore (b. 1932 - d. 1961)
20 Oct 1961 - 17 Jun 1963 André Muhirwa (b. 1920 - d. 2003)
17 Jun 1963 - 6 Apr 1964 Pierre Ngendandumwe (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1965)
6 Apr 1964 - 11 Jan 1965 Albin Nyamoya (1st time) (b. 1924 - d. 2001)
11 Jan 1965 - 15 Jan 1965 Pierre Ngendandumwe (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Jan 1965 - 25 Jan 1965 Pie Masumbuko (acting) (b. 1931)
25 Jan 1965 - 30 Sep 1965 Joseph Bamina (b. 1925 - d. 1965)
30 Sep 1965 - 8 Jul 1966 Léopold Biha (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
11 Jul 1966 - 28 Nov 1966 Michel Micombero (s.a.)
15 Jul 1972 - 5 Jun 1973 Albin Nyamoya (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Nov 1976 - 13 Oct 1978 Édouard Nzambimana (b. 1945 - d. 2015)
19 Oct 1988 - 10 Jul 1993 Adrien Sibomana (b. 1953)
10 Jul 1993 - 7 Feb 1994 Sylvie Kinigi (f) (s.a.)
7 Feb 1994 - 22 Feb 1995 Anatole Kanyenkiko (b. 1952)
22 Feb 1995 - 31 Jul 1996 Antoine Nduwayo (b. 1942)
31 Jul 1996 - 12 Jun 1998 Pascal-Firmin Ndimira (b. 1956)
24 Jun 2020 - 7 Sep 2022 Alain Guillaume Bunyoni (b. 1972)
7 Sep 2022 - Gervais Ndirakobuca (b. 1970)
German residents
15 Nov 1907 - 1908 Werner von Grawert (b. 18... - d. 1918)
1908 - 1909 Heinrich Fonck (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 19...)
1909 Eberhard Gudowius (b. 1878 - d. 19...)
1909 Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller
(1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1917)
1909 - 1910 Otto Brentzel
Jan 1910 - Jan 1911 Wilhelm Göring
1911 Kurt von Stegmann und Stein
1911 - 1913 Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1913 - 1914 Karl von Bock
1914 - 12 Jan 1915 Karl Schimmer (b. 1877 - d. 1915)
1915 Max Wentzel
1915 - Jun 1916 Erich von Langenn-Steinkeller
(3rd time) (s.a.)
Belgian residents
191. - Dec 1918 Edouard van den Eede (b. 1888 - d. 1947)
(military resident)
Jan 1919 - 1928 Pierre Ryckmans (b. 1891 - d. 1959)
1928 - 12 May 1929 Oscar Defawe (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1952)
1 Feb 1930 - 24 Dec 1930 Charles, baron de l'Epine (b. 1887 - d. 19...)
(interim)
24 Dec 1930 - 17 Jul 1933 Léon Borgers (b. 1897 - d. 19...)
17 Jul 1933 - 1935 Oger Coubeau (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
1935 - 1937 R. Hombert
12 Jan 1938 - 1940 René Verstappen (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 19...)
2 Feb 1944 - Jul 1953 Robert Schmidt (b. 1908 - d. ...)
Jul 1953 - 1956* Fernand Siroux (b. 1908 - d. ...)
*1957 - 28 Oct 1959 Robert Scheyven (b. 1906 - d. ...)
28 Oct 1959 - 28 Jul 1961 Ivan Reisdorff (b. 1913 - d. 1981)
28 Jul 1961 - Jan 1962 Roberto Regnier
High Representatives
Jan 1962 - 1962 Roberto Regnier
1962 - 1 Jul 1962 Edouard Henniquiau (b. 1911 - d. 199...)
1899 military district of Usumbura formed within German East
Africa
1906 becomes military residency
15 Nov 1907 divided into two civil residencies
1916 Belgian conquest of parts of German East Africa
(including Ruanda and Urundi, but also other parts)
30 May 1919 treaty with Britain: only Ruanda and Urundi remain under
Belgian administration
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandate
1 Mar 1926 - 30 Jun 1960 administrative union with Belgian Congo
13 Dec 1946 United Nations trust territory
1 Jul 1962 independence of both territories
Commanders
1899 - 1902 Heinrich von Bethe
1902 - 1904 Robert von Beringe (b. 1865 - d. 1940)
1904 - 15 Nov 1907 Werner von Grawert (s.a.)
(from 1906 resident)
Military governor of the occupied East African territories
1916 - 22 Nov 1916 Charles Henry Marie Ernest,
baron Tombeur de Tabora (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
Royal commissioners for occupied East Africa
22 Nov 1916 - May 1919 Justin Malfeyt (b. 1862 - d. 1924)
May 1919 - 20 Oct 1924 Alfred Marzorati (b. 1881 - d. 1955)
Nov 1921 - Jul 1922 Pierre Ryckmans (acting) (s.a.)
Royal commissioner for Ruanda-Urundi
20 Oct 1924 - 28 Aug 1926 Alfred Marzorati (s.a.)
15 Nov 1925 - 13 Dec 1926 Pierre Ryckmans (acting) (s.a.)
Governors (also deputy governors-general of the Belgian Congo)
28 Aug 1926 - 5 Feb 1929 Alfred Marzorati (s.a.)
5 Feb 1929 - 4 Jul 1930 Louis Joseph Postiaux (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1948)
4 Jul 1930 - 18 Aug 1932 Charles Voisin (b. 1887 - d. 1942)
18 Aug 1932 - 5 Jul 1946 Eugène Jungers (b. 1888 - d. 1958)
5 Jul 1946 - Aug 1949 Maurice Simon (acting to 1947) (b. 1892 - d. 1960)
Aug 1949 - 1 Jan 1952 Léon Pétillon (b. 1903 - d. 1996)
1 Jan 1952 - 1 Mar 1955 Alfred Claeys-Bouuaert (b. 1906 - d. 1993)
1 Mar 1955 - 1960 Jean-Paul Harroy (b. 1909 - d. 1995)
Resident-general
1960 - 11 Jan 1962 Jean-Paul Harroy (s.a.)
¹The names of the kings followed a fixed cycle: Ntare, Mwezi, Mutaga, Mwambutsa. Traditionally it was thought that there were four full cycles, but today it is believed there were only two.