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9 Oct 1820 independence (Province of Guayaquil) 31 Jul 1822 incorporation into Great Colombia (see Colombia) Political Chief 9 Oct 1820 - 14 Oct 1820 José Joaquín de Olmedo (b. 1780 - d. 1847) Presidents of the Governing Junta 14 Oct 1820 - 8 Nov 1820 Gregorio Escobedo (provisional) 8 Nov 1820 - 13 Jul 1822 José Joaquín de Olmedo (s.a.) 13 Jul 1822 - 31 Jul 1822 Simón Bolívar (b. 1783 - d. 1830)
5 Nov 1820 independence (Free Province of Cuenca) 11 Apr 1822 incorporation into Great Colombia (see Colombia) Political Chief 5 Nov 1820 - 15 Nov 1820 José María Vásquez de Noboa President of the Supreme Governing Junta 15 Nov 1820 - 11 Apr 1822 José María Vásquez de Noboa
13 May 1830 State of the South of Colombia
22 Sep 1830 State of Ecuador (literally "State of the Equator")
8 Aug 1835 Republic of Ecuador
Chief of State
13 May 1830 - 22 Sep 1830 Juan José Flores (b. 1800 - d. 1864)
(Head of Administration to 14 Aug 1830)
Presidents
22 Sep 1830 - 10 Sep 1834 Juan José Flores (1st time) (s.a.)
10 Sep 1834 - 31 Jan 1839 Vicente Rocafuerte (b. 1783 - d. 1847)
(Supreme Chief of the Department of the Guayas; as such,
in rebellion 20 Oct 1833 - Jul 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 18 Jan 1835 José Félix Valdivieso (b. 1784 - d. 1856)
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
31 Jan 1839 - 18 Jun 1845 Juan José Flores (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim 18 Jan - 1 Apr 1843)
18 Jun 1845 - 8 Dec 1845 José Joaquín de Olmedo (s.a.)
(President of the Provisional Government;
in rebellion from 6 Mar 1845)
8 Dec 1845 - 15 Oct 1849 Vicente Ramón Roca (b. 1792 - d. 1858)
15 Oct 1849 - 10 Jun 1850 Manuel de Ascásubi (1st time) (b. 1804 - d. 1876)
(acting)
Mar 1850 - 1850 Antonio de Elizalde (b. 1795 - d. 1862)
(Supreme Chief, in rebellion)
10 Jun 1850 - 17 Jul 1851 Diego Noboa y Arteta (b. 1789 - d. 1870)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 20 Feb 1850] to 8 Dec
1850; interim 8 Dec 1850 - 26 Feb 1851)
17 Jul 1851 - 16 Oct 1856 José María Urvina (b. 1808 - d. 1891)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 13 Jul 1851] to 17 Jul
1852; interim 17 Jul - 6 Sep 1852)
16 Oct 1856 - 17 Sep 1859 Francisco Robles (b. 1811 - d. 1893)
1 May 1859 - 4 Jun 1859 Provisional Government
(in rebellion)
- Manuel Gómez de la Torre (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
(to 25 May 1859)
- Gabriel García Moreno (b. 1821 - d. 1875)
(from 25 May 1859)
- José María Avilés (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1874)
- Pacífico Chiriboga (b. 1810 - d. 1886)
6 Jun 1859 - 1859 Jerónimo Carrión (b. 1804 - d. 1873)
(acting; in rebellion)
17 Sep 1859 - 31 Aug 1865 Gabriel García Moreno (1st time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 4 Jun 1859] to 17 Jan
1861; interim 17 Jan 1861 - 2 Apr 1865)
17 Sep 1859 - 24 Sep 1860 Guillermo Franco (b. 1811 - d. 1886)
(Supreme Chief of Guayas and Azuay, in rebellion)
31 Aug 1865 - 7 Sep 1865 Rafael Carvajal (acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
7 Sep 1865 - 6 Nov 1867 Jerónimo Carrión (s.a.)
6 Nov 1867 - 20 Jan 1868 Pedro José de Arteta (acting) (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
20 Jan 1868 - 19 Jan 1869 Francisco Javier Espinosa (b. 1815 - d. 1875)
19 Jan 1869 - 16 May 1869 Gabriel García Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
16 May 1869 - 10 Aug 1869 Manuel de Ascásubi (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
10 Aug 1869 - 6 Aug 1875 Gabriel García Moreno (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1875 - 6 Oct 1875 Francisco Javier León (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1880)
6 Oct 1875 - 1875 José Javier Eguiguren (acting) (b. 1816 - d. 1884)
1875 - 9 Dec 1875 Rafael Pólit (acting) (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
9 Dec 1875 - 18 Dec 1876 Antonio Borrero y Cortázar (b. 1827 - d. 1911)
19 Dec 1876 - 9 Jul 1883 Ignacio de Veintemilla (b. 1828 - d. 1908)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 8 Sep 1876] to 26 Jan
1878; interim to 31 Mar 1878; then again Supreme Chief
from 26 Mar 1882)
Feb 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Eloy Alfaro (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1912)
(Supreme Chief of Manabí and Esmeraldas, in rebellion)
9 Jul 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Provisional Government
(in rebellion from 14 Jan 1883)
- José María Sarasti
- Pedro Ignacio Lizarzaburu (b. 1834 - d. 1902)
- Agustín Guerrero (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
- Pablo Herrera (b. 1820 - d. 1896)
(to 14 Feb 1883)
- Luis Cordero Crespo (b. 1833 - d. 1912)
(from 14 Feb 1883)
- Rafael Pérez Pareja (b. ... - d. 1897)
17 Sep 1883 - 11 Oct 1883 Pedro Carbo (b. 1813 - d. 1894)
(Supreme Chief of Guayas, in rebellion)
11 Oct 1883 - 15 Oct 1883 Ramón Borrero y Cortázar (b. 1824 - d. 1894)
(Vice President of the National Convention)
15 Oct 1883 - 23 Nov 1883 Rafael Pérez Pareja (acting) (s.a.)
23 Nov 1883 - 1 Jul 1888 José María Plácido Caamaño (b. 1837 - d. 1907)
(interim to 10 Feb 1884)
1 Jul 1888 - 17 Aug 1888 Pedro José Cevallos (acting) (b. 1830 - d. 1892)
17 Aug 1888 - 1 Jul 1892 Antonio Flores (b. 1833 - d. 1915)
1 Jul 1892 - 16 Apr 1895 Luis Cordero Crespo (s.a.)
16 Apr 1895 - 23 Aug 1895 Vicente Lucio Salazar (acting) (b. 1832 - d. 1896)
23 Aug 1895 - 1 Sep 1901 Eloy Alfaro (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Chief [in rebellion from 19 Jun 1895] to 16 Apr
1896; interim 16 Apr 1896 - 13 Jan 1897)
1 Sep 1901 - 1 Sep 1905 Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez
(1st time) (b. 1865 - d. 1932)
1 Sep 1905 - 16 Jan 1906 Lizardo García (b. 1842 - d. 1927)
16 Jan 1906 - 12 Aug 1911 Eloy Alfaro (3rd time) (s.a.)
(Supreme Head to 9 Oct 1906; interim president
9 Oct 1906 - 1 Jan 1907)
12 Aug 1911 - 1 Sep 1911 Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1928)
1 Sep 1911 - 22 Dec 1911 Emilio Estrada (b. 1855 - d. 1911)
22 Dec 1911 - 6 Mar 1912 Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912 Flavio E. Alfaro Santana (b. 1866 - d. 1912)
(in rebellion)
30 Dec 1911 - Jan 1912 Pedro J. Montero Maridueña (b. 1862 - d. 1912)
(in rebellion)
6 Mar 1912 - 10 Aug 1912 Francisco Andrade Marín (acting) (b. 1841 - d. 1935)
10 Aug 1912 - 1 Sep 1912 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1859 - d. 1951)
1 Sep 1912 - 1 Sep 1916 Leonidas Plaza Gutiérrez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1916 - 1 Sep 1920 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1920 - 1 Sep 1924 José Luis Tamayo (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
1 Sep 1924 - 9 Jul 1925 Gonzalo S. Córdova (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
9 Jul 1925 - 10 Jul 1925 Luis Telmo Paz y Miño (b. 1884 - d. 19...)
(chairman Supreme Military Junta)
10 Jul 1925 - 10 Jan 1926 Provisional Government Junta
- Luis Napoleón Dillon (b. 1875 - d. 1929)
- Pedro Pablo Garaicoa (b. 1874 - d. 19...)
- Moisés Oliva (b. ... - d. 1926)
(to 14 Jul 1925)
- Francisco Gómez de la Torre (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
(to 24 Oct 1925)
- José Rafael Bustamante (b. 1881 - d. 1961)
(to 22 Dec 1925)
- Modesto Larrea Jijón (b. 1890 - d. 1957)
(from 13 Jul 1925)
- Francisco J. Boloña (b. 1882 - d. 19...)
(from 13 Jul 1925)
- Francisco Arízaga Luque (b. 1900 - d. 1964)
(from 14 Jul 1925)
(chair rotating weekly)
10 Jan 1926 - 10 Mar 1926 Humberto Albornoz Sánchez (b. 1894 - d. 1959)
(chairman Provisional Government Junta)
10 Mar 1926 - 1 Apr 1926 Julio Enrique Moreno (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1952)
(chairman Provisional Government Junta)
1 Apr 1926 - 24 Aug 1931 Isidro Ayora (b. 1879 - d. 1978)
(provisional to 10 Oct 1928; interim 10 Oct 1928 -
17 Apr 1929)
24 Aug 1931 - 15 Oct 1931 Luis A. Larrea Alba (acting) (b. 1895 - d. 1980)
15 Oct 1931 - 27 Aug 1932 Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno
(3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
27 Aug 1932 - 2 Sep 1932 Carlos Freile Larrea (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
2 Sep 1932 - 5 Dec 1932 Alberto Guerrero Martínez (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1941)
5 Dec 1932 - 20 Oct 1933 Juan de Dios Martínez Mera (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
20 Oct 1933 - 1 Sep 1934 Abelardo Montalvo (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
1 Sep 1934 - 21 Aug 1935 José María Velasco Ibarra
(1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
21 Aug 1935 - 26 Sep 1935 Antonio Pons Campuzano (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
26 Sep 1935 (hours) Benigno Andrade Flores
(chairman military junta)
26 Sep 1935 - 23 Oct 1937 Federico Páez Chiriboga (b. 1876 - d. 1974)
(acting head of state to 10 Aug 1937, then interim
president)
23 Oct 1937 - 10 Aug 1938 Alberto Enríquez Gallo (b. 1895 - d. 1962)
(Supreme Head of State)
10 Aug 1938 - 2 Dec 1938 Manuel María Borrero González (b. 1883 - d. 1975)
(interim)
2 Dec 1938 - 17 Nov 1939 Aurelio Mosquera Narváez (b. 1883 - d. 1939)
17 Nov 1939 - 11 Dec 1939 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1969)
11 Dec 1939 - 10 Aug 1940 Andrés F. Córdova Nieto (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1983)
10 Aug 1940 - 1 Sep 1940 Julio Enrique Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1 Sep 1940 - 29 May 1944 Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
(2nd time) (s.a.)
29 May 1944 - 31 May 1944 Julio Teodoro Salem (b. 1909 - d. 1962)
(rotating chairman of the Political Bureau of Alianza
Democrática Ecuatoriana, in charge of the executive power)
31 May 1944 - 23 Aug 1947 José María Velasco Ibarra
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Aug 1947 - 2 Sep 1947 Carlos Mancheno Cajas (acting) (b. 1902 - d. 1996)
2 Sep 1947 - 16 Sep 1947 Mariano Suárez Veintimilla (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
16 Sep 1947 - 31 Aug 1948 Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola (b. 1888 - d. 1952)
1 Sep 1948 - 31 Aug 1952 Galo Plaza Lasso (b. 1906 - d. 1987)
1 Sep 1952 - 31 Aug 1956 José María Velasco Ibarra
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Sep 1956 - 31 Aug 1960 Camilo Ponce Enríquez (b. 1912 - d. 1976)
1 Sep 1960 - 7 Nov 1961 José María Velasco Ibarra
(4th time) (s.a.)
7 Nov 1961 - 11 Jul 1963 Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy (b. 1919 - d. 2004)
8 Nov 1961 Camilo Gallegos Toledo (b. 1895 - d. 1986)
(in rebellion)
11 Jul 1963 - 29 Mar 1966 Ramón Castro Jijón (b. 1915 - d. 1984)
(chairman military junta)
29 Mar 1966 - 30 Mar 1966 Telmo Vargas (b. 1912 - d. 2013)
(Chief of Staff of Armed Forces)
30 Mar 1966 - 16 Nov 1966 Clemente Yerovi Indaburu (interim) (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
16 Nov 1966 - 1 Sep 1968 Otto Arosemena Gómez (interim) (b. 1925 - d. 1984)
1 Sep 1968 - 15 Feb 1972 José María Velasco Ibarra
(5th time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1972 - 11 Jan 1976 Guillermo Rodríguez Lara (b. 1923)
11 Jan 1976 - 10 Aug 1979 Alfredo Poveda Burbano (b. 1926 - d. 1990)
(chairman Supreme Council)
10 Aug 1979 - 24 May 1981 Jaime Roldós Aguilera (b. 1940 - d. 1981)
24 May 1981 - 10 Aug 1984 Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea (b. 1939)
10 Aug 1984 - 10 Aug 1988 León Febres Cordero (b. 1931 - d. 2008)
10 Aug 1988 - 10 Aug 1992 Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (b. 1935)
10 Aug 1992 - 10 Aug 1996 Sixto Durán Ballén (b. 1921 - d. 2016)
10 Aug 1996 - 6 Feb 1997 Abdalá Bucaram Ortiz (b. 1952)
6 Feb 1997 - 9 Feb 1997 Fabián Alarcón (1st time) (b. 1947)
(interim)
9 Feb 1997 - 11 Feb 1997 Rosalía Arteaga Serrano (f) (b. 1956)
(acting)
11 Feb 1997 - 10 Aug 1998 Fabián Alarcón (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
10 Aug 1998 - 21 Jan 2000 Jamil Mahuad (b. 1949)
21 Jan 2000 Lucio Gutiérrez (1st time) (b. 1957)
21 Jan 2000 - 22 Jan 2000 Council of State
- Carlos Mendoza
- Antonio Vargas (b. 1958)
- Carlos Solórzano (b. 1939)
22 Jan 2000 - 15 Jan 2003 Gustavo Noboa (b. 1937 - d. 2021)
15 Jan 2003 - 20 Apr 2005 Lucio Gutiérrez (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 2005 - 15 Jan 2007 Alfredo Palacio (b. 1939)
15 Jan 2007 - 24 May 2017 Rafael Correa (b. 1963)
24 May 2017 - 24 May 2021 Lenín Moreno (b. 1953)
24 May 2021 - Guillermo Lasso (b. 1955)
1517 part of Ottoman Empire
25 Jul 1798 French occupation
27 Jun 1801 British occupation
9 Jul 1805 Muhammad `Ali dynasty informally inaugurated
8 Jun 1867 Khediviate of Egypt (under Ottoman suzerainty)
14 Sep 1882 British occupation
18 Dec 1914 British protectorate declared
19 Dec 1914 Egyptian Sultanate
16 Mar 1922 Egyptian Kingdom
22 Dec 1936 full independence
18 Jun 1953 Republic of Egypt
22 Feb 1958 United Arab Republic (united with Syria to 28 Sep 1961)
2 Sep 1971 Arab Republic of Egypt
Walis (governors)
9 Jul 1805 - 1 Sep 1848 Muhammad Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1849)
1 Sep 1848 - 10 Nov 1848 Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
10 Nov 1848 - 2 Aug 1849 Muhammad Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1849 - 13 Jul 1854 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1854)
13 Jul 1854 - 18 Jan 1863 Muhammad Said Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1863)
18 Jan 1863 - 8 Jun 1867 Ismail Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
Khedives
8 Jun 1867 - 26 Jun 1879 Ismail Pasha (s.a.)
26 Jun 1879 - 7 Jan 1892 Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (b. 1852 - d. 1892)
8 Jan 1892 - 19 Dec 1914 Abbas Hilmi Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1944)
Sultans
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Oct 1917 Hussein Kamil (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
9 Oct 1917 - 16 Mar 1922 Ahmad Fuad (b. 1868 - d. 1936)
Kings (title Malik Misr)
16 Mar 1922 - 28 Apr 1936 Fuad I (s.a.)
28 Apr 1936 - 26 Jul 1952 Faruq I (b. 1920 - d. 1965)
28 Apr 1936 - 29 Jul 1937 Prince Muhammad Ali (b. 1875 - d. 1955)
(chairman Council of Regency)
26 Jul 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 Fuad II (b. 1952)
5 Aug 1952 - 18 Jun 1953 Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim (b. 1899 - d. 1979)
(chairman Council of Regency;
from 14 Oct 1952 sole regent)
Presidents
18 Jun 1953 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Naguib (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984)
25 Feb 1954 - 27 Feb 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (b. 1918 - d. 1970)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council)
27 Feb 1954 - 14 Nov 1954 Muhammad Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.)
14 Nov 1954 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.)
(chairman Revolutionary Command Council to 25 Jun 1956)
28 Sep 1970 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar as-Sadat (b. 1918 - d. 1981)
(acting to 17 Oct 1970)
6 Oct 1981 - 14 Oct 1981 Sufi Abu Taleb (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 2008)
14 Oct 1981 - 11 Feb 2011 Hosni Mubarak (b. 1928 - d. 2020)
11 Feb 2011 - 30 Jun 2012 Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
(head of Armed Forces Supreme Council)
30 Jun 2012 - 3 Jul 2013 Mohamed Morsy (b. 1951 - d. 2019)
4 Jul 2013 - 8 Jun 2014 Adli Mansour (interim) (b. 1945)
8 Jun 2014 - Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (b. 1954)
Prime ministers
28 Aug 1878 - 23 Feb 1879 Nubar Pasha (1st time) (b. 1824 - d. 1899)
10 Mar 1879 - 7 Apr 1879 Prince Muhammad Tawfiq Pasha (s.a.)
7 Apr 1879 - 18 Aug 1879 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1887)
21 Sep 1879 - 10 Sep 1881 Riyad Pasha (1st time) (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
14 Sep 1881 - 4 Feb 1882 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1882 - 26 May 1882 Mahmoud Sami al-Baroudi (b. 1838 - d. 1904)
18 Jun 1882 - 21 Aug 1882 Raghib Pasha (b. 1819 - d. ...)
Jul 1882 - 13 Sep 1882 Arabi Pasha (in rebellion) (b. 1841 - d. 1911)
21 Aug 1882 - 7 Jan 1884 Muhammad Sharif Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
10 Jan 1884 - 9 Jun 1888 Nubar Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jun 1888 - 12 May 1891 Riyad Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1891 - 15 Jan 1893 Mustafa Fahmy Pasha (1st time) (b. 1840 - d. 1914)
15 Jan 1893 - 18 Jan 1893 Hussein Fakhri Pasha (b. 1843 - d. 1910)
18 Jan 1893 - 16 Apr 1894 Riyad Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1894 - 12 Nov 1895 Nubar Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1895 - 12 Nov 1908 Mustafa Fahmy Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1908 - 21 Feb 1910 Boutros Ghali Pasha (b. 1847 - d. 1910)
23 Feb 1910 - 5 Apr 1914 Muhammad Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
5 Apr 1914 - 12 Apr 1919 Hussein Rushdi Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1928)
21 May 1919 - 19 Nov 1919 Muhammad Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Nov 1919 - 20 May 1920 Yusuf Wahba Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1934)
20 May 1920 - 16 Mar 1921 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1938)
16 Mar 1921 - 1 Mar 1922 Adli Yegen Pasha (1st time) (b. 1864 - d. 1933)
1 Mar 1922 - 30 Nov 1922 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1873 - d. 1928)
30 Nov 1922 - 15 Mar 1923 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Mar 1923 - 26 Jan 1924 Yahya Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1861 - d. 1936)
26 Jan 1924 - 24 Nov 1924 Saad Zaghlul Pasha (b. 1857 - d. 1927)
24 Nov 1924 - 7 Jun 1926 Ahmed Ziwar Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1945)
7 Jun 1926 - 26 Apr 1927 Adli Yegen Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Apr 1927 - 16 Mar 1928 Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Mar 1928 - 27 Jun 1928 Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1965)
27 Jun 1928 - 4 Oct 1929 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1941)
4 Oct 1929 - 1 Jan 1930 Adli Yegen Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Jan 1930 - 20 Jun 1930 Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Jun 1930 - 22 Sep 1933 Ismail Sedki Pasha (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1950)
22 Sep 1933 - 15 Nov 1934 Abdel Fattah Yahya Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1951)
15 Nov 1934 - 30 Jan 1936 Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
30 Jan 1936 - 9 May 1936 Ali Maher Pasha (1st time) (b. 1882 - d. 1960)
9 May 1936 - 29 Dec 1937 Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
29 Dec 1937 - 18 Aug 1939 Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Aug 1939 - 28 Jun 1940 Ali Maher Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1940 - 14 Nov 1940 Hassan Sabry Pasha (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
15 Nov 1940 - 5 Feb 1942 Hussein Sirri Pasha (1st time) (b. 1892 - d. 1961)
5 Feb 1942 - 10 Oct 1944 Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
10 Oct 1944 - 24 Feb 1945 Ahmed Maher Pasha (b. 1888 - d. 1945)
26 Feb 1945 - 17 Feb 1946 Mahmoud al-Nukrashi Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1888 - d. 1948)
17 Feb 1946 - 9 Dec 1946 Ismail Sedki Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Dec 1946 - 28 Dec 1948 Mahmoud al-Nukrashi Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Dec 1948 - 26 Jul 1949 Ibrahim Abdel Hadi Pasha (b. 1896 - d. 1981)
26 Jul 1949 - 12 Jan 1950 Hussein Sirri Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1950 - 27 Jan 1952 Mustafa al-Nahhas Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
27 Jan 1952 - 2 Mar 1952 Ali Maher Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1952 - 2 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1891 - d. 1958)
2 Jul 1952 - 22 Jul 1952 Hussein Sirri Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1952 - 23 Jul 1952 Ahmad Naguib Hilali Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jul 1952 - 7 Sep 1952 Ali Maher Pasha (from 30 Jul 1952,
Ali Maher) (4th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1952 - 25 Feb 1954 Muhammad Naguib (1st time) (s.a.)
25 Feb 1954 - 8 Mar 1954 Gamal Abdel Nasser (1st time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1954 - 18 Apr 1954 Muhammad Naguib (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Apr 1954 - 5 Mar 1958 Gamal Abdel Nasser (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Egyptian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Tarraf (b. 1910 - d. 1995)
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Kamaleddin Hussein (b. 1921 - d. 1999)
Prime ministers
29 Sep 1962 - 2 Oct 1965 Ali Sabri (b. 1920 - d. 1991)
2 Oct 1965 - 10 Sep 1966 Zakaria Mohieddin (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
10 Sep 1966 - 19 Jun 1967 Muhammad Sedki Suleiman (b. 1919 - d. 1996)
19 Jun 1967 - 28 Sep 1970 Gamal Abdel Nasser (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1970 - 18 Jan 1972 Mahmoud Fawzi (b. 1900 - d. 1981)
18 Jan 1972 - 26 Mar 1973 Aziz Sedki (b. 1920 - d. 2008)
26 Mar 1973 - 25 Sep 1974 Anwar as-Sadat (1st time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1974 - 16 Apr 1975 Abdel Aziz Hegazi (b. 1923 - d. 2014)
16 Apr 1975 - 2 Oct 1978 Mamdouh Salem (b. 1918 - d. 1988)
2 Oct 1978 - 15 May 1980 Mustafa Khalil (b. 1920 - d. 2008)
15 May 1980 - 6 Oct 1981 Anwar as-Sadat (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1981 - 2 Jan 1982 Hosni Mubarak (s.a.)
2 Jan 1982 - 5 Jun 1984 Ahmed Fuad Mohieddin (b. 1926 - d. 1984)
5 Jun 1984 - 4 Sep 1985 Kamal Hassan Ali (b. 1921 - d. 1993)
(acting to 17 Jul 1984)
4 Sep 1985 - 10 Nov 1986 Ali Lutfi (b. 1935 - d. 2018)
10 Nov 1986 - 4 Jan 1996 Atef Sedki (b. 1930 - d. 2005)
4 Jan 1996 - 5 Oct 1999 Kamal Ganzouri (1st time) (b. 1933 - d. 2021)
5 Oct 1999 - 14 Jul 2004 Atef Ebeid (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
14 Jul 2004 - 31 Jan 2011 Ahmed Nazif (b. 1952)
31 Jan 2011 - 7 Mar 2011 Ahmed Shafiq (b. 1941)
7 Mar 2011 - 7 Dec 2011 Essam Sharaf (b. 1952)
7 Dec 2011 - 2 Aug 2012 Kamal Ganzouri (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 2012 - 3 Jul 2013 Hisham Qandil (b. 1962)
16 Jul 2013 - 1 Mar 2014 Hazem al-Beblawi (b. 1936)
1 Mar 2014 - 19 Sep 2015 Ibrahim Mahlab (b. 1949)
19 Sep 2015 - 7 Jun 2018 Sherif Ismail (b. 1955 - d. 2023)
23 Nov 2017 - 27 Jan 2018 Mostafa Madbouli (b. 1966)
(acting for Ismail)
7 Jun 2018 - Mostafa Madbouli (s.a.)
(acting to 14 Jun 2018)
British consuls-general
11 Sep 1883 - 6 May 1907 Sir Evelyn Baring (from 1892,
Evelyn Baring, Baron Cromer; from
1899, Evelyn Baring, Viscount
Cromer; from 1901, Evelyn Baring,
Earl of Cromer) (b. 1841 - d. 1917)
16 May 1907 - 12 Jul 1911 Sir Eldon Gorst (b. 1861 - d. 1911)
29 Nov 1911 - 19 Dec 1914 Horatio Herbert Kitchener,
Viscount Kitchener (b. 1850 - d. 1916)
High commissioners
19 Dec 1914 - 9 Jan 1915 Milne Cheetham (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
9 Jan 1915 - 1 Jan 1917 Sir Henry McMahon (b. 1862 - d. 1949)
1 Jan 1917 - 7 Oct 1919 Sir Reginald Wingate (b. 1861 - d. 1953)
7 Oct 1919 - 15 Jun 1925 Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby,
Viscount Allenby (b. 1861 - d. 1936)
20 Oct 1925 - 8 Aug 1929 Sir George Ambrose Lloyd (from 16
Nov 1925, George Ambrose Lloyd,
Baron Lloyd) (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
8 Aug 1929 - 16 Dec 1933 Sir Percy Loraine (b. 1880 - d. 1961)
8 Jan 1934 - 22 Dec 1936 Sir Miles Wedderburn Lampson (b. 1880 - d. 1964)
21 Sep 1821 independence declared (Province of San Salvador, constituent
of the Kingdom of Guatemala which declared its independence
15 Sep 1821)
11 Jan 1822 the province repudiates the decision by the Guatemala junta
to incorporate the Kingdom of Guatemala into Mexico, and
declares its secession
10 Feb 1823 incorporation into Mexico
1 Jul 1823 Central America (the former Kingdom of Guatemala) proclaims
its independence from Spain and Mexico; Province of San
Salvador is part of the newly established republic
(see under Guatemala)
22 Apr 1824 constituent state of the Central American Republic
(State of Salvador)
Apr 1840 federal authorities cease to exist
2 Feb 1841 formal secession decreed (El Salvador)
25 Jan 1859 Republic of El Salvador (in sporadic official use until at
least 1914 also Republic of Salvador)
15 Sep 1896 - 13 Nov 1898 confederation with Honduras and Nicaragua (Greater Republic
of Central America; from 1 Nov 1898 abortive union as
United States of Central America)
13 Jun 1921 - 4 Feb 1922 State of El Salvador during a later aborted attempt at
recreating a Central American Federation
Intendant and Superior Political Chief
21 Sep 1821 - 28 Nov 1821 Pedro Barriere (b. ... - d. 1827)
Intendant and Governor (from 11 Jan 1822, President of the Junta of Government)
28 Nov 1821 - 9 Feb 1823 José Matías Delgado (b. 1767 - d. 1832)
Supreme Political Chief
1 Jul 1823 - 22 Apr 1824 Mariano Prado
Chief of State
22 Apr 1824 - 1 Oct 1824 Juan Manuel Rodríguez (b. 1771 - d. 1847)
Supreme Chiefs of State
1 Oct 1824 - 13 Dec 1824 Mariano Prado (1st time) (acting)
13 Dec 1824 - 1 Nov 1826 Juan Vicente Villacorta (b. 1764 - d. 1828)
1 Nov 1826 - 30 Jan 1829 Mariano Prado (2nd time) (acting)
30 Jan 1829 - 29 Mar 1832 José María Cornejo (b. 1788 - d. 1864)
29 Mar 1832 - 13 May 1832 Francisco Morazán (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1842)
(provisional)
13 May 1832 - 25 Jul 1832 Joaquín de San Martín (1st time) (b. 1770 - d. 1854)
(acting)
25 Jul 1832 - 1 Jul 1833 Mariano Prado (3rd time)
1 Jul 1833 - 23 Jun 1834 Joaquín de San Martín (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Jun 1834 - 13 Jul 1834 Carlos Salazar (b. 1800 - d. 1867)
(provisional; in rebellion from 12 Jun 1834)
13 Jul 1834 - 30 Sep 1834 direct rule by federal government
30 Sep 1834 - 14 Oct 1834 Joaquín Escolán y Balibrera
(acting)
14 Oct 1834 - 10 Apr 1835 José María Silva (1st time) (b. 1804? - d. 1876)
(acting)
10 Apr 1835 - 15 Nov 1835 Nicolás Espinoza (b. 1795 - d. 1845)
15 Nov 1835 - 7 Mar 1836 Francisco Gómez Elizondo (acting) (b. 1796 - d. 1838)
7 Mar 1836 - May 1838 Diego Vigil (b. 1799 - d. 1845)
May 1838 - 1 May 1839 Timoteo Menéndez (acting)
1 May 1839 - 13 Jul 1839 Antonio José Cañas (1st time) (b. 1785 - d. 1844)
(acting)
13 Jul 1839 - 4 Apr 1840 Francisco Morazán (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Apr 1840 - 15 Apr 1840 José María Silva (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting; leaves the country 5 Apr 1840; the Municipal
Council of San Salvador then assumes the government)
15 Apr 1840 - 7 Jan 1841 Antonio José Cañas (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 1840, then provisional)
7 Jan 1841 - 22 Feb 1841 Juan Lindo (provisional) (b. 1790 - d. 1857)
Presidents
22 Feb 1841 - 1 Feb 1842 Juan Lindo (provisional) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1842 - 14 Apr 1842 José Escolástico Marín (acting) (b. ... - d. 1846)
14 Apr 1842 - 1 Feb 1844 Juan José Guzmán
(provisional to 20 Sep 1842)
1 Feb 1844 - 7 Feb 1844 Fermín Palacios (1st time) (acting)
7 Feb 1844 - 15 Feb 1845 Francisco Malespín (b. ... - d. 1846)
15 Feb 1845 - 1 Feb 1846 Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán (1st time) (b. 1801 - d. c.1875)
(in rebellion from 2 Feb 1845)
1 Feb 1846 - 21 Feb 1846 Fermín Palacios (2nd time) (acting)
21 Feb 1846 - 1 Feb 1848 Eugenio Aguilar (b. 1804 - d. 1879)
1 Feb 1848 - 3 Feb 1848 Tomás Medina (acting) (b. 1803 - d. 1884)
3 Feb 1848 - 7 Feb 1848 José Félix Quirós (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1883)
(acting)
7 Feb 1848 - 1 Feb 1850 Doroteo Vasconcelos (1st time) (b. 1803 - d. 1883)
1 Feb 1850 - 4 Feb 1850 Ramón Rodríguez (acting)
4 Feb 1850 - 1 Mar 1851 Doroteo Vasconcelos (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1851 - 3 May 1851 José Félix Quirós (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
13 May 1851 - 30 Jan 1852 Francisco Dueñas (1st time) (b. 1810 - d. 1884)
(acting)
30 Jan 1852 - 1 Feb 1852 José María San Martín (1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1857)
(acting)
1 Feb 1852 - 1 Feb 1854 Francisco Dueñas (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1854 - 15 Feb 1854 Vicente Gómez (acting)
15 Feb 1854 - 1 Feb 1856 José María San Martín (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Feb 1856 - 12 Feb 1856 Francisco Dueñas (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
12 Feb 1856 - 1 Feb 1858 Rafael Campo (b. 1813 - d. 1890)
1 Feb 1858 - 7 Feb 1858 Lorenzo Zepeda (acting)
7 Feb 1858 - 1 Feb 1860 Miguel Santín del Castillo (b. ... - d. 1880)
(deposed de facto 19 Jan 1859)
24 Jan 1859 - 15 Feb 1859 Joaquín Eufrasio Guzmán
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
15 Feb 1859 - 12 Mar 1859 José María Peralta (acting) (b. 1807 - d. 1883)
12 Mar 1859 - 26 Oct 1863 Gerardo Barrios (b. 1813 - d. 1865)
(acting to 1 Feb 1860)
26 Oct 1863 - 15 Apr 1871 Francisco Dueñas (4th time) (s.a.)
(provisional [in rebellion from 10 Jul 1863] to 1 Feb
1865)
15 Apr 1871 - 1 Feb 1876 Santiago González (b. 1818 - d. 1887)
(provisional to 1 Feb 1872)
1 Feb 1876 - 1 May 1876 Andrés del Valle (b. 1833 - d. 1888)
1 May 1876 - 21 Jun 1885 Rafael Zaldívar (b. 1834 - d. 1903)
(provisional to 15 Jul 1876 and 1-19 Feb 1880)
21 Jun 1885 - 22 Jun 1890 Francisco Menéndez (b. 1830 - d. 1890)
(provisional [in rebellion from 15 May 1885] to 1 Mar
1887)
22 Jun 1890 - 9 Jun 1894 Carlos Ezeta (b. 1852 - d. 1903)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1891)
10 Jun 1894 - 13 Nov 1898 Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (b. 1845 - d. 1921)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1895)
14 Nov 1898 - 1 Mar 1903 Tomás Regalado (b. 1861 - d. 1906)
(provisional to 1 Mar 1899)
1 Mar 1903 - 1 Mar 1907 Pedro José Escalón (b. 1847 - d. 1923)
1 Mar 1907 - 1 Mar 1911 Fernando Figueroa (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
1 Mar 1911 - 8 Feb 1913 Manuel Enrique Araujo (b. 1865 - d. 1913)
9 Feb 1913 - 29 Aug 1914 Carlos Meléndez (1st time) (b. 1861 - d. 1919)
(provisional)
29 Aug 1914 - 1 Mar 1915 Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(1st time) (provisional) (b. 1874 - d. 1950)
1 Mar 1915 - 21 Dec 1918 Carlos Meléndez (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Dec 1918 - 1 Mar 1919 Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1919 - 1 Mar 1923 Jorge Meléndez (b. 1871 - d. 1953)
(13 Jun 1921 - 4 Feb 1922 Head of State)
1 Mar 1923 - 1 Mar 1927 Alfonso Quiñónez Molina
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 1927 - 1 Mar 1931 Pío Romero Bosque (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
1 Mar 1931 -3/4 Dec 1931 Arturo Araujo (b. 1878 - d. 1967)
4 Dec 1931 - 28 Aug 1934 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1966)
29 Aug 1934 - 1 Mar 1935 Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
(provisional)
1 Mar 1935 - 9 May 1944 Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
(2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1944 - 20 Oct 1944 Andrés Ignacio Menéndez (2nd time) (s.a.)
(provisional)
21 Oct 1944 - 1 Mar 1945 Osmín Aguirre y Salinas (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
(provisional)
4 Nov 1944 - 1 Mar 1945 Miguel Tomás Molina (b. 1862? - d. 19...)
(in rebellion, in Guatemala exile)
1 Mar 1945 - 14 Dec 1948 Salvador Castaneda Castro (b. 1888 - d. 1965)
15 Dec 1948 - 14 Sep 1950 Revolutionary Council of Government
- Manuel de Jesús Córdova (b. 1911 - d. ...)
(to 5 Jan 1949)
- Óscar Osorio (b. 1910 - d. 1969)
(to 22 Oct 1949)
- Reynaldo Galindo Pohl (b. 1918 - d. 2012)
(to 22 Oct 1949)
- Óscar A. Bolaños (b. 1912 - d. 1995)
- Humberto Costa (b. 1906 - d. ...)
14 Sep 1950 - 14 Sep 1956 Óscar Osorio (s.a.)
14 Sep 1956 - 26 Oct 1960 José María Lemus (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
26 Oct 1960 - 25 Jan 1961 Junta of Government
- Miguel Ángel Castillo (b. 1915 - d. 19...)
- Fabio Castillo Figueroa (b. 1921 - d. 2012)
- Ricardo Falla Cáceres (b. 1921 - d. 1990)
- René Fortín Magaña (b. 1931 - d. 2020)
- Rubén Alonso Rosales (b. 1925 - d. 2000)
- César Yanes Urías (b. 1931)
25 Jan 1961 - 25 Jan 1962 Civic-Military Directory
- Aníbal Portillo (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
- Feliciano Avelar (b. 1919)
- José Antonio Rodríguez Porth (b. 1915 - d. 1989)
(to 6 Apr 1961)
- José Francisco Valiente (b. 1911 - d. 1988)
(to 6 Apr 1961)
- Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (b. 1921 - d. 1973)
(to 11 Sep 1961)
- Mariano Castro Morán (b. 1916 - d. 2005)
(from 11 Sep 1961)
25 Jan 1962 - 1 Jul 1962 Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea (b. 1899 - d. 1966)
(provisional)
1 Jul 1962 - 1 Jul 1967 Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo (s.a.)
1 Jul 1967 - 1 Jul 1972 Fidel Sánchez Hernández (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
1 Jul 1972 - 1 Jul 1977 Arturo Armando Molina (b. 1927 - d. 2021)
1 Jul 1977 - 15 Oct 1979 Carlos Humberto Romero (b. 1924 - d. 2017)
15 Oct 1979 - 2 May 1982 Revolutionary Junta
- Adolfo Arnoldo Majano Ramos (b. 1938)
(to 7 Dec 1980)
- Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez Avendaño (b. 1936 - d. 2012)
- Román Mayorga Quirós (b. 1942)
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- Guillermo Ungo (b. 1931 - d. 1991)
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- Mario Antonio Andino (b. 1936 - d. 2014)
(17 Oct 1979 - 5 Jan 1980)
- José Antonio Morales Ehrlich (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
(from 9 Jan 1980)
- José Ramón Ávalos Navarrete (b. 1933)
(from 9 Jan 1980)
- Héctor Miguel Antonio Dada
Hirezi (9 Jan - 3 Mar 1980) (b. 1938)
- José Napoleón Duarte (b. 1925 - d. 1990)
(from 10 Mar 1980; president from 22 Dec 1980)
2 May 1982 - 1 Jun 1984 Álvaro Alfredo Magaña Borja (b. 1925 - d. 2001)
1 Jun 1984 - 1 Jun 1989 José Napoleón Duarte (s.a.)
1 Jun 1989 - 1 Jun 1994 Alfredo Cristiani (b. 1947)
1 Jun 1994 - 1 Jun 1999 Armando Calderón Sol (b. 1948 - d. 2017)
1 Jun 1999 - 1 Jun 2004 Francisco Flores (b. 1959 - d. 2016)
1 Jun 2004 - 1 Jun 2009 Antonio Saca (b. 1965)
1 Jun 2009 - 1 Jun 2014 Mauricio Funes (b. 1959)
1 Jun 2014 - 1 Jun 2019 Salvador Sánchez Cerén (b. 1944)
1 Jun 2019 - Nayib Bukele (b. 1981)
1474 Fernando Póo and Annobón islands claimed by Portugal
11 Mar 1778 ceded to Spain by Treaty of El Pardo
30 Oct 1780 - 1844 no Spanish settlement
27 Oct 1827 - 1858 British-leased administration of Fernando Póo
9 Jan 1885 Río Muni a Spanish protectorate (administered from
Fernando Póo)
27 Jun 1900 Río Muni a Spanish colony (administered from
Fernando Póo)
1926 Río Muni, Fernando Póo, and Annobón united as Spanish Guinea
30 Jun 1959 Spanish overseas provinces of Fernando Póo and Río Muni
1 Jan 1964 Equatorial Guinea
12 Oct 1968 independence (Republic of Equatorial Guinea)
Governors (from 1870 usually governors-general; from Jul 1964, commissioners-general)
1 Jun 1778 - 14 Nov 1778 Felipe de Santos Toro (b. ... - d. 1778)
14 Nov 1778 - 30 Oct 1780 Primo de Rivera
27 Oct 1827 - 1829 William Fitzwilliam Owen (b. 1774 - d. 1857)
1829 - 1830 Edward Nicolls (1st time)
1830 - 1832 John Beecroft (1st time) (acting) (b. ... - d. 1854)
1832 - 1833 Edward Nicolls (2nd time)
1833 - 10 Jun 1854 John Beecroft (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Jun 1854 - 27 May 1858 James Lynslager
27 May 1858 - 1 Sep 1859 Carlos de Chacón y Michelena
1 Sep 1859 - 30 Jun 1862 José de la Gándara y Navarro (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
30 Jun 1862 - 1 Aug 1865 Pantaleón López Ayllón
1 Aug 1865 - 31 Aug 1865 Francisco Osorio (acting)
31 Aug 1865 - 18 Sep 1865 Félix Recio (1st time) (acting)
18 Sep 1865 - 1 Apr 1868 José Gómez Barreda
1 Apr 1868 - 9 Aug 1868 Félix Recio (2nd time) (acting)
9 Aug 1868 - 18 Jul 1869 Joaquín Souza Gallardo
21 Aug 1869 - 11 Sep 1869 Clemente Ramos (acting)
11 Sep 1869 - 21 Jan 1870 Manuel Vial (1st time) (acting)
21 Jan 1870 - 11 Jun 1870 Zoilo Sánchez Ocaña
11 Jun 1870 - 16 Aug 1870 Manuel Vial (2nd time) (acting)
16 Aug 1870 - 14 Feb 1871 Felipe C. Argüelles (1st time)
(acting)
14 Feb 1871 - 28 Apr 1871 Federico Anrich
28 Apr 1871 - 1 Oct 1871 Felipe C. Argüelles (2nd time)
(acting)
1 Oct 1871 - 23 Jun 1872 Antonio Vivar (acting)
23 Jun 1872 - 5 Dec 1872 Pedro Osa (acting)
5 Dec 1872 - 22 Nov 1874 Ignacio García Tudela
22 Nov 1874 - 22 Jan 1875 Jacobo Varela (acting)
22 Jan 1875 - 13 Feb 1877 Diego Santisteban Chamorro
13 Feb 1877 - 1 Feb 1879 Alejandro Arias Salgado
1 Feb 1879 - 21 Apr 1879 Luis de la Pila (acting)
21 Apr 1879 - 20 Jun 1879 Juan Aguilar (acting)
20 Jun 1879 - 24 Jul 1879 José Montes de Oca (1st time)
(acting)
24 Jul 1879 - 3 Sep 1880 Enrique Santaló
3 Sep 1880 - 24 Jan 1883 José Montes de Oca (2nd time)
24 Jan 1883 - 25 Jan 1883 Francisco Romera (acting)
25 Jan 1883 - 28 Dec 1884 Antonio Cano
28 Dec 1884 - 28 Jan 1885 Waldo Pérez Cossio (acting)
28 Jan 1885 - 1 Oct 1887 José Montes de Oca (3rd time)
1 Oct 1887 - 8 Nov 1887 Juan de la Rocha (acting)
8 Nov 1887 - 4 Feb 1888 Luis Navarro
4 Feb 1888 - 20 Apr 1888 José de Ibarra (1st time) (acting)
20 Apr 1888 - 21 Apr 1890 Antonio Morena Guerra
21 Apr 1890 - 4 Nov 1890 José de Ibarra (2nd time)
4 Nov 1890 - 22 Dec 1890 José Gómez Barreda
22 Dec 1890 - 24 Dec 1891 José de Barrasa
24 Dec 1891 - 10 Apr 1892 Antonio Martínez
10 Apr 1892 - 12 May 1893 Eulogio Merchán
12 May 1893 - 17 May 1893 Dionisio Shelly (1st time) (acting)
17 May 1893 - 1 Jun 1893 Pio Porcell (acting)
1 Jun 1893 - 29 Jul 1893 Dionisio Shelly (2nd time) (acting)
29 Jul 1893 - 16 Feb 1895 José de la Puente Basseve
16 Feb 1895 - 21 Jul 1895 Agustín Cuesta (acting)
21 Jul 1895 - 19 May 1897 Adolfo de España y Gómez de Humarán
19 May 1897 - 19 Jun 1897 Armando Pontes (acting)
19 Jun 1897 - 21 Jul 1897 Mateo Mezquida (acting)
21 Jul 1897 - 19 Oct 1897 Manuel Rico
19 Oct 1897 - 7 Nov 1899 José Rodríguez Vera
7 Nov 1899 - 30 Nov 1899 Francisco Guarro (acting)
30 Nov 1899 - 12 Dec 1899 Guillermo Lacave (acting)
14 Dec 1899 - 3 Mar 1901 Francisco Dueñas
3 Mar 1901 - 25 Feb 1905 José de Ibarra Autrán
25 Feb 1905 - 26 Mar 1906 José Gómez de la Serna
26 Mar 1906 - 20 Sep 1906 Diego Saavedra y Magdalena
(1st time)
20 Sep 1906 - 18 Feb 1907 Ángel Barrera y Luyando (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1927)
18 Feb 1907 - 17 Aug 1908 Luis Ramos Izquierdo y Vivar
17 Aug 1908 - 30 Sep 1908 Luis Dabán (acting)
30 Sep 1908 - 19 Oct 1908 Diego Saavedra y Magdalena
(2nd time) (acting)
19 Oct 1908 - 10 Sep 1910 José Centeño Anchorena
10 Sep 1910 - 8 Feb 1924 Ángel Barrera y Luyando (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Feb 1924 - 8 Feb 1926 Carlos Tovar de Revilla
8 Feb 1926 - 1 Mar 1931 Miguel Núñez de Prado (b. 1882 - d. 1936)
20 Apr 1931 - 1 Nov 1931 José Domínguez Manresa (1st time)
(acting)
1 Nov 1931 - 15 Nov 1932 Gustavo de Sostoa y Sthamer (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
15 Nov 1932 - 10 Jul 1933 José Domínguez Manresa (2nd time)
(acting)
10 Jul 1933 - 1 Sep 1934 Estanislao Lluesma García (b. 1874 - d. 1948)
5 Sep 1934 - 10 Dec 1935 Ángel Manzaneque Feltrer (b. 1893 - d. 1949)
10 Dec 1935 - 25 Sep 1936 Luis Sánchez Guerra y Sáinz (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
25 Sep 1936 - 1 Jan 1937 Luis Serrano Maranges (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
1 Jan 1937 - 15 Dec 1937 Manuel de Mendívil y Elío (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
15 Dec 1937 - 5 Mar 1942 Juan Fontán y Lobé (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
5 Mar 1942 - 12 Feb 1944 Mariano Alonso Alonso (b. 1899 - d. 1974)
12 Feb 1944 - 6 Mar 1949 Juan María Bonelli Rubio (b. 1904 - d. 1981)
Apr 1949 - 21 Feb 1962 Faustino Ruíz González (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
21 Feb 1962 - 10 Mar 1964 Francisco Núñez Rodríguez (b. 1902 - d. 1972)
10 Mar 1964 - Aug 1966 Pedro Latorre Alcubierre (b. 1900 - d. 1995)
Aug 1966 - 12 Oct 1968 Víctor Suances Díaz del Río (b. ... - d. 1986)
Presidents
12 Oct 1968 - 3 Aug 1979 Francisco Macías Nguema (from
14 Jul 1972, Francisco Macías
Nguema Biyogo; from 26 Sep 1975,
Macías Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong;
from 1976, Masie Nguema Biyogo
Ñegue Ndong) (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
3 Aug 1979 - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (b. 1942)
(chairman Revolutionary Military Council to 25 Aug 1979,
chairman Supreme Military Council 25 Aug 1979 -
12 Oct 1982)
Prime ministers
27 May 1964 - 12 Oct 1968 Bonifacio Ondó Edu (b. 1922 - d. 1969)
Oct 1982 - 4 Mar 1992 Cristino Seriche Bioko (b. 1940?)
4 Mar 1992 - 1 Apr 1996 Silvestre Siale Bileka (b. 1940)
1 Apr 1996 - 4 Mar 2001 Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan (b. 1944)
4 Mar 2001 - 14 Jun 2004 Cándido Muatetema Rivas (b. 1960 - d. 2014)
14 Jun 2004 - 14 Aug 2006 Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó (b. 1961 - d. 2012)
14 Aug 2006 - 8 Jul 2008 Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea (b. 1961?)
8 Jul 2008 - 21 May 2012 Ignacio Milam Tang (b. 1940)
21 May 2012 - 23 Jun 2016 Vicente Ehate Tomi (b. 1968)
23 Jun 2016 - 1 Feb 2023 Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
1 Feb 2023 - Manuela Roka Botey (f) (b. 1964)
1557/58 Ottoman rule
1865 Egyptian rule
1882 port of Assab is taken over by the Italian government
6 Feb 1885 port of Massawa is taken over by Italy;
expansion in the hinterland follows
1 Jan 1890 Italian colony (Eritrea)
1 Jun 1936 part of Italian East Africa (province of Eritrea, formed by
the merger of the colony and the Ethiopian region of Tigre)
1941 British administration
15 Sep 1952 federated with Ethiopia, under the sovereignty of the
Ethiopian crown
14 Nov 1962 integral part of Ethiopia
29 May 1991 provisional government established
24 May 1993 independence (State of Eritrea)
Commandant of Assab
1882 - 1885 Giulio Pestalozza (b. 1850 - d. 1930)
Commandants of Massawa
5 Feb 1885 - 15 Dec 1885 Tancredi Saletta (1st time) (b. 1843 - d. 1909)
15 Dec 1885 - 18 Mar 1887 Carlo Gené (b. 1836 - d. 1890)
18 Mar 1887 - Oct 1887 Tancredi Saletta (2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1887 - 1888 Alessandro Asinardi di San Mariano
1888 - 20 Dec 1889 Antonio Baldissera (b. 1838 - d. 1917)
20 Dec 1889 - 30 Jun 1890 Baldassare Orero (b. 1832 - d. 1914)
Governors
30 Jun 1890 - 28 Feb 1892 Giacomo Gandolfi
28 Feb 1892 - 22 Feb 1896 Oreste Baratieri (b. 1841 - d. 1901)
22 Feb 1896 - 16 Dec 1897 Antonio Baldissera (s.a.)
16 Dec 1897 - 25 Mar 1907 Ferdinando Martini (b. 1841 - d. 1928)
25 Mar 1907 - 17 Aug 1915 Giuseppe Salvago Raggi (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
17 Aug 1915 - 16 Sep 1916 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (1st time) (b. 1866 - d. 1952)
(acting)
16 Sep 1916 - 20 Jul 1919 Giacomo De Martino (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
20 Jul 1919 - 20 Nov 1920 Camillo De Camillis
20 Nov 1920 - 14 Apr 1921 Ludovico Pollera (b. 1870 - d. 1953)
14 Apr 1921 - 1 Jun 1923 Giovanni Cerrina Feroni (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Jun 1923 - 1 Jun 1928 Jacopo Gasparini (b. 1879 - d. 1941)
Sep 1928 - 11 Jul 1930 Corrado Zoli (b. 1877 - d. 1951)
11 Jul 1930 - 15 Jan 1935 Riccardo Astuto dei Duchi
di Lucchesi (b. 1882 - d. 1952)
18 Jan 1935 - 22 Nov 1935 Emilio De Bono (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
22 Nov 1935 - 22 May 1936 Pietro Badoglio (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
1 Jun 1936 - 1 Apr 1937 Alfredo Guzzoni (b. 1877 - d. 1965)
1 Apr 1937 - 15 Dec 1937 Vincenzo De Feo (b. 1876 - d. 1955)
15 Dec 1937 - 2 Jun 1940 Giuseppe Daodiace (b. 1884 - d. ...)
2 Jun 1940 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
Administrators
5 Feb 1941 - 4 May 1942 Sir William Platt (b. 1885 - d. 1975)
4 May 1942 - 9 Nov 1944 Stephen Hemsley Longrigg (b. 1893 - d. 1979)
9 Nov 1944 - 14 Aug 1945 Charles D'Arcy McCarthy (b. 1899 - d. 1977)
14 Aug 1945 - 1 Nov 1946 John Meredith Benoy (b. 1896 - d. 1977)
1 Nov 1946 - 19 Feb 1951 Francis Greville Drew (b. 1892 - d. 1962)
UN high commissioner
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Eduardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivia) (b. 1902 - d. 1979)
Chief administrator
19 Feb 1951 - 15 Sep 1952 Duncan Cameron Cumming (b. 1903 - d. 1979)
Emperor's representatives
15 Sep 1952 - Dec 1959 Bitwoded Andargachew Messai (b. 1902 - d. 1981)
Dec 1959 - 14 Nov 1962 Abiye Abebe (b. 1918 - d. 1974)
Chief executives
15 Sep 1952 - 29 Jul 1955 Tedla Bairu (b. 1914 - d. 1981)
8 Aug 1955 - 14 Nov 1962 Asfaha Woldemikael (b. 1914 - d. 2002)
(from 20 May 1960 chief administrator)
Secretary-general of the Provisional Government
29 May 1991 - 24 May 1993 Isaias Afewerki (b. 1946)
President
24 May 1993 - Isaias Afewerki (s.a.)
1561 part of Sweden
1710 Russian occupation
1719 Reval province established
1721 ceded to Russia by Sweden
23 Dec 1796 province renamed Estlyandiya (Estonia)
24 Feb 1918 independence declared (Republic of Estonia),
followed by German occupation (until 11 Nov 1918)
(for Baltic State of Apr-Nov 1918 see Latvia)
29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 Estonian Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic
(in Russian-occupied territory)
17 Jun 1940 Soviet occupation
21 Jul 1940 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
6 Aug 1940 incorporation into the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)
8 May 1990 Republic of Estonia
20 Aug 1991 independence declared
6 Sep 1991 independence recognized by U.S.S.R.
Swedish governors-general
1687 - Dec 1704 Axel Julius greve De la Gardie (b. 1637 - d. 1710)
Dec 1704 - 6 Jul 1706 Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach (b. 1653 - d. 1739)
(governor)
6 Jul 1706 - 23 Oct 1709 Nils Jönsson greve Stromberg (b. 1646 - d. 1723)
23 Oct 1709 - 10 Oct 1710 Carl greve Nieroth (b. c.1650 - d. 1712)
Russian governors
10 Oct 1710 - Mar 1711 Rudolf Felix Bauer (interim) (b. 1667 - d. 1718)
6 Mar 1711 - May 1719 Knyaz Aleksandr Menshikov (b. 1673 - d. 1729)
9 Jun 1719 - 21 Nov 1728 Graf Fyodor Apraksin (b. 1661 - d. 1728)
1730 - 1 Nov 1735 Fridrikh Leven (b. 1654 - d. 1744)
1 Nov 1735 - 6 Aug 1736 Graf Platon Musin-Pushkin (b. 1698 - d. af.1742)
1736 - 14 Mar 1740 Graf Otton Gustav Duglas (b. 1687 - d. 1771)
14 Mar 1740 - 1743 Baron (from 1741, Graf) Vladimir
Levendal (b. 1700 - d. 1755)
24 Oct 1743 - 9 Apr 1753 Prints Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh
Golshteyn-Bek (1st time) (b. 1696 - d. 1775)
9 Apr 1753 - 10 Apr 1758 Knyaz Vladimir Dolgoruky (b. 1708 - d. 1761)
10 Apr 1758 - 20 Jan 1762 Prints Pyotr Avgust Fridrikh
Golshteyn-Bek (2nd time) (s.a.)
1762 - 1783 vacant
14 Jul 1783 - 3 Nov 1786 Georg Fridrikh Grotengelm (b. 1721 - d. 1798)
3 Nov 1786 - 9 Dec 1796 Baron Andrey Vrangel (b. 1736 - d. 1813)
5 Feb 1797 - 26 Jun 1808 Andrey Langel (b. 1744 - d. 1808)
9 Jul 1808 - 15 Aug 1818 Baron Boris Ikskul (b. 1762 - d. 1827)
4 Jan 1819 - 8 Aug 1832 Baron Bogdan Budberg (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
2 Oct 1832 - 8 Nov 1833 Otto Essen (b. 1761 - d. 1834)
8 Nov 1833 - 14 Dec 1841 Pavel Benkendorf (b. 1784 - d. 1841)
14 Jan 1842 - 2 Jan 1859 Ivan Gryunevaldt (b. 1796 - d. 1862)
8 Jan 1859 - 22 Oct 1868 Vasily Ulrikh (b. 1810 - d. 1891)
23 Oct 1868 - 7 Oct 1870 Mikhail Galkin-Vraskoy (b. 1832 - d. 1916)
8 Oct 1870 - 23 Mar 1875 Knyaz Mikhail Shakhovskoy-Glebov-
Streshnev (b. 1836 - d. 1892)
26 Mar 1875 - 16 Apr 1885 Viktor Polivanov (b. 1831 - d. 1889)
16 Apr 1885 - 24 Oct 1894 Sergey Shakhovskoy (b. 1852 - d. 1894)
6 Nov 1894 - 3 Jul 1902 Yevstafy Skalon (b. 1845 - d. 1902)
19 Jul 1902 - 17 Mar 1905 Aleksey Belgard (b. 1861 - d. 1942)
17 Mar 1905 - Nov 1905 Aleksey Lopukhin (b. 1864 - d. 1928)
21 Nov 1905 - 1906 Nikolay Byunting (b. 1861 - d. 1917)
3 Feb 1906 - 24 Jul 1907 Pyotr Bashilov (b. 1857 - d. 1919)
24 Jul 1907 - 1915 Izmail Korostovets (b. 1863 - d. 1933)
1915 - 21 Jun 1917 Pyotr Veryovkin (b. 1862 - d. 1946)
State elders
24 Feb 1918 - 24 Apr 1919 Estonian Salvation Committee
- Konstantin Päts (b. 1874 - d. 1956)
- Konstantin Konik (b. 1873 - d. 1936)
- Jüri Vilms (to 13 Apr 1918) (b. 1889 - d. 1918)
29 Nov 1918 - 24 May 1919 Jaan Anvelt (b. 1884 - d. 1937)
(chairman Council of Estonian Workers' Commune)
24 Apr 1919 - 21 Dec 1920 August Rei (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1963)
(chairman Constituent Assembly)
21 Dec 1920 - 25 Jan 1921 Ants Piip (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
25 Jan 1921 - 21 Nov 1922 Konstantin Päts (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1922 - 2 Aug 1923 Juhan Kukk (b. 1885 - d. 1942)
2 Aug 1923 - 26 Mar 1924 Konstantin Päts (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1924 - 16 Dec 1924 Friedrich Akel (b. 1871 - d. 1941)
16 Dec 1924 - 15 Dec 1925 Jüri Jaakson (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
15 Dec 1925 - 9 Dec 1927 Jaan Teemant (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1941)
9 Dec 1927 - 4 Dec 1928 Jaan Tõnisson (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. af.1941)
4 Dec 1928 - 9 Jul 1929 August Rei (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Jul 1929 - 12 Feb 1931 Otto Strandman (b. 1875 - d. 1941)
12 Feb 1931 - 19 Feb 1932 Konstantin Päts (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 Feb 1932 - 19 Jul 1932 Jaan Teemant (2nd time) (s.a.)
19 Jul 1932 - 1 Nov 1932 Karl August Einbund (b. 1888 - d. 1942)
1 Nov 1932 - 18 May 1933 Konstantin Päts (4th time) (s.a.)
18 May 1933 - 21 Oct 1933 Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1933 - 23 Jul 1940 Konstantin Päts (5th time) (s.a.)
(acting 24 Jan 1934 - 3 Sep 1937; state protector
[riigihoidja] 3 Sep 1937 - 24 Apr 1938;
president from 24 Apr 1938)
23 Jul 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Johannes Vares "Barbarus" (b. 1890 - d. 1946)
(acting president)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
29 Mar 1990 - 6 Oct 1992 Arnold Rüütel (b. 1928)
Presidents
6 Oct 1992 - 8 Oct 2001 Lennart Meri (b. 1929 - d. 2006)
8 Oct 2001 - 9 Oct 2006 Arnold Rüütel (s.a.)
9 Oct 2006 - 10 Oct 2016 Toomas Hendrik Ilves (b. 1953)
10 Oct 2016 - 11 Oct 2021 Kersti Kaljulaid (f) (b. 1969)
11 Oct 2021 - Alar Karis (b. 1958)
Prime ministers
24 Feb 1918 - 9 May 1919 Konstantin Päts (1st time) (s.a.)
(chairman Council of Ministers to 12 Nov 1918)
9 May 1919 - 18 Nov 1919 Otto Strandman (s.a.)
18 Nov 1919 - 28 Jul 1920 Jaan Tõnisson (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1920 - 30 Jul 1920 Ado Birk (b. 1883 - d. 1942)
30 Jul 1920 - 26 Oct 1920 Jaan Tõnisson (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Oct 1920 - 21 Dec 1920 Ants Piip (s.a.)
24 Jan 1934 - 3 Sep 1937 Konstantin Päts (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 May 1938 - 12 Oct 1939 Kaarel Eenpalu (= Einbund) (s.a.)
12 Oct 1939 - 21 Jun 1940 Jüri Uluots (b. 1890 - d. 1945)
21 Jun 1940 - 25 Aug 1940 Johannes Vares "Barbarus" (s.a.)
3 Apr 1990 - 30 Jan 1992 Edgar Savisaar (b. 1950 - d. 2022)
30 Jan 1992 - 21 Oct 1992 Tiit Vähi (1st time) (b. 1947)
21 Oct 1992 - 8 Nov 1994 Mart Laar (1st time) (b. 1960)
8 Nov 1994 - 17 Apr 1995 Andres Tarand (b. 1940)
17 Apr 1995 - 17 Mar 1997 Tiit Vähi (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1997 - 25 Mar 1999 Mart Siimann (b. 1946)
25 Mar 1999 - 28 Jan 2002 Mart Laar (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jan 2002 - 10 Apr 2003 Siim Kallas (b. 1948)
10 Apr 2003 - 13 Apr 2005 Juhan Parts (b. 1966)
13 Apr 2005 - 26 Mar 2014 Andrus Ansip (b. 1956)
26 Mar 2014 - 23 Nov 2016 Taavi Rõivas (b. 1979)
23 Nov 2016 - 26 Jan 2021 Jüri Ratas (b. 1978)
26 Jan 2021 - Kaja Kallas (f) (b. 1977)
Prime ministers acting as presidents
21 Jun 1940 - 9 Jan 1945 Jüri Uluots (s.a.)
(from 22 Sep 1944 in Stockholm, Sweden)
9 Jan 1945 - 29 Mar 1963 August Rei (s.a.)
(in Stockholm, Sweden; from 12 Jan 1953 in Oslo, Norway;
then in Lund, Sweden; from 1 Jan 1962 in Stockholm)
29 Mar 1963 - 23 Dec 1970 Aleksander Warma (b. 1890 - d. 1970)
23 Dec 1970 - 1 Mar 1990 Tõnis Kint (b. 1896 - d. 1991)
1 Mar 1990 - 8 Oct 1992 Heinrich Mark (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
15 Sep 1992¹- 28 Nov 2003 Mihkel Mathiesen (b. 1918 - d. 2003)
28 Nov 2003 - Kalev Ots (b. 1949)
Acting prime ministers
21 Jun 1940 - 15 Jun 1942 August Jürima (b. 1887 - d. 1942)
(Soviet captive from 5 Oct 1940)
21 Apr 1944 - 18 Sep 1944 Alfred Maurer (b. 1888 - d. 1954)
18 Sep 1944 - 12 Jan 1953 Otto Tief (b. 1889 - d. 1976)
(Soviet captive from 10 Oct 1944)
12 Jan 1953 - 22 Aug 1960 Johannes Sikkar (b. 1897 - d. 1960)
1 Jan 1962 - 29 Mar 1963 Aleksander Warma (s.a.)
1 Mar 1964 - 23 Dec 1970 Tõnis Kint (s.a.)
8 May 1971 - 1 Mar 1990 Heinrich Mark (s.a.)
20 Jun 1990 - 7 Oct 1992 Enno Penno (b. 1930 - d. 2016)
15 Sep 1992¹- 28 Nov 2003 Kalev Ots (s.a.)
7 Dec 2003 - Ahti Mänd (b. 1958)
¹The government set up on 15 Sep 1992 declared its intent to "continue to preserve constitutional continuity until the actual end of the occupation," referring to the large number of Russians living in Estonia. The previous exile government gave its mandates to the government in Tallinn.
6 Jul 1902 British protectorate (Swaziland)
25 Apr 1967 autonomy
6 Sep 1968 independence (Kingdom of Swaziland)
19 Apr 2018 renamed Kingdom of Eswatini (corresponding to the existing
name in siSwati, eSwatini)
Paramount chiefs
- Nkosi Dlamini dynasty -
... - 1780 Ngwane III
1780 Queen Ndwandwe (f) (regent)
1780 - 1815 Zikodze (b. c.1760 - d. 1815)
1815 Queen Mndzebele (f) (regent)
1815 - 1836 Ngwane IV = Sobhuza I (b. c.1795 - d. 1836)
1836 - 1840 Queen Lojiba Simelane (f) (regent)
1840 - Aug 1865 Mavuso II = Mswati II (b. c.1821 - d. 1868)
Aug 1865 - Jun 1875 Queen Thandile Ndwandwe (f) (b. c.1806 - d. c.1875)
(regent)
Jun 1875 - 7 Oct 1889 Dlamini IV (b. c.1855 - d. 1889)
7 Oct 1889 - 1894 Queen Tibati Nkambule (f) (regent)
Feb 1895 - 10 Dec 1899 Ngwane V (b. c.1875 - d. 1899)
10 Dec 1899 - 22 Dec 1921 Queen Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli
(f) (regent) (b. c.1858 - d. 1925)
22 Dec 1921 - 6 Sep 1968 Sobhuza II (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
Kings
- Nkosi Dlamini dynasty -
6 Sep 1968 - 21 Aug 1982 Sobhuza II (s.a.)
21 Aug 1982 - 9 Aug 1983 Queen Dzeliwe (f) (regent) (b. c.1927 - d. 2003)
9 Aug 1983 - 18 Aug 1983 Prince Sozisa Dlamini (b. ... - d. 1992)
("Authorized Person")
18 Aug 1983 - 25 Apr 1986 Queen Ntombi (f) (regent) (b. c.1950)
25 Apr 1986 - Mswati III (b. 1968)
Prime ministers
16 May 1967 - 31 Mar 1976 Prince Makhosini Dlamini (b. 1914 - d. 1978)
31 Mar 1976 - 25 Oct 1979 Maphevu Dlamini (b. 1922 - d. 1979)
25 Oct 1979 - 23 Nov 1979 Ben Nsibandze (acting) (b. 1931 - d. 2021)
23 Nov 1979 - 25 Mar 1983 Prince Mabandla N.F. Dlamini (b. 1930)
25 Mar 1983 - 6 Oct 1986 Prince Bhekimpi Dlamini (b. 1924 - d. 1999)
6 Oct 1986 - 12 Jul 1989 Sotsha Dlamini (b. 1940 - d. 2017)
12 Jul 1989 - 25 Oct 1993 Obed Dlamini (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
(acting to 18 Jul 1989)
25 Oct 1993 - 4 Nov 1993 Andreas Fakudze (acting)
4 Nov 1993 - 8 May 1996 Prince Jameson Mbilini Dlamini (b. 1932 - d. 2008)
8 May 1996 - 26 Jul 1996 Sishayi Nxumalo (acting) (b. 1936 - d. 2000)
26 Jul 1996 - 29 Sep 2003 Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini
(1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2018)
29 Sep 2003 - 26 Nov 2003 Paul Shabangu (acting) (b. 1943?)
26 Nov 2003 - 18 Sep 2008 Themba Dlamini (b. 1950)
18 Sep 2008 - 23 Oct 2008 Bheki Dlamini (acting) (b. 1952?)
23 Oct 2008 - 5 Sep 2018 Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Sep 2018 - 29 Oct 2018 Vincent Mhlanga (acting) (b. ... - d. 2020)
29 Oct 2018 - 13 Dec 2020 Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini (b. 1968 - d. 2020)
Dec 2020 - 19 Jul 2021 Themba Masuku (acting) (b. 1950)
19 Jul 2021 - Cleopas Dlamini
British resident commissioners (from 3 Oct 1963, commissioners)
(subordinated to the High Commissioner for Southern Africa to 3 Oct 1963)
1902 - 1907 Francis Enraght-Moony (b. 1865 - d. 1943)
1907 - 1916 Robert Thorne Coryndon (b. 1870 - d. 1925)
1917 - 1928 Sir de Symons Montagu George Honey (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
Oct 1928 - 1 Apr 1935 Thomas Ainsworth-Dickson (b. 1881 - d. 1935)
Oct 1935 - 1937 Allan Graham Marwick (b. 1877 - d. 1966)
Nov 1937 - 1942 Charles Lamb Bruton (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
30 Sep 1942 - 1946 Eric Kellett Featherstone (b. 1896 - d. 1965)
25 Aug 1946 - 1951 Edward Betham Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
1951 - 1956 David Loftus Morgan (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1956 - 1964 Brian Allan Marwick (from 1963,
Sir Brian Allan Marwick) (b. 1908 - d. 1992)
1964 - 1968 Francis Alfred Loyd (from 1965,
Sir Francis Alfred Loyd) (b. 1916 - d. 2006)
... Empire of Ethiopia
3 Oct 1935 Italian invasion
9 May 1936 annexed by Italy
1 Jun 1936 Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia are united into Italian East
Africa and reorganized as a federation of six provinces:
Eritrea (formed by the merger of the former colony of Eritrea
and the Ethiopian region of Tigre), Somalia (formed by the
merger of the former colony of Somalia and the Ethiopian
region of Ogaden), Addis Ababa (capital region of Ethiopia),
Amhara, Harar, and Galla-Sidama (parts of Ethiopia)
1 Jan 1939 Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces of Amhara and
Galla-Sidama are united into the new province of Showa
5 May 1941 Addis Ababa liberated by Allies
27 Nov 1941 last Italian administrators surrender
12 Sep 1974 Ethiopia (semi-officially Socialist Ethiopia)
21 Mar 1975 monarchy abolished
10 Sep 1987 People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
27 May 1991 Ethiopia
22 Aug 1995 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Emperors/Empresses¹
- Solomonic dynasty -
19 Jul 1682 - 13 Oct 1706 Iyasu I Yohannes (b. 1662 - d. 1706)
1685 Yeshaq Iyasu? (in opposition)
13 Oct 1706 - 30 Jun 1708 Tekle Haymanot I Iyasu (b. 16... - d. 1708)
(in opposition from 27 Mar 1706)
Sep 1707 Amda Seyon (in opposition)
30 Jun 1708 - 1 Jul 1708 Na'od II Tekle Haymanot (b. 1704 - d. 1722)
1 Jul 1708 - 14 Oct 1711 Tewoflos Yohannes (b. 16... - d. 1711)
1709 - Jul 1710 Nebahne Yohannes (in opposition)
14 Oct 1711 - 19 Feb 1716 Yostos Delba Iyasus (b. 16... - d. 1716)
[from a different lineage]
19 Feb 1716 - 18 May 1721 Dawit III Iyasu (b. 1695 - d. 1721)
(in opposition from 8 Feb 1716)
18 May 1721 - 21 May 1721 Walda Giyorgis Iyasu
21 May 1721 - 19 Sep 1730 Asma Giyorgis Iyasu (b. 1694 - d. 1730)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755 Iyasu II Asma Giyorgis (b. 1723 - d. 1755)
1736 - 1737 Hezqeyas (in opposition)
26 Jun 1755 - 7 May 1769 Iyoas I Iyasu (b. 174... - d. 1769)
7 May 1769 - 18 Oct 1769 Yohannes II Iyasu (b. 1699 - d. 1769)
18 Oct 1769 - Jun 1770 Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes
(1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1777)
Jun 1770 - Dec 1770 Susenyos II Iyasu?
Dec 1770 - 13 Apr 1777 Tekle Haymanot II Yohannes
(2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Apr 1777 - 20 Jul 1779 Salomon II Adigo
20 Jul 1779 - 8 Feb 1784 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1817)
16 Feb 1784 - 24 Apr 1788 Iyasu III Azequ (b. ... - d. 1788)
1787 - 1788 Iyasu (in opposition)
1787 - 1788 Be'ede Mariam (in opposition)
Feb 1788 - 1789 Tekle Haymanot (in opposition)
24 Apr 1788 - 26 Jul 1789 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1789 - Jan 1794 Hezqeyas Iyasu (b. 17... - d. 1816)
Jan 1794 - 15 Apr 1795 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Apr 1795 - Dec 1795 Be'ede Mariam III Salomon
Dec 1795 - 20 May 1796 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(4th time) (s.a.)
20 May 1796 - 15 Jul 1797 Salomon III Tekle Haymanot
(1st time)
18 Aug 1797 - 4 Jan 1798 Yonas Letezum (b. 1766 - d. 1832)
4 Jan 1798 - 20 May 1799 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(5th time) (s.a.)
20 May 1799 - 1799 Salomon III Tekle Haymanot
(2nd time)
1799 - 24 Mar 1800 Demetros Arqedewos (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1803)
24 Mar 1800 - Jun 1800 Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes
(6th time) (s.a.)
Jun 1800 - Jun 1801 Demetros Arqedewos (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1801 - 3 Jun 1818 Egwale Seyon Hezqeyas (b. ... - d. 1818)
19 Jun 1818 - 3 Jun 1821 Iyoas II Hezqeyas (b. ... - d. 1821)
1821 - Apr 1826 Gigar Iyasu (1st time) (b. 1745 - d. 1831)
Apr 1826 Be'ede Mariam IV
Apr 1826 - 18 Jun 1830 Gigar Iyasu (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1830 - 18 Mar 1832 Iyasu IV Salomon
18 Mar 1832 - 1832 Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(1st time) (b. ... - d. 1832)
1832 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(1st time) (b. c.1778 - d. 18...)
1832 - 8 Jun 1832 Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1832 - 29 Aug 1840 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1832 Egwale Anbesa (in rebellion)
30 Aug 1840 - Oct 1841 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(1st time) (b. 1797 - d. af.1868)
Oct 1841 - 1845 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1845 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1845 - 1850 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(4th time) (s.a.)
1850 - 1851 Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1851 - Feb 1855 Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(5th time) (s.a.)
1851 - 29 Jun 1853 Ali Alula (usurper) (b. c.1819 - d. 1853)
Jul 1853 - 9 Feb 1855 Webe Haile Mariam (usurper)
- Tewodros dynasty -
9 Feb 1855 - 13 Apr 1868 Tewodros II (b. c.1818 - d. 1868)
- Zagwe dynasty -
11 Jun 1868 - 11 Jul 1871 Tekle Giyorgis II (b. c.1836 - d. 1872)
1868 - 15 Nov 1868 Menelik II (in rebellion) (b. 1844 - d. 1913)
- Tigray dynasty -
11 Jul 1871 - 9 Mar 1889 Yohannes IV (b. 1837 - d. 1889)
- Solomonic dynasty -
9 Mar 1889 - 12 Dec 1913 Menelik II (s.a.)
1910 Etege T'aytu Bet'ul (f) (regent) (b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1910 - 11 Apr 1911 Ras Tesemma (regent) (b. ... - d. 1911)
1912 - 1913 Lij Iyasu (regent) (b. 1898 - d. 1935)
12 Dec 1913 - 27 Sep 1916 Iyasu V (s.a.)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Zauditu (f) (b. 1876 - d. 1930)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Ras Tafari Makonnen (regent) (b. 1892 - d. 1975)
3 Apr 1930 - 12 Sep 1974 Haile Selassie
(= Ras Tafari Makonnen) (s.a.)
(2 May 1936 - 5 May 1941 in exile)
1 May 1936 - 17 Dec 1936 Ras Imru (regent) (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
12 Sep 1974 - 21 Mar 1975 Asfa Wossen (b. 1916 - d. 1997)
(designated emperor, does not take office)
Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative Council
12 Sep 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Aman Mikael Andom (b. 1924 - d. 1974)
17 Nov 1974 - 28 Nov 1974 Mengistu Haile Mariam (1st time) (b. 1937)
28 Nov 1974 - 3 Feb 1977 Teferi Benti (b. 1921 - d. 1977)
11 Feb 1977 - 10 Sep 1987 Mengistu Haile Mariam (2nd time) (s.a.)
Presidents
10 Sep 1987 - 21 May 1991 Mengistu Haile Mariam (s.a.)
21 May 1991 - 28 May 1991 Tesfaye Gebre Kidan (acting) (b. 1935 - d. 2004)
28 May 1991 - 22 Aug 1995 Meles Zenawi (interim) (b. 1955 - d. 2012)
22 Aug 1995 - 8 Oct 2001 Negasso Gidada (b. 1943 - d. 2019)
8 Oct 2001 - 7 Oct 2013 Girma Wolde-Giorgis (b. 1924 - d. 2018)
7 Oct 2013 - 25 Oct 2018 Mulatu Teshome Wirtu (b. 1957)
25 Oct 2018 - Sahle-Work Zewde (f) (b. 1950)
Prime ministers
29 Jan 1943 - 1 Nov 1957 Bitwoded Makonnen Endalkachew (b. 1890 - d. 1963)
27 Nov 1957 - 15 Dec 1960 Abebe Aragai (b. 1903 - d. 1960)
17 Apr 1961 - 28 Feb 1974 Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold (b. 1912 - d. 1974)
28 Feb 1974 - 22 Jul 1974 Endalkachew Makonnen (b. 1927 - d. 1974)
22 Jul 1974 - 12 Sep 1974 Mikael Imru (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
10 Sep 1987 - 8 Nov 1989 Fikre Selassie Wogderess (b. c.1941 - d. 2020)
8 Nov 1989 - 26 Apr 1991 Hailu Yimenu (acting) (b. 19... - d. 1991)
26 Apr 1991 - 6 Jun 1991 Tesfaye Dinka (acting) (b. 1939 - d. 2016)
6 Jun 1991 - 22 Aug 1995 Tamrat Layne (b. 1955)
(acting to 29 Jul 1991)
23 Aug 1995 - 20 Aug 2012 Meles Zenawi (s.a.)
20 Aug 2012 - 2 Apr 2018 Hailemariam Desalegn (b. 1965)
(acting to 21 Sep 2012)
2 Apr 2018 - Abiy Ahmed (b. 1976)
¹Official style: Moa Anbesa ze Emnegede Yehuda, N.N., Seyume Egziebher, Neguse/Negeste Negest za Ityopya ("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, N.N., Elect of God, King/Queen of Kings of Ethiopia").
1839 Kingdom of Shewa
1856 - 1859 annexed by Ethiopia
1860 - 1864 annexed by Ethiopia
1889 incorporated into Ethiopia
Ruling princes
- Solomonic dynasty -
1682 - 1703 Negasi Krestos Lebsa Qal (b. ... - d. 1703)
1703 - 6 Mar 1719 Sebestyanos Negasi Krestos (b. ... - d. 1719)
6 Mar 1719 - 23 Feb 1744 Qedami Qal Sebestyanos (b. ... - d. 1744)
23 Feb 1744 - 6 Feb 1775 Amha Iyasus Qedami Qal (b. ... - d. 1775)
6 Feb 1775 - 30 Jul 1807 Tewodros Amha Iyasus (b. ... - d. 1807)
Kings (styled Ras to 1839)
30 Jul 1807 - 7 Jun 1813 Welde Giyorgis Tewodros (b. ... - d. 1813)
7 Jun 1813 - 12 Oct 1847 Sahle Selassie (b. c.1795 - d. 1847)
12 Oct 1847 - 9 Nov 1855 Haile Melekot (b. 1825 - d. 1855)
9 Nov 1855 - 1856 Sahle Mariam (1st time) (s.a.)
(= Menelik II of Ethiopia)
Ruling princes
1856 - 1859 Haile Mikael Sahle Selassie (b. c.1827 - d. 1884)
1859 Bezabeh (1st time) (usurper)
1859 - 1860 Seyfu Sahle Selassie (b. 1828 - d. 1860)
1860 - 1865 Bezabeh (2nd time) (usurper)
King
Aug 1865 - 1889 Sahle Mariam (2nd time) (s.a.)
Viceroys and governors-general (representing Italian king Vittorio Emanuele III
who holds the title of Emperor of Ethiopia 9 May 1936 - 3 Sep 1943)
9 May 1936 - 11 Jun 1936 Pietro Badoglio, duca di
Addis Abeba (b. 1871 - d. 1956)
11 Jun 1936 - 21 Dec 1937 Rodolfo Graziani, marchese di
Neghelli (b. 1882 - d. 1955)
21 Dec 1937 - 19 May 1941 Prince Amedeo di Savoia, duca
d'Aosta (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
23 May 1941 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro Gazzera (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1953)
6 Jul 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Governors 5 May 1936 - 27 May 1936 Giuseppe Bottai (b. 1895 - d. 1959) 1 Jun 1936 - 23 Sep 1938 Alfredo Siniscalchi (b. 1885 - d. 19...) 23 Sep 1938 - 1 Jan 1939 Francesco Canero Medici (b. 1886 - d. 19...)
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 15 Dec 1937 Alessandro Pirzio Biroli (b. 1877 - d. 1962) 15 Dec 1937 - 1 Jan 1939 Ottorino Mezzetti (b. 1877 - d. 1962) 1 Jan 1939 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1949) 19 May 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (acting) (s.a.)
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 9 Jul 1938 Carlo Geloso (b. 1879 - d. 1957) 10 Jul 1938 - 12 Aug 1938 Armando Felsani (b. 1892 - d. ...) 12 Aug 1938 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro Gazzera (s.a.)
Governors 1 Jun 1936 - 5 May 1939 Guglielmo Nasi (1st time) (s.a.) 5 May 1939 - 11 Jun 1940 Enrico Cerulli (b. 1898 - d. 1988) 11 Jun 1940 - 4 Feb 1941 Guglielmo Nasi (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 4 Feb 1941 - 9 Mar 1941 Pompeo Gorini (acting) (b. 1894 - d. ...) 10 Mar 1941 - 24 Apr 1941 Carlo De Simone (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 19...)
Governors 1 Jan 1939 - 5 May 1939 Enrico Cerulli (s.a.) 5 May 1939 - 2 Jun 1940 Guglielmo Nasi (s.a.) 2 Jun 1940 - 3 Apr 1941 Giuseppe Daodiace (s.a.) 3 Apr 1941 - 6 Apr 1941 Agenore Frangipani (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 19...)